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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Notes on pronunciation</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch01.xhtml" title="Chapter 1. Unit 1"/><link rel="next" href="ch01s03.xhtml" title="Notes on grammar"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="Notes on pronunciation" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e1790"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Notes on pronunciation</h2></div></div></div><p>The spelling of a language only symbolizes to the native speaker the sounds Which he
  2. already knows. You will learn these sounds directly from your instructor; the spelling will
  3. serve as an aid to listening. No spelling system adequately represents the sounds of the
  4. spoken language, and no attempt will be made at this point to outline exactly what sounds
  5. are represented by what symbols of the German spelling system. We will however present for
  6. particular drill and attention in each unit certain sounds which have shown themselves to be
  7. difficult for speakers of American English. In the meantime we ask you to remember two
  8. cardinal points:</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The German of your text is printed in the standard German written style.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The letter-symbols used, although in most cases the same symbols we use in written
  9. English, in most cases do not represent exactly the same sounds we use in English.
  10. Therefore, DO NOT EXPECT GERMAN WRITTEN SYMBOLS TO REPRESENT SOUND VALUES YOU KNOW IN
  11. ENGLISH.</p></li></ol></div><p>Pronunciation Practices. To be drilled in class.</p><div class="variablelist" epub:type="list"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">A. Short Vowels</span></dt><dd><p>The German short vowels i,e,a and u are not dissimilar from English sounds. The
  12. o, however, is probably different from any sound that you have in English. Do not
  13. try to replace it by a sound from English, but rather reproduce the pronunciation of
  14. your instructor. The German front rounded vowels ö and ü do not occur in English. To
  15. produce the ö, put your tongue in the position for the German e and round your lips;
  16. for ü, put your tongue in the position for the German i and round your lips. You
  17. will then produce a sound similar to the German sound. Experiment until your
  18. instructor is satisfied with your pronunciation. Do not worry about the meaning of
  19. the words in these practices. Concentrate instead on the sounds.</p><div class="informaltable"><table><col style="width: 20%; "/><col style="width: 20%; "/><col style="width: 20%; "/><col style="width: 20%; "/><col style="width: 20%; "/><thead><tr>
  20. <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; " colspan="5">Practice l(a)</td>
  21. </tr></thead><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  22. <td style="text-align: center; "><span class="bold"><strong> Short i
  23. </strong></span></td>
  24. <td style="text-align: center; "><span class="bold"><strong> Short
  25. e</strong></span></td>
  26. <td style="text-align: center; "><span class="bold"><strong> Short
  27. a</strong></span></td>
  28. <td style="text-align: center; "><span class="bold"><strong> Short
  29. o</strong></span></td>
  30. <td style="text-align: center; "><span class="bold"><strong> Short u
  31. </strong></span></td>
  32. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  33. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">bitte</em></span></td>
  34. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> denn
  35. </em></span></td>
  36. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> das
  37. </em></span></td>
  38. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  39. kostet </em></span></td>
  40. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> muss
  41. </em></span></td>
  42. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  43. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> ist
  44. </em></span></td>
  45. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  46. essen </em></span></td>
  47. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Mann
  48. </em></span></td>
  49. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  50. Sonne </em></span></td>
  51. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  52. Mutter </em></span></td>
  53. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  54. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> in
  55. </em></span></td>
  56. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  57. etwas </em></span></td>
  58. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> an
  59. </em></span></td>
  60. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  61. Doktor </em></span></td>
  62. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> und
  63. </em></span></td>
  64. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  65. <td style="text-align: center; "><span class="bold"><strong> Short ö
  66. </strong></span></td>
  67. <td style="text-align: center; "><span class="bold"><strong> Short
  68. ü</strong></span></td>
  69. <td/>
  70. <td/>
  71. <td style="text-align: center; "><span class="bold"><strong> - e (unstressed)
  72. </strong></span></td>
  73. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  74. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  75. können </em></span></td>
  76. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  77. Mütter </em></span></td>
  78. <td/>
  79. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  80. bitte </em></span></td>
  81. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  82. genug </em></span></td>
  83. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  84. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  85. möchte </em></span></td>
  86. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> fünf
  87. </em></span></td>
  88. <td/>
  89. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  90. danke </em></span></td>
  91. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  92. gesehen </em></span></td>
  93. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  94. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  95. öfter </em></span></td>
  96. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  97. Hütte </em></span></td>
  98. <td/>
  99. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  100. Sonne </em></span></td>
  101. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
  102. bekommen </em></span></td>
  103. </tr></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table><col style="width: 50%; "/><col style="width: 50%; "/><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  104. <td style="text-align: left; ">Practice 1(b)</td>
  105. <td/>
  106. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  107. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">mit</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Mütter</em></span></td>
  108. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">kennen</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">können</em></span></td>
  109. </tr><tr style="vertical-align: top; ">
  110. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">missen</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">müssen</em></span></td>
  111. <td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">stecke</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Stöcke</em></span></td>
  112. </tr></table></div></dd><dt><span class="term">B. Long Vowels</span></dt><dd><p>There are no sounds in English exactly like the German long vowels. If you will
  113. pronounce English gate and then ask your instructor to pronounce German <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">geht</em></span></strong></span>, you
  114. will notice that the English vowel sound seems to change during its pronunciation,
  115. but the German sound seems tense and stable throughout its duration. Your tongue
  116. actually moves during the production of the English vowel sound, but during the
  117. production of the German sound the tongue remains in the same position. The long ö
  118. and ü are formed approximately like short ö and ü. Pronounce German long e and round
  119. your lips to form ö , and pronounce German long i and round your lips to form
  120. ü</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 2(a)</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col style="width: 12.5%; "/><col style="width: 12.5%; "/><col style="width: 12.5%; "/><col style="width: 12.5%; "/><col style="width: 12.5%; "/><col style="width: 12.5%; "/><col style="width: 12.5%; "/><col style="width: 12.5%; "/><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  121. <td>Long</td>
  122. <td>i</td>
  123. <td>e</td>
  124. <td>a</td>
  125. <td>o</td>
  126. <td>u</td>
  127. <td>ö</td>
  128. <td>ü</td>
  129. </tr><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  130. <td/>
  131. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> wie
  132. </em></span></td>
  133. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> geht
  134. </em></span></td>
  135. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tag
  136. </em></span></td>
  137. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sohn
  138. </em></span></td>
  139. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> gut
  140. </em></span></td>
  141. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> König
  142. </em></span></td>
  143. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> für
  144. </em></span></td>
  145. </tr><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  146. <td/>
  147. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> ihnen
  148. </em></span></td>
  149. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tee
  150. </em></span></td>
  151. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Abend
  152. </em></span></td>
  153. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> oder
  154. </em></span></td>
  155. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> du
  156. </em></span></td>
  157. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> schön
  158. </em></span></td>
  159. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tür
  160. </em></span></td>
  161. </tr><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  162. <td/>
  163. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> viel
  164. </em></span></td>
  165. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> den
  166. </em></span></td>
  167. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Bahn
  168. </em></span></td>
  169. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> wo
  170. </em></span></td>
  171. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Flug
  172. </em></span></td>
  173. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> öde
  174. </em></span></td>
  175. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">über
  176. </em></span></td>
  177. </tr></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 2(b)</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col style="width: 50%; "/><col style="width: 50%; "/><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  178. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">vier</em></span>
  179. - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">für</em></span></td>
  180. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lesen</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lösen</em></span></td>
  181. </tr><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  182. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Tier</em></span>
  183. - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Tür</em></span></td>
  184. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Sehne</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Söhne</em></span></td>
  185. </tr></table></div></dd><dt><span class="term">C.</span></dt><dd><p><span class="bold"><strong>Distinguishing Long and Short Vowels</strong></span></p><p>It is NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE to distinguish long and short vowels in written
  186. German, as the German spelling system does not consistently mark them as such. Your
  187. best guide to the pronunciation of any given word is the way your native instructor
  188. pronounces it. However, a few hints can be given which will help you to recognize
  189. them <span class="bold"><strong>most</strong></span> of the time. If you look back at the
  190. practice lists above you will see that the short vowels in <span class="bold"><strong>most</strong></span> cases are followed by two or more consonants and they are always
  191. written with a single letter symbol. Then note that the long vowels are <span class="bold"><strong>not always</strong></span> written with a single letter symbol and usually
  192. are followed by only one consonant. The following combinations of letters always
  193. designate long vowels: ie, ih - eh, ee - ah, aa - oh, oo - uh - öh - üh</p></dd><dt><span class="term">D.</span></dt><dd><p><span class="bold"><strong>Diphthongs</strong></span></p><p>These combinations of two vowel sounds in German are very similar, though not
  194. identical to certain vowel combinations in English.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 3</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col style="width: 33%; "/><col style="width: 33%; "/><col style="width: 33%; "/><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  195. <td>ei</td>
  196. <td>au</td>
  197. <td>eu (äu)</td>
  198. </tr><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  199. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> nein
  200. </em></span></td>
  201. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> auch
  202. </em></span></td>
  203. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> deutsch
  204. </em></span></td>
  205. </tr><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  206. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> eins
  207. </em></span></td>
  208. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tau
  209. </em></span></td>
  210. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> neun
  211. </em></span></td>
  212. </tr><tr style="text-align: center; ">
  213. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wein
  214. </em></span></td>
  215. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Laut
  216. </em></span></td>
  217. <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> läute
  218. </em></span></td>
  219. </tr></table></div></dd></dl></div></section><footer/></body></html>