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- <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Notes on pronunciation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1"/><link rel="home" href="index.xhtml" title="GERMAN Basic Course"/><link rel="up" href="ch01.xhtml" title="Chapter 1. Unit 1"/><link rel="prev" href="ch01.xhtml" title="Chapter 1. Unit 1"/><link rel="next" href="ch01s03.xhtml" title="Notes on grammar"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Notes on pronunciation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Unit 1</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="section" title="Notes on pronunciation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="d5e819"/>Notes on pronunciation</h2></div></div></div><p> The spelling of a language only symbolizes to the native speaker the sounds Which
- he already knows. You will learn these sounds directly from your instructor; the
- spelling will serve as an aid to listening. No spelling system adequately represents
- the sounds of the spoken language, and no attempt will be made at this point to
- outline exactly what sounds are represented by what symbols of the German spelling
- system. We will however present for particular drill and attention in each unit
- certain sounds which have shown themselves to be difficult for speakers of American
- English. In the meantime we ask you to remember two cardinal points:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p> The German of your text is printed in the standard German written
- style.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> The letter-symbols used, although in most cases the same symbols we
- use in written English, in most cases do not represent exactly the same
- sounds we use in English. Therefore, DO NOT EXPECT GERMAN WRITTEN
- SYMBOLS TO REPRESENT SOUND VALUES YOU KNOW IN ENGLISH.</p></li></ol></div><p> Pronunciation Practices. To be drilled in class.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">A. Short Vowels</span></dt><dd><p> The German short vowels i,e,a and u are not dissimilar from
- English sounds. The o, however, is probably different from any sound
- that you have in English. Do not try to replace it by a sound from
- English, but rather reproduce the pronunciation of your instructor.
- The German front rounded vowels ö and ü do not occur in English. To
- produce the ö, put your tongue in the position for the German e and
- round your lips; for ü, put your tongue in the position for the
- German i and round your lips. You will then produce a sound similar
- to the German sound. Experiment until your instructor is satisfied
- with your pronunciation. Do not worry about the meaning of the words
- in these practices. Concentrate instead on the sounds.</p><table id="d5e833"><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><col width="20%"/><tr>
- <td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"> Practice
- l(a) </td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short i </strong></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short e</strong></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short a</strong></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short o</strong></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short u </strong></span></td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center">
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">bitte</em></span>
- </td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> denn </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> das </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> kostet </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> muss </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> ist </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> essen </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Mann </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sonne </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Mutter </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> in </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> etwas </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> an </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Doktor </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> und </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short ö </strong></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short ü</strong></span></td>
- <td> </td>
- <td> </td>
- <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> - e (unstressed) </strong></span></td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> können </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Mütter </em></span></td>
- <td> </td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> bitte </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> genug </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> möchte </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> fünf </em></span></td>
- <td> </td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> danke </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> gesehen </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> öfter </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Hütte </em></span></td>
- <td> </td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sonne </em></span></td>
- <td align="center"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> bekommen </em></span></td>
- </tr></table><table id="d5e924"><col width="50%"/><col width="50%"/><tr valign="top">
- <td align="left"> Practice 1(b) </td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center">
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">mit</em></span> -
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Mütter</em></span>
- </td>
- <td align="center">
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">kennen</em></span> -
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">können</em></span>
- </td>
- </tr><tr valign="top">
- <td align="center">
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">missen</em></span> -
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">müssen</em></span>
- </td>
- <td align="center">
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">stecke</em></span> -
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Stöcke</em></span>
- </td>
- </tr></table></dd><dt><span class="term">B. Long Vowels</span></dt><dd><p> There are no sounds in English exactly like the German long
- vowels. If you will pronounce English gate and then ask your
- instructor to pronounce German <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">geht</em></span></strong></span>, you will
- notice that the English vowel sound seems to change during its
- pronunciation, but the German sound seems tense and stable
- throughout its duration. Your tongue actually moves during the
- production of the English vowel sound, but during the production of
- the German sound the tongue remains in the same position. The long ö
- and ü are formed approximately like short ö and ü. Pronounce German
- long e and round your lips to form ö , and pronounce German long i
- and round your lips to form ü </p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 2(a)</strong></span></p><table id="d5e952"><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><col width="12.5%"/><tr align="center">
- <td> Long </td>
- <td> i </td>
- <td> e</td>
- <td> a </td>
- <td> o</td>
- <td> u </td>
- <td> ö </td>
- <td> ü </td>
- </tr><tr align="center">
- <td> </td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- wie </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- geht </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Tag </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Sohn </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- gut </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- König </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- für </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr align="center">
- <td> </td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- ihnen </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Tee </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Abend </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- oder </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- du </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- schön </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Tür </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr align="center">
- <td> </td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- viel </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- den </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Bahn </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- wo </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Flug </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- öde </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">über </em></span></td>
- </tr></table><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 2(b)</strong></span></p><table id="d5e1020"><col width="50%"/><col width="50%"/><tr align="center">
- <td>
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">vier</em></span> -
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">für</em></span>
- </td>
- <td>
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lesen</em></span> -
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lösen</em></span>
- </td>
- </tr><tr align="center">
- <td>
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Tier</em></span> -
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Tür</em></span>
- </td>
- <td>
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Sehne</em></span> -
- <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Söhne</em></span>
- </td>
- </tr></table></dd><dt><span class="term">C. </span></dt><dd><p><span class="bold"><strong>Distinguishing Long and Short
- Vowels</strong></span></p><p> It is NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE to distinguish long and short vowels in
- written German, as the German spelling system does not consistently
- mark them as such. Your best guide to the pronunciation of any given
- word is the way your native instructor pronounces it. However, a few
- hints can be given which will help you to recognize them <span class="bold"><strong>most</strong></span> of the time. If you look back at the
- practice lists above you will see that the short vowels in <span class="bold"><strong>most</strong></span> cases are followed by two or more
- consonants and they are always written with a single letter symbol.
- Then note that the long vowels are <span class="bold"><strong>not
- always</strong></span> written with a single letter symbol and
- usually are followed by only one consonant. The following
- combinations of letters always designate long vowels: ie, ih - eh,
- ee - ah, aa - oh, oo - uh - öh - üh </p></dd><dt><span class="term">D. </span></dt><dd><p><span class="bold"><strong>Diphthongs</strong></span></p><p>These combinations of two vowel sounds in German are very similar,
- though not identical to certain vowel combinations in
- English.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 3</strong></span></p><table id="d5e1054"><col width="33%"/><col width="33%"/><col width="33%"/><tr align="center">
- <td> ei </td>
- <td> au </td>
- <td> eu (äu) </td>
- </tr><tr align="center">
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- nein </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- auch </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- deutsch </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr align="center">
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- eins </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Tau </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- neun </em></span></td>
- </tr><tr align="center">
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Wein </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- Laut </em></span></td>
- <td><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
- läute </em></span></td>
- </tr></table></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch01.xhtml">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 1. Unit 1 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.xhtml">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Notes on grammar</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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