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- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
- <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
- version="5.1">
- <title>Customs Surrounding</title>
- <subtitle>Marriage, Birth and Death</subtitle>
- <section>
- <title>Objectives</title>
- <section>
- <title>General</title>
- <para>The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to
- furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural Background information you need
- to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to
- courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct
- yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese
- people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</para>
- <para>Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a
- Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the
- course.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Specific</title>
- <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about the age when most people get married.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in
- marriage practices between the city and the country.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births,
- and funerals.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about the frequency of divorce.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in
- arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day
- wedding.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control
- policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken
- into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when
- they have children.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant's health, appetite,
- and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the
- mother's health before and after giving birth.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and
- express concern for that person.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death
- and the funeral.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a
- funeral.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíchàng</foreignphrase>: “to
- advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi
- shéi tíchàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who advocates this?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There are two different
- characters with the same sound used for the second syllable.)</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhènme
- niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's so young and so beautiful!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When I was young, I didn't like to read.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
- niánqīng rén dōu ài kàn
- diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These young people all love to go to the
- movies.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- niánqīngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
- cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That young Chinese person speaks pretty good
- English.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: “to get
- married”, also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiēhūn</foreignphrase>. Notice that in Chinese you talk of “getting
- married”, while in English we talk of “being married”. And it follows
- grammatically that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, not a state verb.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> will
- always be seen with an aspect marker such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or will be negated with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- jiéhūnle méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
- of 'Are they married?)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiéhūn
- duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How long have you been married?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
- verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jié</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūn</foreignphrase> can be separated by
- aspect markers, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
- shénme shíhou jiéde hūn?</foreignphrase> OR
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
- shénme shíhou jiéhūnde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When did you get married?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase> has been married three
- times.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn ... jiéhūn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn shéi
- jiéhūn le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>To whom did he get married?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn
- wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>: “late involvement and late marriage”.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnliàn</foreignphrase> is
- an abbreviation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn
- liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “mature love”, (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase> means “romantic
- love, courtship”), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǎnhūn</foreignphrase> is an abbreviation for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn jiéhūn</foreignphrase>, “late
- marriage”. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only
- actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to generalize about
- the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and
- might be non-existent in certain rural and national minority areas,
- where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum
- age has been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the
- rules were eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple
- exceeds fifty years (or the female's age exceeds the male's), then the
- marriage is allowable.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngnián</foreignphrase>:
- “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>,
- “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
- <para>In this sentence, the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qīngnián</foreignphrase> is used to modify the noun <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase>,
- “teacher”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìde
- sānshinián yǐqián nǐ tèbié ài chī
- táng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I remember that thirty years ago you especially
- loved to eat candy.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
- nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián. Xiànzài lǎo
- le, yá bù xíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I'm
- old, and my teeth aren't good any more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì</foreignphrase>: “to be
- hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb, “diligently,be hard”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- suīrán hěn nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù
- xíng.</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although he's very hardworking, his English is
- still not good enough.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
- nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have to study Chinese very hard.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>:
- “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
- city.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- jiā zài nóngcūn zhù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Their family lives in the country.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
- practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, reform)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
- shíxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don't
- think it can be carried out.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi
- jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This method has been in practice for three weeks,
- but the results aren't good.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>: “to
- constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎde
- xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù
- chéng wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His studies have been good all along, so after he
- graduates, setting up a job for him won't constitute
- a problem.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
- nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan tāde
- xiǎo mèimei.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My daughter has become an older sister. She
- really likes her little sister.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngqì</foreignphrase>:
- “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài
- dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don't
- want to sell things in shops. This practice is
- really bad.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
- fēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now in China there is again a general atmosphere
- of study.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “with”.
- You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hé</foreignphrase> used between two nouns or pronouns as a
- conjunction meaning “and”. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb
- meaning “with”. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase>, which you have seen, also has both meanings,
- “and” and “with”.</para>
- <para>Formerly, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase> was the most frequently used word for “with” or
- “and” in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often
- written. But he has come into wide conversational use in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>. In addition to
- this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàn</foreignphrase>
- instead of he, which is the same character with another
- pronunciation.</para>
- <para>Generally speaking, if you use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn</foreignphrase> you should not have
- any problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase>: “to
- fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”. This is the
- socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship between two
- people. Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> can be used both as noun and as a verb.
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liàn'ài</foreignphrase>
- is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division
- is:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> liàn
- ài</foreignphrase>, not <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lià nài</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liàn'àile hǎojinián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They've been in love for quite a few years
- now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- xiànzài kāishǐ liàn'ài le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They've just started to fall in love.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
- liàn'ài zhǐ yǒu sāntiān, jiù bù xíng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it's
- over.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> is often used in the phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “to be
- romantically involved” or more literally “to talk of
- love”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liǎngge tán liàn'ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The two of them have been in love for quite a
- while now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm not in love with her.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are
- seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious
- intentions for the future.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>: “really,
- certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě</foreignphrase> can be
- used before a negative.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liǎngge kě hǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The two of them are very good friends.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú
- shì ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Isn't that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
- bù xíng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That really won't do!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
- bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's really not a good thing.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kě
- yào xiǎoxīn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You've got to be careful!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>, to other Chinese it
- may sound too full of local color with which they do not
- identify.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
- <para>An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They are
- both in their late twenties.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zài èrshiwǔliùsuì yǐhòu cái
- jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when
- females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to
- insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later.
- Nonetheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one
- can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíshì</foreignphrase>:
- “ceremony, function” This can be used to refer to a range of different
- ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of
- marital vows.</para>
- <para>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon
- to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which
- marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual
- served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds' feeling of obligation
- owed to the family.</para>
- <para>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food
- for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the
- celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local
- police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside,
- where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</para>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnqi</foreignphrase>:
- “relatives” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīnqi</foreignphrase> is slightly different from the English word
- “relatives” in that it does not include one's immediate family, that is
- parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One's
- immediate family are called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiāli rén</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
- jiā qīnqi duō ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you have a lot of relatives in your
- family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- jiā qīnqi kě duō le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We have lots of relatives in our family.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sònggei</foreignphrase>:
- “give (a gift) to …” The verb song has several meanings. One is “to
- send”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ nǐde xíngli
- sòngshangqu le</foreignphrase>, “I sent your luggage upstairs.”
- Another is to give someone something as a present.</para>
- <para>Here you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sòng</foreignphrase> with the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for, to” after it.
- You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiāogei</foreignphrase>, “to hand over to ..., to submit to...”.
- When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is
- used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be followed by
- the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is
- given. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> can
- also be used this way with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jì</foreignphrase> “to send”, and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase> “to
- sell”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
- zhèijiàn yīfu jìgei wǒ mèimei
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I sent this piece of clothing to my younger
- sister.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
- fángzi màigei wǒ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He sold his house to me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in
- the sentence, making it necessary to use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> to put the indirect
- object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the
- object is specific and the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bǎ</foreignphrase> construction is preferred. When song is followed
- by an indirect object, however, the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is usually
- optional.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
- sòng ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
- sònggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...sònggei ni shénme
- lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in
- the PRC are generally “useful” items. Common among these are
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nuǎnpíng</foreignphrase>,
- hot water jugs; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huāpíng</foreignphrase>, vases; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táidēng</foreignphrase>, table lamps;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ</foreignphrase>, pens;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánpěn</foreignphrase>,
- wash basins; or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cānjù</foreignphrase>, kitchen items.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to act
- as, to serve as”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuǒ jìniàn.</foreignphrase> is literally
- “They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- xuéxiǎo bìyède xuésheng, hěn duō dōu zuò lǎoshī
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> A lot of students who graduated from this
- school have become teachers.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yòng
- zhèiběn xīn shū zuò lǐwù, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would it be okay to use this new book as a
- present?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, “to act
- as, to serve as” is often seen used with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase>, “to use” as in the
- example above, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng ... zuò
- ...</foreignphrase>, “to use (something) as (something)
- else”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniàn</foreignphrase>:
- “memento, remembrance; to commemorate”.</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi ta
- yìzhāng zhàopiàn zuò jìniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll give him a photo as a memento.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase>:
- “many; a great deal (of), lots (of)”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǔduō</foreignphrase> is used as a number
- (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns. <informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu duōshao
- qián?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">How much money
- is there left?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
- xǔduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">There's still
- a lot left, or There's a lot more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- mǎile xǔduō (zhāng) huàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He bought a lot of paintings.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǔduō</foreignphrase> has
- several things in common with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hěn duō</foreignphrase>, in addition to similarity of meaning. Used
- as modifiers in front of nouns, both <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō</foreignphrase> can (1) be used
- alone, (2) be used with de, and (3) be followed by a counter, but not
- usually -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ge</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- rènshi xǔduō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- rènshi hěn duō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He knows a lot of people.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- jiànle hen duō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He saw (met with) a lot of people.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìchǔli
- yǒu hěn duō (jiàn) dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are a lot of overcoats in the
- closet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He wrote a lot of books.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō</foreignphrase> is
- probably more common than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xǔduō</foreignphrase>. Some speakers feel that they do not use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> in
- conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about
- using it in conversation.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zhùdao nǚjiār
- qu</foreignphrase>: “to go live with the wife's family” You've seen
- the prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> used after main verbs, as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nádao lóushàng qu</foreignphrase>, “take
- it upstairs”. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
- fairly straightforward. But in the above example from the Reference
- List, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
- used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, “to
- live, to inhabit”. Here is another example of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> used in a phrase
- expressing motion:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- zuótiān zhùjinlaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He moved in yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhàn</foreignphrase> “to stand” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase> “to sit” can also be
- used in phrases expressing motion.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
- zhàndao nèibianr qu, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would you please go stand over there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
- zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would you please go sit up front.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to
- three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom
- join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former
- tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the man's family,
- and of course, moved into his family's house.</para>
- <para>In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride
- carried special significance. It was called <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù zhuì</foreignphrase> and might take
- place when a family had only female children and the father wanted his
- daughter's husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family
- line.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase>:
- “difference” When expressing the difference between two things, use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">... gēn ... yǒu
- qūbié</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
- zìdiǎn gēn nèiběn yǒu hěn dàde
- qūbié.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is a big difference between this dictionary
- and that one.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào yǒu shénme
- qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is the difference between this school and
- that one?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is the difference between these two
- methods?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì
- ma!</foreignphrase>. : “Yes, indeed!, I'll say!”, or more literally,
- “Isn't it so! <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì ma!
- </foreignphrase>is often used in northern China to indicate hearty
- agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the
- speaker, something like English “Well, of course!” or “Really!”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo</foreignphrase>:
- Literally “not a little”, in other words, “quite a lot”.</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu bù
- shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has a lot he wants to say to you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguo
- bù shǎo rén yǒu qìchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In America a lot of people have cars.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érqiě</foreignphrase>:
- “furthermore, moreover”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiǎn
- tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià
- xuě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The weather is bad today, and furthermore it
- looks as if it's going to snow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ěrqiě</foreignphrase> is
- often used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
- dan...érqiě</foreignphrase> “not only ... but also...” or “not only
- ... moreover...”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèizhěng huǎr hú dàn hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng
- xiāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it's
- also very fragrant.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú
- dàn ài chī táng, érqiě shénme tián dōngxi dōu ài
- chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like
- to eat anything sweet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú
- dàn xuéguo Zhōngwén, érqiě xuéde bú
- cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he
- has learned it quite well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
- dàn méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài, érqiě wǒ yě bú dà
- xǐhuan ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I
- don't like her very much.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
- <para>The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their
- conversation:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 3</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāngfāng</foreignphrase>:
- “both sides, both parties”</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo hé Měiguo
- shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This matter is known to both America and
- China.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐcǐ</foreignphrase>: “the
- one and the other; each other, mutually”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán
- wǒmen méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde
- bìng méiyou bànfa le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although we didn't say anything, we both knew.
- There was nothing that could be done for his
- illness.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōumō
- hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Have a nice weekend.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǐcǐ,
- bǐcǐ!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You too!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>: “to
- understand; to acquaint oneself with, to try to
- understand”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèijiàn shì, wǒ bù dǒng, hái děi qù liǎojiě
- yíxià.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't understand this, I have to go back and
- try to understand it again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- liǎojiě ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I understand her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhēnde liǎojiě
- tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He feels that he doesn't have a single friend who
- really knows him. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that when you want to say “to know someone” meaning “to
- understand someone”, the Chinese word to use is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>, not
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènshi</foreignphrase>
- (which simply means to have made someone's acquaintance)</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №13</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...líhūnde bú tài
- duō</foreignphrase>: “There aren't many people getting divorced …;”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Líhūnde</foreignphrase>,
- “those (people) who get divorced”, is a noun phrase in which <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">líhūn</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nominalized</foreignphrase> by
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fūfù</foreignphrase>: “husband
- and wife, married couple”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen fūfù
- liǎngge dōu fēicháng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Those two (that couple) are both very nice.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài yíge dìqū
- gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: “do not work in the same region”.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge</foreignphrase>, “one”,
- is frequently used to mean “one and the same”. Here are some more
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen dōu
- zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>All of us go to the same school.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liǎngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī
- jiāochulaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They are both the product of the same
- teacher.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqǐnjià</foreignphrase>:
- “leave for visiting family”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàn
- qīn</foreignphrase> means to visit one's closest relatives, usually
- parents, a spouse, or children.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
- jiù qù Shànghǎi tàn qīn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow he's going to Shanghai to visit his
- family.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngshi</foreignphrase>:
- “always, all the time”. This adverb may also occur as<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> zǒng.</foreignphrase><informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒngshi
- ài qù Huáměi kāfēitīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He always loves to go to the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáměi</foreignphrase>
- Coffeehouse.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nénggòu</foreignphrase>: “can,
- to be able to”. This is a synonym of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngguo</foreignphrase>: “to
- pass by or through, to go through”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo</foreignphrase> can mean 1) to pass
- by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an
- experience.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo
- zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As a result of this study, I see things a lot more
- clearly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ měitiān
- xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dōu jīngguo Bǎihuò
- Dàlóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Every day on my way home from work I pass by the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎihuò
- Dàlóu</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīngguo
- zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian wǒmen zài
- lǐtou gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When you passed by this room, didn't you see us
- working inside?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>:
- “quite, pretty (good, degree of'. etc.); considerable, a considerable degree
- of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shēntǐ
- xiāngdāng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His health is quite good.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>: “to
- consider; consideration”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
- kǎolǜguo le, tā háishi yīnggāi shàng
- dàxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have already given it consideration he should still
- go to college.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase>: “but”, a
- synonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kěshi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
- qùguo le, dànshi wǒ méiyou kàndao
- ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I already went there, but I didn't see her.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>: “male and
- female”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nānnǚde
- shìqing zuì nán shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Matters between men and women are the hardest to
- judge.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīngdāng</foreignphrase>:
- “should, ought to”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yīngdāng</foreignphrase> is a less-frequently heard word for
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnggāi</foreignphrase>. These
- two words share in common the following meanings:<orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“should” in the sense of obligation or duty.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng (or yīnggāi) bǐcǐ
- bāngmáng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We two are comrades, we should help each
- other.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“ought to” in the sense of “it would be suitable to”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) duō chuān
- yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's cold out, you should put on some more
- clothing.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“should” in the sense of “it would be desirable to”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo
- wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You should try this, it's fun.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“should” in the sense of “it is expected”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi </foreignphrase>(or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yīngdāng</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài dào
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's ten o'clock, he should be here
- soon.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xué
- Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú cuò
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> He's been studying Chinese for three years, he
- should be pretty good by now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase>:
- “relatively, comparatively, by comparison”. Also pronounced <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- bǐjiào rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's hotter today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo
- yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After this article of clothing is altered, it will be
- better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The past couple of days he's been feeling better, he
- doesn't have such a high fever any more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> before other adverbial
- expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
- tài</foreignphrase> “not too”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù zěnme</foreignphrase> “not so”, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú nàme</foreignphrase> “not so” or hen
- “very”. Careful speakers, however, feel that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> should not be used in
- such cases.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №19</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>: “will;
- might; be likely to”. The auxiliary verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is used to express
- likelihood here.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
- huì bu hui lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Will he come tomorrow?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù bǎ
- mén guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài
- rè?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If I go close the door, will you feel too
- hot?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějué</foreignphrase>: “to
- solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú yao
- jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't get anxious, the problem of money has already
- been solved.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Washington, D. C.</title>
- <para>A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student from
- Peking.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nánjia hái yào sòng xǔduō
- lǐwù ma?</foreignphrase>: In traditional China, the groom's family gave
- gifts to the bride's family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
- (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of
- property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man's family who in most
- cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no
- longer exist.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu
- duō?</foreignphrase>: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of
- both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the
- exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally
- ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via
- study and group criticism.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yǒu yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge
- dìfang gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: Many couples still have to be split up
- in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the
- local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is
- improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the
- other's work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural
- population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city,
- usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural
- life is so difficult that this is not likely.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...suǐràn měinián yǒu bànge
- yuède tànqīnjià</foreignphrase>: There are two types of leave for
- visiting one's family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return
- home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to
- different places for work. These trips are paid for by one's work unit (but
- communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working
- relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year
- and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day
- visit once every two years.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐcǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">彼此</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- each other, mutually; you too, the same to you
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào (bījiǎo)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">比较</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú dàn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不但</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- not only
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不少</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- quite a lot, quite a few
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to become, to constitute, to make
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">城市</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- city
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">但是</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- but
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érqiě </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">而且</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- furthermore
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngqì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风气</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- common practice; general mood
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsū </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风俗</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- custom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fūfù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">夫妇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- married couple, husband and wife
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">改变</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to change
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">和</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- with; and
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- might, to be likely to, will
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- (jiehūn) to get married
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějué</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">解决</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to solve
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jingguò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经过</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to go through, to pass by or through
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纪念</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- memento, memorial
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考虑</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to consider; consideration
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- indeed, really
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě bū shi ma!</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可不是吗</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn’ài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">恋爱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be romantically involved with; love
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě (liáojie)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了解</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to understand; understanding
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">líhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">离婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to get divorced
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐwù (lǐwu)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">礼物</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- gift, present
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánjiā(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the husband’s family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- male and female
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nénggòu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">能够</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- can, to be able to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年轻</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be young
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- rural area, countryside
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚjiā(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the wife’s family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">努力</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngnián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">青年</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- youth, young person
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnqi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亲戚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- relatives
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">区别</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- difference, distinction
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">实行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, ‘reform, etc.)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāngfāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">双方</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- both sides, both parties
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">送</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to give (something as a gift)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">探亲</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqīnjià </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">探亲家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- leave for visiting family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíchàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">提倡</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to advocate, to promote, to initiate
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">晚恋晚婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- late involvement and late marriage
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">相当</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- quite, pretty, very
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">许多</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- many; a great deal (of), a lot (of)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīngdāng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">应当</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- should, ought to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">仪式</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- ceremony
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一直</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- all along, all the time (up until a certain point)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngfǔ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政府</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- government
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùdao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to move to, to go live at
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngshi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">总是</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- always
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">作,做</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to serve as, to act as; as
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 2</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiáojie</foreignphrase>:
- “daughter”. You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiáojie</foreignphrase> meaning “Miss” or ”young lady”. Here it is
- used to mean “daughter”. Note, however, that it is used only in
- referring to someone else's daughter, not in referring to one's own
- daughter(s).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu
- jǐwèi xiáojie?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How many daughters does he have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
- xiáojie zhēn piàoliang.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Your daughter is really pretty.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiáojie</foreignphrase>,
- meaning either “Miss” or “daughter”, is not in current usage in the
- PRC.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dā xǐde
- rìzi</foreignphrase>: “wedding day”, literally “big joyful day”.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐ</foreignphrase> “to be
- glad, joyful”, is used in several expressions having to do with
- weddings. The character for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xǐ</foreignphrase> is often used as a decoration. For weddings, two
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ</foreignphrase>
- characters together are used as a decoration.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>:
- “he's very honest”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Rén</foreignphrase>, “person”, can he used to refer to a person's
- character. It can he used with a noun or pronoun before it, for example
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hěn
- lǎoshi</foreignphrase>, literally “As for him, his person is very
- honest”. The wording <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- rén</foreignphrase> ... is often used to talk about the way someone
- truly is:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hěn
- ài bāngzhu bié rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He (is the sort of person who) likes to help
- others.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
- Xiānsheng rén hěn tèbié, shénme shìqing dōu yào wèn
- yige wèishenme.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> is a different sort of person,
- he has to ask “why” about everything.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hén
- kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's a very polite sort of person.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase>
- refers to a person's mental state of being:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hēde tài
- duō, rén hái yǒu diǎnr bu
- qīSngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I had too much to drink and I'm still a little
- foggy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén</foreignphrase> also
- sometimes refers to a person's physical self. This meaning is mostly used in
- situations where a contrast is implied, something like “And as for the
- person himself, ...”. For example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yìzhí
- zhǐshi hé tā tōng diànhuà, jīntiān zǎoshang, cái
- dìyīcì jiàn miàn, tā rén fēicháng
- piàoliàng.</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>All along I had only talked to her over the phone,
- but this morning I met her for the first time. She's
- very beautiful.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào Jiāzhōu
- niàn shū qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān, shū
- zěnme niàndehǎo ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They hadn't even been married for one month when her
- husband went to California to go to school. He was in
- America, but his heart was in Taiwan, how could he
- possibly study well?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>: “to
- associate with, to have dealings with”, often said of boyfriend-girlfriend
- relationships.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hé tā
- méiyou shénme tèbiéde
- jiāowǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's no special relationship between him and me.
- (Said by a daughter in explanation to her
- mother.)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the PRC <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> is not used this way; use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènshi</foreignphrase>, “to know (a person)”
- or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo péngyou</foreignphrase>,
- “to make friends” instead. In the PRC, you will hear <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> used in phrases such
- as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐangguo rénmínde
- jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>, “the contact (association) between the peoples
- of these two countries”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng</foreignphrase>: “the
- bridegroom's side”, a phrase which often refers to the bridegroom himself,
- and sometimes refers to the bridegroom's family, relatives, and friends
- collectively. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the bridegroom's side”, happens to be a
- homonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the South”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
- rén jiéhūnde shíhou, nánfāng dà qǐng
- kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When Chinese get married, the groom's family hosts a
- big feast.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn
- yǐqiǎn nánfāng nǚfāng bǐcǐ sòng
- lǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Before a marriage, the groom's side and the bride's
- side give each other gifts.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>[<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚfāng</foreignphrase> means
- “the bride's side,” referring either to ”the bride” herself, or to “the
- bride's family, relatives, and friends collectively”.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shóu</foreignphrase>: “to be
- familiar with ...” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shú</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shóu</foreignphrase> is used with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase> for people and with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì</foreignphrase> for
- places.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hé tā
- hen shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I know him very well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì
- Tǎiběi hěn shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She knows Taipei very well.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shóu</foreignphrase> also means
- “to be cooked sufficiently” and “to be ripe”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>: You've
- learned this as the verb “to be early”, now you see it used to mean “long
- ago”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo
- zhǐdào nǐ bù huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I knew long ago that you wouldn't come back.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo
- tīngshuō le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I heard about it long ago.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo</foreignphrase> is usually
- followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to
- stress the idea of “as early as that”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo jiù
- gàosu tā nèijiàn shì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I told him that long ago. (Said to correct an
- impression that he didn't actually know it so early.
- )</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo jiù
- xiǎng lái kàn ni, yìzhí méi
- shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been meaning to come see you for a long time,
- but I never had the time.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíqǐn</foreignphrase>: “to bring
- up a proposal of marriage” Traditionally, the man's parents would visit the
- parents of the woman they wished their son to marry in order to bring up the
- subject of marriage. The situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but
- some marriages are still proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the
- children simply inform their parents of their own arrangement.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāying</foreignphrase>: “to
- agree (to something), to consent, to promise”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dǎying
- gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme tā xiànzài yòu bù gěi
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he
- won't give it to me?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dāying
- ta le, dāngrán yīnggāi péi ta
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You promised him, of course you should go with
- him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dāying
- zuòde shì, yídìng yào
- zuòdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You must do what you promise to do.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- dāyinglede shì, wèishénme bú
- zuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why don't you do this thing that you have
- promised?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- dāyingguode shì, jiù yīnggāi
- zuòdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You ought to do things that you promise.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
- dāying gěi ni yíge hùzhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I didn't promise to give you a passport.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāyjng</foreignphrase> can also
- mean “to answer”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiào ni,
- nǐ zěnme méi dāying?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He called you, how come you didn't answer?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánlai tánqù</foreignphrase>:
- “to talk over”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tánlai
- tánqù, yě bù néng jiějué zhèige
- wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We discussed it for a long time, but still couldn't
- solve the problem.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tánlai
- tánqù, tánde hěn yǒu yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It got very interesting, conversing back and
- forth.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juédìng</foreignphrase>: “to
- decide”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juédìng
- yào qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've decided that I'm going.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
- juédìng jiù zhènme bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've already decided that it'll be this way.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái méi
- juédìng gāi zěnme bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I haven't yet decided what should be done.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that when you want to say “I can't decide whether (to do
- something)” or “I haven't decided whether (to do something)”, the object of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juédìng</foreignphrase> is a
- choice-type question.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái méi
- juédìng qù bu qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I haven't yet decided whether to go or not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù néng
- juédìng wǒ qù bu qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I can't decide whether to go or not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn nán
- juédìng ràng bu ràng ta qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm having a hard time deciding whether to let him to
- or not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì bu
- shi gāi huíqu hěn nán
- juédìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's hard to decide whether or not I should go
- back.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>:
- “afterwards, later”. You have already learned another word which can be
- translated as “afterwards” or “later”: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase> are both nouns which
- express time. Here is a brief comparison of them.<orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> can either follow another element, in
- which case it is translated as “after ...”) or it can be used by
- itself.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā láile yǐhòu, wǒmen jiù zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After he came, we left.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài
- láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Afterwards, he never came back
- again.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hòulái</foreignphrase> can only be used by
- itself.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hòulái, tā shuì jiào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Afterwards, he went to sleep.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Both <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase> may be
- used to refer to the past. (For example, in the reference list
- sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǐhòu</foreignphrase> may be substituted for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>. But if
- you want to say “afterwards” or “later” referring to the future,
- you can only use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǐhòu</foreignphrase>. When it refers to the future time,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǐhòu</foreignphrase> can be translated in various ways,
- depending on the context:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài
- shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's wait until the future to see about
- future matters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòu nǐ yǒu kòng, qǐng cháng lái
- wán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the future when you have the time,
- please come over more often.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll tell you later on.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā yào gēn yíge Rìběn
- rén jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His child said that someday, he wants to
- marry a Japanese.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Usage Note: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> has the meaning of “after that”. It
- can imply that some past event functions as a dividing point in
- time, as a sort of time boundary, and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> refers to
- the period from the end of that time boundary up to another
- point of reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage
- it is often translated as “since”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu zài méi
- xiěguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He only wrote one book, and hasn't written
- any since.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Ránhòu</foreignphrase> stresses the succession of one event
- upon the completion of a prior event.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ shàngwū zhǐ yǒu liǎngjié kè, ránhòu jiù méi
- shì le, wǒmen kéyi chuqū
- wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have only two classes in the morning, and
- after that I don't have anything else to do, so we
- can go out play.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >háishi</foreignphrase>: “in the end, after all” You have
- seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >háishi</foreignphrase> meaning “still” that is, that
- something remains the same way as it was. Here <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háishi</foreignphrase> is used to
- mean that the speaker feels that, all things considered,
- something is the case after all.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Háishi tā duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is right, after all.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūxíng</foreignphrase>: “to hold
- (a meeting, banquet, celebration, ceremony, etc.)” For this example you need
- to know that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >diǎnlǐ</foreignphrase> means “ceremony”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
- jǔxíng bìyè diǎnlǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow the graduation ceremony will be
- held.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>: “even, (to
- go) so far as to” You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase> meaning “still” -as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái zài zhèr!</foreignphrase>, “You're
- still here!”. You've also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase> meaning “also, additionally”, as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái yào mǎi yìpǐng
- qìshuǐ.</foreignphrase>, “I also want to buy a bottle of soda.” Here you see
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> meaning
- additionally in the sense of additional effort. The sentence <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen hái sòng huār lái</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> expresses
- the speaker's feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or
- necessary.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn shi tài xièxie
- le</foreignphrase>: “I really thank you so much.” You have seen
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tài</foreignphrase> used to
- mean “very, extremely”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài
- hǎo le!</foreignphrase>, “Wonderful!”. Notice that here it is used with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xièxie</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para>A woman goes to visit her old friend and to present her with a gift for
- her daughter and future son-in-law.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǒbǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi
- dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbié hǎo.</foreignphrase> Traditional
- wedding foods included <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huāshēng</foreignphrase>, peanuts; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánzǐ</foreignphrase>, lotus seeds; and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎozi</foreignphrase>, dates,
- all of which symbolize fertility in that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng(zǐ)</foreignphrase> means “give birth
- to” (a son); <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liǎnzǐ</foreignphrase> sounds like part of the phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎnshēng guìzǐ</foreignphrase>, “have sons
- consecutively”; and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǎozi</foreignphrase> sounds like part of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎoshēng guìzǐ</foreignphrase>, “have an
- early son.” The wedding marked the beginning of that generation's carrying
- on of the family line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served
- according to family preference.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjǐ
- zuòde</foreignphrase>: Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently
- hand-made or tailor-made, as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work
- surpasses that of ready-made items. Brides may wear two gowns: a white one
- for the ceremony (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional
- Chinese red one at the celebration.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn
- Jīdūjiào</foreignphrase>: “to believe in (Protestant) Christianity”.
- This is one way of saying “to be a (Protestant) Christian”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn Fó</foreignphrase>: “to
- believe in Buddha”. This is one way of saying “to be a Buddhist”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>:
- “in court” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài</foreignphrase>
- is the verb “to be in, at, or on”, in other words “to be located
- (someplace)”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zài</foreignphrase> must be followed by a place word or a place
- phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase may be
- difficult for the non-native speaker to figure out. Words which are not
- considered to be place words or phases must have a locational ending
- such as -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">li</foreignphrase> or
- -shang added to them. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài
- chēshang mǎi piào.</foreignphrase>, “You buy the ticket on the
- bus.”)</para>
- <para>The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words.
- The phrase “in court” does not need a locational ending, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>. Here are some
- other words which can function as place words by themselves. Many of
- these end with syllables such as -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>) “house, apartment”,
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jú</foreignphrase>
- “office, shop”, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >diàn</foreignphrase> “inn, shop”, -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎng</foreignphrase> “field, open
- ground”, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase>
- “hall, room”, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >suǒ</foreignphrase> “place, room”, -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiān</foreignphrase> “house, rooms”,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn</foreignphrase>
- “public office, hall”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- xiàwu zài bàngōngshì jiàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>See you at the office this afternoon!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- běnshì yǒu wǔge
- yóuzhèngjú!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are five post offices in this city!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài
- cáiféngdiàn zuòde ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You must have had that made at a tailor's.
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài
- cāntīng kàndao ta le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you see him in the dining room?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Other words which behave in a similar way are:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="6" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >càishichǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>market</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fùjìn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>area</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cèsuǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>toilet</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fúwùtái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>service desk</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>hotel</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gōngānjú</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Bureau of Public Security</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shāngdiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>store</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngsī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>company</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàlou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>building</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngyù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>apartment</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàshiguǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>embassy</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngyuǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>park</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>region</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huìkèshì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>reception room</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>restaurant</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huǒchēzhàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>railroad station</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fàngjiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>room</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐngchájú</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>police station</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>restaurant</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kāfēitīng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>coffeehouse</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fàntīng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>dining room</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>hometown</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fēijichǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>airport</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6">and many more...
- including proper names of Restaurants, buildings,
- associations, organizations, etc.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzhèng</foreignphrase>:
- “notarization, government witness”. A <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzhèng rén</foreignphrase> is a notary
- public.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù xí</foreignphrase>: “to
- take one's seat at a banquet”, literally “to enter the mat(ted
- area)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- kuài diǎnr zhǔnbèi, tāmen liùdiǎn zhōng jiù yào rù
- xí le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's get ready a little faster, the banquet
- starts at 6:00.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №13</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase>: “to be
- complicated, to be complex”. Questions, problems, or situations can be
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase> if
- there are many pieces or factors figuring into the problem. It is also
- possible to use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fùzá</foreignphrase> to imply that the situation is messy,
- problem-ridden.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- jiāde qíngkuàng tài fùzá, wǒ
- gǎobuqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Their family situation is too complicated, I
- can't make heads or tails of it. (This sentence has
- an ambiguity in both languages.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- wèntí tài fùzá, hěn nán
- shuōqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This question is so complicated, it's very hard
- to explain it clearly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- jùzi tài fùzá, zuì hǎo bú zhèiyangr
- xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This sentence is too complicated, it would be
- best not to write it this way.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùzá</foreignphrase> can
- also be used in a complimentary way. (For this example you need to know
- that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìxiǎng</foreignphrase>
- means “thinking, thought”.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- sìxiǎng hěn fùzá.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His thinking is very complex.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase> in
- this case would, be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiǎndān</foreignphrase> “to be simple”, as in
- “simple-minded”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùzá</foreignphrase> is also
- pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fǔzā</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìjiàn</foreignphrase>:
- “idea, view, opinion, suggestion”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái
- tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde yìjian, wǒ juéde duì
- wǒmen hěn yǒu bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He just told us his opinions on this book, and I
- feel that they're really helpful to us.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
- xiǎng zhīdào, zài zhèige wèntíshang, Zhōngguo
- zhèngfǔde yìjian shi
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'd very much like to know what the Chinese
- government's view is on this question.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- xiāng xiān qù Shànghǎi, zài dào Wǔhàn, nǐde yìjian
- zěnmeyang?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'd like to go to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> first and then to
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, what's your
- opinion?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
- yìjian shi xiān qù Wǔhàn, zài dào Shànghǎi qu.
- Yīnwei zài guò yíge yuè, Wǔhàn fēicháng
- rèle.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My opinion is to first go to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>,
- then to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>, because after a month,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǔhàn</foreignphrase> will be extremely
- hot.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènghūn</foreignphrase>:
- “to witness a marriage”. Witnesses formerly were persons of good
- reputation and venerable old age. Today, familiarity is most important.
- The witness makes a brief speech during the ceremony and stamps the
- marriage certificate with his name seal. He receives no remuneration for
- this service, but is honored to have been asked.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dù mìyuè</foreignphrase>:
- “to spend one's honeymoon”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dù</foreignphrase> is the verb “to spend, to pass” (something which
- is an amount of time, like a holiday). <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mìyuè</foreignphrase> is literally
- “honey-moon”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huímén</foreignphrase>: “the
- bride's first visit to her own family on the third day after the
- wedding”, literally “return to the door”. When the newlyweds return home
- for this first visit, the family of the bride is given a chance to
- entertain the couple. More friends and relatives are invited and
- introduced to them. (It is the groom's family which arranges the
- marriage ceremony.)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐjiǔ</foreignphrase>:
- “wedding banquet”. Notice that in the Reference List sentence the phrase
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái chī
- xǐjiǔ</foreignphrase> is translated as “to come to the wedding
- banquet”. A more literal translation might be “come to eat a wedding
- feast!”. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chī</foreignphrase> could also be rendered into English by “attend”
- or “take part”, as in “Be sure to come take part in the wedding banquet
- the day after tomorrow”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūnlǐshàng</foreignphrase>:
- “at the wedding”. Notice that in English you say “at the wedding” while
- in Chinese you say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hūnlǐshàng</foreignphrase>, literally “on the wedding”.
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàng</foreignphrase>
- would also be the locative ending to use for “at the meeting”
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huìshàng</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièshaorén</foreignphrase>:
- “introducer”. This is one person in the cast of people who play a part
- in getting two people together in marriage. Originally, the “introducer”
- functioned in much the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate
- for a friend or relative. Today, most young people find their own mates.
- The “introducer”, however, still have a ceremonial function. They
- accompany the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and
- one for the groom).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò méi</foreignphrase>: “to
- act as the go-between for two families whose children are to be
- married”. This person arranged the details of the match. He acted as a
- go-between for the families of the bride and groom, settling points
- which were usually of a financial nature. Often the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò méide</foreignphrase> was also the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jièshaorén</foreignphrase>. Traditionally, the go-between was an older
- woman who made a profession of it. She was paid for her services in
- money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork legs if they were
- poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between, although the practice
- is becoming less and less common. During the wedding ceremony, the
- go-between places his stamp on the wedding certificate.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo gěi
- ni zuò méi, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll act as go-between for you, all
- right?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
- Tàitai qǐng wo tǐ tāde nǚér zuò
- méi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go- between for her
- daughter.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №19</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">júzhǎng</foreignphrase>:
- “head of an office or bureau”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Júzhǎng</foreignphrase> is only used when the Chinese name of the
- office or bureau ends with the syllable -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jú</foreignphrase>, as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóuzhèngjú</foreignphrase>, “post
- office”. You've also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bùzhǎng</foreignphrase>, “minister of a bureau” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kēzhǎng</foreignphrase>, “section
- chief”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōnián</foreignphrase>:
- “many years”.</para>
- <para>Here are some examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- duōnián bú jiàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We haven't seen each other for many
- years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We've been working together for many
- years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
- zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi méi tīngshuōguo zhèige
- rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been living here for many years, but I've
- never heard of this person.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №20</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase>: “to
- talk about, to speak of”. This is used to refer to something that was
- just brought up in conversation. You have seen <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> used as a main verb
- meaning “to go to, to arrive at”, and as a prepositional verb meaning
- “to towards”. Now you see that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> is also used as a verb ending. Literally, it
- means “to, up to”, but its translation into English sometimes changes,
- depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with. When used with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán</foreignphrase>, “to
- talk, to chat”, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> can be translated as “about” or “of”. Here are
- some other examples of -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> used with verbs you've already
- studied:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ jiù lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We were even talking of you Just now, and here
- you are!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wo
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you talk about me with him today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I often think of my child.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that in the Reference List sentence, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase> is used at the
- beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use “speaking of
- ...” in English. Here are some other examples:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tándao
- jiéhūnde shì, wǒ hái děi
- xiǎngyixiang.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When it comes to talking about marriage, I have
- to think it over.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tándao
- zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode
- duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he
- knows a lot more than I do.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>: “really,
- after all”. You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase> meaning “too, also. Another common meaning of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is
- “(even though) ... nevertheless, still”. For example:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě huì shuō yìdiǎn
- Yǐngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little
- English.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A:
- Zhèige diànyǐng zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How was the movie?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Bú
- shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái
- kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It wasn't great, but it was pretty good
- nevertheless.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- suīrán méi dàoguo Tiān Men, yě zài diànshìshang Ān
- kànjianguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although I've never been to Tian An Men, I've
- seen it on television.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In addition, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase> often is used to contrast the thought expressed
- in the sentence with another thought. This meaning can be paraphrased
- something like this: “in spite of anything which might be believed to
- the contrary, indeed what I am saying is true.” Sometimes, however,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is used
- when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little more than
- “we really ought to agree that what I am saying is true.”</para>
- <para>There are many different possible ways to translate this
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> into
- English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of
- meaning and some of its possible translations.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- shíyīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ yě yào shàng kè le, wǒmende
- wèntí míngtiān zài tán ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to
- class. Let's talk about our question tomorrow,
- okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ tíchàng wǎnliàn
- wǎnhūn yě shi yīnggāide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The population of China is too large, it really
- is right for the government to promote late marriage
- and late involvement.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě bù
- zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don't
- know.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ
- zěnme hái méi bǎ zhèxiē yīfu
- xǐwán?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How come you still haven't finished washing these
- clothes?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Wǒ
- yě bú shi nǐde yòngren, báitiān wǒ yě shàng bān,
- wǒ méiyou zhènme duō
- shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm not your servant, after all; I work during
- the day too, and I don't have all that much
- time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now you (really) ought to understand, don't
- you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- liǎngge rènshi yě yǒu jǐnián le, nǐ yīnggāi
- liǎojiě wo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We have known each other for several years, after
- all; you ought to understand me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...liǎngge háizi yào dào
- fǎyuàn gōngzhèng jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: Traditional wedding
- ceremonies were held at home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or
- pagodas). Modern ones are likely to be held in hotels or restaurants, as
- there is more room and food is then easier to prepare.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shān
- qù</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ālǐ
- Shān</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Rìyuè Tán</foreignphrase> (Sun-Moon Lake) are the two most popular
- honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An average honeymoon stay might last one
- week.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title><para>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唉</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- (sound of sighing)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàxǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大喜</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- great rejoicing
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàxǐde rìzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大喜的日子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wedding day
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāying</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">答应</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to agree (to something), to consent, to promise
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">度</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dù mìyuè </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">度蜜月</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōnián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多年</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- many years
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法院</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- court of law
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">佛</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- Buddha
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá (fǔzá)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">复杂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be complicated
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzhèng jiēhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公证结婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- civil marriage
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- even, (to go) so far as to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háishi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还是</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- after all
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- later, afterwards
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">húi mén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">回门</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the return of the bride to her parents' home (usually on the third day after the wedding)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūnlǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">婚礼</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wedding
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàotáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">教堂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- church
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">交往</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to associate with, to have dealings with
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīdūjiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">基督教</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- Christianity
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiēhūn lǐfú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚礼服</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wedding gown (dress)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièshaorén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">介绍人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- introducer
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juédìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">决定</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to decide
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǔxíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">举行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">júzhǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局长</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is jú)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...-lái...-qù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">。。。-来。。。-去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- (indicates repeating the action over and over again)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshi (lǎoshí)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老实</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be honest
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">满意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be pleased
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mìyuè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蜜月</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- honeymoon
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男方</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the groom's side, the groom's family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nēnggàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">能干</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be capable
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- person, self, body
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù xí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">入席</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngjìn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上进</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be ambitious
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">熟</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be familiar (with), to know well
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谈到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to talk about; speaking of ...
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánlai tánqù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"></foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to talk back and forth
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíqīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">提亲</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to bring up a proposal of marriage
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎojiě (xiáojie)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小姐</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- daughter (referring to someone else’s daughter)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xījiù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">喜酒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wedding banquet; wedding wine
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">信</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to believe (in)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn Fó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">信佛</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be a Buddhist
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnláng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新郎</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- bridegroom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnniáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新娘</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- bride
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- indeed, in fact, admittedly
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìjian </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">意见</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- opinion
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">záo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- long ago
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènghūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">征婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to witness a marriage
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènghūnrén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">征婚人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- chief witness at a wedding ceremony
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">租</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to rent
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò méi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做媒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering marriage)
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 3</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes in Part 1</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kòngzhi</foreignphrase>: “to
- control; control”. This can also he translated as “to dominate; to
- command”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- fǎngjiānde wēndù kòngzhude hù hǎo, yìhuǐr lěng,
- yìhuǐr rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The temperature in this room isn't well regulated.
- It's cold one minute and hot the next.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíjiān méi
- bànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě
- bànbudao.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is no way to control time; no one can do
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde bìng
- yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì
- hǎoqilai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His illness is under control now; maybe in another
- few days he will start to get better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu yìxiē
- rén kòngzhile zhèijià fēijī, hú ràng ta
- qǐfēi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Some people have taken control of this airplane and
- won't let it take off.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chénggōng</foreignphrase>: “to
- succeed; to be successful“.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèihěn shū
- chénggōng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This hook was a success.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèihěn shū
- xiěde hěn chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His hook was written very successfully, (i.e., His
- hook came off very well.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige tāng
- chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài
- chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This soup is a success, everyone loves it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yào nǐ
- nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng néng
- chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure
- to succeed.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòdào</foreignphrase>: “to
- achieve, to make (a goal)”. In Unit 2, Part II, you saw <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase> “to talk about, to
- speak of”, with the ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> meaning literally “to, up to”. Here you see
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> used as
- an ending after the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuò</foreignphrase> “to make”. You may think of -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòdào</foreignphrase> as conveying the
- meaning of reaching a goal.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiān
- shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have already succeeded in doing this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōguo,
- zuótiān nǐ yào qù, nǐ zuòdào le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You said that you wanted to go yesterday. Did you do
- so?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sān tōngguò</foreignphrase>:
- “the three approvals”. The “three approvals” have ”been in effect since
- 1973/74. At that time, the minimum marriage age was pushed upward, but most
- recently it has been relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three
- for females. Most couples must still wait a number of years before they can
- have a child. The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sāntōngguò
- guīdìng</foreignphrase> for city residents effectively means that,
- without these three approvals for a child, a pregnancy must end in abortion
- or else the child will have to live without food rations. (A government
- slogan is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge
- gòule</foreignphrase>, “One is best, two is enough.”) Applications to
- have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by one's work
- unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly
- discouraged and life would be very difficult for it should it be born.
- Special gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families. In
- the countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they
- of course could not easily move to the city.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase>:
- “to mean; in other words, that is to say”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìhuà
- shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào yǒu jìhuade shēng
- xiǎoháir.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Planned parenthood means having children in a planned
- way.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">“Hébì” yě
- jiùshi shuō “wèishénme
- xūyào”.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hébì</foreignphrase>” means “why must”.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù néng
- zài shēng xiǎoháizi, yě jiùshi shuō wǒmen juéde tā
- zhìbuhǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She can't have children any more; that is to say, we
- feel that she cannot be cured.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù gěi
- ni dǎ diànhuà hǎoxiàng yě jiùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan
- ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The fact that he doesn't telephone you would seem to
- imply that he doesn't like you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàifu shuō
- tā bù néng chī ròu, yě jiùshi shuō chi ròu duì tāde
- shēntǐ bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The doctor said that he couldn't eat meat, in other
- words, eating meat isn't good for his health.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>When what follows is a more pointed explanation of what has just been
- said, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase>
- can be used in place of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiùshi
- shuō</foreignphrase>, e.g. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù kéyi
- shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā hái méiyou zuòdao sān
- tōngguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not
- yet gotten the three approvals.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase>:
- “consent, agreement; to agree, to agree with (what someone says or
- thinks)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngyì bu
- tongyì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Do you agree?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
- tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I don't agree.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
- tóngyì nǐde huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I don't agree with what you say.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Although in English we can say “I agree with you”, in Chinese it is wrong
- to say either <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn nǐ
- tóngyì</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- tóngyì ni</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tóngyì</foreignphrase> can be used in two ways: without an object, or
- with an object like t<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ā
- shuōde</foreignphrase> “what he said”, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde huà</foreignphrase> “what he said”,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde jìhua</foreignphrase>
- “his plan”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde yìjian
- </foreignphrase>“his opinion”. If you want to say “I don't agree with you”,
- you can say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù tóngyì, Nǐ
- shuōde, wǒ bù tóngyì, Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde huà, Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde
- yìjian,</foreignphrase> etc.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānwèi</foreignphrase>: W(work)
- unit”. This word is used in the PRC as a cover term for any organization or
- department of an organization. It may, for instance refer to a factory, a
- school, a government organization, a store, or an army unit.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài něige dānwèi
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> is a common way of asking where someone works;
- compared with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài nǎr
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase>, the question <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò?</foreignphrase>
- sounds more official.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- dānwèi yǒu hěn duō nǚ
- lāoshī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are a lot of women teachers in our unit. (Here,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dānwèi</foreignphrase> refers to a school.
- )</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò
- dānwèi</foreignphrase>, as in the Reference List sentence.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūmín
- wěiyuánhuì</foreignphrase>: “neighborhood committee”. The official duties of
- a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from sanitation maintenance to
- political study. Its actual role and duty remain ambiguous, as well as its
- relationship with the government. Although the government pays a committee's
- elected delegates, there is no official connection between the two. The
- power of the committee in local affairs remains large.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàichūsuǒ</foreignphrase>:
- “local police station”. The local police station is the lowest level of the
- Bureau of Public Security. In addition to taking care of matters of a
- criminal nature, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >pàichūsuǒ</foreignphrase> is familiar with the history and political
- situation of every one of its residents. Along with the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò dānwèi</foreignphrase> and the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūmín
- wěiyuánhuì</foreignphrase>, it affects the daily life of each
- citizen.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēnju</foreignphrase>:
- “according to, on the basis of; basis”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēnju
- shénme shuō zhèige huà?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>On what basis do you say this?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- huà yǒu méiyou gēnju?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is there a basis for what you're saying?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīzhǔn</foreignphrase>: “to give
- official permission (to someone to do something)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dānwèi
- pīzhǔn ta jiēhūn le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Her unit gave her permission to marry.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéxiào
- pīzhǔn ta qù Shànghǎi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His school gave him permission to go to
- Shanghai.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǎi
- zhèige diànshì shi dédao
- pīzhǔnde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I got permission to buy this television.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚmen</foreignphrase>:
- “women”. -Men is a plural ending for nouns and pronouns. You have seen it in
- the pronouns women, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zánmen</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǐmen</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tāmen</foreignphrase>. After a noun, however, -men is never obligatory.
- It is usually used with nouns which designate humans (although in literature
- you may sometimes see it used with nouns referring to animals as
- well).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshimen,
- xiānshengmen.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Ladies and gentlemen.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Note that the group referred to by a noun phrase with -men must be of
- unspecified number; it is wrong to say <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàngge fùnǚmen</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
- jiàoshòumen</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gègè</foreignphrase>: “each and
- every, all of the various”. The first <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase> (a specifier like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>-)
- literally means “each...” or “the various, the different...”. The second
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase> is the
- counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase>, as in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge rén</foreignphrase> “one
- person”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǔyuèli,
- gègè xuéxiào dōu kāi xué le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In September all the schools open.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguode
- gègè zhōu dōu yǒu zíjǐde
- zhèngfǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Each of the American states has its
- government.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zēngjiā</foreignphrase>: “to
- increase; to increase by (such-and-such an amount)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián
- wǒmen xuéxiàode xuéshēng zēngjiā
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The students in our school increased this
- year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài zēngjiā
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The patients in this hospital cannot increase any
- further.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijǐtiān
- nǐ máng bu máng, zài gěi ni zēngjiā yìdiǎnr gōngzuò,
- hǎo bu hāo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be
- okay if I give you some more work to do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- dānwèi yòu zēngjiāle liǎngge
- bàngōngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They added two more offices on to our unit.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>:
- “specific, certain, definite, set”. In addition to the meaning of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase> which
- you already know, namely “certainly, surely”, it can also mean “set (by
- regulation, decision, or convention), fixed, particular,” as
- in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bàn
- shìqing yǒu yídìng bànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He goes about doing things with a definite
- method.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiniān zài
- yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu huíqu kàn
- māma.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set
- date.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqū</foreignphrase>: “city
- proper, municipal area”, the area within a <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chěngshì</foreignphrase> where population and
- buildings are relatively concentrated. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìqū</foreignphrase> is used when you are
- emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the suburbs [<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāoqū</foreignphrase>]. It is an
- administratively more exact term than <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chěngshì</foreignphrase>. [The Peking
- municipal area, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
- shìqū</foreignphrase>, is made up of eight urban districts,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chéngqū</foreignphrase>.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūshēnglü</foreignphrase>:
- “birth rate”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Chūshēng</foreignphrase> means “to be born”. The <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūshēnglü</foreignphrase> is usually
- considered to be the number of births per one thousand population in one
- year.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnpèi</foreignphrase>:
- “distribute; allot; assign; distribution”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tīngshuō
- xiàge yuè jiù kéyi gěi ni fēnpei
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've heard that you'll be assigned work next
- month.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xīwang
- néng zǎo yìdiān fēnpèidào
- fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I hope that housing can be assigned soon.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō tā
- fēnpèi dào Dōngběi qù gōngzuò
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've heard that he has been assigned to go work in
- Manchuria.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míng'é</foreignphrase>: “the
- number of people assigned or allowed; quota of people”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng'é</foreignphrase> does not exactly
- correspond to “quota”. “Quota” is a fixed number of places which must be
- filled. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng'é</foreignphrase> is
- (1) a fixed number of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such
- place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bābǎige
- míng'é</foreignphrase> is literally “800 name given-numbers”, i.e. “a
- quota of 800 names.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùn</foreignphrase>:
- Literally, “avoid-pregnancy”, i.e. “contraception”.<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Shíxíng bìyùn </foreignphrase>“to carry out
- (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to practice birth
- control”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miǎnfèide</foreignphrase>:
- Literally “exempt from charge”, i.e. “free (of charge)”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- zhǎnlǎn kéyi miǎnfèi
- cānguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You can visit this exhibit for free.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè
- Báhào, fùnǚ hé háizi dào gōngyuán qù dōu shi
- miǎnfēide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free
- of charge.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lüxíng bù
- piányi a! Fēijīpiào kě bú shi
- miǎnfèide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly
- not free!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>: “to
- receive, to get”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dédao
- hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zōu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He left immediately after getting his
- passport.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dédao
- pīzhǔn kéyi liúzai Běijīng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has gotten permission to stay in Peking to
- work.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìjiān xīn
- fángzi</foreignphrase>: “a new room”. Notice that although you have seen
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngzi</foreignphrase> meaning
- “house”, it is being used here in the wider sense of “a place to live”. In
- this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms of a house,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiān</foreignphrase>. Thus the
- whole phrase means “a new room”, not “a new house”.</para>
- <para>Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce.
- (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married
- couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not
- exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths,
- toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will continue to
- live in the same size room.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
- <para>A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on part 2</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnjià</foreignphrase>:
- “maternity leave”. The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chǎn</foreignphrase>, literally “to give birth to” is used in compounds
- meaning “maternity, delivery, birth”. It can also be used outside the
- context of human reproduction in compounds meaning “to produce, production”,
- as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnpǐn</foreignphrase>
- “product”.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzī</foreignphrase>: “wages,
- pay”, literally “labor-capital”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yǒu chānjià, hái yǒu
- gōngzi</foreignphrase>: For a normal birth, a woman is given fifty-six
- days of paid leave; for a difficult birth, seventy days; and for twins,
- ninety days after the birth. After this period, one hour per day is allowed
- off in order to nurse the baby.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №13</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèzhōng</foreignphrase>:
- “various kinds, every kind”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gè</foreignphrase> “each” is a specifier like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>- “this” or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>- “that”.
- As a specifier, it can be followed by counters. Here you see <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase>- used with the counter
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǒng</foreignphrase> “types,
- kinds, sort, species”. Here are some other ways <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase>- is used:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā néng dào
- gèguō qù lǚxíng zhēn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's great that he can go to all sorts of
- countries.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéshengmen
- yīnggāi yǒu gèrénde xuéxi
- jìhua.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Students should each have their own plan of
- study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiānde
- diànyǐngr piào gègè dānwèi dōu
- you.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Each and every unit has movie tickets for
- tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase>- is
- followed directly by the noun.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu kāi huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This afternoon every unit is having a
- meeting.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùn gōngju</foreignphrase>:
- “contraceptive devices”. This does not refer to birth control pills.
- [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìyùnpǐn</foreignphrase>
- “birth control products” includes both <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùnyào</foreignphrase> “birth control
- pills” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùn
- gōngjù</foreignphrase>.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìhuà shēngyù</foreignphrase>:
- “family planning, planned parenthood”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìhuà</foreignphrase> means “plan; to plan”.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēngyù</foreignphrase>
- literally means “to give birth to and raise”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéyù</foreignphrase>:
- “sterilization,” or “to sterilize, to be sterilized,” applies to operations
- for men and women. Sterilization for women is still much more common than
- for men; and more prevalent in the cities than in the
- countryside.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā juédìng
- juéyù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has decided on sterilization.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Juéyù shi
- jiějué Zhōngguo rénkōu wèntíde yíge hāo
- bànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Sterilization is one good way to solve China's
- population problem.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒushù</foreignphrase>:
- “surgery”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàifu gěi
- ta zuòde shǒushù hěn
- chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The surgery the doctor performed on him was very
- successful.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shībài</foreignphrase>: “to
- fail”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuò
- mǎimai shībài le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He failed in business.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēnju
- shénme shuō tā shībài le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>On what basis do you say that he failed?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>:
- “abortion”, more literally, “artificial miscarriage”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng
- liúchǎn</foreignphrase>: “go to the hospital to have an abortion
- performed”.<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zuò réngōng
- liúchǎn</foreignphrase> here means “to have an abortion done”, not of
- course “to do an abortion”. Compare the following two
- sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīshēng gěi
- ta zuòle réngōng liúchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The doctor performed an abortion on her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuòle
- réngōng liúchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She had an abortion.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase>) performed the
- abortion. In the second sentence, the subject of the sentence
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>) had the
- abortion performed. In some cases, a verb-object in Chinese can mean either
- “to do something” or “to have something done”. Here are some more
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhènme
- hǎode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ
- zuòde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who made such nice clothes for you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguo
- zuò yīfu hěn guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's really expensive to have clothes made in
- America.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jià</foreignphrase>: “leave,
- vacation”. You have seen this as part of the word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnjià</foreignphrase> “maternity leave”.
- Here you see it used by itself.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎoshù mínzú</foreignphrase>:
- “minority nationalities”, often translated as “national minorities”. Besides
- the Han people, China has over fifty national minorities which are spread
- out over fifty to sixty percent of the land area and make up six percent of
- the total population of the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols
- (mostly in the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi Měnggú
- Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>, “Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region”), the Hui
- (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighur (in the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng Wéiwúěr Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>,
- “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xinxiang</foreignphrase>
- Uighur Autonomous Region”), and the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Miao</foreignphrase> (found in several
- southern provinces). <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎoshù
- mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo
- kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The clothing of the national minorities is very
- beautiful.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
- yǒu wǔshijǐge shǎoshùmínzú.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>: “to
- believe (that), to trust (someone), to believe in, to have faith
- in”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- xiāngxìn, wǒmen liǎngguó rénmínde yǒuyì yídìng huì
- búduàn fāzhǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I believe that the friendship between the people of
- our two countries will constantly grow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Compare <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>
- to the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn</foreignphrase>,
- which you learned in the last unit. For the second example you need to know
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóu</foreignphrase> is a verb
- meaning “it's up to...”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié xìn
- tāde huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't believe what he says.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìn bu xìn
- yóu nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Believe it or not, as you like.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hōngtáng</foreignphrase>: “brown
- sugar”, literally “red sugar”. The Chinese often use brown sugar in cooking
- and for medicinal purposes. For example, a common remedy for colds is a hot
- drink made by boiling ginger root and brown sugar in water [<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāngtāng</foreignphrase>], or simply brown
- sugar water [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tángshuǐ</foreignphrase>].</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnfù</foreignphrase>: “a woman
- who has given birth within the last month”. [Contrast this word with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnfù</foreignphrase> “a
- pregnant woman”. The birth of a child is celebrated on the successful
- completion of the first month of life.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíngyǎngpǐn</foreignphrase>: “a
- nutritional food item”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yíngyǎng</foreignphrase> means “nutrition”, for example:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dòujiāng
- hěn yǒu yíngyǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Soy bean milk is very nutritious.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pǐn</foreignphrase> is a
- syllable used in many words to mean “item, article, product”, [for example
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniànpǐn</foreignphrase>
- “souvenir”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yòngpǐn</foreignphrase> “item of use”, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnpǐn</foreignphrase> “produce”,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyèpǐn</foreignphrase>
- “industrial product”].</para>
- <para>As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother's health continues to be
- an important consideration even after the child is born. Both mother's and
- baby's health are carefully attended to after birth, while Western medicine
- emphasizes the mother's health only as long as she is carrying the
- child.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù tóng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- not the same, to be different”. This is often used in the pattern
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...hé ... bù
- tóng</foreignphrase>, “...is different from ...”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hùzhào hé
- lǚxíngzhèng wánquán bù tóng, nǐ bú yào nòngcuò
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A passport and a travel permit are completely
- different. Don't mistake them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- gōngchǎng jīnnián hé qùniánde qíngkuàng hěn bù
- tóng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The situation in the factory this year is very
- different from last year.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù tóng</foreignphrase> can also
- be used as a noun as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dānwèi
- hé nǐde yǒu hěn dàde bù
- tong.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is a big difference between his work unit and
- yours.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You should be aware that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóng</foreignphrase> “same”, cannot be used as the main verb of a
- sentence to mean “to be the same”. To say, “These two things are the same”,
- you must say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi
- shi yíyàngde</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnjìn</foreignphrase>: “to be
- close (to), to be on intimate terms (with)”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiliǎngge
- rén hěn qīnjìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These two are on intimate terms.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàjiā dōu
- yuànyi qīnjìn ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Everyone wants to be friends with him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №19</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒuxiān</foreignphrase>: “first
- (of all), in the first place, first; first, before anyone/anything
- else”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- dàjiā kāi huì shōuxiān shi yào jiějué wǒmen chǎng
- shēngchǎnshàngde wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The first thing we want to do at today's meeting is
- to solve our factory's problems in production.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- fàndiànli shōuxiān yào zhùyi jiějuéhāo kèrenmende
- chī fàn hé xiūxi wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving
- the dining and rest problems of the guests.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn
- wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Wǒmen shōuxiān yào jiějué
- zhùde wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Recently there have been many foreign friends. We
- must first of all solve the lodging problems.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānhuā</foreignphrase>: “fresh
- flowers”, as opposed ed to dried or artificial flowers, which the Chinese
- are also fond of.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wánjù</foreignphrase>:
- “(children's) toy”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
- érzi guò shēngrì, gěi ta mǎi ge
- wánjù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow is let's buy our boy's birthday, him a
- toy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №20</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèdì</foreignphrase>: “each
- place; various places” Here you see the specifier -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase> “each” used in another
- compound. Here are some more examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
- xiang dào Měiguo gèdì qù kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge
- wěidàde guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'd very much like to go visit lots of places in
- America. America is a great country.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒulānle sānge xīngqi, wǒ gāi
- huí guǒ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've visited and sight-seen lots of places in China
- for three weeks, it's time to go back home.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
- <para>A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control
- worker:</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou,
- qīnqi péngyou sòng bu sòng lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: As stated in the
- dialogue, friends and relatives in the PRC give useful items for the baby,
- like clothes, hats, cups, or perhaps a chicken for the mother. These are
- presented casually.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title><para>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">避孕</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- contraception
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù tong</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不同</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be different
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnfù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">产妇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- a woman who has given birth within the last month
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnjià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">产假</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- maternity leave
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chénggōng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成功</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to succeed, to be successful
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūshēnglü</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">出生率</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- birth rate
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānwèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">单位</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- unit
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- indicates successful accomplishment of something
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to receive, to get
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnpèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分配</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to assign, to apportion, to allot
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèdì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">各地</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the various places, each place
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gègè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">各个</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- various
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēnjù (gēnju)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">根据</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- according to, based on
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèzhǒng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">各种</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- various kinds, types
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzī </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工资</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wages, pay
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngtáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红糖</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- brown sugar
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">假</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- vacation, leave
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiātíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家庭</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìhua shēngyù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">计划生育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- planned parenthood, family planning
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéyù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">绝育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- sterilization
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūmín wěiyuánhuì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">居民委员会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- neighborhood committee
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kòngzhi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">控制</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to control
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-men</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-们</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- plural suffix
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miǎnfèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">免费</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be free of charge
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ming’é</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">名额</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngmín</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农民</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- peasant
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- female
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàichūsuǒ(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">派出所儿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the local police station
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīzhǔn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">批准</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to give official permission
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">情况</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- situation
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnjìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亲近</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be close (to a person)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人工流产</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- abortion
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sān tōngguò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">三通过</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- “the three approvals”
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎoshù mínzú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少数民族</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- minority nationality, national minority
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngyù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to give birth to and raise
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shībài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">失败</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to fail
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">市区</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- urban area or district
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">手术</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- operation, surgery
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōuxiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">首先</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- first
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shùmu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">数目</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- number
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tongguò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">通过</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass, to approve
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to consent, to agree
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wánjù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">玩具</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- toy
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">相信</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to believe
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānhuā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">鲜花</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- fresh flowers
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoháir</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小孩儿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- child, children
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiù shi shuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也就是说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to mean; in other words
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一般</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- ordinary, general, common
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbānde shuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一般地说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- generally speaking
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一定</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be specific
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíngyǎngpǐn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">营养品</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- food items of special nutritional value
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zengjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">增加</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to increase
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 4</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>:
- “blessings, good fortune, luck”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn yǒu
- fúqi, érzi bāng wo bù shǎo
- máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm very fortunate, my son helps me a lot.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhēn méi
- fúqi, gāng chū mén jiù xià yǔ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You really have bad luck. You just leave on a trip
- and then it rains.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xífu</foreignphrase>:
- “daughter-in-law, son's wife”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xífu hǎo
- piàoliang!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Her daughter-in-law is so beautiful!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xífu
- gōngzuò mángjíle.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My daughter-in-law is very busy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóu</foreignphrase>-: “first”,
- (literally “head”) as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóuyitiān</foreignphrase>, “the first day”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóu</foreignphrase>- is used much like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dì</foreignphrase>-: before a
- number and a counter, which may or may not be followed by a
- noun.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóuyicì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>the first time</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyige
- rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>the first person</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuliǎngge
- rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>the first two people</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóusānběn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>the first three volumes</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyige</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóu</foreignphrase>- is
- stressed and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yi</foreignphrase> is
- in the neutral tone. Also notice that the word for “two” is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase>- (not <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr</foreignphrase> as is usually the case
- when a counter follows).</para>
- <para>Now here is a comparison of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóu</foreignphrase>- and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dì</foreignphrase>-:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóuyige
- rén</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìyíge rén</foreignphrase> are both
- translated as “the first person” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyige</foreignphrase> is for the
- most part interchangeable with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìyíge</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Although the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yī</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóuyige</foreignphrase> is unstressed and written without a
- tone mark over it, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yī</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dìyíge</foreignphrase> is stressed and said with a second tone
- (or sometimes with a first tone).</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The word for “two” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liǎng</foreignphrase> after <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóu</foreignphrase>-, but
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr</foreignphrase>
- after <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dì</foreignphrase>-.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìèrge</foreignphrase>
- means “the second one”, while <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuliāngge</foreignphrase> means “the
- first two”.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóu</foreignphrase>-
- must be used with a counter, but <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dì</foreignphrase>- can be used with
- just a number after it. Here are some examples of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dì</foreignphrase>- used with a
- number but no counter after it:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- yào mǎi zhège dōngxi. Dìyī, zuòde hěn hāo; dìèr,
- hěn piányi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to buy this. First, it's very well
- made; second, it's inexpensive.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shi dìyī, wǒ shi dìèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is first, I'm second.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóuyī</foreignphrase>-, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuliāng</foreignphrase>-,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóusān</foreignphrase>- always have a counter word after the
- number.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāi</foreignphrase>:
- This is the counter for pregnancies, whether carried to term or not.
- Literally <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tāi</foreignphrase> means “embryo”. The expression
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóuyitāi</foreignphrase> can also be said <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóutāi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tóusāntāi dōu shi nǚde, dào dìsìtāi cái shēngle
- ge érzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The first three babies were all girls it
- wasn't until the fourth that she had a
- boy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shēng tóutǎide shíhou, shēntǐ bú cuò. Shēng
- dìèrtāide shíhou jiù bù xíng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When she had her first baby, she was still in
- pretty good health. But when she had her second,
- it wasn't good any more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng</foreignphrase>:
- “to give birth to...” Notice that the Chinese verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng</foreignphrase> is used in an
- active sense which is not always reflected in the English. Compare
- the various translations of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng</foreignphrase> in the
- Reference List, the above examples and the dialogue.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnzi</foreignphrase>:
- “grandson”. This only refers to the son of one's son. The son of
- one's daughter and son-in-law is called <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàisūnzi</foreignphrase>. Here is a
- chart showing how these terms relate to each other.<inlinemediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="../images/famille.png" width="14cm"/>
- </imageobject>
- </inlinemediaobject></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngbāo</foreignphrase>: “A red
- envelope with money in it, given as a gift or bribe”. These gifts of money
- may be given to children by people at least a generation older. This usually
- happens at festive occasions, like New Years or a birthday. The amount given
- varies greatly but there is one thing to remember: Do not give an amount
- with the number four in it! The number four, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sì</foreignphrase>, closely resembles the
- verb “to die,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>,
- and is therefore considered unlucky. Chinese youth were without any real
- opportunity to make money in the past, so this is one way that it is made up
- for.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo bǎobao</foreignphrase>:
- Literally “little treasure”, in other words “the little darling” or “the
- baby”. This word is usually used by women. Some people use the word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎobao</foreignphrase> (with
- or without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo</foreignphrase>)
- in addressing or speaking about babies or children.</para>
- <para>The second <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎo</foreignphrase>
- in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎobao</foreignphrase> is
- neutral tone; even though it was originally also third tone, it does not
- make the first <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎo</foreignphrase>
- change to a rising tone, as you might expect (e.g. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎli</foreignphrase>). The first
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎo</foreignphrase> in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎobao</foreignphrase> is
- pronounced low, without any rise in pitch. (Some people also say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎobǎo</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
- bǎobǎo</foreignphrase>.)</para>
- <para>[There are many other words used to refer to babies. Some terms used by
- both men and women include (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎo</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bēibì</foreignphrase>, (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎo</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guāiguai</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎo jiǎhuo</foreignphrase>. Some terms used mostly by men include
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo bēibei</foreignphrase>
- and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
- budiǎnr</foreignphrase>.]</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù gǎn dāng</foreignphrase>:
- “I'm flattered”. Literally, this means “I dare not assume (the honor you pay
- me)”. This is a polite response to a compliment (such as “You speak Chinese
- very well”), to a respectful gesture (such as helping someone put on their
- coat), or to a respectful phrase (like “<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngjiǎo</foreignphrase>”).</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pòfei</foreignphrase>: “spend
- money (on someone)”, also sometimes translated as “to spend
- recklessly“.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng nín
- pòfei. or Jiào nín pòfei.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have caused you to spend a lot, of money. (i.e.,
- “you shouldn't have spent all that money on me”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi wǒ
- sūnzi, wèi ta pòfei liǎngge qián shi
- yīnggāide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's my grandson, it's only right that I should spend
- a little money on him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shēngrìde shíhou, Wáng Xiānsheng pòfeide zhēn bù
- shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>For his birthday, Mr. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
- really spent quite a bit of money on him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu duō zhòng</foreignphrase>:
- “how heavy?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhòng</foreignphrase>
- is the adjectival verb “to be heavy”. Notice the similarity between asking
- age, weight and height. In each the pattern is literally “have how much (of
- some quality)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yǒu duō
- dǎ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How old are you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèizhāng
- zhuōzi yǒu duō zhòng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How heavy is that table?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu duō
- gāo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How tall is she?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàng</foreignphrase>: “pound
- (unit of weight)”. In addition to the traditional Chinese units of weight
- such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàn</foreignphrase> “picul
- (100 liters approximately)”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīn</foreignphrase> “catty (1 1/3 lbs.)”, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase> “tael (105 grams
- approximately)”, and the metric system of weights, such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngliǎng</foreignphrase> “100 grams” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngjīn</foreignphrase>
- “kilogram”, you also find customary American units such as “pound”
- used.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāng wèile tā bù
- jiǔ</foreignphrase>: This means “It's only been a short while SINCE I
- fed him.”, NOT “I fed him for only a short while.” Chinese can distinguish
- between the duration of a continued activity and the duration of something
- not happening by putting these two types of duration phrases in different
- places in the sentence.</para>
- <para>Let's review time when and time spent, and take a look at how you express
- TIME WITHIN WHICH something didn't happen and TIME ELAPSED since something
- happened.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Simple duration phrases, that is phrases telling how long an
- activity went on, follow the verb. These contrast with phrases
- telling the time when something happened, which come before the
- verb.</para>
- <para>Simple duration<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zài Xiānggǎng zhù
- liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's staying in Hong Kong for two
- days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zuòle wǔfēn zhōng, jiù zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He sat for five minutes and then
- left.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Time when<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shi zuǒtian dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She arrived yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The amount of time something did not happen, that is the TIME
- WITHIN WHICH the activity has not taken place, is expressed in
- negative sentences with time phrases before the verb. </para>
- <para>Time Within with a Negative Verb<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒmen yìnián méi jiàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We haven't seen each other for a
- year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- yǐjīng yíge yuè méi qù nàr
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I haven't been going there for a month
- now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>To express the time elapsed since an activity took place the
- duration phrase is again placed after the verb.</para>
- <para>Time elapsed in an affirmative sentence<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- zuòwánle yǐjīng yíge zhōngtóu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been done for an hour already.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- cái zǒule yíge xīngqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's been only a week since he left.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- gāng líkāi zhèige wūzi bù
- jiǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been out of the room only a short
- while.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī nǎi</foreignphrase>: “to eat
- (mother's) milk”, in other words, “to breastfeed” and by extension “to drink
- milk”, even from a bottle. Similarly, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèi nǎi</foreignphrase> can mean “to feed
- milk (to a baby)” without specifying mother's milk or otherwise. To
- distinguish between breast feeding and bottle feeding, one can say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī māmade
- nǎi</foreignphrase>, “to eat mother's milk”. And from the mother's point of
- view, one can say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">māma zìji gěi
- háizi wèi nǎi,</foreignphrase> “the mother nurses the child
- herself.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ zhǎngde hěn
- piàoliang</foreignphrase>: “She's very pretty.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǎngde piàoliang</foreignphrase> literally
- means “grow pretty”, but it should be translated simply as “is pretty”.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǎngde ...</foreignphrase> is
- often used in descriptions of the appearance of living things. In these
- cases, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎngde ...</foreignphrase>
- is absent of any meaning such as “has grown ...”, “has come to be ...” or
- “has become ...”; it simply means “is, are”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ zhǎngde
- hěn hǎokàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She is very beautiful.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǎngde
- gēn wǒ yíyàng gāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She is just as tall as I am.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde liǎn
- zhǎngde gēn wǒ mèimei
- yíyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Her face looks just like my little sister.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>There is almost no difference in meaning between <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn piàoliang</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǎngde hěn
- piàoliang.</foreignphrase> Both are used frequently. But there is a
- difference in meaning between <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zhǎngde hěn gāo</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǎnggāo le</foreignphrase>: the former
- means “He is very tall”, and the latter “He has grown tall”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúxiàng</foreignphrase>:
- “auspicious physiognomy”. This phrase implies something more than “lucky
- face”. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fú</foreignphrase>
- expresses the destiny of a person to enjoy a life of good fortune.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng</foreignphrase> is a
- person's looks considered from the point of view of fortune telling.
- Traditionally, it was believed that a person's destiny could be determined
- from the individual variations of his hands, bones, face, ears, hair, and so
- forth. The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>
- includes the face, ears, hairline, and bumps on the head.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...ěrduo zhǎngde zhēn
- dǎ</foreignphrase>: Portraits of some of the most admired men in Chinese
- history depict them with long ears. (Long ears are thought to indicate
- wisdom.) It was thought that rulers in particular were so endowed. Buddha is
- also pictured with long ears, as he appeared in Indian portrayals.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyuè</foreignphrase>:
- “thirtieth day after a child is born”, literally, “full-month”. (it also
- means “full moon”.) This refers to a baby's completion of the first full
- month of life and is a cause of celebration.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wángjiā
- háizi kuài mǎnyuè le, qǐng dàjiā qù chī mǎnyuè
- jiù</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>'s baby is about to be a month
- old, and they're asking everyone to go take part in the
- “full month” banquet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuī fēng</foreignphrase>:
- Literally, “to blow wind”, but actually “to be in a current of air, a draft,
- the wind”. Although what blows is the wind, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēng</foreignphrase> “wind” seems to be in
- the object position in this phrase. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chǎnfù bù keyi chuī fēng</foreignphrase> does
- not mean “Women recently delivered of a child cannot blow wind”, but rather,
- “Women recently delivered of a child cannot have wind blow on them.”
- Traditionally, Chinese women were to stay out of drafts because of the very
- poor overall health situation of the country, and because of the importance
- of caring for the next generation. Of the three (Confucian) ways to be
- unfilial, the worst was to be heir less.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde bìng
- gāng hǎo, bú yào chūqu chuī
- fēng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're just over your illness, don't go out in a
- draft.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò yuèzi</foreignphrase>:
- Literally, “to sit the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yuèzi</foreignphrase>”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yuèzi</foreignphrase> being the month after giving birth during which a
- woman is supposed to take special care of her health. There are different
- motivations underlying this custom. Woman's most important function (indeed
- her only one) was to aide in perpetuating the family line. Therefore it was
- essential to take special precautions for her own health so that she would
- nurse a healthy baby. Another idea was that a woman's body at this time was
- “dirty” and to avoid offending the door gods she should not go past
- them.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuò
- yuèzide shíhou, kě xiǎoxìn, méi chūguo yìtiān
- mén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>During the first month after delivery she was
- extremely careful. She didn't go out once.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “to be
- careful”, literally, “small-heart”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase> is an adjectival verb
- which can be used with or without an object following.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèige
- rén bù zěnmeyàng, hé tā zuò péngyou yào
- xiǎoxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This guy is nothing special, you'd better be careful
- making friends with him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎoxīn!
- Qiánbianr shi hóngdēng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Careful! There's a red light up ahead.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎoxīn
- nèige rén!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Be careful of that person!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎoxīn guò
- mǎlù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Be careful crossing the street.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnglěng</foreignphrase>: “raw
- or cold foods”. Traditional Chinese medicine divides foods into yin and yang
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīn</foreignphrase> are “cool”
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liángxìngde</foreignphrase>)
- foods, that is, foods that make the system cool; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase> foods are “hot”
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèxìngde</foreignphrase>),
- that is, they make the system hot. These characteristics are not dependant
- on the degree temperature at which the food is eaten, but are rather
- inherent in the food. For example crab, white sugar, and most vegetables and
- fruits are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīn</foreignphrase> or
- cool while hot pepper, lard, millet, brown sugar, and certain fruits such as
- cantaloupe and lichee nuts are all particularly <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase> or hot. Generally
- speaking, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>
- foods harmonize with body temperature while <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīn</foreignphrase> foods shock the system.
- Nonetheless, a balance between the two kinds of foods must be maintained.
- Too much <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase> food
- can cause the body's “heat” to rise too much (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàng huǒ</foreignphrase>), minor symptoms of
- which might include a cough, fever, dry mouth, blisters on the tongue, and
- constipation. On the ocher hand, too much <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīn</foreignphrase> food is bad for the
- stomach and can cause diarrhea.</para>
- <para>The body's “heat” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huǒ</foreignphrase>) can be regulated by eating one or the other kind
- of foods. Thus in hot weather, when the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒ</foreignphrase> naturally rises, one
- should eat “cool” foods to lower the (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒ</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīng huǒ</foreignphrase>), and in the winter
- one should eat “hot” foods. Likewise, certain illnesses call for the eating
- of one kind of food or the other: one should eat “cool” foods to counteract
- infections and fevers, while one should eat “hot” foods to build up one's
- strength if one has a disease which makes him weak. In particular, women
- giving birth should eat plenty of the “hot” type of foods.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnglěng</foreignphrase>, raw
- or cold foods, have also traditionally been considered bad for women who are
- pregnant or have just given birth. Given sanitary conditions in traditional
- China, this is understandable.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chī
- shēnglěngde dōngxi yídìng yào
- xǐgānjing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When eating raw things, be sure to wash them
- well.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>: “to get, a
- catch (a disease)”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dé
- bìng</foreignphrase> means “to get an illness”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dé bìng
- yǐhòu, méi bànfa niàn shū
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After I got sick, I couldn't study any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā de bìng
- yǐqián, shēntǐ hen hāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Before she got ill, her health was very good.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā déde shi
- shénme bìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What illness was it that she got?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Here are some examples of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dé</foreignphrase> followed by the name of an illness:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dé
- gānmào yǐhòu, jiù méiyou
- chūlaiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He didn't go out after he got a cold.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùniān
- dōngtiān, tā déle xuěyā gāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Last winter, he got high blood pressure.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Here are some more examples sentences showing various uses of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dé</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnniān guò
- shēngrì wǒ déle yìběn xīn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I got a new book on my birthday this year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎodì
- jīntiān néng dé hǎojǐ ge
- hongbāo!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Little brother will be able to get a lot of “red
- envelopes” today!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Of course, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>
- cannot be used in all cases when we would say “get” in English. For one
- thing, de only means to receive passively, whereas English “get” sometimes
- denotes actively seeking to obtain, as in “I'm going to the supply room to
- get some paper and pens”, or “I got a package of cereal at the supermarket”.
- In these cases, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>
- would not be appropriate in Chinese. To show you some other ways in which
- the English word “get” is expressed in Chinese, here are some Chinese
- sentences which do not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dé</foreignphrase> although the English translation uses
- “get”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān lái
- nǐde diānhuā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Yesterday you got a phone call (but you weren't here
- to get it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótian wǒ
- jiēdāo tāde diànhuà le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Yesterday I got a phone call from him (and was there
- to receive it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zēngjiā
- gōngzī le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He got a raise in wages.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā
- xīnshuǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He got a raise in salary.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- shōudàole yíge zhāngdān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I got a bill.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng tā
- nār bǎ jiègei tade nèiběn shū náhuilai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I got the book back which I lent him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě gěi wǒ
- nǎ yíge lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Get one for me too.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng shénme
- dìfang wǒ néng mǎidao yíge xiāng
- zhèiyangrde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Where can I get (buy) one of those?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngshī</foreignphrase>:
- “rheumatism”, literally “wind-humid”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu
- fēngshī, tiān yì lěng tuǐ téngde
- lìhai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has rheumatism, as soon as it gets cold, his leg
- hurts severely.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pèng</foreignphrase>: “to
- touch”, only in the sense of one object coming into contact with another.
- The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pèng</foreignphrase> can
- also mean to come into contact with something in a violent way, “to hit, to
- bump into”. Whether <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >pèng</foreignphrase> means merely “to touch” or “to bump into” must be
- determined by context.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié pèng
- zhèige zhuōzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't touch this table.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde chē kě
- bùdeliǎo. Biérén pèng dōu bù néng pèng, gèng bú yào
- shuō jièqu kāi le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His car is terrific! Other people can't even touch
- it, not to mention borrowing it to drive!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>[Some other words meaning “to touch” are <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āi</foreignphrase> “to be close to, to be
- next to, to be touching”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuì pà
- dǎ zhēn. Zhēn hái méi āidao ta, tā jiù dà
- jiao.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She is extremely afraid of getting shots. She cries
- out before the needle has even touched her.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòng</foreignphrase>: “to touch,
- to handle”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié dòng
- wo zhuōzishangde dōngxi, děng yìhuǐr wǒ huílaile
- zìjǐ shōushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't touch the things on my desk, in a while when I
- come back I'll straighten them up myself.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mō</foreignphrase>: “to feel, to
- rub, to touch” Here you also need to know that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ruǎn</foreignphrase> means “to be soft,
- yielding to the touch”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- yīfu zhēn hǎo, mōshangqu ruǎnruǎnde; chuānzhe yídìng
- hěn shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This piece of clothing is really nice very soft to
- the touch; it must be very comfortable [to
- wear.]</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: “to lie
- down”. This is an action verb. Under most circumstances it requires some
- kind of complement: either a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> phrase telling where the subject ended up in a
- lying position, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tǎngzai
- chuángshang le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He lay down on the bed.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>or the durative aspect marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhe</foreignphrase>, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
- chuángshang tǎngzhe.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is/was lying on the bed.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>or the directional ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xia(lái)</foreignphrase>, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàifu jiào
- wo tǎngxia.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The doctor told me to lie down.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>or the completion le, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎngle
- bàntiān, háishi bu shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I lay down for quite a long time, but still felt
- ill.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tǎngle
- yìhuǐr, jiù juéde hǎo yìdiǎnr
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After I laid down for a while, I felt better.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǐfu</foreignphrase>: “to
- restore; to return to (an original state); to recover (one's
- health)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- gōngchāng yǐjīng huīfu shēngchǎn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This factory has already restored production.
- (Production in many areas was stopped during the turmoil
- of the Great Cultural Revolution.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- qiánjǐnián dào nóngcūn qu le. Zuìjìn cái huīfu
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She went to the countryside several years ago. Only
- recently did she return to work.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Wǒ
- shàngge yuè shēng bìngle, zhèige xīngqi cái huīfu
- yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I was sick last month and only this week am feeling
- like myself again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Kàn nǐde
- yàngzi, huīfude bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Looking at your appearance I'd say you're pretty well
- recovered.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiānwàn</foreignphrase>: “by all
- means, for sure” literally “thousand ten-thousands”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèitiáo
- jiēshang chē tài duō, nǐ qiānwàn bié
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are too many cars on that street, you are
- absolutely not to go there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gāng xué
- kāi chē, qiānwàn xiāoxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You've only just learned to drive a car, be sure to
- be careful.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiānwàn
- zhùyì, bú yào xiěcuò le, xiěcuòle kě
- máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Be sure to be careful, don't write this incorrectly,
- if you do it'll be so much trouble.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāngxīn</foreignphrase>: “to
- watch out, to watch oneself, to be cautious”. Not to be confused with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānxīn</foreignphrase>, “to
- worry”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāng xiàle
- xuě, chū mén dāngxīn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's just snowed, watch yourself when you go
- out.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāi chē
- shàng jiē dāngxīn yìdiǎnr a!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Watch yourself when you go out driving
- downtown!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéguǒ</foreignphrase>: “as a
- result, and so ...”. One of the uses of this word is to connect the thought
- of one sentence with the next. (Another is as the noun “result(s)”.) It
- provides a transition from one sentence to another, as in</para>
- <para>“As a result, then...” Below is a monologue which takes place in Peking,
- in which the speaker uses the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiéguo</foreignphrase> in this way several times. (This is not meant to
- be an example of eloquence; in fact, you should not use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéguo</foreignphrase> as repetitively as
- this speaker.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tīngshuō
- Xiǎo Wáng hé Xiǎo Lǐ tán liàn'ài le. Tánde zěnme
- yàng ne? Tánde bú cuò. Liǎngge rén dōu méiyou
- yìjian. Jiéguǒ Xiǎo Wángde fùqin bù tóngyì. Zhèijiàn
- shi kě jiù bù hǎo bàn le. Xiǎngle bàntiān, jiéguǒ
- háishi Xiǎo Wáng qù zhǎo jūmín wěiyuánhuì.
- Jūwěihuìde gànbu hé Xiǎo Wáng tánle bàntiān, jiéguǒ
- hái bù xíng. Zěnme bàn? Xiǎo Wáng yòu qù zhǎo
- pàichūsuǒ. Pàichūsuǒde gànbu yòu lái hé Lǎo Wáng
- tánle bàntiān, háishi méiyou jiéguǒ. Zuìhòu nǐ xiǎng
- zěnmeyàng, Xiǎo Lǐ zìjǐ lái hé Lǎo Wáng tánle, shuō
- jiéhūn yīhòu bù bānchuqu zhù, tā zhàogu lǎorénjiā.
- Zhèihuǐr Lǎo Wáng mǎnyì le. Jiéguǒ Xiǎo Wáng Xiǎo Lǐ
- gāogāoxìngxìng jiéhūn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I heard that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lǐ</foreignphrase>
- are in love. How serious? Really serious. The two of
- them had no problems with the idea (of getting
- married). But then<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>'s father didn't agree. The
- whole thing became difficult to arrange. They
- thought for a long time, and as a result it was
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase> who went to seek out the
- neighborhood committee. The neighborhood committee
- cadres talked with Old <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>'s father) for a long time.
- But then it still didn't go over. What to do?
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase> then went to seek out the
- local police station. And the police station cadres
- went to talk with Old <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
- too, but still no result. Well what do you think
- happened in the end? <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lǐ</foreignphrase>
- went herself to talk with Old <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>.
- She said that after they married they wouldn't move
- out, that she would take care of the old gentleman.
- That's when Old <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
- became satisfied. So in the end <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lǐ</foreignphrase>
- were happily married.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tòngkǔ</foreignphrase>: “to be
- in pain, to be suffering”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nèi
- shíhou hěn tòngkū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She was in a great deal of pain at that time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liàn'ài
- shībàile tā hěn tòngkū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It was very hard on him when they broke up.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- shìqing ràng ta fēicháng
- tòngkū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This matter pained him a great deal.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó kuài</foreignphrase>: “how
- fast!” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duó</foreignphrase> or the
- alternate form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duóme</foreignphrase> is used in exclamatory sentences to mean “how
- ...!” Here are some more examples: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn cái
- shuōle liǎngjù huà, tā jiù bù gāoxìng le. Duó ràng
- rén bù hǎo yìsi!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You see you only have to say two sentences and she
- gets unhappy. It really makes a person
- embarrassed!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi kùzi
- zhènme duǎn, chuǎnshang duó
- nánshòu!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These pants are so short, when you wear them they'll
- be so uncomfortable.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
- xiěde duó hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This book is so well written!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ chē
- yǎoshi fàngzi chuángshang. Duó
- bèn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I left the car keys on the bed. How stupid!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxiǎzi</foreignphrase>: “in a
- flash, at one blow, at one fell swoop, all at once, in no
- time”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huà hái
- méi shuōwán, tā yíxiàzi jiù shēngqì le. Shéi zhīdao
- wèishénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I hadn't yet finished speaking when he got angry all
- of a sudden. Who knows why?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wángjiā</foreignphrase>: “the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase> family”,
- referring either to the people, the social unit, or their home (in which
- case it can be used as a place word).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- fat, to get fat”. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >pàng</foreignphrase> can be used in two ways: one as an adjectival verb
- “to be fat”, the other as a process verb “to get fat”. To the Chinese, a fat
- baby is not only a healthy baby, it is a beautiful one. Plumpness and
- roundness are two features admired in babies and children.</para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Adjectival verb (state)</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- hěn pàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is fat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ
- xiǎo shíhou bú pàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She wasn't fat when she was little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- hěn pà pàng, shénme dou bù gǎn
- chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm afraid of being fat, I don' dare eat
- anything.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Process verb</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zuìjìn shēntī hǎole, tā pàng duō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Lately his health got better and he got very
- fat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- shì bu shi pàngle yìdiǎndiǎn, Èrgē
- a?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Haven't you put on just a little bit of
- weight, Older Brother?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngdàn</foreignphrase>: Red
- eggs symbolize a combination of lucky influences: red is the color of
- happiness and dignity, while eggs are symbols of health and prosperity to
- the farmer. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hóngdàn</foreignphrase> are sometimes also used as gifts from a
- newly-engaged couple to their friends.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title><para>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-bàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">镑</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- pound (unit of weight)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎobao (bǎobǎo)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宝宝</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bīngxiāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">冰箱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- refrigerator, ice box
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù gǎn dāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不敢当</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- I’m flattered, You shouldn't have, I don't deserve this
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī nǎi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吃奶</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to nurse, to suckle
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuī fēng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吹风</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to have air blow on oneself, to be in a draft
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāngxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">当心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to watch out
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to get
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó kuài!</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多快</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- how fast!
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ěrduo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">耳朵</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- ear
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngshī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风湿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- rheumatism
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">福气</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- blessings, luck
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúxiàng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">福祥</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- lucky physiognomy
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngbāo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红包</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- a red envelope with a gift or bribe of money in it
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngdàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红蛋</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- eggs dyed red
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huīfu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">恢复</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to recover
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiēguǒ (jiēguǒ)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结果</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- as a result; result, results
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyuè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">满月</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- a full month after the birth of a baby
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyuèjiǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">满月酒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- celebration meal one month after a baby is born
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胖</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be fat
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pèng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">碰</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to touch
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pòfei</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">颇费</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to spend a lot of money (on someone), to go to some expense
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiānwàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">千万 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- by all means, be sure to; (in com bination with a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnglěng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生冷</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- raw or cold foods
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngxialai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生下来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be born
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- grandson
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胎</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- birth
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">躺</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to lie,lie down, to recline
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tòngkǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">痛苦</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be painful
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyige</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">头一个</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the first
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyìtāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">头一台</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the first pregnancy, the first baby
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuō nínde fú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">托您的福</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wángjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the Wáng family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">喂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to feed
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo bǎobao (xiǎo bǎobǎo)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小宝宝</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be careful
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xífu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">媳妇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- daughter-in-law
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxiàzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一下子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- an instant, a moment, a while
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuèzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">月子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- month of confinement after giving birth to a child
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">重</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be heavy
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò yuèzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">坐月子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 5</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase>;
- “lately, recently; in the near future”. This word can either refer to
- the near past or the near future.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How has she been lately?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How has she been lately?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zuìjìn tā hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> Lately she's, been very well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- zuìjìn zài niàn shū. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been studying lately.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- zuìjìn yào dào Jiāzhōu qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to be going to California in the near
- future.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūchāi</foreignphrase>: “to
- go away on official business”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Míngtiān chūchāi, jǐntiān hěn
- máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow I'm going away on business, so today is
- a busy day.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhècì
- chūchāi, qù shénme dìfang?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Where are you going on this business
- trip?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèjiàn
- shì, děng wo chūle chāi yǐhòu zài
- bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll get to this matter after my business
- trip.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhècì
- chūchāi huílai, kéyi dài diǎn dōngxi gěi
- ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When I come back from this business trip, I'll be
- able to bring you back a little something.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>: “to
- participate in; to attend; to go to (a meeting, gathering, performance,
- etc.); to join”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- jìhua xià Xīngqīyī yào dào Niǔ Yüē qu wár. Nǐ
- xiǎng bu xiǎng cānjiā?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm planning to go to New York next week to
- relax. Do you want to join in?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
- cānjiā míngtiān xiàwude
- huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to attend the meeting tomorrow
- afternoon.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuǒtiān
- wǒmen gěi Zhāng Tàitai sòngxíng, nǐ yě cānjiā le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Yesterday when we gave the going-away party for
- Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase>, did you come too?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài shàng
- Xīngqīèr</foreignphrase>: “on last Tuesday”. Notice that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is
- used here with an expression stating a time when something occurs. In
- this sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> is optional. Here are some more
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège
- huì zài xiàge yuè kāi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This meeting will be held next month.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège
- haizi zài qùniǎn qiūtiān kāishǐ zài jiā niàn shū
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This child began studying at home last
- fall.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
- shàngge lǐbài mǎile yíjiàn jiéhūn
- lǐfū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Last week I bought a wedding gown.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- Yījiǔliùsānnián wǒ rènshile
- ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I met him in 1963.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- Yījiǔwǔlíngniǎn wǒ jiù kànguo zhèběn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I read this book back in 1950.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔmǔ</foreignphrase>:
- “(paternal) grandmother”. Remember that this refers exclusively to the
- father's mother. The mother's mother is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase>. [A grandmother
- is usually addressed by her son's children as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase>.] Here is a chart
- showing these terms:</para>
- <para><inlinemediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata
- fileref="../images/Capture%20d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%20du%202023-07-16%2008-54-55.png"
- width="14cm"/>
- </imageobject>
- </inlinemediaobject></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùshì</foreignphrase>: “to
- pass away”. Literally, this means “to go (from this) world”. It is a
- euphemism for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sǐ</foreignphrase> “to die”, which is introduced in Unit 6.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wángde fùqin qùshì yǐjīng liǎngniǎn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's been two years since <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>'s father died.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāoxi</foreignphrase>:
- “news, information, tidings”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiliǎngtiān bàozhǐshang yǒu hěn duō guānyu
- Zhōngguode xiǎoxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The past couple of days there's been a lot of
- news about China in the newspaper.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiǎn
- bàozhǐshang yǒu shénme xīn
- xiǎoxi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What news is there in the newspaper
- today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- jiā liǎngge yuè méiyou xìn le, shénme xiāoxi dōu
- méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our family hasn't sent a letter in two months,
- there's no news at all. (Said by one family member
- who is separated from the rest.)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāoxi</foreignphrase> can
- be used with the counter -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ge</foreignphrase> to mean “a piece of news, an item of
- news”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǒu
- yíge hǎo xiāoxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have a piece of good news.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàosāng</foreignphrase>:
- “to present one's condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral”. At a
- traditional funeral, the guests, by groups, present their condolences to
- the family of the deceased in a brief formal ceremony.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- wǒ qù diàosāng, jiàndao nín jiā
- lǎotàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today when I was at the funeral I saw your
- grandmother.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānglǐ</foreignphrase>: “the
- funeral ceremony”. [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Sāng</foreignphrase>- in some combinations means “funeral”, for
- example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sāngfú</foreignphrase> “funeral clothing”, or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sāngshì</foreignphrase> “funeral”.] On a
- volunteer basis, family, friends, and villagers help with funeral
- preparations. Members of the immediate family stay with the coffin to
- guard it during the day and sleep with it at night.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxiàng</foreignphrase>:
- “always (up to now)”. This adverb indicates that something has been so
- all along up until now (and may either continue the same way or else
- change).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- yíxiàng ài chī tián
- diǎnxin.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've always like to eat sweet snacks.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- yíxiàng niàn shū niànde hěn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has always done very well in his
- studies.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wú
- Lǎoshī yíxiàng xǐhuan
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Teacher <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wú</foreignphrase> has always liked
- children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià
- Xiānsheng yíxiàng hěn
- kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xià</foreignphrase> has always been very
- polite.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūrǎn</foreignphrase>:
- “suddenly”. This is a time word. It may go before the verb, or at the
- front of the sentence.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- hūrǎn xiǎngqilai, wǒde xìn hái méiyou
- jì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I suddenly remembered that I hadn't mailed my
- letter yet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hūrán,
- tā pǎolai le, hǎoxiàng yǒu shénme
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Suddenly, he came running in, as if there were
- something wrong.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hūrán
- tiān xià yǔ le, xiàde hāo
- dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Suddenly it started raining, raining very
- hard.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- jìnlai zuòle yìhuǐr, hūrán jiù zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He came in and sat down for a while, and then
- left all of a sudden.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài yě bù hē
- le</foreignphrase>: “will never drink again”. Sometimes people ask
- what is the word for “never” in Chinese. The answer is that “never” is
- not expressed by one word, but rather by a combination of adverbs and
- negative. Not only is “never” rendered into Chinese by several words,
- but the word patterns are different for sentences expressing completed
- action, habitual action, or planned action. For these examples you need
- to know that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒngyuǎn</foreignphrase> is the word for “forever”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- cónglai méi chīguo Zhōngguo
- cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've never eaten Chinese food.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- cónglái bu kàn nèiyangde
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've never read those kinds of books,</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- wèntí yǒngyuǎn bù néng
- jiějué.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His problems can never be solved.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
- yě bú qù nàli le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll never go there again.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> and a negative, such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>, can be used to
- express the idea of not doing something anymore.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìng
- hāole yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài hē
- jiǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After he got well, he didn't drink
- anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu
- wǒ bú zài zuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the future I won't do it again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào
- zài dǎ ta le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't hit him any more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>If <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is
- placed in front of the negative, the meaning of the phrase is more
- emphatic.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
- bù huílai le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm never coming back here again!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>If <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is
- added between <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> and the negative, the meaning is approximately
- the same.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
- yě bù chī táng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm never going to eat candy again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèitiáo
- lù bù hāo zǒu, nǐ zài yě bié zǒu nèitiáo lù
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That road is hard to go on, don't ever take it
- again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài
- yě bié kàn zhèzhǒng shū
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't ever read, this kind of book again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàge
- fàndiànde cài tài guì, wǒ zhǐ qùle yícì, jiù zài
- yě méi qùguo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That restaurant is too expensive; I only went
- there once and then I never went back again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- shi tǒngxué, kěshi líkāi xuéxiào yǐhòu, wǒ jiù zài
- yě méi kànjian ta le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We were schoolmates, but after we left the
- school, I never saw him again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānge
- yuè yǐqián xiàguo yìchǎng yǔ, yǐhòu jiù zài yě méi
- xiàguo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Three months ago it rained once, and since then
- it hasn't rained again.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>More on “Again”: Up until now you've seen <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> “again” used in
- sentences which did not express a completed event and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase> used in sentences
- which did.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Míngtiān zài lái ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Come again tomorrow!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, nǐ
- yòu lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh, you've come again!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>But there are further qualifications on the use of “again” in Chinese.
- While <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>
- always refers to activities which have not yet occurred, that is future
- activities or events, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yòu</foreignphrase> is not totally limited to activities or events
- which are completed or past. You may be used in present or future
- situations if the thing being talked about is so certain that it may be
- treated like something which has actually happened.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Míngtiān yòu shi Xīngqīyī
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>And tomorrow is Monday again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè yòu
- yào duōshao qián a?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>And how much money is needed again for
- this?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- yìtiān yòu yào wán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>And this day is about to end too. (Said at the
- end of a long busy day with many things left to
- do.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- wǒ yòu yǒu gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now I have a job again.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>: “to
- have an attack (of a disease), to have a recurrence of, to revert to (an
- old habit)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yòu
- fàn lǎo máobìng le, zhèjǐtiān hěn bu
- shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>hat old problem of his is acting up again. He
- hasn't been feeling well the last few days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàngge
- yuè tā fàn bìng le, xuěyā hǎo
- gāo!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Last month he had a recurrence; and his blood
- pressure was really high!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié fan
- nǐde lǎo mǎobìng le, kuài qù shàng xué qu
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't fall back into your old habit (of skipping
- school), get yourself to school.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnzàngbìng</foreignphrase>:
- “heart disease”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xīnzàng</foreignphrase> is “heart”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjǐn</foreignphrase>: “in
- a hurry”. This adverb means that someone decided to hurry up and start
- doing something. It can often be translated as “to hurry up and”, or “to
- rush to (do something)”. Here are some examples:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàbiān
- chū chēhuò le, nǐ gǎnjǐn qù
- kànkan!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's been a car accident over there, hurry up
- and go look!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiǎn
- xiàwǔ, tā zǒu le, zhōngwǔ wǒ gǎnjǐn péi ta qù chī
- wǔfàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He was leaving this afternoon, so at noontime I
- hurried to go out to lunch with him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài
- jiǔdiǎn le, wǒ yào gǎnjǐn zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's almost nine o'clock. I have to hurry up and
- leave.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎnjǐn</foreignphrase> means
- only that someone hurries to start the action. It does not mean that the
- action is finished quickly. For example, to say “He made dinner in a
- hurry, so it didn't come out well”, meaning that he finished cooking it
- in a very short time, you cannot use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjǐn</foreignphrase>; you could say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐnwei tā zuò fàn zuòde
- tài kuài, suǒyi zuòde bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
- lǎorénjiā</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǎorénjiǎ</foreignphrase> is a respectful way of referring to or
- addressing old people. When addressing someone directly, it is almost
- always preceded by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǐ</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nín</foreignphrase>, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn
- nín lǎorénjiā, dào Zhōngshān Lù zěnme
- zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Excuse me, sir, how do I get to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngshān</foreignphrase> Road?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- lǎorénjiā, zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Shēntǐ hǎo
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How have you been lately? Have you been in good
- health, I hope?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>A third party can be referred to as<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> tā
- lǎorénjiā</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- lǎorénjiā shuō le, zhèjiàn shì búbì jízhe
- bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He said that we don't need to be in a rush to do
- this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi
- tā lǎorénjiā soòg yidiǎn diǎnxin
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've come to give him some pastries.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- wènguo wǒ zǔfù le, tā lǎorénjia shuō míngnián
- zánmen quánjiā qù
- Shànghǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I asked my grandfather, and he said our whole
- family is going to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> next year.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Here are two examples of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǎorénjia</foreignphrase> being used as a respectful word for “old
- people”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jǐntiān, liǎngwèi lāorénjia tánde hěn
- gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today those two (old people) had a very pleasant
- conversation.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǎorénjiamen dōu xǐhuan chī ruǎnde
- dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Older people like to eat soft foods.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In Peking, the syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǎo</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǎorénjia</foreignphrase> receives the heaviest stress of the three
- syllables, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jia</foreignphrase> is in the neutral tone.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòng</foreignphrase>: “to
- take (someone somewhere), to escort (someone somewhere), to see someone
- off or out”. The basic meaning of this word is to accompany someone who
- is leaving, but as you can see from the various translations given, song
- can be used in a wide variety of circumstances. Here are some
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù
- bǎ kèren sòngdao dàmén
- wàitou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to show the guests out the front
- door.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ sòng
- ta huí jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Escort her home, or Walk her home. or Take her
- home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- míngtiān zǒu, wǒmen dào jīchǎng qu sòng
- ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's leaving tomorrow and we're going to the
- airport to see her off.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sòng
- ta dào xuéxiào qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I took him to school. (E.g., I drove him there or
- I walked there with him.)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To specify that you are taking someone in a car, you can phrase your
- sentence this way:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kāi
- chē sòng ta dào xuéxiào
- qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I drove her to school.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngguò</foreignphrase>: You
- have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐngguo</foreignphrase> meaning “to go thru”. Here it is used to
- mean “though” in the sense of “by means of”. It can also be translated
- as a “result of”, “after”, “through”, or “via”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shēntǐ yìzhí bù hǎo, dànshi wǒ xiǎng jīngguò
- yíduàn shíjiānde bǎoyǎng, kěnéng huì hǎo
- yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His health has been bad all along, but I think
- after a short period of taking care of himself, he
- might get a little better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguò
- sāntiānde kǎolǜ, wǒ juédìng hé tā
- jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After three days of consideration, I've decided
- to marry him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguò
- dàjiǎde nǔlì, zhèjiàn shìqing chénggōng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As a result of everyone's hard work, this matter
- has succeeded.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège
- jìhua bìxū jīngguò tǎolùn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This plan must go through discussion.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jíjiù</foreignphrase>:
- “emergency treatment; to administer emergency treatment, to receive
- emergency treatment”. Notice that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jíjiù</foreignphrase> can mean to give or
- get emergency treatment.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- yǐjīng shi jíjiùde dìsāntiān le, bù zhīdào yǒu
- méiyou xīwàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today is already the third day of emergency
- (intensive care) treatment. I don't know if there's
- any hope.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- chēzi yǐjīng wánle, rén zài
- jíjiù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His car is finished (totalled), and he himself is
- undergoing emergency treatment.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái
- chū chēhuò, yǒu jǐge rén shòushāng le, yīshēng
- zhèngzài jíjiù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's just been a car accident, and several
- people were injured. The doctor is administering
- first-aid.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jíjiù</foreignphrase> refers
- only to aid given in incidents of a relatively serious nature, usually
- those where life is in danger; for example, cases of severe injury or
- acute attacks of an illness.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiùguolai</foreignphrase>:
- “to save”, literally “to save over”. The directional verb ending guòlai
- “over” sometimes shows the recovery of an original desirable or normal
- state. For example, in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiùguolai</foreignphrase> it implies the change from a condition in
- which death is imminent to one in which the patient can be expected to
- live.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàren
- qíngkuàng hai hǎo, háizi jiùbuguòlai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The adult's condition is all right, but the child
- cannot be saved.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège
- jùzi xiěcuò le, wǒ yào bǎ ta
- gǎiguolai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This sentence is wrong, I have to correct
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège
- dìzhǐ xiěde bú duì, nín děi
- gǎiguolai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This address is wrong, you have to correct
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò
- huǒchē zuòle sāntiān lèihuài le, yào shuì yídà
- jiào cái néng xiūxiguolai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After three days on the train, I'm exhausted.
- I'll have to have a good long sleep before I can be
- well rested.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàngwù
- mángle sìwǔge zhòngtou zhōngwǔ shuì ge wǔjiào, rén
- jiù xiūxiguolai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the morning I ran around for four or five
- hours, but then after a nap at noon, I felt very
- rested.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān
- tài lěng, hē kǒu jiǔ jiù nuǎnhuoguolai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The weather is too cold, a sip of wine will warm
- you up.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- hǎoxiàng bìng le, chuān zhènme duō yīfu dōu méi
- bànfǎ nuǎnhuoguolai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I seem to be sick, I've got on all these clothes
- and I still can't get warm.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎozhòng</foreignphrase>:
- “to take care of oneself, to take care of (one's health)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎohǎo
- bǎozhòng shēntǐ, bié lèihuài
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Take good care of your health, don't wear
- yourself out.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In telling someone be sure to take to care of himself, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎozhòng</foreignphrase> is usually
- preceded by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duō</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duōduō</foreignphrase> “more (than usual)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yílù
- píng'ān, duō bǎozhòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have a good trip, and take good care of
- yourself.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
- bìng gāng hǎo, duōduō
- bǎozhòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You just got over your illness, take real good
- care of yourself.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase>: “to
- pass away”. Like English “pass away”, this is a euphemism for “to
- die”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- zǔfù zuótiān wǎnshang guòqu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His grandfather passed away last night.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- mùqin shi shénme shíhou
- guòqude?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When did your mother pass away?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- mǔqin guòqude shíhou, wǒ hái hěn
- xiǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I was still very young when my mother passed
- away.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánji</foreignphrase>: “(a
- person's) age”. Here are some frequently used patterns you should learn
- by heart:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín duó
- dà niánji le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How old are you? (polite way of asking an adult's
- age)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- niánji bù xiǎo le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's not young any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- niánji dà le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>OR</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shàngle niánji le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's getting on in years</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>[Although the adjectival verb dà “to be big” is used after
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánji</foreignphrase> to
- mean “to be old”, when you want to say “to be young”, you should use the
- adjectival verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qīng</foreignphrase> “to be light” rather than <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo</foreignphrase> “to be small”; for
- example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji hái qīng,
- bù yīnggāi ràng ta qù gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, “He's still young,
- you shouldn't make him go get a job.”]</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngjìng</foreignphrase>:
- “to be calm”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Píngjìngxiàlai</foreignphrase>, “to calm down”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shuǐshàng yìzhī chuán dōu méiyou, yě méiyou fēng,
- hěn píngjìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There wasn't a single boat on the water, and
- there was no wind. It was very calm.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànjian
- jiāli rén dōu hěn hǎo, xīnli píngjìngdeduō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When I saw that everyone in the family was all
- right, I felt much calmer.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As in the last example above, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pingjìng</foreignphrase> is often used
- with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnli</foreignphrase> “in
- the heart” to describe one's emotional state.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- tā hěn shēngqì, wǒ méi bànfa ràng ta
- píngjìngxiàlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He got very angry today and there was no way I
- could get him to calm down.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi néng</foreignphrase>:
- “was not able to”. Here you see the auxiliary verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase> used with the
- negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.
- You have learned that state verbs (auxiliary verbs are one type of state
- verbs) are negated with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase>, (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- hǎo</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- zhīdao</foreignphrase>) not with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. Here, however, you
- see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi néng</foreignphrase>
- instead of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- néng</foreignphrase>. This is an exception to the rule that all
- state verbs are always negated with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>. Actually, either
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù néng</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi néng</foreignphrase>
- would be acceptable in this sentence. Some speakers, however, feel that
- there is a subtle difference between <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù néng</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi néng</foreignphrase>
- when referring to an event in the past. For example, one can say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān méi néng
- qù</foreignphrase> as well as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān bù néng qù</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān méi néng
- qù</foreignphrase> hints at the fact that there was a failure to
- attain the state of being able to go, whereas <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān bù néng qù</foreignphrase>
- merely describes the state of being unable to go, without making any
- implications about failure (to attain the state of being able to go).
- Such a subtle difference in implication may make very little difference
- in the actual import of a sentence in some contexts, although in other
- contexts it may be of some significance. (For the first example
- sentence, you need to know that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mìmi</foreignphrase> means
- “secret”.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
- nǐ wèn wo, wǒ bù néng gàosu ni, yīnwei zhè shi
- mìmi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn't tell you,
- because it's a secret.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zuótiān, nǐ wèn wo, wǒ méi néng gàosu ni, yīnwei
- Zhāng Sān zhàn zai pángbiān, wǒ bù xiǎng ràng ta
- zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn't tell you,
- because <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng Sān</foreignphrase> was standing there, and
- I didn't want to let him know about it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnhuilai</foreignphrase>:
- “to rush back”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu
- liùdiǎn zhōng le, wǒ xiǎng tā dàgài gǎnbuhuílai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's six o'clock already, I think she probably
- won't make it back in time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàwǔ
- wǔdiǎn zhōng, wǒmen yǒu ge huì, nǐ gǎndehuílai
- gǎnbuhuílai?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>At five in the afternoon we have a meeting. Can
- you make it back in?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para>A woman goes to visit her friend after hearing of her father's
- death:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on part 2</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №13</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ chángtú
- diànhuà</foreignphrase>: “to make a long-distance telephone
- call”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐmen
- shēngyin xiǎo yídiǎn, wǒ zài dǎ chángtú diànhuà
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would you all be a little quieter, please? I'm making
- a long-distance call!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You saw in the Post Office-Telephone Module that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànhuà</foreignphrase> can also be used with
- the meaning “a telephone call” as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu nǐde diànhuà</foreignphrase>, “There's a
- telephone call for you”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángtú
- diànhuà</foreignphrase> can be used in the same way:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèi! Xiǎo
- Sānr! Yǒu nǐde chángtú
- diànhuà!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Sānr!</foreignphrase> There's a long-distance phone
- call for you!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the Meeting Module you saw the expression <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái diànhuà</foreignphrase> “a telephone call
- is received” or “make a telephone call here”. Here is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángtú diànhuà</foreignphrase> used in the
- same pattern:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- zǎoshàng yǒu rén gěi ni lái chángtú diànhuà le, nǐ
- bú zài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This morning someone called long- distance for you,
- but you weren't here.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòshì</foreignphrase>: “to pass
- away, to die”. You have now seen “to die” expressed three different ways:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùshì</foreignphrase>, and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòshì</foreignphrase>. All
- may be used in conversation, although <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase> is probably the most
- common.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngxīn</foreignphrase>:
- Literally, “to wound the heart”. “To be grieved, to be hurt, to be sad, to
- be broken-hearted”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zhènme shāngxīn, wèishénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why is he so broken-hearted?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- nǚpengyou zǒu le, zěnme néng bù
- shāngxǐn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His girlfriend left, how can he not be
- broken-hearted?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen jiāde
- gǒu sǐle, wǒ shāngxīnle hǎo cháng
- shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After the family dog died, I was broken-hearted for a
- real long time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàme hǎode
- yíge háizi sǐle, zhēn ràng rén
- shāngxǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It really grieves one for such a good child to
- die.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángshòu</foreignphrase>: “long
- life, longevity; to live a long life”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yào xiǎng
- chángshòu, jiù bù yīnggāi dūo hē
- jiu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you want to live a long life, you shouldn't drink
- excessively.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běifāng
- chángshòude rén bǐ Nánfāng
- duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are more people who live long in the North than
- in the South.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài shuō</foreignphrase>:
- “furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides”. Often following a clause with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài shuō</foreignphrase>, one
- of the adverbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>
- “also” or you “also” is used.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A:
- Zěnmeyàng? Jīntiān nǐ néng lái
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How about it? Can you come today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B:
- Zhèiliǎngtiān xià xuě, wǒ gǎnmào le, tiānqi yòu
- zhènme bù hǎo, zài shuō háizi tài xiǎo, bǎ tā yíge
- rén fàngzai jiāli, wǒ bú fàngxīn. Gǎitiān, wǒ yídìng
- lái, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's snowed these two days, and I caught a cold, and
- the weather is so bad. Moreover the child is too small
- to leave alone at home. I would worry. I'll come for
- sure another day, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
- nénggàn, zài shuō yòu nàme piàoliang, nǐ jiù tóngyì
- le ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's very capable, and what's more, she's so
- beautiful too. So you will agree (to marry her), won't
- you? (said by a matchmaker to a young man)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Wō děng
- ni bàntiān le, wǒ yào hé ni tán
- yixia.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been waiting for you for ages. I want to have a
- talk with you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Wǒ gāng
- xià kè. Zài shuō wǒ hái méi chī fàn ne! Gǎitiān zài
- shuō ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I just got out of class. And furthermore I haven't
- eaten yet! Let's talk some other day!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánguò</foreignphrase>: “to be
- sad, to be distressed, to feel bad”. This adjectival verb can be used to
- refer to either physical or emotional distress.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīshēng
- shuō tā mǔqinde bìng hěn lìhai, wǒmen dōu hěn
- nánguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The doctor said his mother's illness was very
- serious, and we were all very sad.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān tā
- chīle hǎo duō shēngcài, xiànzài dùzili nánguò
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He ate a lot of raw vegetables today, so now his
- stomach hurts (he feels bad) .</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié nánguò
- le, rén yǐjīng sǐle nánguò yě méiyou yòng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't be sad, he's already dead, and it's no use
- being sad.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- Sòng Lǎoshī hěn nánguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Teacher <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Sòng</foreignphrase> is very sad today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Wángde
- jiāli yǒu nàme duō máfan. Zhēn ràng rén
- nánguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's so much trouble in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐao
- Wáng</foreignphrase>'s family, it really makes a person
- sad.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №19</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase>:
- “originally, at first, in the first place”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnlái wǒ
- xiǎng jǐntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyǐng. Hòulái tīngshuō
- kāi huì. Suànle, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon.
- Later I heard there was a meeting. So I'll forget it and
- go another time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnlái wǒ
- jīntiān qù Guangzhou, tiānqì bù hǎo, dàgài děi
- míngtiān cái néng zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Originally I was going to Canton today, but the
- weather is bad so I'll probably have to wait until
- tomorrow before X can leave.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbèizi</foreignphrase>: “all
- one's life, in one's (whole) life, throughout one's life, as long as one
- lives, a lifetime”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèngfù
- bāng tā bǎ zài wàiguōde qián zhǎohuilai le. Tā
- yíbèizi yě méiyou jiànguo zhènme duō qián, hǎo
- gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The government helped her get back money she had
- outside the country. She had never seen so much money in
- her whole life. She was really happy.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu
- sānge érzi, wèi zhèi sānge érzi mángle yíbèizi.
- Xiànzài lǎole, gāi xiūxi xiūxi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She has three sons and for these three sons she was
- busy her whole life. Now she is old and should take it
- easy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnbiān</foreignphrase>: “at/by
- one's side; (have something) on one, with one”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǒu yíge
- háizi zài nóngcūn, yíge háizi zài
- shēnbiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have one child out in the country and one child
- here with me.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguo tā
- shēnbiān yǒu hǎo jǐge háizi jiù méiyou bànfǎ chūlai
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If she has several children at her feet, then she
- just can't go out and work.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №20</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàgē</foreignphrase>; “oldest
- brother”. Remember that “older brother” is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēge</foreignphrase>, but the oldest of
- several children is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàgē</foreignphrase>. In addition <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàgē</foreignphrase> can be used between men
- to show a friendly relationship of unequal status.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùbuliǎo</foreignphrase>:
- “cannot go”. This is a compound verb or result, like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànbujian</foreignphrase> “cannot see” or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chībubǎo</foreignphrase>
- “cannot eat one's fill”. The ending -liǎo is in compounds of potential
- result (those with -de- or -bu- between the main verb and the resultative
- ending) with the meaning of “be able to”. You may be thinking (and rightly
- so) that this is just the meaning added by the use of -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- or -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>-. This has led some people
- to label -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎo</foreignphrase> as
- a “dummy” resultative ending since it does not seem to add any additional
- information like other more specific endings do (e.g. wan
- “finish”).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wàimian
- shēngyīn hǎo dà. Shízài shuìbuliǎo
- jiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's so noisy outside. I really can't sleep at
- all.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- tíng diàn, kànbuliǎo
- diǎnyǐngr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today they're turning off the electricity, so we
- can't watch the movie.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuìjìn
- dùzi bù shūfu, chībuliǎo
- shēngcài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My stomach has been uncomfortable lately, I can't eat
- lettuce.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhènme duō
- cài, chībuliǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>So many dishes, we won't be able to eat them!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàwu wǒ
- yǒu shì, qùbuliǎo túshūguǎnle, míngtiān zài shuō
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This afternoon I'm busy, I can't go to the library,
- let's talk about it tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiǔdiǎn
- zhōng xià bān, jīntiān wǎnhuì nǐ qùdeliǎo
- qubuliǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You get off work at 9:00, can you go to the evening
- meeting?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú yào
- dāo jīchǎng lái sòng wo, nǐ yì kū wǒ jiù zōubuliǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't come to the airport to see me off; as soon as
- you start to cry, I won't be able to leave.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №21</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiānglái</foreignphrase>: “in
- the future”. Like other time words, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiānglai</foreignphrase> can be used between
- the subject and the verb, or at the front of the sentence before the
- subject.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiānglái
- ZhōngMěi guānxi yuè lái yuè hǎo, wǒmen zài Měiguo
- jiù bǐjiào róngyi mǎidào Zhōngguode
- dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the future as Sino-American relations get better
- and better, it will be easier for us to buy Chinese
- goods in America.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiānglái
- yào dào Shànghǎi lǐngshìguān qù
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the future I want to work in the consulate in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №23</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ānxīn</foreignphrase>: “to feel
- at ease, to set one's mind at ease, to be at peace; to keep one's mind (on
- something)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- xiānshēng nǔlì zuò shì, tā keyi ānxīn dú
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>With her husband working hard at his Job, she could
- keep her mind on her studying.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hāizi
- gōngzuòde hěn hāo, wǒ yě jiù ānxīn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My child is doing well at work, and I can now feel at
- ease.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on №24</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìngqiě</foreignphrase>:
- “furthermore, moreover, and, besides”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào bā
- gōngzuò zuò hǎo, bìngqiě yào bā Zhōngwén
- xuéhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I want to do a good job at work and do a good job
- studying Chinese.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- hāizi hěn nùlì bìngqiě hěn
- cōngmīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This child is very industrious and intelligent
- too.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìhua
- zhèige xīngqī bǎ zhèipiān wénzhāng xiěwán, bìngqiě
- fānyicheng Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I plan to finish writing this essay this week and
- furthermore translate it into Chinese.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para>After the funeral of an elderly man who came to Taiwan from the mainland,
- a friend comes to visit the family:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title><para>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ānxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be without worry, to feel at ease to feel relieved
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">本来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- originally
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìngqiě</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">并且</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- moreover, and
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">参加</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to take part in; to attend
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángshòu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长寿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- long life, longevity; to live a long time
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūchāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">出差</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be out of town on business
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ chángtū diànhuà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大长途电话</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to make a long-distance phone call
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàgē</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大哥</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- oldest brother
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàosāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吊嗓</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érnǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">儿女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- children
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to have an attack (of an old disease)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎndeshàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干得上</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnhuilai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赶回来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to rush back
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赶紧</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- quickly
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǔhuī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">骨灰</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- bone ashes
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass away, to die
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过世</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass away, to die
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒzàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">火葬</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to cremate; cremation
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūrǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">忽然</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- suddenly
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiānglái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">将来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the future, someday
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jíjiù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">急救</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- first aid; to administer emergency treatment
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiùguolai </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就过来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to save
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎorénjiā </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老人家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- polite way of addressing or referring to an old person (nǐ lǎorénjiā, tā lǎorénjiā)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-liǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- can, to be able to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánguò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难过</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be sad
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánji (niánjì)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年纪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- age
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngjìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">平静</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be calm
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qubuliǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去不了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- cannot go
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去世</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass away, to die
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānglǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">丧礼</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- funeral
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">伤心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be heartbroken
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnbiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">身边</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">送</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to escort, to take (someone to a place)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāoxi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">消息</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- news
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnzàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心脏</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- heart
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnzàngbìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心脏病</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- heart disease
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbèizi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一辈子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- all one’s life
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxiang</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一向</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- (have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài shuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">再说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- furthermore, besides
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">葬</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to bury
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">最近</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- recently; soon
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔmǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- grandmother (on the father’s side)
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 6</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">māma</foreignphrase>: “mother,
- mom” Although this can he used as a term of address, like English “Mom” or
- “Mommy”, it can also he used in informal conversation to refer to one's own
- or someone else's mother, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ
- māma</foreignphrase> “my mother”, or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā māma</foreignphrase> “his mother”. For the
- term of direct address “Mom”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mā</foreignphrase> is probably more commonly used than <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Māma</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ māma
- shàng bān qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My mother has left for work.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàwù, Māma
- jiù zuò huǒche lāi kàn wǒ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This afternoon, Mom came hy train to visit
- me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>: “to die”
- This is a process verb, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bìng</foreignphrase> “to become ill, to get sick”, and therefore
- corresponds more closely to the English “to become dead” than it does “to be
- dead”. In English one can talk about a person who has a terminal illness,
- saying “He is dying”, but this does not translate directly into Chinese. In
- Chinese one can say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kuài (yào)
- sǐle</foreignphrase>, “He is about to die,” or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huòbuliǎo duó jiù le</foreignphrase>, “He
- won't live much longer.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō
- Lǎo Liùde fùqin sǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I heard that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Liù</foreignphrase>'s
- father has died.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǐ</foreignphrase> can be used
- directly before a noun as an adjective, meaning “dead”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi sǐde</foreignphrase> may be used to mean
- “is dead”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi
- yìtiāo sǐ yú.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is a dead fish.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèitiáo yú
- shi sǐde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This fish is (a) dead (one).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì fǒu</foreignphrase>: “is it
- (true) or isn't it (true that) ...” This phrase is a more formal-sounding
- equivalent of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì bu
- shi</foreignphrase>; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fǒu</foreignphrase> in literary Chinese means “or not”. In spoken
- Standard Chinese, the use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
- fǒu</foreignphrase> is more restricted than <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi bu shi</foreignphrase>. First of all,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì fǒu</foreignphrase> has a
- more educated, formal ring to it than <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì bu shi</foreignphrase>. Secondly,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì fǒu</foreignphrase> is
- usually used only before another verbal expression, as in the following
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèzhǒng
- tiān shì fǒu huì xià yù?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is (this weather) going to rain?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián
- dōngtiān, nǐ shì fǒu xiǎng dào Màiāmì
- qu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Are you hoping to go to Miami this winter?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì fǒu
- zhùnbèi ànzhao zhège jìhua qù
- zuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Are you planning to act according to this
- plan?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yīnggāi
- xiǎngyixiǎng, nǐ duì zhège rén shì fǒu
- liǎojiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You ought to think about whether you understand this
- person or not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niánji
- bù xiǎo le, nǐ shì fǒu kǎolüguo jiéhūnde
- wèntí?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're not young anymore, have you considered the
- question of marriage?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián,
- nǐmen xuéxiàode xuéshēng shì fǒu zēngjiā
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This year did the (number of) students in your school
- increase?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
- zhīdào wǒde yìjian shì fǒu néng dédao
- tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't know whether my opinion will be agreed with
- or not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
- dōngxi zài zhèli shì fǒu
- mǎidedāo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Can this sort of thing be bought here?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū bìn</foreignphrase>: “to
- transport the coffin to the burial place or to the tomb”. Literally, this
- means “take out the coffin”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liújiā
- míngtiān chū bin. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The Liú's have the funeral procession
- tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān,
- Liú Xiānsheng gěi tā fùqin chūle bin yǐhòu, huí jiā
- jiù bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Yesterday, after Mr. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>
- accompanied his father's coffin to the cemetery he went
- home and then got sick.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīju</foreignphrase>: “fixed
- standards of conduct, regulations, or customs”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ànzhao
- Zhōngguode guīju, gěi sǐrén chūle bìn yǐhòu hái yào
- zuò shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>According to Chinese custom, after accompanying the
- coffin of the deceased to the cemetery, what else should
- be done?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kèren lái
- le, zài máng yě yào hē bēi chá, zhè shi wǒmende
- guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When a guest comes, no matter how busy he is, he
- should have a cup a cup of tea. This is our
- custom.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu guīju</foreignphrase> means
- “to have manners”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège háizi
- bù dǒng shì, méi guīju, zhēn ràng rén bù hǎo
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This child does not understand about things, he has
- no manners. It really embarrasses a person.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wángjiāde
- lǎodā zhǎngde hǎokàn, yoò yǒu guīju, zhēn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>'s oldest son is good looking
- and he is well mannered. He's really great.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guīju</foreignphrase> as an
- adjectival verb means “to be proper, to be correct (of a
- person)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wangde
- nǚér rén hěn guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>'s daughter is very
- proper.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>: Some of the
- uses of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> do not
- correspond to “all”. “All” in English is often described as “collective”,
- that is, referring to all the members in a group. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> in Chinese is often
- described as “distributive”, that is referring to the members of a group as
- individuals. This usage sometimes is translated as “each”. Notice that in
- the Reference List sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase> in combination with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbān</foreignphrase> and another noun
- produces this meaning.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō
- Zhōngguo rén dàole Měiguo dōu xiǎng niàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A lot of Chinese want to study after they get to the
- United States.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiánjǐnián,
- xǔduō xuéshēng bìyè yǐhōu dōu dào nóngcūn qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Several years ago many students went to the
- countryside after they graduated.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbān
- Zhōngguo rén dōu juéde xué Yīngwén bǐ xué Zhōngwén
- nán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The average Chinese thinks that English is harder to
- learn than Chinese.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnlián</foreignphrase>:
- “funeral scroll, scroll of condolence”, literally “elegiac-couplet”.
- [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lián</foreignphrase> is short
- for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duìlián</foreignphrase> “a
- written or inscribed couplet (pair of parallel sentences)“.] Traditionally,
- white cloth scrolls in one to three strips were written for the deceased by
- friends. More recently a new practice has developed which is to send scrolls
- or wreaths bearing one character: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >diàn</foreignphrase>, “to sacrifice.” Sending flowers has been brought
- in by Western custom.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàwǔ wǒ
- dào Liújiā qu, nǐ gěi xiě ge wǎnliàn hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This afternoon I'm going to the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>'s,
- could you write a funeral scroll for them?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huò</foreignphrase>: “or”. You
- have learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huòshi</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huòzhě</foreignphrase> for “or”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huō</foreignphrase> is a more literary
- variant, but it can still be heard in conversation.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- wǎnshang huò míngtiān wǎnshang nǐ dào wǒ zhèli lái
- yítàng hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Come over to my house tonight or tomorrow night,
- okay?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huāquān</foreignphrase>: “flower
- wreath”, literally “flower circle”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
- mǎi ge huāquān gěi Liújiā
- sōngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I want to buy a flower wreath to send to the
- Liú's.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎnzhèng</foreignphrase>:
- “anyway, anyhow, either way, in any case, all the same”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fǎnzhèng</foreignphrase> may come either
- before or after the subject of the sentence.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jí
- shenme, fǎnzhèng gǎnbushàng kāi huì le, mànmàn zǒu
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What are you so anxious for, we won't make it in time
- for the meeting anyway, so let's just take our
- time!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fǎnzhèng wǒ
- bù mǎi, méi qián méi guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm not going to buy it anyway, so it doesn't matter
- that I don't have any money.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fǎnzhèng
- méi shì, wǒmen jiù tántan zhèige wèntí
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't have anything to do anyway, so let's talk
- about this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fǎnzhèng wǒ
- yào qù, nǐ bú qù yě kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going anyway; it's okay if you don't go or It's
- okay if you don't go; anyway, I'm going.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fǎnzhèng</foreignphrase> is
- often prefaced by a clause beginning with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù guǎn</foreignphrase> “no matter
- whether...”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guǎn nǐ
- qù bu qù, fǎnzhèng wǒ yào
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No matter whether you go or not, I'm going
- anyway.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rúhé</foreignphrase>: “how; how
- about; in what way”. This is a literary word which means about the same as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnmeyàng</foreignphrase>. In
- a more plain, colloquial style, the Reference List sentence could also be
- said as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen qù mǎi yige huāquān
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase> Spoken Standard Chinese draws more on the
- written style in an area like Taiwan, where a majority of the population
- learn Standard Chinese in school, rather than at home. A speaker from Peking
- might consider <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen mǎi yige
- huāquān rúhé</foreignphrase> to sound a little stiff and unnatural. You
- should be able to understand <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rúhé</foreignphrase>, but use it yourself only in speaking with people
- who use it, or in writing.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
- Lǎo Zhāng qǐng wǒmen dǎjiā chī fàn, nǐ juéde
- rúhá?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow Lǎo Zhāng has invited all of us to eat, what
- do you think?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèjiàn
- shìde jiéguǒ rúhé?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What was the outcome of this matter?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">”Jiào wǒ
- rúhé bù xiǎng ta?”</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>“(it makes me so that) How could I not miss her?”
- (name of famous popular song of the 30's)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huā</foreignphrase>: “to be
- multicolored”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān tā
- chuānle yíjiàn huā yīfu, hǎo
- piàoliàng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today she's wearing a multicolored dress. It's
- gorgeous!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎ néng ràng ni
- pòfei</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǎ</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǎr</foreignphrase> (Peking) is used in rhetorical
- questions.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi
- qián, nǎ néng jiēhūn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has no money, how can he get married?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Yéye
- nali nǎ(r) néng nàme shuō
- huà!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How can you talk like that in front of
- Grandpa?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
- wǒmen jiāde rén, nǎ(r) néng bú ràng ni zhīdao zánmen
- jiāde shì ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're family, how could we not let you know what's
- going on in our family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shuōde
- shi jǐbǎiniánqiánde shì, nà shíhoude Měiguo nǎ(r)
- yǒu shenme chéngshì!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm talking about something several hundred years
- ago, how could America have had any cities at that
- time?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Wǒ nǎ(r)
- míngbai!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Like heck I understand!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Nǐ nàme
- cōngmingde rén, nǎ(r) huì bù
- míngbai!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're such a smart person, how could you not
- understand?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn,
- nǎ(r) yǒu zhèyang bàn shìde, bù jīngguò jūmín
- wěiyuánhuì, jiù xiǎng shēng háizi, nǎ nǎ(r)
- xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Look, how can you go about things like this? You want
- to have a child without going through your neighborhood
- committee, how can that be okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìzhí
- zǎi chéngli zhùzhe, nǎ(r) dàoguo nóngcūn
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When has he ever been to the countryside! He's always
- lived in the city!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zěnmeyàng? Xiǎo Zhāng kuǎi jiēhūn le
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How's it going? Is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Zhāng</foreignphrase> going to get married
- soon?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr a!
- Nǚjiā fùmǔ bú yuǎnyi , máfan dà
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You must be kidding! The girl's parents don't want
- it. There's a lot of trouble.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shi le</foreignphrase>: This
- phrase is used at the end of a sentence to mean “...that's all”. It can have
- several different implications, depending on the context:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“Don't worry, this matter can simply be taken care of like this.”
- (something is virtually taken care of)</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- yòu wàngle bǎ shū dàilai, búguǒ wǒ yídìng jiègei
- ni jiù shi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I forgot to bring the book again, but I'm
- going to lend it to you for sure, don't
- worry.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- zhào nín shuōde bàn jiù shi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll simply do as you say.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Děng yixià gěi ni bàn jiù shi le, nǐ jí
- shenme!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll take care of it for you in a moment,
- don't worry, why are you so anxious?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Ànzhao zhège jìhua zuò jiù shi le, yǒu shénme hǎo
- tánde?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do it according to this plan and that's all
- there is to it! What else is there to
- discuss?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“Only, just this, nothing more than this”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèliǎngge háizi chàbuduō, búguǒ Lǎo Dà cōngming
- yidiǎnr jiù shi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These two children are about the same, but
- the older one is a little more intelligent, that's
- all.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- lái, méiyou shénme shi, búguǒ xiǎng yào nàběn shū
- jiù shi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When he came he wasn't up to anything
- special, he just wanted that book, that's
- all.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“ that's all that can be done about it.”</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Fǎnzhèng wǒ gēn ni shuōguo jiù shi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In any case, I've told you, and that's all I
- can do.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ yào</foreignphrase>: “as
- long as, so long as, if only”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yào wǒ
- jīntiān wǎnshang yǒu kòng, jiù kéyi bǎ zhèběn shū
- kànwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As long as I have time tonight, I can finish reading
- this book.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>dā: “to travel by, to take (a bus, car, train, boat, etc.)”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yě yào
- dào xuéxiào qu, dā nínde chē xíng bu
- xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to school too, can I get a ride with
- you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dācuòle
- chē, jiéguǒ pǎodao Běitóu qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I got on the wrong bus, and ended up in
- Běitóu.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měitiān wǒ
- dā sìlù chē shàng bān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I take the Route 1 bus to work every day.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héqilai</foreignphrase>: “to
- combine, to put together, to unite”. He is a verb meaning “to combine, to
- put together, to unite, to merge”. You should learn to use he in the
- following combinations: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hézai yìqǐ
- </foreignphrase>“to combine (two or more things together)”, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héqilai</foreignphrase> “to combine (forces),
- to come together, to put together”, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héchéng</foreignphrase> “to combine into, to
- merge into”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- liǎngjiā héqilai mǎixiale zhè liùjiān
- fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our two families bought these six rooms
- together.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèliāngge
- jùzi hécheng yíge, róngyi shuō
- yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you combine these two sentences into one, it's
- easier to say.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèliāngbān
- hézai yìqǐ, zhǐ yǒu shíge xuéshēng, hái bú suàn tài
- duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If these two classes are combined, there are only ten
- students; that's still not too many.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №13</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎode</foreignphrase>: “know”.
- This is a synonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhīdao</foreignphrase>, and can be used in most of the same ways that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīdao</foreignphrase> can be
- used. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎode</foreignphrase> is
- not, however, commonly used in Peking; it is mostly used in southern
- areas.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngmù</foreignphrase>: “public
- cemetery”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái tā
- yòu dào gōngmù qu le, gěi tā māma sòng yibǎ
- huā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Just now she went to the cemetery again and left
- a-bunch of flowers (on her mother's grave).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para>Two friends who work together at the Bank of Taiwan are having a
- talk:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènwéi</foreignphrase>: “to
- think (that), to consider (that), to believe (that)”. This is a very common
- verb used to express that someone has formed an opinion or made a judgment
- about a person or thing.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ rènwéi
- zhè shi yíge hěn zhòngyàode
- wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I think this is a very important question.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú
- rènwéi nǐ yīnggāi zuò zhèjiàn
- shi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't think you should do this.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngshuǐ</foreignphrase>:
- Literally “wind and water”, this means the geographical outlay of something
- to be built, such as a grave or the foundation of a house. The traditional
- Chinese science of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fēngshuǐ</foreignphrase>, or geomancy, is concerned with the good and
- bad influences which the location of a grave or building are believed to
- exert over a family and its descendants. In particular, the dead are
- influenced by and able to influence the celestial bodies for the benefit of
- the living. Each family, therefore, is naturally interested in arranging the
- most auspicious placement for it's family grave.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège
- fángzide fēngshuǐ bù hǎo. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fēngshuǐ</foreignphrase> of this house is no
- good.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèlide
- fēngshuǐ bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fēngshuǐ</foreignphrase> here is pretty
- good.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǐsūn</foreignphrase>: “sons and
- grandsons”, or used in a more general sense, “offspring descendants”. For
- this example, you have to know that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huángdì</foreignphrase> means “the Yellow
- Emperor”, a legendary ruler thought of as the father of Chinese
- civilization.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
- rén dōu shi Huangdìde zǐsūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The Chinese are all descendants of the Yellow
- Emperor.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hōudài</foreignphrase>:
- “descendants, posterity, later generations”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
- hōudài dōu yīnggāi jìzhu zhèijiàn
- shì!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our descendants should all remember this!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méiyou
- hōudài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is without descendants.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>: “to be
- prosperous, to be flourishing; to be developed, to be well-developed”. For
- the first example, you need to know that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngshāngyè</foreignphrase> means “industry
- and commerce”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguode
- gōngshāngyè fēichāng fādǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>America's industry and commerce are very
- developed.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiā
- rénjiā hěn fādǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This family is prosperous.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎngjiu</foreignphrase>: “to be
- particular about, to be meticulous about, to pay attention to, to strive
- for”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège rén
- hěn jiǎngjiu chī, hěn jiǎngjiu
- chuān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This person is particular about what he eats and what
- he wears.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige háizi
- tài jiǎngjiu chuān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That kid pays too much attention to what she
- wears.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎngjiu</foreignphrase> can
- also mean “to be elegant”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen jiāde
- jiāju zhēn jiǎngjiu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Your furniture is truly elegant.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānniàn</foreignphrase>: “way
- of thinking, concept, notion, view, sense (of), mentality
- (of).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo
- rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude
- yíyàng, yǒude bù yíyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Sometimes the American way of thinking and the
- Chinese way is the same, sometimes not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn ba,
- zài guò jǐniān niánqīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wǎnhūn
- jiù huì biàncheng yizhǒng
- guānniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You watch, in more few years, it will have become an
- accepted notion that young people should get involved
- late and marry late.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míxìn</foreignphrase>: “to be
- superstitious (about); superstition”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shāngcháode
- shíhou Zhōngguo rén bǐjiào míxìn, xiànzài bǐjiào bù
- míxìn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>During the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese were relatively
- superstitious, now they aren't so much any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒude
- Zhōngguo rén míxìn fēngshuǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Some Chinese are superstitious about
- fengshui.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǔzàng</foreignphrase>: “to bury
- (a dead person)”, literally “ground-bury”. This word is used only in
- contrast to other ways of disposing of a dead body, for example cremation or
- burial at sea. [If no contrast with other forms of disposal is implied, then
- the word for “to bury” is simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zàng</foreignphrase> (for formal burials), <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mái</foreignphrase> (for informal burials),
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máizàng</foreignphrase>, or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ānzàng</foreignphrase>
- (literally “peacefully bury”, a respectful term).] <informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éguo rén
- shuōguo tāmen yào māizàng
- Měiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The Russians said they wanted to bury
- Americans.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒzàng</foreignphrase>: “to
- cremate; cremation”. In this word, you may think of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zàng</foreignphrase> “to bury” as extended to
- mean “to dispose of (a dead body)”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huǒ</foreignphrase> means “fire”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídào</foreignphrase>:
- “together”. You have already learned <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìqǐ</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíkuàir</foreignphrase> for “together”.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yídào</foreignphrase> is
- mostly used by speakers of southern Mandarin and is little used by
- northerners.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàohuá hé
- tāde nǚpéngyou yídào kàn diànyǐngr qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yàohuā</foreignphrase> and his girlfriend went to
- see a movie.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizimen
- zài yídào wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The children are playing together.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №19</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàdōu</foreignphrase>: “for the
- most part, mostly”. Another word with the same meaning which is probably
- used by more people than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàdōu</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàduō</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Yìndu
- rénmín dàdōu (or dàduō) xìn
- Yìndujiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In India the people are mostly Hindu.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
- rén dàduō shi nóngmín.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Chinese for the most part are rural people.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒubì</foreignphrase>: “arm
- (from the wrist to the shoulder)”. Other words for “arm” used in different
- regions are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēbei</foreignphrase>
- and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēbo</foreignphrase> (Peking
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēbe</foreignphrase>).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lǐ
- gēbo shòule shāng, Xiǎo Wángde tuǐ yě shòule
- shang.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Xiǎo Lǐ was hurt in the arm, and also <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Wáng</foreignphrase>
- was hurt in the leg.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái, wǒ
- bù xiǎoxin pèngdaole ménshang, dào xiànzài shǒubì
- hái téng ne. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Just now I was careless and bumped into the door, and
- my arm still hurts now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàixiào</foreignphrase>: “to
- wear mourning”. Formerly, people wore certain types of clothes while in
- mourning (sackcloth or white from head to foot). Nowadays, customs differ
- widely, but some small item is usually still worn to indicate a death in the
- family. These include a white flower in the hair, a coarse cloth patch on
- the arm or in the hair, or a black armband.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā fùqin
- sǐle kuài sānnián le, tā hái dàixiào
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Her father has been dead for almost three years and
- she is still wearing mourning!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №20</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cōnglái bù</foreignphrase>:
- “never, never does...”. In the last unit, you saw the pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi(you)</foreignphrase>, meaning
- “have never...” or “had never...”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Cōnglái</foreignphrase> means “from the past up until now (it has
- always been this way)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cōnglái
- bú yuànyi zǎoshang niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I never want to study in the morning. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huī</foreignphrase>: “to be
- gray”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- Zhōngguo dàduōshù rén dōu xǐhuan chuān lánsè hé
- huīsède yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The great majority of people in China like to wear
- blue or gray clothing, </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №21</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiānmíngbù</foreignphrase>:
- “guest book”, literally, “sign-name record book”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qián míng</foreignphrase>: “to
- sign one's name”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni zài
- zhèli qiān míng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please sign here.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>: “custom,
- habit”. The definition of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xíguàn</foreignphrase> in a Chinese dictionary reads: “behavior,
- tendency, or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and
- which is hard to change abruptly”. Compare this with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsú</foreignphrase> “custom”, which you
- learned in Unit 1: “the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc.
- adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society”.</para>
- <para>Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xíguàn</foreignphrase> may refer to the way of an individual or of a
- community, whereas <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fēngsú</foreignphrase> only refers to the way of a community.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para>An American student attending Taiwan National University is talking with a
- Chinese classmate and friend:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the dialogue</title>
- <para>Funeral procedures in the PRC today are very simple. In the interest of
- sanitation (bodies might have some communicable disease) and economy (ground
- burials are expensive and consume government agricultural land), deceased
- city residents are required to be cremated. By government regulation the
- immediate family is allowed two days of paid leave, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sàng jià</foreignphrase>. The funeral
- involves someone saying a few kind words about the deceased in the presence
- of relatives and people from his work unit. Those present are dressed
- plainly, bearing a white flower. Ashes are placed in carved wood or
- porcelain boxes in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǔhuī
- cúnfàngchù</foreignphrase>, a building reserved for this purpose. It is
- not necessary to give anything to the family of the deceased but people
- sometimes give money or other small items. In the countryside, there might
- be a large feast at the deceased's home. There is an attitude which says a
- funeral is a time of gladness when the deceased enters the world of the
- non-living. [A funeral is a “white joyous event,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bái xīshì</foreignphrase>. A wedding is a
- “red event.” Together they are sometimes referred to as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngbái xīshì</foreignphrase>, red and white
- joyous events.]</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title><para>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìnyíguǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">殡仪馆</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- funeral home
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū bìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">出殡</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to hold a funeral procession
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái bù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来不</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- never
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái dōu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来都</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- always (in the past)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来没</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- have never
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">打</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàdōu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大都</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- for the most part
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài xiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">带孝</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to wear mourning
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">发达</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be developed, to be prosperous
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎnzhèng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">反正</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- anyway, in any case
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngshuǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风水</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">该</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- should, ought to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngmù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公墓</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- public cemetery
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānniàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">观念</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- concept, notion, view
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīju</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">规矩</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- special customs, established rules
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héqilai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">合起来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to combine, to join together
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòudài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后代</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- descendants
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">花</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be multicolored
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huāquān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">花圈</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- flower wreath
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">灰</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be gray
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">或</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- or
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒzàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">火葬</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- cremation
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎngjiu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">讲究</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">极乐殡仪馆</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shì le</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就是了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- ..., that’s all
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">māma</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妈妈</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- mother, mom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míxin</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">迷信</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be superstitious; superstition
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ (náli, nǎr)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那(那里,那儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiān míng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">签名</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to sign one’s name
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiānmíngbù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">签名簿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- guest book
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènwéi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">认为</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to think that, to believe that
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rúhé</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">如何</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- how, in what way; how (someone or something) is; how is it (literary form)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì fǒu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是否</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- literary form meaning shi bu shi
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒubì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">手臂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- arm
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">死</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to die
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǔzàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">土葬</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">挽联</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- funeral scroll
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎode</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">晓得</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to know
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">习惯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- habit, custom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàngmíngshān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">阳明山</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- a mountain in suburban Taipei
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一道</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- together
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ yào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只要</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- as long as, if only
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǐsūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">子孙</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- descendants
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Module Vocabulary</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唉</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- (sound of sighing)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ānxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be without worry, to feel at ease to feel relieved
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-bàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">镑</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- pound (unit of weight)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎobao (bǎobǎo)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宝宝</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">本来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- originally
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐcǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">彼此</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- each other, mutually; you too, the same to you
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào (bījiǎo)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">比较</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìngqiě</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">并且</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- moreover, and
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bīngxiāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">冰箱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- refrigerator, ice box
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìnyíguǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">殡仪馆</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- funeral home
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìyùn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">避孕</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- contraception
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú dàn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不但</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- not only
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù gǎn dāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不敢当</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- I’m flattered, You shouldn't have, I don't deserve this
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不少</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- quite a lot, quite a few
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù tong</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不同</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be different
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">càishichǎng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">菜市场</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- market
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">参加</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to take part in; to attend
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">厕所</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- toilet
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnfù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">产妇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- a woman who has given birth within the last month
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángshòu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长寿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- long life, longevity; to live a long time
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnjià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">产假</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- maternity leave
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chénggōng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成功</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to succeed, to be successful
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">城市</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- city
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to become, to constitute, to make
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī nǎi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吃奶</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to nurse, to suckle
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū bìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">出殡</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to hold a funeral procession
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūchāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">出差</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be out of town on business
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuī fēng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吹风</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to have air blow on oneself, to be in a draft
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūshēnglü</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">出生率</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- birth rate
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái bù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来不</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- never
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái dōu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来都</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- always (in the past)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来没</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- have never
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ chángtū diànhuà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大长途电话</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to make a long-distance phone call
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàdōu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大都</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- for the most part
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大饭店</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- hotel
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàgē</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大哥</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- oldest brother
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài xiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">带孝</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to wear mourning
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlou </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大楼</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- building
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāngxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">当心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to watch out
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">但是</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- but
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānwèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">单位</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- unit
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- indicates successful accomplishment of something
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàshiguǎn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大使馆</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- embassy
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàxǐde rìzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大喜的日子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wedding day
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàxǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大喜</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- great rejoicing
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāying</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">答应</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to agree (to something), to consent, to promise
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">打</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to receive, to get
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to get
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàosāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吊嗓</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìqū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">地区</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- region
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dù mìyuè </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">度蜜月</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó kuài!</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多快</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- how fast!
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōnián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多年</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- many years
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">度</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ěrduo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">耳朵</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- ear
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érnǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">儿女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- children
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érqiě </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">而且</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- furthermore
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">发达</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be developed, to be prosperous
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàndiàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭店</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- restaurant
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàngjiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">房间</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- room
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭馆子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- restaurant
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàntīng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭厅</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- dining room
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎnzhèng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">反正</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- anyway, in any case
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to have an attack (of an old disease)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法院</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- court of law
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēijichǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">飞机场</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- airport
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngqì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风气</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- common practice; general mood
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngshī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风湿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- rheumatism
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngshuǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风水</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsū </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风俗</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- custom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnpèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分配</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to assign, to apportion, to allot
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">佛</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- Buddha
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fūfù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">夫妇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- married couple, husband and wife
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùjìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">附近</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- area
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">福气</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- blessings, luck
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúwùtái </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">服务台</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- service desk
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúxiàng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">福祥</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- lucky physiognomy
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá (fǔzá)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">复杂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be complicated
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">改变</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to change
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">该</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- should, ought to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎndeshàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干得上</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnhuilai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赶回来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to rush back
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赶紧</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- quickly
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèdì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">各地</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the various places, each place
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gègè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">各个</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- various
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēnjù (gēnju)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">根据</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- according to, based on
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèzhǒng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">各种</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- various kinds, types
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngānjú </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公安局</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- Bureau of Public Security
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngmù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公墓</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- public cemetery
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngsī </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公司</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- company
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公园</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- park
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公寓</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- apartment
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzhèng jiēhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公证结婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- civil marriage
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzī </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工资</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wages, pay
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānniàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">观念</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- concept, notion, view
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǔhuī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">骨灰</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- bone ashes
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīju</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">规矩</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- special customs, established rules
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass away, to die
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过世</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass away, to die
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háishi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还是</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- after all
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- even, (to go) so far as to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héqilai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">合起来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to combine, to join together
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">和</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- with; and
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngbāo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红包</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- a red envelope with a gift or bribe of money in it
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngdàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红蛋</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- eggs dyed red
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hóngtáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红糖</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- brown sugar
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòudài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后代</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- descendants
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- later, afterwards
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huāquān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">花圈</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- flower wreath
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">花</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be multicolored
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huīfu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">恢复</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to recover
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huìkèshì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会客室</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- reception room
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">húi mén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">回门</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the return of the bride to her parents' home (usually on the third day after the wedding)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- might, to be likely to, will
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">灰</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be gray
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūnlǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">婚礼</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wedding
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒchēzhàn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">火车站</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- railroad station
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒzàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">火葬</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- cremation
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒzàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">火葬</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to cremate; cremation
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">或</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- or
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūrǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">忽然</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- suddenly
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎngjiu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">讲究</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiānglái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">将来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the future, someday
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàotáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">教堂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- church
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">交往</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to associate with, to have dealings with
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiātíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家庭</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">假</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- vacation, leave
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīdūjiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">基督教</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- Christianity
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiēguǒ (jiēguǒ)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结果</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- as a result; result, results
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiēhūn lǐfú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚礼服</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wedding gown (dress)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- (jiehūn) to get married
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějué</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">解决</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to solve
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièshaorén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">介绍人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- introducer
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìhua shēngyù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">计划生育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- planned parenthood, family planning
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jíjiù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">急救</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- first aid; to administer emergency treatment
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">极乐殡仪馆</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐngchájú </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">警察局</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- police station
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jingguò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经过</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to go through, to pass by or through
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纪念</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- memento, memorial
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiùguolai </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就过来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to save
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shì le</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就是了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- ..., that’s all
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juédìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">决定</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to decide
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéyù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">绝育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- sterilization
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūmín wěiyuánhuì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">居民委员会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- neighborhood committee
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǔxíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">举行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">júzhǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局长</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is jú)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāfēitīng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">咖啡厅</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- coffeehouse
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考虑</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to consider; consideration
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě bū shi ma!</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可不是吗</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- indeed, really
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kòngzhi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">控制</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to control
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...-lái...-qù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">。。。-来。。。-去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- (indicates repeating the action over and over again)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎojiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- hometown
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎorénjiā </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老人家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- polite way of addressing or referring to an old person (nǐ lǎorénjiā, tā lǎorénjiā)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshi (lǎoshí)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老实</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be honest
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn’ài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">恋爱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be romantically involved with; love
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě (liáojie)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了解</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to understand; understanding
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-liǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- can, to be able to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">líhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">离婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to get divorced
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐwù (lǐwu)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">礼物</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- gift, present
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">māma</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妈妈</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- mother, mom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">满意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be pleased
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyuèjiǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">满月酒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- celebration meal one month after a baby is born
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyuè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">满月</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- a full month after the birth of a baby
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-men</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-们</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- plural suffix
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miǎnfèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">免费</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be free of charge
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ming’é</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">名额</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míxin</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">迷信</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be superstitious; superstition
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mìyuè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蜜月</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- honeymoon
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ (náli, nǎr)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那(那里,那儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男方</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the groom's side, the groom's family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánguò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难过</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be sad
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánjiā(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the husband’s family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- male and female
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nēnggàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">能干</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be capable
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nénggòu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">能够</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- can, to be able to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánji (niánjì)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年纪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- age
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年轻</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be young
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- rural area, countryside
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngmín</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农民</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- peasant
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚjiā(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the wife’s family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">努力</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- female
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàichūsuǒ(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">派出所儿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the local police station
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胖</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be fat
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pèng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">碰</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to touch
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngjìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">平静</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be calm
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīzhǔn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">批准</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to give official permission
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pòfei</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">颇费</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to spend a lot of money (on someone), to go to some expense
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiānmíngbù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">签名簿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- guest book
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiān míng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">签名</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to sign one’s name
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiānwàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">千万 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- by all means, be sure to; (in com bination with a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">情况</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- situation
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngnián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">青年</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- youth, young person
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnjìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亲近</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be close (to a person)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnqi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亲戚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- relatives
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">区别</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- difference, distinction
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qubuliǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去不了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- cannot go
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去世</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass away, to die
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人工流产</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- abortion
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènwéi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">认为</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to think that, to believe that
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- person, self, body
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rúhé</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">如何</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- how, in what way; how (someone or something) is; how is it (literary form)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù xí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">入席</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānglǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">丧礼</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- funeral
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sān tōngguò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">三通过</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- “the three approvals”
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngdiàn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">商店</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- store
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngjìn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上进</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be ambitious
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">伤心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be heartbroken
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎoshù mínzú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少数民族</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- minority nationality, national minority
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnbiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">身边</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnglěng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生冷</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- raw or cold foods
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngxialai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生下来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be born
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngyù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to give birth to and raise
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shībài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">失败</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to fail
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì fǒu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是否</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- literary form meaning shi bu shi
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">市区</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- urban area or district
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">实行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, ‘reform, etc.)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒubì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">手臂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- arm
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">手术</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- operation, surgery
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōuxiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">首先</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- first
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāngfāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">双方</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- both sides, both parties
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shùmu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">数目</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- number
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">熟</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be familiar (with), to know well
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">死</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to die
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">送</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to escort, to take (someone to a place)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">送</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to give (something as a gift)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- grandson
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胎</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- birth
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谈到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to talk about; speaking of ...
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">躺</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to lie,lie down, to recline
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánlai tánqù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"></foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to talk back and forth
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqīnjià </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">探亲家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- leave for visiting family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">探亲</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíchàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">提倡</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to advocate, to promote, to initiate
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíqīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">提亲</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to bring up a proposal of marriage
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tongguò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">通过</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to pass, to approve
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tòngkǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">痛苦</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be painful
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to consent, to agree
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyige</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">头一个</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the first
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyìtāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">头一台</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the first pregnancy, the first baby
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuō nínde fú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">托您的福</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǔzàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">土葬</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wángjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- the Wáng family
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wánjù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">玩具</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- toy
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">晚恋晚婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- late involvement and late marriage
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">挽联</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- funeral scroll
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">喂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to feed
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">相当</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- quite, pretty, very
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">相信</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to believe
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānhuā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">鲜花</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- fresh flowers
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo bǎobao (xiǎo bǎobǎo)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小宝宝</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎode</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">晓得</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to know
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoháir</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小孩儿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- child, children
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎojiě (xiáojie)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小姐</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- daughter (referring to someone else’s daughter)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be careful
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāoxi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">消息</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- news
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xífu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">媳妇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- daughter-in-law
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">习惯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- habit, custom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xījiù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">喜酒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- wedding banquet; wedding wine
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn Fó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">信佛</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be a Buddhist
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnláng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新郎</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- bridegroom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnniáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新娘</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- bride
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnzàngbìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心脏病</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- heart disease
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnzàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心脏</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- heart
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">信</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to believe (in)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">许多</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- many; a great deal (of), a lot (of)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàngmíngshān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">阳明山</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- a mountain in suburban Taipei
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiù shi shuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也就是说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to mean; in other words
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- indeed, in fact, admittedly
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbānde shuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一般地说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- generally speaking
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一般</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- ordinary, general, common
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbèizi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一辈子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- all one’s life
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一道</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- together
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一定</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be specific
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìjian </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">意见</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- opinion
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīngdāng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">应当</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- should, ought to
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíngyǎngpǐn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">营养品</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- food items of special nutritional value
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">仪式</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- ceremony
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxiang</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一向</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- (have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxiàzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一下子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- an instant, a moment, a while
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一直</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- all along, all the time (up until a certain point)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuèzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">月子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- month of confinement after giving birth to a child
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài shuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">再说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- furthermore, besides
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">葬</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to bury
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">záo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- long ago
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zengjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">增加</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to increase
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngfǔ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政府</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- government
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènghūnrén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">征婚人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- chief witness at a wedding ceremony
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènghūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">征婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to witness a marriage
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ yào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只要</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- as long as, if only
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">重</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to be heavy
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùdao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to move to, to go live at
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǐsūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">子孙</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- descendants
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngshi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">总是</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- always
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">最近</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- recently; soon
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔmǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- grandmother (on the father’s side)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò méi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做媒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering marriage)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò yuèzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">坐月子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">作,做</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to serve as, to act as; as
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">租</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- to rent
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </chapter>
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