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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"><head xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" profile=""><title>Notes on grammar</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/></head><body><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="d0e2301" shape="rect"/>Notes on grammar</h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">(For home study)</h2></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>The German Noun-Classification ('Gender') System.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>The three classes of nouns.</p><p><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Der</strong></span> Wein
  2. ist nicht gut.</em></span>
  3. <span class="bold"><strong>The</strong></span> wine isn't good.</p><p><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Das</strong></span> Bier
  4. ist gut.</em></span>
  5. <span class="bold"><strong>The</strong></span> beer is good.</p><p><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  6. <span class="bold"><strong>Die</strong></span> Milch ist auch gut.</em></span>
  7. <span class="bold"><strong>The</strong></span> milk is good too.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>German has three words for 'the': <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der</em></span></strong></span>, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> and
  8. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span></strong></span>; and German nouns can be divided into three
  9. classes according to which of the three words for 'the* they go with.
  10. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wein</em></span></strong></span> goes only with <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der</em></span></strong></span>, never
  11. with <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span>, never with <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span></strong></span>. Bier
  12. goes only with <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span>, and so on.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>We will refer to these three classes of nouns, for obvious reasons, as
  13. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der</em></span>-</strong></span>nouns, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span>-nouns and <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span>-</strong></span>nouns. (1 <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wein</em></span></em></span></strong></span> is <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der</em></span>-</strong></span>noun-' '<span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Hotel</em></span></em></span></strong></span> is a <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span>-</strong></span>noun.1)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The traditional statement about this phenomenon is: 'German nouns have
  14. three genders—masculine, feminine, and neuter.' we will not use this
  15. terminology because it tends to mislead English-speaking students by
  16. suggesting that the German noun classification has something to do with sex
  17. differentiation. It doesn't. See paragraph III.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Insofar as the <span class="bold"><strong>basic stock</strong></span> of German
  18. nouns is concerned (nouns like house, grass, sky, wine, beer, milk), there is
  19. absolutely no sense or rationale to the classification system; there is no way
  20. at all of anticipating which class any given noun belongs to. You must simply
  21. learn the word for 'the' as a part of the noun: the German word for 'wine1 is
  22. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der
  23. Wein</em></span></strong></span>. And you must practice saying <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der
  24. Wein</em></span></strong></span> often enough so that <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Wein</em></span></strong></span> or
  25. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die
  26. Wein</em></span></strong></span> sounds as wrong to you as 'The father of
  27. his country — Henry Washington.'</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Now, Henry Washington is a perfectly good name; but it's wrong, and every^
  28. American knows it's wrong. By the same token, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Wein</em></span></strong></span> is
  29. a perfectly good form; but it's wrong, and every German knows it's
  30. wrong.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>With <span class="bold"><strong>derivative</strong></span> nouns (that is, nouns
  31. made from other words, like our happiness, brother-hood) your problem is
  32. easier. The classification of German derivative nouns is fairly orderly and
  33. consistent. Nouns ending in -<span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">ung</em></span>, for example, are always <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span></strong></span>-nouns:
  34. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die
  35. Verzeihung</em></span></strong></span> 'the forgiveness, the pardon. And
  36. nouns ending with the diminutive suffixes -<span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lein</em></span> and -<span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>chen</strong></span></em></span> are always <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das-</em></span></strong></span>nouns: <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Fräulein</em></span></strong></span> 'the miss,
  37. waitress,'</p><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das
  38. Mädchen</em></span></strong></span> 'the little girl.' We will deal with
  39. the formation of the various kinds of derivative nouns as we go along through
  40. the units.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>But if the classification of derivative nouns is orderly and consistent,
  41. the classification of the basic stock of German nouns remains virtually
  42. chaotic. There really is no system at all for guessing Which class a noun
  43. belongs to; it's not something you can reason out or get the knack of. It is
  44. not the same as our <span class="bold"><strong>he-she-it</strong></span> system, as
  45. we'll see in. a minute. There is absolutely nothing in English like it. Your
  46. only solution is to use the nouns until you know them as well as you know
  47. 'George Washington.'</p></li></ol></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>Pronouns Corresponding to the Three Classes of Nouns.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col class="c1" span="1"/><col class="c2" span="1"/><col class="c3" span="1"/><col class="c4" span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist der
  48. Bahnof?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Er ist
  49. dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where is the station?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">It's there.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist das
  50. Hotel?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Es ist
  51. dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where is the hotel?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">It's there.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist die
  52. Botshaft?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Sie ist
  53. dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where is the embassy?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">It's there.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>As these examples show, there is a special <span class="bold"><strong>pronoun</strong></span> for each of the three classes of nouns. Notice the
  54. correspondence in the final sounds of the pairs <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der<span class="bold"><strong>-</strong></span>er</em></span>, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das-es</em></span></strong></span>,
  55. and <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>die-sie</strong></span></em></span>. This is no coincidence.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Contrast between German and English Pronoun Usage.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col class="c1" span="1"/><col class="c2" span="1"/><col class="c3" span="1"/><col class="c4" span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>der</strong></span> Bahnhof?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Er</strong></span>
  56. ist dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where is <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> station?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span class="bold"><strong>It's</strong></span> there.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>der</strong></span> Mann?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Er</strong></span>
  57. ist dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where's <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> man?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span class="bold"><strong>He's</strong></span> here.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>das</strong></span> Hotel?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Es</strong></span>
  58. ist dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where is <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> hotel?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span class="bold"><strong>It's</strong></span> there.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>das</strong></span> Kind?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Es</strong></span>
  59. ist dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where is <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> child?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><span class="bold"><strong>He's</strong></span> here.</p>
  60. <p><span class="bold"><strong>She's</strong></span> here</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" rowspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>die</strong></span> Botschaft?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Sie</strong></span> ist dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where is <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> embassy?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span class="bold"><strong>It's</strong></span> there.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>die</strong></span> Frau?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Sie</strong></span> ist dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where's <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> woman?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span class="bold"><strong>She's</strong></span> here.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>These examples show that the German pronouns <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">er</em></span>, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">sie</em></span></strong></span>, and es do not match up with the English
  61. pronouns 'he', 'she', and 'it'. The English <span class="bold"><strong>he-she-it</strong></span> system has an entirely different foundation from the
  62. German noun-classification ('gender') system. In the English system, the choice of
  63. pronoun depends upon the sex (male, female, or sexless) of some non-linguistic
  64. entity—a man ('he'), a woman ('she'), or a table ('it'). In the German system, on
  65. the other hand, the choice of pronoun depends upon the linguistic classification
  66. of the noun you are replacing, except in reference to human beings.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Pronouns Referring to People.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" border="1"><colgroup span="1"><col class="c1" span="1"/><col class="c2" span="1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist das
  67. Fraülein?</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where is the waitress?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Sie ist
  68. dort.</em></span></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">She's there.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> Since all German nouns referring to men are <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>der</strong></span></em></span><span class="bold"><strong>-nouns</strong></span> and virtually all German nouns referring to women
  69. are <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span></strong></span>-nouns. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">er</em></span></strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">sie</em></span></strong></span> correspond
  70. to 'he' and 'she' — when they refer to <span class="bold"><strong>human
  71. beings</strong></span>. Consequently, one says <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">sie</em></span></strong></span> when referring to <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das
  72. Fräulein</em></span></strong></span>. Who is, after all, die lunge Dame 'the
  73. young lady',<span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> die
  74. Tochte</em></span></strong></span>r 'the daughter', <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die Schwester</em></span></strong></span>
  75. 'the sister', and so on, as well as <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Fräulein</em></span></strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>No classification in the Plural.</p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="25%" span="1"/><col width="25%" span="1"/><col width="25%" span="1"/><col width="25%" span="1"/><tr valign="top">
  76. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wo
  77. sind die Bahnhöfe? </em></span></td>
  78. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sie
  79. sind hier. </em></span></td>
  80. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where are the stations?</td>
  81. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">They're here.</td>
  82. </tr><tr valign="top">
  83. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wo
  84. sind die Hotels? </em></span></td>
  85. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sie
  86. sind hier. </em></span></td>
  87. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where are the hotels?</td>
  88. <td align="justify" rowspan="1" colspan="1">They're here.</td>
  89. </tr><tr valign="top">
  90. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wo
  91. sind die Frauen? </em></span></td>
  92. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sie
  93. sind hier. </em></span></td>
  94. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Where are the women?</td>
  95. <td align="justify" rowspan="1" colspan="1">They're here.</td>
  96. </tr></table></div><p>As these examples show, the three-fold classification we've been discussing
  97. applies only to nouns in the singular. In the plural, there is only one word for
  98. 'the', and only one pronoun.</p></li></ol></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The pointing-Word <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="50%" span="1"/><col width="50%" span="1"/><tr valign="top">
  99. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Das ist
  100. der Bahnhof, nicht wahr? </em></span></td>
  101. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This is the station, isn't it?</td>
  102. </tr><tr valign="top">
  103. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Ja, das
  104. ist er. </em></span></td>
  105. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes, that's it.</td>
  106. </tr><tr valign="top">
  107. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Ist das
  108. die Milch? </em></span></td>
  109. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is that the milk?</td>
  110. </tr><tr valign="top">
  111. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Das ist
  112. Wasser. </em></span></td>
  113. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This is water.</td>
  114. </tr><tr valign="top">
  115. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sind das
  116. die Streichhölzer? </em></span></td>
  117. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are these the matches?</td>
  118. </tr><tr valign="top">
  119. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Das sind
  120. die Zigarren. </em></span></td>
  121. <td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Those are the cigars.</td>
  122. </tr></table></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist"><li class="listitem"><p>The pointing-word <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> (often accompanied by a pointing gesture) is
  123. used to call any <span class="bold"><strong>object</strong></span> or <span class="bold"><strong>group of objects</strong></span> to the hearer's attention, without any reference to
  124. noun classification or to the number of objects.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The pointing-word <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> is an entirely different entity from the
  125. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> of <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Hotel</em></span></strong></span>. The English equivalents
  126. of the pointing-word <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> are 'this', <span class="bold"><strong>'that',
  127. 'these', and 'those'.</strong></span></p></li></ol></div></li></ol></div></div></body></html>