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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Notes on grammar</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch01s02.xhtml" title="Notes on pronunciation"/><link rel="next" href="ch01s04.xhtml" title="Substitution drill."/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="Notes on grammar" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e2301"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Notes on grammar</h2></div><div><h3 class="subtitle">(For home study)</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="A"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The German Noun-Classification ('Gender') System.</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="I"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The three classes of nouns.</p><p><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Der</strong></span> Wein
    2. 

  2.                     ist nicht gut.</em></span>
    3. 

  3.                   <span class="bold"><strong>The</strong></span> wine isn't good.</p><p><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Das</strong></span> Bier
    4. 

  4.                     ist gut.</em></span>
    5. 

  5.                   <span class="bold"><strong>The</strong></span> beer is good.</p><p><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    6. 

  6.                     <span class="bold"><strong>Die</strong></span> Milch ist auch gut.</em></span>
    7. 

  7.                   <span class="bold"><strong>The</strong></span> milk is good too.</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>German has three words for 'the': <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der</em></span></strong></span>, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> and
    8. 

  8.                         <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span></strong></span>; and German nouns can be divided into three
    9. 

  9.                       classes according to which of the three words for 'the* they go with.
    10. 

  10.                         <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wein</em></span></strong></span> goes only with <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der</em></span></strong></span>, never
    11. 

  11.                       with <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span>, never with <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span></strong></span>. Bier
    12. 

  12.                       goes only with <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span>, and so on.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>We will refer to these three classes of nouns, for obvious reasons, as
    13. 

  13.                         <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der</em></span>-</strong></span>nouns, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span>-nouns and <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span>-</strong></span>nouns. (1 <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wein</em></span></em></span></strong></span> is <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der</em></span>-</strong></span>noun-' '<span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Hotel</em></span></em></span></strong></span> is a <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span>-</strong></span>noun.1)</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The traditional statement about this phenomenon is: 'German nouns have
    14. 

  14.                       three genders—masculine, feminine, and neuter.' we will not use this
    15. 

  15.                       terminology because it tends to mislead English-speaking students by
    16. 

  16.                       suggesting that the German noun classification has something to do with sex
    17. 

  17.                       differentiation. It doesn't. See paragraph III.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Insofar as the <span class="bold"><strong>basic stock</strong></span> of German
    18. 

  18.                       nouns is concerned (nouns like house, grass, sky, wine, beer, milk), there is
    19. 

  19.                       absolutely no sense or rationale to the classification system; there is no way
    20. 

  20.                       at all of anticipating which class any given noun belongs to. You must simply
    21. 

  21.                       learn the word for 'the' as a part of the noun: the German word for 'wine1 is
    22. 

  22.                         <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der
    23. 

  23.                           Wein</em></span></strong></span>. And you must practice saying <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der
    24. 

  24.                         Wein</em></span></strong></span> often enough so that <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Wein</em></span></strong></span> or
    25. 

  25.                         <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die
    26. 

  26.                           Wein</em></span></strong></span> sounds as wrong to you as 'The father of
    27. 

  27.                       his country — Henry Washington.'</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Now, Henry Washington is a perfectly good name; but it's wrong, and every^
    28. 

  28.                       American knows it's wrong. By the same token, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Wein</em></span></strong></span> is
    29. 

  29.                       a perfectly good form; but it's wrong, and every German knows it's
    30. 

  30.                       wrong.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>With <span class="bold"><strong>derivative</strong></span> nouns (that is, nouns
    31. 

  31.                       made from other words, like our happiness, brother-hood) your problem is
    32. 

  32.                       easier. The classification of German derivative nouns is fairly orderly and
    33. 

  33.                       consistent. Nouns ending in -<span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">ung</em></span>, for example, are always <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span></strong></span>-nouns:
    34. 

  34.                         <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die
    35. 

  35.                           Verzeihung</em></span></strong></span> 'the forgiveness, the pardon. And
    36. 

  36.                       nouns ending with the diminutive suffixes -<span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lein</em></span> and -<span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>chen</strong></span></em></span> are always <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das-</em></span></strong></span>nouns: <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Fräulein</em></span></strong></span> 'the miss,
    37. 

  37.                       waitress,'</p><p><span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das
    38. 

  38.                           Mädchen</em></span></strong></span> 'the little girl.' We will deal with
    39. 

  39.                       the formation of the various kinds of derivative nouns as we go along through
    40. 

  40.                       the units.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>But if the classification of derivative nouns is orderly and consistent,
    41. 

  41.                       the classification of the basic stock of German nouns remains virtually
    42. 

  42.                       chaotic. There really is no system at all for guessing Which class a noun
    43. 

  43.                       belongs to; it's not something you can reason out or get the knack of. It is
    44. 

  44.                       not the same as our <span class="bold"><strong>he-she-it</strong></span> system, as
    45. 

  45.                       we'll see in. a minute. There is absolutely nothing in English like it. Your
    46. 

  46.                       only solution is to use the nouns until you know them as well as you know
    47. 

  47.                       'George Washington.'</p></li></ol></div></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Pronouns Corresponding to the Three Classes of Nouns.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist der
    48. 

  48.                               Bahnof?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Er ist
    49. 

  49.                             dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Where is the station?</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">It's there.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist das
    50. 

  50.                             Hotel?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Es ist
    51. 

  51.                             dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Where is the hotel?</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">It's there.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist die
    52. 

  52.                               Botshaft?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Sie ist
    53. 

  53.                             dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">Where is the embassy?</td><td>It's there.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>As these examples show, there is a special <span class="bold"><strong>pronoun</strong></span> for each of the three classes of nouns. Notice the
    54. 

  54.                   correspondence in the final sounds of the pairs <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">der<span class="bold"><strong>-</strong></span>er</em></span>, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das-es</em></span></strong></span>,
    55. 

  55.                   and <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>die-sie</strong></span></em></span>. This is no coincidence.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Contrast between German and English Pronoun Usage.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col class="c4"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>der</strong></span> Bahnhof?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Er</strong></span>
    56. 

  56.                             ist dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Where is <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> station?</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>It's</strong></span> there.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>der</strong></span> Mann?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Er</strong></span>
    57. 

  57.                             ist dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Where's <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> man?</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>He's</strong></span> here.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>das</strong></span> Hotel?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Es</strong></span>
    58. 

  58.                             ist dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Where is <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> hotel?</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>It's</strong></span> there.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>das</strong></span> Kind?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Es</strong></span>
    59. 

  59.                             ist dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Where is <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> child?</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><p><span class="bold"><strong>He's</strong></span> here.</p>
    60. 

  60.                           <p><span class="bold"><strong>She's</strong></span> here</p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>die</strong></span> Botschaft?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Sie</strong></span> ist dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Where is <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> embassy?</td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>It's</strong></span> there.</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist <span class="bold"><strong>die</strong></span> Frau?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Sie</strong></span> ist dort.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">Where's <span class="bold"><strong>the</strong></span> woman?</td><td><span class="bold"><strong>She's</strong></span> here.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>These examples show that the German pronouns <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">er</em></span>, <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">sie</em></span></strong></span>, and es do not match up with the English
    61. 

  61.                   pronouns 'he', 'she', and 'it'. The English <span class="bold"><strong>he-she-it</strong></span> system has an entirely different foundation from the
    62. 

  62.                   German noun-classification ('gender') system. In the English system, the choice of
    63. 

  63.                   pronoun depends upon the sex (male, female, or sexless) of some non-linguistic
    64. 

  64.                   entity—a man ('he'), a woman ('she'), or a table ('it'). In the German system, on
    65. 

  65.                   the other hand, the choice of pronoun depends upon the linguistic classification
    66. 

  66.                   of the noun you are replacing, except in reference to human beings.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Pronouns Referring to People.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Wo ist das
    67. 

  67.                               Fraülein?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Where is the waitress?</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Sie ist
    68. 

  68.                             dort.</em></span></td><td>She's there.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> Since all German nouns referring to men are <span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>der</strong></span></em></span><span class="bold"><strong>-nouns</strong></span> and virtually all German nouns referring to women
    69. 

  69.                   are <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die</em></span></strong></span>-nouns. <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">er</em></span></strong></span> and <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">sie</em></span></strong></span> correspond
    70. 

  70.                   to 'he' and 'she' — when they refer to <span class="bold"><strong>human
    71. 

  71.                     beings</strong></span>. Consequently, one says <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">sie</em></span></strong></span> when referring to <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das
    72. 

  72.                     Fräulein</em></span></strong></span>. Who is, after all, die lunge Dame 'the
    73. 

  73.                   young lady',<span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> die
    74. 

  74.                       Tochte</em></span></strong></span>r 'the daughter', <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">die Schwester</em></span></strong></span>
    75. 

  75.                   'the sister', and so on, as well as <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Fräulein</em></span></strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>No classification in the Plural.</p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="25%"/><col width="25%"/><col width="25%"/><col width="25%"/><tr valign="top">
    76. 

  76.                     <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wo
    77. 

  77.                         sind die Bahnhöfe? </em></span></td>
    78. 

  78. 

  79.                     <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sie
    80. 

  80.                         sind hier. </em></span></td>
    81. 

  81. 

  82.                     <td align="left">Where are the stations?</td>
    83. 

  83. 

  84.                     <td align="left">They're here.</td>
    85. 

  85.                   </tr><tr valign="top">
    86. 

  86.                     <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wo
    87. 

  87.                         sind die Hotels? </em></span></td>
    88. 

  88. 

  89.                     <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sie
    90. 

  90.                         sind hier. </em></span></td>
    91. 

  91. 

  92.                     <td align="left">Where are the hotels?</td>
    93. 

  93. 

  94.                     <td align="justify">They're here.</td>
    95. 

  95.                   </tr><tr valign="top">
    96. 

  96.                     <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wo
    97. 

  97.                         sind die Frauen? </em></span></td>
    98. 

  98. 

  99.                     <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sie
    100. 

  100.                         sind hier. </em></span></td>
    101. 

  101. 

  102.                     <td align="left">Where are the women?</td>
    103. 

  103. 

  104.                     <td align="justify">They're here.</td>
    105. 

  105.                   </tr></table></div><p>As these examples show, the three-fold classification we've been discussing
    106. 

  106.                   applies only to nouns in the singular. In the plural, there is only one word for
    107. 

  107.                   'the', and only one pronoun.</p></li></ol></div></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The pointing-Word <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span>.</p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="50%"/><col width="50%"/><tr valign="top">
    108. 

  108.               <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Das ist
    109. 

  109.                   der Bahnhof, nicht wahr? </em></span></td>
    110. 

  110. 

  111.               <td align="left">This is the station, isn't it?</td>
    112. 

  112.             </tr><tr valign="top">
    113. 

  113.               <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Ja, das
    114. 

  114.                   ist er. </em></span></td>
    115. 

  115. 

  116.               <td align="left">Yes, that's it.</td>
    117. 

  117.             </tr><tr valign="top">
    118. 

  118.               <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Ist das
    119. 

  119.                   die Milch? </em></span></td>
    120. 

  120. 

  121.               <td align="left">Is that the milk?</td>
    122. 

  122.             </tr><tr valign="top">
    123. 

  123.               <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Das ist
    124. 

  124.                   Wasser. </em></span></td>
    125. 

  125. 

  126.               <td align="left">This is water.</td>
    127. 

  127.             </tr><tr valign="top">
    128. 

  128.               <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sind das
    129. 

  129.                   die Streichhölzer? </em></span></td>
    130. 

  130. 

  131.               <td align="left">Are these the matches?</td>
    132. 

  132.             </tr><tr valign="top">
    133. 

  133.               <td align="left"><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Das sind
    134. 

  134.                   die Zigarren. </em></span></td>
    135. 

  135. 

  136.               <td align="left">Those are the cigars.</td>
    137. 

  137.             </tr></table></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="I"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The pointing-word <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> (often accompanied by a pointing gesture) is
    138. 

  138.                 used to call any <span class="bold"><strong>object</strong></span> or <span class="bold"><strong>group of objects</strong></span> to the hearer's attention, without any reference to
    139. 

  139.                 noun classification or to the number of objects.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The pointing-word <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> is an entirely different entity from the
    140. 

  140.                   <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> of <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das Hotel</em></span></strong></span>. The English equivalents
    141. 

  141.                 of the pointing-word <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">das</em></span></strong></span> are 'this', <span class="bold"><strong>'that',
    142. 

  142.                   'these', and 'those'.</strong></span></p></li></ol></div></li></ol></div></section><footer/></body></html>
    143.