Strona główna Odkrywaj Pomoc
Zaloguj się
eric
/
FSI-German
1
0
Forkuj 0
Pliki Problemy 0 Oczekujące zmiany 0 Wiki
Gałąź: master
Gałęzie Tagi
FSI-German
/
out
/
html-chunks
/
ch01s02.html

ch01s02.html 20 KB
Bezpośredni odnośnik Historia Czysty

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204205206207208209210211212213214215216217218219220221222223224225226227228229230231232233234235236237238239240241242243244245246247248249250251252253254255256257258259260261262263264265266267268269270271272273274275276277278279280281282283284285286287288289290291292293294 
  1. <html><head>
    2. 

  2.       <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
    3. 

  3.    <title xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng">Notes on pronunciation</title><meta xmlns:ng="http://docbook.org/docbook-ng" name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="GERMAN Basic Course"><link rel="up" href="ch01.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Unit 1"><link rel="prev" href="ch01.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Unit 1"><link rel="next" href="ch01s03.html" title="Notes on grammar"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Notes on pronunciation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Unit 1</th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="d5e820"></a>Notes on pronunciation</h2></div></div></div><p>The spelling of a language only symbolizes to the native speaker the sounds Which he
    4. 

  4.         already knows. You will learn these sounds directly from your instructor; the spelling will
    5. 

  5.         serve as an aid to listening. No spelling system adequately represents the sounds of the
    6. 

  6.         spoken language, and no attempt will be made at this point to outline exactly what sounds
    7. 

  7.         are represented by what symbols of the German spelling system. We will however present for
    8. 

  8.         particular drill and attention in each unit certain sounds which have shown themselves to be
    9. 

  9.         difficult for speakers of American English. In the meantime we ask you to remember two
    10. 

  10.         cardinal points:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>The German of your text is printed in the standard German written style.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The letter-symbols used, although in most cases the same symbols we use in written
    11. 

  11.               English, in most cases do not represent exactly the same sounds we use in English.
    12. 

  12.               Therefore, DO NOT EXPECT GERMAN WRITTEN SYMBOLS TO REPRESENT SOUND VALUES YOU KNOW IN
    13. 

  13.               ENGLISH.</p></li></ol></div><p>Pronunciation Practices. To be drilled in class.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">A. Short Vowels</span></dt><dd><p>The German short vowels i,e,a and u are not dissimilar from English sounds. The
    14. 

  14.                 o, however, is probably different from any sound that you have in English. Do not
    15. 

  15.                 try to replace it by a sound from English, but rather reproduce the pronunciation of
    16. 

  16.                 your instructor. The German front rounded vowels &ouml; and &uuml; do not occur in English. To
    17. 

  17.                 produce the &ouml;, put your tongue in the position for the German e and round your lips;
    18. 

  18.                 for &uuml;, put your tongue in the position for the German i and round your lips. You
    19. 

  19.                 will then produce a sound similar to the German sound. Experiment until your
    20. 

  20.                 instructor is satisfied with your pronunciation. Do not worry about the meaning of
    21. 

  21.                 the words in these practices. Concentrate instead on the sounds.</p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="20%"><col width="20%"><col width="20%"><col width="20%"><col width="20%"><thead><tr>
    22. 

  22.                     <td align="center" colspan="5" valign="top">Practice l(a)</td>
    23. 

  23.                   </tr></thead><tr valign="top">
    24. 

  24.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short i
    25. 

  25.                     </strong></span></td>
    26. 

  26. 

  27.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short
    28. 

  28.                       e</strong></span></td>
    29. 

  29. 

  30.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short
    31. 

  31.                       a</strong></span></td>
    32. 

  32. 

  33.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short
    34. 

  34.                       o</strong></span></td>
    35. 

  35. 

  36.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short u
    37. 

  37.                     </strong></span></td>
    38. 

  38.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    39. 

  39.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">bitte</em></span></td>
    40. 

  40. 

  41.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> denn
    42. 

  42.                     </em></span></td>
    43. 

  43. 

  44.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> das
    45. 

  45.                     </em></span></td>
    46. 

  46. 

  47.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    48. 

  48.                       kostet </em></span></td>
    49. 

  49. 

  50.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> muss
    51. 

  51.                     </em></span></td>
    52. 

  52.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    53. 

  53.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> ist
    54. 

  54.                     </em></span></td>
    55. 

  55. 

  56.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    57. 

  57.                       essen </em></span></td>
    58. 

  58. 

  59.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Mann
    60. 

  60.                     </em></span></td>
    61. 

  61. 

  62.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    63. 

  63.                       Sonne </em></span></td>
    64. 

  64. 

  65.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    66. 

  66.                       Mutter </em></span></td>
    67. 

  67.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    68. 

  68.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> in
    69. 

  69.                     </em></span></td>
    70. 

  70. 

  71.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    72. 

  72.                       etwas </em></span></td>
    73. 

  73. 

  74.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> an
    75. 

  75.                     </em></span></td>
    76. 

  76. 

  77.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    78. 

  78.                       Doktor </em></span></td>
    79. 

  79. 

  80.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> und
    81. 

  81.                     </em></span></td>
    82. 

  82.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    83. 

  83.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short &ouml;
    84. 

  84.                     </strong></span></td>
    85. 

  85. 

  86.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> Short
    87. 

  87.                       &uuml;</strong></span></td>
    88. 

  88. 

  89.                   <td></td>
    90. 

  90. 

  91.                   <td></td>
    92. 

  92. 

  93.                   <td align="center"><span class="bold"><strong> - e (unstressed)
    94. 

  94.                     </strong></span></td>
    95. 

  95.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    96. 

  96.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    97. 

  97.                       k&ouml;nnen </em></span></td>
    98. 

  98. 

  99.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    100. 

  100.                       M&uuml;tter </em></span></td>
    101. 

  101. 

  102.                   <td></td>
    103. 

  103. 

  104.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    105. 

  105.                       bitte </em></span></td>
    106. 

  106. 

  107.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    108. 

  108.                       genug </em></span></td>
    109. 

  109.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    110. 

  110.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    111. 

  111.                       m&ouml;chte </em></span></td>
    112. 

  112. 

  113.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> f&uuml;nf
    114. 

  114.                     </em></span></td>
    115. 

  115. 

  116.                   <td></td>
    117. 

  117. 

  118.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    119. 

  119.                       danke </em></span></td>
    120. 

  120. 

  121.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    122. 

  122.                       gesehen </em></span></td>
    123. 

  123.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    124. 

  124.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    125. 

  125.                       &ouml;fter </em></span></td>
    126. 

  126. 

  127.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    128. 

  128.                       H&uuml;tte </em></span></td>
    129. 

  129. 

  130.                   <td></td>
    131. 

  131. 

  132.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    133. 

  133.                       Sonne </em></span></td>
    134. 

  134. 

  135.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">
    136. 

  136.                       bekommen </em></span></td>
    137. 

  137.                 </tr></table></div><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="50%"><col width="50%"><tr valign="top">
    138. 

  138.                   <td align="left">Practice 1(b)</td>
    139. 

  139. 

  140.                   <td></td>
    141. 

  141.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    142. 

  142.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">mit</em></span> - <span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">M&uuml;tter</em></span></td>
    143. 

  143. 

  144.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">kennen</em></span> - <span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">k&ouml;nnen</em></span></td>
    145. 

  145.                 </tr><tr valign="top">
    146. 

  146.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">missen</em></span> - <span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">m&uuml;ssen</em></span></td>
    147. 

  147. 

  148.                   <td align="center"><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">stecke</em></span> - <span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">St&ouml;cke</em></span></td>
    149. 

  149.                 </tr></table></div></dd><dt><span class="term">B. Long Vowels</span></dt><dd><p>There are no sounds in English exactly like the German long vowels. If you will
    150. 

  150.                 pronounce English gate and then ask your instructor to pronounce German <span class="bold"><strong><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">geht</em></span></strong></span>, you
    151. 

  151.                 will notice that the English vowel sound seems to change during its pronunciation,
    152. 

  152.                 but the German sound seems tense and stable throughout its duration. Your tongue
    153. 

  153.                 actually moves during the production of the English vowel sound, but during the
    154. 

  154.                 production of the German sound the tongue remains in the same position. The long &ouml;
    155. 

  155.                 and &uuml; are formed approximately like short &ouml; and &uuml;. Pronounce German long e and round
    156. 

  156.                 your lips to form &ouml; , and pronounce German long i and round your lips to form
    157. 

  157.                 &uuml;</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 2(a)</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="12.5%"><col width="12.5%"><col width="12.5%"><col width="12.5%"><col width="12.5%"><col width="12.5%"><col width="12.5%"><col width="12.5%"><tr align="center">
    158. 

  158.                   <td>Long</td>
    159. 

  159. 

  160.                   <td>i</td>
    161. 

  161. 

  162.                   <td>e</td>
    163. 

  163. 

  164.                   <td>a</td>
    165. 

  165. 

  166.                   <td>o</td>
    167. 

  167. 

  168.                   <td>u</td>
    169. 

  169. 

  170.                   <td>&ouml;</td>
    171. 

  171. 

  172.                   <td>&uuml;</td>
    173. 

  173.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    174. 

  174.                   <td></td>
    175. 

  175. 

  176.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> wie
    177. 

  177.                     </em></span></td>
    178. 

  178. 

  179.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> geht
    180. 

  180.                     </em></span></td>
    181. 

  181. 

  182.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tag
    183. 

  183.                     </em></span></td>
    184. 

  184. 

  185.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Sohn
    186. 

  186.                     </em></span></td>
    187. 

  187. 

  188.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> gut
    189. 

  189.                     </em></span></td>
    190. 

  190. 

  191.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> K&ouml;nig
    192. 

  192.                     </em></span></td>
    193. 

  193. 

  194.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> f&uuml;r
    195. 

  195.                     </em></span></td>
    196. 

  196.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    197. 

  197.                   <td></td>
    198. 

  198. 

  199.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> ihnen
    200. 

  200.                     </em></span></td>
    201. 

  201. 

  202.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tee
    203. 

  203.                     </em></span></td>
    204. 

  204. 

  205.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Abend
    206. 

  206.                     </em></span></td>
    207. 

  207. 

  208.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> oder
    209. 

  209.                     </em></span></td>
    210. 

  210. 

  211.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> du
    212. 

  212.                     </em></span></td>
    213. 

  213. 

  214.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> sch&ouml;n
    215. 

  215.                     </em></span></td>
    216. 

  216. 

  217.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> T&uuml;r
    218. 

  218.                     </em></span></td>
    219. 

  219.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    220. 

  220.                   <td></td>
    221. 

  221. 

  222.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> viel
    223. 

  223.                     </em></span></td>
    224. 

  224. 

  225.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> den
    226. 

  226.                     </em></span></td>
    227. 

  227. 

  228.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Bahn
    229. 

  229.                     </em></span></td>
    230. 

  230. 

  231.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> wo
    232. 

  232.                     </em></span></td>
    233. 

  233. 

  234.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Flug
    235. 

  235.                     </em></span></td>
    236. 

  236. 

  237.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> &ouml;de
    238. 

  238.                     </em></span></td>
    239. 

  239. 

  240.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">&uuml;ber
    241. 

  241.                     </em></span></td>
    242. 

  242.                 </tr></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 2(b)</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="50%"><col width="50%"><tr align="center">
    243. 

  243.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">vier</em></span>
    244. 

  244.                     - <span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">f&uuml;r</em></span></td>
    245. 

  245. 

  246.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">lesen</em></span> - <span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">l&ouml;sen</em></span></td>
    247. 

  247.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    248. 

  248.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Tier</em></span>
    249. 

  249.                     - <span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">T&uuml;r</em></span></td>
    250. 

  250. 

  251.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">Sehne</em></span> - <span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase">S&ouml;hne</em></span></td>
    252. 

  252.                 </tr></table></div></dd><dt><span class="term">C.</span></dt><dd><p><span class="bold"><strong>Distinguishing Long and Short Vowels</strong></span></p><p>It is NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE to distinguish long and short vowels in written
    253. 

  253.                 German, as the German spelling system does not consistently mark them as such. Your
    254. 

  254.                 best guide to the pronunciation of any given word is the way your native instructor
    255. 

  255.                 pronounces it. However, a few hints can be given which will help you to recognize
    256. 

  256.                 them <span class="bold"><strong>most</strong></span> of the time. If you look back at the
    257. 

  257.                 practice lists above you will see that the short vowels in <span class="bold"><strong>most</strong></span> cases are followed by two or more consonants and they are always
    258. 

  258.                 written with a single letter symbol. Then note that the long vowels are <span class="bold"><strong>not always</strong></span> written with a single letter symbol and usually
    259. 

  259.                 are followed by only one consonant. The following combinations of letters always
    260. 

  260.                 designate long vowels: ie, ih - eh, ee - ah, aa - oh, oo - uh - &ouml;h - &uuml;h</p></dd><dt><span class="term">D.</span></dt><dd><p><span class="bold"><strong>Diphthongs</strong></span></p><p>These combinations of two vowel sounds in German are very similar, though not
    261. 

  261.                 identical to certain vowel combinations in English.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Practice 3</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><col width="33%"><tr align="center">
    262. 

  262.                   <td>ei</td>
    263. 

  263. 

  264.                   <td>au</td>
    265. 

  265. 

  266.                   <td>eu (&auml;u)</td>
    267. 

  267.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    268. 

  268.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> nein
    269. 

  269.                     </em></span></td>
    270. 

  270. 

  271.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> auch
    272. 

  272.                     </em></span></td>
    273. 

  273. 

  274.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> deutsch
    275. 

  275.                     </em></span></td>
    276. 

  276.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    277. 

  277.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> eins
    278. 

  278.                     </em></span></td>
    279. 

  279. 

  280.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Tau
    281. 

  281.                     </em></span></td>
    282. 

  282. 

  283.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> neun
    284. 

  284.                     </em></span></td>
    285. 

  285.                 </tr><tr align="center">
    286. 

  286.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Wein
    287. 

  287.                     </em></span></td>
    288. 

  288. 

  289.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> Laut
    290. 

  290.                     </em></span></td>
    291. 

  291. 

  292.                   <td><span lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"><em lang="de-1901" class="foreignphrase"> l&auml;ute
    293. 

  293.                     </em></span></td>
    294. 

  294.                 </tr></table></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch01.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ch01.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="ch01s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter&nbsp;1.&nbsp;Unit 1&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;Notes on grammar</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
    295.