FSI-German-csv/Unit11/Unit11.txt

   
   
   
   Unit 11
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
                              EIN WOCHENTAG
                               Basic Sentences


                         Notes to the Basic Sentences

 1	Germans do not say: "this afternoon, this evening" but, literally, "today afternoon, today evening". Heute occurs in phrases with any of the words for the general time of day: heute morgen, heute mittag, etc.
 2	Both das Haar and the plural die Haare are used in German, whereas we use only the singular form "hair" in English.
 3	The infinitives gehen and fahren are often omitted with the auxiliary verbs müssen, können, mochte(n), dürfen, sollen and wollen when the idea of motion is clearly indicated by the rest of the sentence.
 4	As a sign of respect, both in direct address and in referring to a third person Germans use Herr plus the person's title: Herr Doktor, Herr Konsul,
  Herr Kollege, Herr Wachtmeister, Herr Ober, Herr Professor, etc.
 5	In an office situation Germans usually say: Er will ihn sprechen or Ich möchte Sie sprechen, with an accusative form. In a social situation they more often say: Er will mit ihm sprechen or Ich möchte mit Ihnen sprechen, with the preposition mit and a dative form.
 6	In English the choice of "this evening" or "tonight" depends on the formality of the situation in which the speaker finds himself. Both expressions indicate the period roughly from dinnertime to bed-time. Germans always say heute abend, however, in referring to this period of time.
 
                               Notes on Grammar (For Home Study)

A. VERB FORMS IN FAMILIAR SPEECH

  I.	German has three different words for you.

         Wollen Sie nicht Platz nehmen, Won't you sit down, Mr. Allen?
          Herr Allen?
Maria, du kennst doch Herrn	Maria, you know Mr. Becker, don't you?
          Becker, nicht wahr?
      Geht ihr hin?	Are you going?
     The different words for you in German indicate different situations and different social relationships. Sie indicates a formal relationship between the speaker and the person or persons addressed. There is no distinction between singular and plural. Du indicates a familiar or intimate relationship, but where only one person is addressed. Ihr indicates that two or more people are being addressed with whom the speaker is on familiar or intimate terms.
     Outside of the family circle itself the familiar forms are used only with very close friends. Most Germans regard this relationship in a very special light and do not enter into it lightly after childhood years. The use of the familiar du and ihr forms is very much more restricted among Germans than the use of first names among Americans, for instance. The familiar forms are used by all adults in talking to children below the age of puberty, however. They are also used with animals and in addressing the deity.
 
 II.	New verb forms are also used with the familiar words for you.
     1.	The form of the verb with du is found from the er-form in the following ways:
     a.	In verbs whose er-form ends in -t, the final -t is replaced by -st.
       er komm-t	er fähr-t er ha-t	er arbeit-e-t er find-e-t
du komm-st	du fähr-st du ha-st du arbeit-e-st du find-e-st
Notice that the connecting vowel -e- is generally retained in the du-form
     when it occurs in the er-form (after -d- or -t-), although it	is sometimes
      lost in rapid speech.
     Remember that final -b or -g in er-form stems have the sounds	of final
     Z P J or ZXJ7 •
       er gib-t	"gip-t"	er leg-t	"lek-t"
        du gib-st "gip-st"	du leg-st ”lek-st"
     b- In verbs whose er-form ending -t is preceded by -s- or -z-, the -sof the du-form ending is lost, so that in these cases the du-form turns out to be identical with the er-form.
er lies-t	er läss-t er sitz-t er heiss-t	er vergiss-t
du lies-t	du läss-t du sitz-t du heiss-t	du vergiss-t
     c.	In verbs whose er-form does not end in -t, -st is added.
      er will	er kann	er soll	er darf	er möchte
du will-st	du kann-st du soll-st du darf-st	du möchte-st
          Note however that the -s- of the du-form ending is lost after a preceding -s-.
             er muss	er weiss
               du musä-t	du weiss-t
    d. The following du- and er-forms show irregularities.
 er ist	er wird	er hält
 du bist	du wirst du hältst
    2. The form of the verb with ihr is arrived at as follows:
    a.	The -en ending of the wir-form is replaced by -t in most verbs.
wir komm-en	wir les-en wir müss-en wir besuch-en wir arbeit-en
ihr komm-t	ihr les-t ihr imiss-t ihr besuch-t ihr arbeit-e-t
    Notice that a connecting vowel appears here also after -d- or -t-.
    Remember that stems ending in -b or -g will have the sounds £b_7 and £g_J7 in the wir-form before the endinq -en, but will have the sounds fP 7 and in the ihr-form before the ending -t'.
     wir geb-en	"geb-en“	wir trag-en	”trag-en"
     ihr geb-t	"gep-t"	ihr trag-t	"trak-t"
    b.	There is one irregular form.
                        wir sind ihr seid

III. There are three COMMAND or IMPERATIVE forms in German corresponding to the three words for you.
 
   1.	In situations where the word for you is Sie the COMMAND form consists of. the verb form ending in -en followed by the pronoun Sie.
           Grüssen Sie bitte Ihre	Please give my regards to Mrs. Allen.
            Frau Gemahlin.
           Herr Ober, bringen Sie	W&iter, please bring me calves' liver
           mir bitte Kalbsleber mit with mashed potatoes and apple sauce. Kartoffelpüree und Apfelmus .
       Note that the Sie-COMMAND form of the verb sein is irregular:
         Seien Sie ruhig'.	Be quiet'.
    2.	In situations where the word for you is ihr the COMMAND form consists of the ihr-form of the verb alone, with no pronoun following.
           Kommt doch heute abend	Do come over and see us tonight*,
               zu uns'.
           Vergesst eure Bücher	Don* t forget your booikst
               nicht*.
           Seid bitte uin vier Uhr	Be at our house at four o'clock, now',
             bei uns!
    3.	In situations where the word for you is du a special COMMAND form is used with no pronoun following.
    a. For the majority of German verbs this special COMMAND form is the same as the infinitive or wir-for STEM, that is, the infinitive or wir-form minus the ending -en.
           Beeil* dich, Klaus'-	Hurry up, Klaus'.
          Lass dir die Haare	Get your hair cut.
             schneiden.
 Lauf', damit du nicht	Run, so you won't be late,
             zu spät kommst.
           Hol' mich dort um eins	Pick me up there at one.
              ab.
         This COMMAND form alternatively has an ending -e which is often written or is indicated in the writing system by an apostrophe as above but is not spoken by most Germans.
          Beeile dich.	Hole mich in einer Stunde ab.
     b.	For a few verbs the COMMAND form regularly has the ending -e added to the infinitive or wir-form stem. These are verbs whose stems end in -t or -d or in an unstressed syllable.
            Entschuldige, dass ich	Excuse me for disturbing you.
               störe.
            Arbeite nicht so viell	Don't work so much'.
     c.	In verbs like sprechen and lesen whose STEM sometimes has the vowel -e-and sometimes -i- (or -ie-) the COMMAND form is the same as the du-form STEM, that is, the du-form minus the ending -st (or -t).
 Vergiss dein Frühstücks-	Don't folget your lunch,
              brot nicht.
Nimm doch bitte auch den	Take the blue one along too, please,
              blauen mit.
 Lies den ganzen Artikel.	Read the whole article.
     d.	The verb sein has an irregular COMMAND form.
Sei bitte um vier Uhr	Be at our house at four o'clock, now.
                be i uns.

 B. PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE WORDS IN FAMILIAR SPEECH

 I. The three forms of the pronouns used	in familiar, or intimate speech are as follows:
 
  Nominative du	ihr
    Accusative dich	euch
   Dative dir	euch
     We have seen how they are used in some of the basic sentences; here are a few additional examples:
        Wie geht es Ihnen, Herr	How are you, Mr. Becker?
          Becker?
        Wie geht es dir, Klaus?	How are you, Klaus?
Na, Klaus und Gerhard, wie	Well, Klaus and Gerhard, how are you?
         geht es euch?
          Beeilen Sie sich'.
     Beeil' dich'.	Hurry up'.
           Beeilt euch'.
         Lassen Sie sich die Haare schneiden.
         Lass dir die Haare schneiden. Get your hair cut.
         Lasst euch die Haare schneiden.
          Ich hole Sie dort um eins ab.
         Ich hole dich dort um eins ab. I'll pick you up there at one.
          Ich hole euch dort um eins ab.
         Darf ich mit Ihnen mitfahren?
        Darf ich mit dir mitfahren?	May I go along with you?
         Darf ich mit euch mitfahren?
 
II.	The possessive words that go with du and ihr are dein and euer. Like the other possessive words (see Unit 4") they are ein-type specifiers and have the following forms:

        with	with	with	with
                der-nouns	das-nouns	die-nouns	plural nouns
  Nominative	dein	dein	deine	deine
  Accusative	deinen	dein	deine	deine
  Dative	deinem	deinem	deiner	deinen
   Genitive	deines	deines	deiner	deiner
  Nominative	euer	euer	eure	eure
  Accusative	euren	euer	eure	eure
  Dative	eurem	eurem	eurer	euren
  Genitive	eures	eures	eurer	eurer
 
    Note that the forms of dein correspond exactly to the forms of mein, sein, etc., as given in Unit TI Note also that euer has a shorter form eur-before endings.
 
III.	The familiar possessive words may occur in any of the ein-type specifier sequences and also, in the special forms noted in Unit 4, standing alone when the noun is understood.
           Hast du dein Frühstücksbrot?
           Ich will deinen grauen Anzug reinigen lassen.
           Kannst du auch meine Oberhemden mitnhemn, wenn du deine in die Wäscherei bringst?
          Das ist mein Pullover. Wo ist deiner?
           Könnten wir in eurem Wagen mitfahren?
           Wollt ihr eure Sommeranzüge auch reinigen lassen?
           Das ist aber ein schöner Wagen1. Ist das eurer?

C.	THE AUXILIARY VERB LASSEN
 
    The auxiliary verb lassen occurs in verb phrases with an infinitive, just as können, müssen, werden, etc. (see Units 2, 3 & 9)• English has a similar verb phrase with a form of the verbs have or get and a participle.
         Lass dir auch die Haare	Get your hair cut, too. schneiden.
         Lassen Sie diesen Artikel	Have this article translated, please, doch bitte übersetzen.
Ich lasse heute nachmittag	I'm getting my shoes soled this
        meine Schuhe besohlen.	afternoon.
         Weisst du, wo Klaus seine	Do you know where Klaus has his suits
        Anzüge reinigen lässt?	cleaned?

D.	COMPLEX VERB PHRASES

     Most of the verb phrases encountered hitherto have consisted of two parts: an auxiliary verb and an infinitive (like the examples with lassen above) or a verb and an accented adverb (Hol1 mich um eins ab). Some examples of verb phrases containing both an accented adverb and an infinitive have also occurred (ich werde meinen Mantel anziehen). In this unit we now have an example of a verb phrase consisting of three parts:
Ich will deinen grauen Anzug	I want to have your grey suit cleaned.
           reinigen lassen.
     Here the auxiliary \/erb (will)has occurred together with a second auxiliary verb in the infinitive form (lassen) plus the infinitive (reinigen).
     Let us examine some additional examples of COMPLEX VERB PHRASES:
        Ich werde leider nicht vor	Unfortunately I won't be able to come
       acht Uhr kommen können.	before eight o'clock.
        Herr Schneider soli ausge-	Mr. Schneider is supposed to be an
        zeichnet Ski laufen können.	excellent skier.
        Ich werde spätestens um halb	I'11 have to leave at half past three
      vier abfahren müssen.	at the latest.
        Wollen Sie sich die Haare	Do you want to have your hair cut? schneiden lassen?
     Note that When two infinitives stand together in this way the auxiliary infinitive is always last.

E. DERIVATIVE NOUNS
 
    In German as in English a number of nouns can be formed from other words (verbs, adjectives, other nouns), usually by the addition of a noun-forming suffix. Examples are such words as print-ing, good-ness, friend-ship. practical-ity. The process is not indiscriminate or automatic, however, and only certain words lend themselves to it.
 
    1.	The simplest formation consists in the use of the infinitive as a noun. Note that it is always a das-noun. The English equivalent may be either the -ing form of the verb (used as a noun) or a related noun or in some cases a completely different word.
       essen	to eat	das Essen,-	food, meal
         einrichten	to arrange	das Einrichten the act of
                                                                    arranging
         aussehen	to look, appear das Aussehen	appearance
schreiben	to write	das Schreiben,- writing ( as a
                                                                         skill),
                                                                    official letter
wissen	to know	das Wissen	knowing (about
                                                                       something), knowledge
         Form nouns from the following infinitives and give their English equivalents:
        gehen rauchen können reinigen sprechen treffen leben denken
  
   2.	There are a number of examples of a die-word formed from a der-word by the addition of the suffix -in. These words all designate the feminine counterpart of the masculine word. Compare the English suffixes -ess and -lXi actr-ess. aviatr-ix.
         der Gemahl	husband	die Gemahlin,-nen	wife (very
              (very formal)	formal)
          der Sekretär secretary	die Sekretärin,-nen	secretary
        (man)	(woman)
der Freund	friend (man)	die Freundin,-nen	friend (woman)
           der Amerikaner American	die Amerikanerin,-nen	American
                                                                            (woman)

3« Die-words are formed from many infinitives by substitution of the suffix -unq for the ending -en.
besorgen	to attend to	die Besorgung,-en	errand
wohnen	to live,	die Wohnung,-en	apartment
                        dwell
bestellen	to order	die Bestellung,-en	the order
ordnen	to put in	die Ordnung	order,
       order	neatness
stellen	to put, place	die Stellung,-en	position
  Form nouns of this type from the following infinitives and give their English equivalents:
      stören verbinden verzeihen vorstellen zahlen bezahlen

4.	Der-words are formed from many infinitives by substituting the suffix -er for the ending -en. Notice that these nouns all designate persons.
  A very few words have umlaut of the stem vowel with this suffix.
arbeiten	to work	der Arbeiter,-	worker
mieten	to rent	der Mieter,-	tenant, lessee
     schreiben	to write	der Schreiber,-	clerk,scribe
      verkaufen	(") to sell	der Verkäufer,-	sales clerk
  Form nouns from the following infinitives and give their English equivalents:
besuchen denken fahren	finden	hören	kaufen ('')
laufen (") lesen rauchen trinken	übersetzen vermieten

5.	Die-words are formed from many adjectives by the addition of suffixes -heit or -keit. These suffixes thus work like English -ness, -ity, etc.
   a.	With suffix -heit:
schön	beautiful	die Schönheit,-en	beauty
rein	pure	die Reinheit,-en	purity
mehr	more	die Mehrheit,-en	majority
     Form nouns from the following adjectives and give their English equivalents:
berühmt	bestimmt	einfach	unbestimmt
   b.	With suffix -keit:
     ähnlich	similar	die Ähnlichkeit,-en similarity
     möglich	possible	die Möglichkeit,-en possibility
     richtig	correct	die Richtigkeit	correctness
     Form nouns from the following	adjectives and give their English equivalents:
gemütlich langsam	natürlich	sauber
wahrscheinlich wichtig	wirklich	zufällig

6.	Die-words are formed from certain other nouns by the addition of the suffix -schaft. This suffix works like English -hood and -ship.
  Some words have umlaut of the stem vowel with this suffix, and some nouns lose a final -e.
ZWEIHUNDERTDREIUNDNEUNZIG
    325-274 0-80-20
           der Bruder (’’) brother	die Brüderschaft,-en brotherhood
der Bote	messenger die Botschaft,-en	message;
                                                                    embassy
          der Herr	gentleman die Herrschaften (pl) ladies and
                                                                    gentlemen
der Ort	place	die Ortschaft,-en	locality
        Form nouns from the following nouns and give their English equivalents: Bekannte	Freund	Nachbar	Vater	Verwandte