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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
    2. 

  2. <!DOCTYPE html
    3. 

  3.   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
    4. 

  4. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Notes on pronunciation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="home" href="index.xhtml" title="GERMAN Basic Course"/><link rel="up" href="ch01.xhtml" title="Chapter 1. Unit 1"/><link rel="prev" href="ch01.xhtml" title="Chapter 1. Unit 1"/><link rel="next" href="ch01s03.xhtml" title="Notes on grammar"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Notes on pronunciation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Unit 1</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="d5e820"/>Notes on pronunciation</h2></div></div></div><p>The spelling of a language only symbolizes to the native speaker the sounds Which he
    5. 

  5.         already knows. You will learn these sounds directly from your instructor; the spelling will
    6. 

  6.         serve as an aid to listening. No spelling system adequately represents the sounds of the
    7. 

  7.         spoken language, and no attempt will be made at this point to outline exactly what sounds
    8. 

  8.         are represented by what symbols of the German spelling system. We will however present for
    9. 

  9.         particular drill and attention in each unit certain sounds which have shown themselves to be
    10. 

  10.         difficult for speakers of American English. In the meantime we ask you to remember two
    11. 

  11.         cardinal points:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>The German of your text is printed in the standard German written style.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The letter-symbols used, although in most cases the same symbols we use in written
    12. 

  12.               English, in most cases do not represent exactly the same sounds we use in English.
    13. 

  13.               Therefore, DO NOT EXPECT GERMAN WRITTEN SYMBOLS TO REPRESENT SOUND VALUES YOU KNOW IN
    14. 

  14.               ENGLISH.</p></li></ol></div><p>Pronunciation Practices. To be drilled in class.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">A. Short Vowels</span></dt><dd><p>The German short vowels i,e,a and u are not dissimilar from English sounds. The
    15. 

  15.                 o, however, is probably different from any sound that you have in English. Do not
    16. 

  16.                 try to replace it by a sound from English, but rather reproduce the pronunciation of
    17. 

  17.                 your instructor. The German front rounded vowels ö and ü do not occur in English. To
    18. 

  18.                 produce the ö, put your tongue in the position for the German e and round your lips;
    19. 

  19.                 for ü, put your tongue in the position for the German i and round your lips. You
    20. 

  20.                 will then produce a sound similar to the German sound. Experiment until your
    21. 

  21.                 instructor is satisfied with your pronunciation. Do not worry about the meaning of
    22. 

  22.                 the words in these practices. Concentrate instead on the sounds.</p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><thead><tr>
    23. 

  23.                     <td align="center" colspan="5" valign="top">Practice l(a)</td>
    24. 

  24.                   </tr></thead><tr valign="top">
    25. 

  25.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short i
    26. 

  26.                     </strong></span></td>
    27. 

  27. 

  28.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short
    29. 

  29.                       e</strong></span></td>
    30. 

  30. 

  31.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short
    32. 

  32.                       a</strong></span></td>
    33. 

  33. 

  34.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short
    35. 

  35.                       o</strong></span></td>
    36. 

  36. 

  37.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short u
    38. 

  38.                     </strong></span></td>
    39. 

  39.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    40. 

  40.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">bitte</em></span></td>
    41. 

  41. 

  42.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> denn
    43. 

  43.                     </em></span></td>
    44. 

  44. 

  45.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> das
    46. 

  46.                     </em></span></td>
    47. 

  47. 

  48.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    49. 

  49.                       kostet </em></span></td>
    50. 

  50. 

  51.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> muss
    52. 

  52.                     </em></span></td>
    53. 

  53.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    54. 

  54.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> ist
    55. 

  55.                     </em></span></td>
    56. 

  56. 

  57.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    58. 

  58.                       essen </em></span></td>
    59. 

  59. 

  60.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Mann
    61. 

  61.                     </em></span></td>
    62. 

  62. 

  63.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    64. 

  64.                       Sonne </em></span></td>
    65. 

  65. 

  66.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    67. 

  67.                       Mutter </em></span></td>
    68. 

  68.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    69. 

  69.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> in
    70. 

  70.                     </em></span></td>
    71. 

  71. 

  72.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    73. 

  73.                       etwas </em></span></td>
    74. 

  74. 

  75.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> an
    76. 

  76.                     </em></span></td>
    77. 

  77. 

  78.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    79. 

  79.                       Doktor </em></span></td>
    80. 

  80. 

  81.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> und
    82. 

  82.                     </em></span></td>
    83. 

  83.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    84. 

  84.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short ö
    85. 

  85.                     </strong></span></td>
    86. 

  86. 

  87.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short
    88. 

  88.                       ü</strong></span></td>
    89. 

  89. 

  90.                   <td/>
    91. 

  91. 

  92.                   <td/>
    93. 

  93. 

  94.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> - e (unstressed)
    95. 

  95.                     </strong></span></td>
    96. 

  96.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    97. 

  97.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    98. 

  98.                       können </em></span></td>
    99. 

  99. 

  100.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    101. 

  101.                       Mütter </em></span></td>
    102. 

  102. 

  103.                   <td/>
    104. 

  104. 

  105.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    106. 

  106.                       bitte </em></span></td>
    107. 

  107. 

  108.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    109. 

  109.                       genug </em></span></td>
    110. 

  110.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    111. 

  111.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    112. 

  112.                       möchte </em></span></td>
    113. 

  113. 

  114.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> fünf
    115. 

  115.                     </em></span></td>
    116. 

  116. 

  117.                   <td/>
    118. 

  118. 

  119.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    120. 

  120.                       danke </em></span></td>
    121. 

  121. 

  122.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    123. 

  123.                       gesehen </em></span></td>
    124. 

  124.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    125. 

  125.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    126. 

  126.                       öfter </em></span></td>
    127. 

  127. 

  128.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    129. 

  129.                       Hütte </em></span></td>
    130. 

  130. 

  131.                   <td/>
    132. 

  132. 

  133.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    134. 

  134.                       Sonne </em></span></td>
    135. 

  135. 

  136.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    137. 

  137.                       bekommen </em></span></td>
    138. 

  138.                 </tr></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="50%"/><col width="50%"/><tr valign="top">
    139. 

  139.                   <td align="left">Practice 1(b)</td>
    140. 

  140. 

  141.                   <td/>
    142. 

  142.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    143. 

  143.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">mit</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Mütter</em></span></td>
    144. 

  144. 

  145.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">kennen</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">können</em></span></td>
    146. 

  146.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    147. 

  147.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">missen</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">müssen</em></span></td>
    148. 

  148. 

  149.                   <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">stecke</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Stöcke</em></span></td>
    150. 

  150.                 </tr></table></div></dd><dt><span class="term">B. Long Vowels</span></dt><dd><p>There are no sounds in English exactly like the German long vowels. If you will
    151. 

  151.                 pronounce English gate and then ask your instructor to pronounce German <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">geht</em></span></strong></span>, you
    152. 

  152.                 will notice that the English vowel sound seems to change during its pronunciation,
    153. 

  153.                 but the German sound seems tense and stable throughout its duration. Your tongue
    154. 

  154.                 actually moves during the production of the English vowel sound, but during the
    155. 

  155.                 production of the German sound the tongue remains in the same position. The long ö
    156. 

  156.                 and ü are formed approximately like short ö and ü. Pronounce German long e and round
    157. 

  157.                 your lips to form ö , and pronounce German long i and round your lips to form
    158. 

  158.                 ü</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 2(a)</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><tr align="center">
    159. 

  159.                   <td>Long</td>
    160. 

  160. 

  161.                   <td>i</td>
    162. 

  162. 

  163.                   <td>e</td>
    164. 

  164. 

  165.                   <td>a</td>
    166. 

  166. 

  167.                   <td>o</td>
    168. 

  168. 

  169.                   <td>u</td>
    170. 

  170. 

  171.                   <td>ö</td>
    172. 

  172. 

  173.                   <td>ü</td>
    174. 

  174.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    175. 

  175.                   <td/>
    176. 

  176. 

  177.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> wie
    178. 

  178.                     </em></span></td>
    179. 

  179. 

  180.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> geht
    181. 

  181.                     </em></span></td>
    182. 

  182. 

  183.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tag
    184. 

  184.                     </em></span></td>
    185. 

  185. 

  186.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sohn
    187. 

  187.                     </em></span></td>
    188. 

  188. 

  189.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> gut
    190. 

  190.                     </em></span></td>
    191. 

  191. 

  192.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> König
    193. 

  193.                     </em></span></td>
    194. 

  194. 

  195.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> für
    196. 

  196.                     </em></span></td>
    197. 

  197.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    198. 

  198.                   <td/>
    199. 

  199. 

  200.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> ihnen
    201. 

  201.                     </em></span></td>
    202. 

  202. 

  203.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tee
    204. 

  204.                     </em></span></td>
    205. 

  205. 

  206.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Abend
    207. 

  207.                     </em></span></td>
    208. 

  208. 

  209.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> oder
    210. 

  210.                     </em></span></td>
    211. 

  211. 

  212.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> du
    213. 

  213.                     </em></span></td>
    214. 

  214. 

  215.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> schön
    216. 

  216.                     </em></span></td>
    217. 

  217. 

  218.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tür
    219. 

  219.                     </em></span></td>
    220. 

  220.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    221. 

  221.                   <td/>
    222. 

  222. 

  223.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> viel
    224. 

  224.                     </em></span></td>
    225. 

  225. 

  226.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> den
    227. 

  227.                     </em></span></td>
    228. 

  228. 

  229.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Bahn
    230. 

  230.                     </em></span></td>
    231. 

  231. 

  232.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> wo
    233. 

  233.                     </em></span></td>
    234. 

  234. 

  235.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Flug
    236. 

  236.                     </em></span></td>
    237. 

  237. 

  238.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> öde
    239. 

  239.                     </em></span></td>
    240. 

  240. 

  241.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">über
    242. 

  242.                     </em></span></td>
    243. 

  243.                 </tr></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 2(b)</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="50%"/><col width="50%"/><tr align="center">
    244. 

  244.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">vier</em></span>
    245. 

  245.                     - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">für</em></span></td>
    246. 

  246. 

  247.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lesen</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lösen</em></span></td>
    248. 

  248.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    249. 

  249.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Tier</em></span>
    250. 

  250.                     - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Tür</em></span></td>
    251. 

  251. 

  252.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Sehne</em></span> - <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Söhne</em></span></td>
    253. 

  253.                 </tr></table></div></dd><dt><span class="term">C.</span></dt><dd><p><span class="bold"><strong>Distinguishing Long and Short Vowels</strong></span></p><p>It is NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE to distinguish long and short vowels in written
    254. 

  254.                 German, as the German spelling system does not consistently mark them as such. Your
    255. 

  255.                 best guide to the pronunciation of any given word is the way your native instructor
    256. 

  256.                 pronounces it. However, a few hints can be given which will help you to recognize
    257. 

  257.                 them <span class="bold"><strong>most</strong></span> of the time. If you look back at the
    258. 

  258.                 practice lists above you will see that the short vowels in <span class="bold"><strong>most</strong></span> cases are followed by two or more consonants and they are always
    259. 

  259.                 written with a single letter symbol. Then note that the long vowels are <span class="bold"><strong>not always</strong></span> written with a single letter symbol and usually
    260. 

  260.                 are followed by only one consonant. The following combinations of letters always
    261. 

  261.                 designate long vowels: ie, ih - eh, ee - ah, aa - oh, oo - uh - öh - üh</p></dd><dt><span class="term">D.</span></dt><dd><p><span class="bold"><strong>Diphthongs</strong></span></p><p>These combinations of two vowel sounds in German are very similar, though not
    262. 

  262.                 identical to certain vowel combinations in English.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 3</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="33%"/><col width="33%"/><col width="33%"/><tr align="center">
    263. 

  263.                   <td>ei</td>
    264. 

  264. 

  265.                   <td>au</td>
    266. 

  266. 

  267.                   <td>eu (äu)</td>
    268. 

  268.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    269. 

  269.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> nein
    270. 

  270.                     </em></span></td>
    271. 

  271. 

  272.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> auch
    273. 

  273.                     </em></span></td>
    274. 

  274. 

  275.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> deutsch
    276. 

  276.                     </em></span></td>
    277. 

  277.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    278. 

  278.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> eins
    279. 

  279.                     </em></span></td>
    280. 

  280. 

  281.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tau
    282. 

  282.                     </em></span></td>
    283. 

  283. 

  284.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> neun
    285. 

  285.                     </em></span></td>
    286. 

  286.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    287. 

  287.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wein
    288. 

  288.                     </em></span></td>
    289. 

  289. 

  290.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Laut
    291. 

  291.                     </em></span></td>
    292. 

  292. 

  293.                   <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> läute
    294. 

  294.                     </em></span></td>
    295. 

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    296.