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  4. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 1. Introduction</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="home" href="index.xhtml" title="RUSSIAN"/><link rel="up" href="index.xhtml" title="RUSSIAN"/><link rel="prev" href="pr01.xhtml" title="Preface"/><link rel="next" href="ch01s02.xhtml" title="Key to sketch (see page )"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 1. Introduction</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pr01.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s02.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="d5e42"/>Chapter 1. Introduction</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.xhtml#d5e245">Reference lists - Table model items</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.xhtml#d5e247">List 1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.xhtml#d5e615">List 2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01.xhtml#d5e719">List 3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s02.xhtml">Key to sketch (see page )</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s03.xhtml">How to make a table-top model.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ch01s04.xhtml"><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Несколько начальных разговоров</em></span></a></span></dt></dl></div><p>The Active Introduction is one of the modules in an array of materials used in Russian
  5. training at the Foreign Service Institute. It is essentially a catalog of sentences which can
  6. be combined (with alteration as necessary) to form different communication sequences in dialog
  7. form relating to typical daily activities (comings and goings, appointments, meetings, errands
  8. etc.).</p><p>The book is used in conjunction with a table-top city model on which activities are
  9. demonstrated and imitated. Students learn to speak Russian through engaging in a running
  10. dialog with a teacher as a communication sequence is unfolded. At first the teacher controls
  11. the sequence; later, as his mastery develops, the student assumes more control.</p><p>The central goal in developing the material was to make possible the formation of natural
  12. sequences, free from the constraints imposed by accommodation to a predetermined schedule of
  13. grammar points and a list of words to be covered. The words and grammar features occurring in
  14. the sentences, therefore, derive from the choice of what is to be communicated rather than an
  15. inventory of preselected items to be covered.</p><p>In any given sentence, some of the grammatical patterns partially exemplified in it are
  16. expanded --others are considered for the moment as isolated items to be learned in that
  17. context only.</p><p>( In view of its purpose and design, the book does not lend itself to use for self-study
  18. by beginners.)</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">* * * * *</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The array of which this book is one module has been developed as an alternative to using a
  19. standard "all purpose" textbook throughout the 44-week intensive training course at FSI. It
  20. was felt that with a language as highly inflected as Russian, the one-book approach with its
  21. pre-packaged constituents did not give the student enough intensive contact with natural
  22. spoken language or with real-life situations. Even after 44 weeks, none but the most
  23. outstanding students gained confident control of noun and adjective endings, or of motion
  24. verbs. It was considered possible that they just did not hear enough Russian or use it enough
  25. to gain better mastery. In addition, the range of subject matter within which most could
  26. converse seemed too limited.</p><p>Along with the dissatisfaction felt in these areas, inadequacies were sensed in another
  27. area. The approach formerly used seemed to support the notion (already strong among students)
  28. that an intellectual understanding of grammar together with constant drills were the keys to
  29. mastering the structure of a language. It was implied that this mastery, achieved in a more or
  30. less mechanical manner, together with a store of memorized vocabulary would some­how make an
  31. individual a fluent speaker of cultured Russian.</p><p>What was lacking in this concept was a recognition of the social and cultural roles of
  32. language. Very limited attention had been devoted to these aspects of language, almost as if
  33. they were elements which would get in the way of a direct and complete delineation of language
  34. structure. It seemed possible that this approach(trying to master a language as an abstract
  35. system) had something to do with the labored and unnatural-sounding performance of some
  36. students at the end of training.</p><p>The Active Introduction thus reflects a new approach designed to present language for
  37. learning in something like its natural form and in its natural milieu: the conduct of
  38. inter-person relations in life situations. In this approach, language is viewed as a vehicle
  39. of communication and not just a patterned system. In place of a "closed" teacher-student
  40. relationship ("I teach-you learn") in training, the participants are encouraged to consider
  41. themselves as a group in which real-life social interaction takes place. The conventions
  42. governing the interaction are expected to become more Russian than American as training
  43. progresses.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">*****</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>As used at FSI, the Active Introduction is the starting point of the student's oral
  44. communication in Russian. The book is used in conjunction with a simply-constructed teaching
  45. aid (which is not new) often referred to as a"model village". This table-top model represents
  46. an approximation of the topography of central Moscow. The purpose of its use however, is not
  47. merely to acquaint students with a geographical area. The table model forms the stage-setting
  48. for described and discussed activities associated with daily life in a large city. It is
  49. provided with model cars, buses, planes, figures of people and other movable items which the
  50. participants actually move as they relate or demonstrate sequences. (See <a class="xref" href="ch01s03.xhtml" title="How to make a table-top model.">page </a> for details on the form and construction of the table
  51. model.)</p><p>Students are first taught the locations on the table model (see diagram and key on <a class="xref" href="ch01s02.xhtml#xxiii">page </a> and <a class="xref" href="ch01s02.xhtml" title="Key to sketch (see page )">page </a> ). These are identified by the teacher using a pointer, and
  52. drilled a few at a time with frequent recapitulation. Pronunciation is corrected. (The short
  53. conversational exchanges on <a class="xref" href="ch01s04.xhtml" title="Несколько начальных разговоров">page </a>)</p><p>"<span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Несколько начальных разговоров</em></span>" are
  54. introduced as needed to vary the activity.</p><p>When the locations have been fairly well mastered, students and teacher begin to talk
  55. about them, using the sentences in the numbered sections beginning on <a class="xref" href="ch02.xhtml#p2p1">page </a> and continuing on succeeding even-numbered pages. In this way
  56. a running dialog is initiated.</p><p>As new sentences are learned, they can be juxtaposed with previously learned sentences in
  57. a number of different combinations (i.e. forming communication sequences). For example, after
  58. the sentences on <a class="xref" href="ch02.xhtml#p2p1">page </a> have been introduced and
  59. partially mastered, they can be recombined as dialogs in different ways, such as</p><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Спасские Ворота открыта?</em></span> (pointing)</p><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Да, они открыты. Они, кажется, всегда
  60. открыты.</em></span></p><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГУМ открыт?</em></span></p><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кажется закрыт. Это ГУМ?</em></span> (pointing)</p><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Нет, это вокзал. Это ГУМ.</em></span> (pointing)
  61. etc.</p><p>This process of sequencing into running dialog, using the table model as the focus of
  62. attention, is at the core of the approach. It is extremely important that the dialog be
  63. treated as an actual exchange of information in Russian ("communicating in Russian") and not
  64. as drill ("preparation for communicating in Russian at a later time").</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Teacher demonstrates and describes a sequence while students watch and listen (e.g. #1
  65. <a class="xref" href="ch02.xhtml#p2p1">page </a>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Teacher repeats sequence; students repeat each utterance after teacher.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor uses question cue; individual students respond appropriately. Instructor
  66. checks pronunciation (e.g. #2 <a class="xref" href="ch02.xhtml#p2p1">page </a>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor goes through sequence again; individual students repeat and demonstrate
  67. action.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor gives cues; individual students respond appropriately and demonstrate
  68. action. (Cf. #8 <a class="xref" href="ch02s03.xhtml#p6p8">page </a>, where cues are
  69. pronouns <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">я, они, он</em></span> etc.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Instructor gives cue only and demonstrates action; individual students, using cue
  70. appropriately, describe instructor's demonstration. (Cf. #8 <a class="xref" href="ch02s03.xhtml#p6p8">page </a> - instructor gives a pronoun as a cue, such as OH and
  71. demonstrates action of going to <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МИД</em></span>; student
  72. describes demonstration saying <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он идет в МИД</em></span>,
  73. etc.)</p></li></ol></div><p>The conversations on odd-numbered pages relate to the numbered sections found on the
  74. facing (even-numbered) pages. These conversations can be introduced from time to time to vary
  75. the activity. They also serve as examples of how sequences can be formed through combining
  76. learned sentences. Note that new words may occur in these conversations (e.g. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">простите</em></span> on <a class="xref" href="ch02.xhtml#p1" title="Урок 1">page </a>). (The conversations are available on tape.)</p><p>As progress is made through the material each day, the sequencing process becomes also a
  77. <span class="bold"><strong>recycling</strong></span> process. To continually be moving on to new
  78. sentences each day is not effective. New sentences should always be combined into a running
  79. dialog with material learned earlier. It is this recycling process which ensures the
  80. repetition essential to learning. At the same time sequences should have a natural flow and
  81. must be directly related to the table model.</p><p>If this is not done, the student's recall is adversely affected and his interest
  82. wanes.</p><p>The student need not be given a copy of the book at the beginning of training although he
  83. may be provided with a copy later for reference. However, at no time should he refer to the
  84. book in class. It is more important for him to concentrate on<span class="bold"><strong>
  85. performing</strong></span> (communicating) in interaction with the teacher and in reference to
  86. the table model. If he has difficulty, the appropriate remedy is further active combination
  87. and recycling with the teacher, not a study of the book. In any event, of course, the student
  88. can make little use of the book until he learns to read.</p><p>At FSI, work on the sound system is begun on the first day of training, as an introduction
  89. to the writing system and reading. After about 50 hours, material from the Active Introduction
  90. is used for reading practice.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">* * * * *</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>As each sequence is presented, the teacher provides the student with its meaning. It is
  91. rarely necessary (or even desirable) to give the meaning of each word separately. If
  92. subsequently it appears that a student does not know the right meaning of a word, it should be
  93. supplied at that point. Explanation is thus given <span class="bold"><strong>only when there is a
  94. communication breakdown</strong></span> of some kind, i.e. a "message" is flawed or
  95. blocked.</p><p>This principle is also followed in regard to features of grammar. For example, the
  96. sequences in #2 <a class="xref" href="ch02.xhtml#p2p3">page </a> demonstrate the agreement
  97. relating the forms <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">оно</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">открыто</em></span>. It
  98. is not necessary to identify and expatiate on this feature, introducing the terms neuter
  99. gender, pronoun, short-form adjective, etc. The student should simply learn the forms and use
  100. them. If he makes an error, e.g. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кино открыт</em></span>, he
  101. is corrected with <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кино открыто</em></span> to show this is
  102. the correct form of the "message". In this way attention is concentrated on the process of
  103. communication and not on the structure of Russian as an abstract system. The material should
  104. not be viewed as the starting point for a description of grammatical patterns.</p><p>Likewise when a new case ending is introduced (e.g. prepositional, beginning on <a class="xref" href="ch02s30.xhtml#p74">page </a>), its meaning will be reflected in the meaning
  105. of the whole utterance in which it occurs: <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я сейчас в
  106. ГУМе</em></span> - I'm in GUM now. The student thus connects the meaning "in" with the
  107. new ending and no broader explanation is necessary.</p><p>For the student, one rule is of paramount importance: <span class="bold"><strong>Learn what is
  108. in front of you</strong></span>, i.e. the sentence or sequence at hand. If he tries to learn
  109. other things related to the utterance (the whole range of meaning of words or noun endings,
  110. "another way of saying the same thing," etc.) he will immediately be faced with more
  111. information than he can possibly absorb. He may not even remember the utterance that prompted
  112. this detour.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="0"><colgroup><col class="c1"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center">*****</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Here are some specific comments on the text.</p><p>In many items there is the possibility of substitution. Sometimes this is
  113. indicated:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>1. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Это </em></span></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вокзал.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02.xhtml#p2p1">page </a>)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино.</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аптека.</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Спасские Ворота.</em></span></p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><p>Here the partial list indicates the classes of things on the table model which could be
  114. substituted for <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вокзал</em></span></strong></span>.</p><p>In other items, the possibility of substitution may not be overtly indicated but is
  115. obvious:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>3. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Это <span class="bold"><strong>ГУМ</strong></span>? Да. Он
  116. открыт.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02.xhtml#p2p1">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Here a large number of table-model items ("masculine nouns") can be substituted for
  117. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГУМ</em></span>.</p><p>Multiple possibilities for substitution may occur, e.g.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>22.<span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"> В эту субботу мне надо позвонить в Грановитую
  118. палату.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02s10.xhtml#p20p21">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Within the context of the sequence beginning with #21 <a class="xref" href="ch02s10.xhtml#p20p21">page </a>, the first priority substitution is of the segment <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">в эту субботу</em></span></strong></span>.
  119. Subsequently of course, location substitutions for <span class="bold"><strong><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Грановитую палату</em></span></strong></span> can be added, since these have
  120. already been introduced in #21 (<a class="xref" href="ch02s10.xhtml#p20p21">page </a>).</p><p>In some cases the teacher may wish to include other substitutions, e.g.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>42. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Куда он собирается ехать?</em></span></p><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">В Советский Союз. Меня командируют в
  121. Ленинград.</em></span> (<a class="xref" href="ch02s17.xhtml#p34">page </a>)</p></li></ul></div><p>Here the name of different countries or cities may be substituted, as long as this is done
  122. one at a time and preferably on different occasions.</p><p>Some items are sentence paradigms, e.g. the forms of <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">хотеть</em></span> in #11 (<a class="xref" href="ch02s05.xhtml#p10p11">page </a>).
  123. These are intended to give the students an overview of the forms; it is not intended that they
  124. master the forms through drill before proceeding. The forms will occur in various contexts
  125. subsequently and will also be recycled. Remember that the mastery of forms through this
  126. recycling process is a key element in the approach.</p><p>It is suggested that the teacher become thoroughly familiar with the contents of the book
  127. before using it. Since the content is organized in terms of natural communication sequences,
  128. it is impractical to list where specific grammar points are introduced in the book. A detailed
  129. list should in fact be unnecessary.</p><p>It can be noted however, that nominative and accusative noun and adjective endings and the
  130. verbs of motion are given special emphasis in pages 21-79. Other noun and adjective endings
  131. receive special attention as follows:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" class="c1"/><col align="center" class="c2"/><col align="center" class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center"> </th><th align="center">Singular</th><th align="center">Plural</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">prepositional</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s30.xhtml#p74">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s52.xhtml#p132">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">genitive</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s37.xhtml#p92">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s53.xhtml#p134">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">dative</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s45.xhtml#p112">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s54.xhtml#p136">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">instrumental</td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s49.xhtml#p122">page </a></td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s55.xhtml#p138">page </a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">nominative and accusative</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"><a class="xref" href="ch02s51.xhtml#p130">page </a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>A word of explanation about the treatment of these forms is in order here. One of the
  132. greatest problems in teaching English-speaking students is getting them to observe, imitate
  133. and take seriously inflectional endings. One of the purposes of pages 21-81 is to attack this
  134. problem, with the case endings largely limited to nominative and accusative singular. When the
  135. other forms are introduced, less space is required, since the student can pick up and use the
  136. forms with much greater ease than in the beginning. By this time the student is quite
  137. accustomed to handling inflectional forms.</p><p>At FSI, the Active Introduction forms the main (but not the only) focus of attention in
  138. the first 16 to 20 weeks of training. Thereafter it is used at intervals as seems
  139. appropriate.</p><p>The authors welcome comments on the Active Introduction and on experience with its
  140. use.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="d5e245"/>Reference lists - Table model items</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e247"/>List 1</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" class="c1"/><col align="left" class="c2"/><col align="left" class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  141. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гастроном</em></span></p>
  142. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  143. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">поезд</em></span></p>
  144. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  145. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мост</em></span></p>
  146. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  147. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">светофор</em></span></p>
  148. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  149. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Моссовет</em></span></p>
  150. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  151. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Интурист</em></span></p>
  152. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  153. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">павильон</em></span></p>
  154. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  155. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Арсенал</em></span></p>
  156. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  157. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Арбат</em></span></p>
  158. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  159. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пароход</em></span></p>
  160. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  161. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">самолет</em></span></p>
  162. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  163. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автобус</em></span></p>
  164. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  165. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аэропорт</em></span></p>
  166. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  167. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион</em></span></p>
  168. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  169. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан</em></span></p>
  170. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  171. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дом</em></span></p>
  172. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  173. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">проспект</em></span></p>
  174. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  175. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">собор</em></span></p>
  176. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  177. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парк</em></span></p>
  178. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  179. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дворец</em></span></p>
  180. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  181. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">магазин</em></span></p>
  182. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  183. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">вокзал</em></span></p>
  184. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  185. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">университет</em></span></p>
  186. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  187. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">театр</em></span></p>
  188. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  189. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">МВД</em></span></p>
  190. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  191. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ГУМ</em></span></p>
  192. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  193. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">планетарий</em></span></p>
  194. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  195. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">музей</em></span></p>
  196. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  197. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">мавзолей</em></span></p>
  198. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  199. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кремль</em></span></p>
  200. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  201. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автомобиль</em></span></p>
  202. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  203. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">монастырь</em></span></p>
  204. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  205. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">УПДК</em></span></p>
  206. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  207. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аэропорт Шереметьево</em></span></p>
  208. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  209. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стадион Динамо</em></span></p>
  210. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  211. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан "Прага"</em></span></p>
  212. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  213. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ресторан "Арагви"</em></span></p>
  214. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  215. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Дом Спассо</em></span></p>
  216. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  217. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Музей Ленина</em></span></p>
  218. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  219. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Мавзолей Ленина</em></span></p>
  220. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  221. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Проспект Калинина</em></span></p>
  222. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  223. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Собор Василия Блаженного</em></span></p>
  224. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  225. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Парк культуры и отдыха
  226. "Сокольники"</em></span></p>
  227. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  228. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Дворец Съездов</em></span></p>
  229. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  230. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Верховный Совет</em></span></p>
  231. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  232. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">продовольственный
  233. магазин</em></span></p>
  234. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  235. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Киевский вокзал</em></span></p>
  236. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  237. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Московский университет</em></span></p>
  238. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  239. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Новодевичий монастырь</em></span></p>
  240. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  241. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Исторический музей</em></span></p>
  242. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  243. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кремлевский театр</em></span></p>
  244. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  245. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Успенский собор</em></span></p>
  246. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  247. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Архангельский собор</em></span></p>
  248. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  249. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кутузовский проспект</em></span></p>
  250. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  251. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ленинский проспект</em></span></p>
  252. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  253. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ломоносовский проспект</em></span></p>
  254. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  255. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Московский планетарий</em></span></p>
  256. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  257. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Большой театр</em></span></p>
  258. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  259. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Большой Кремлевский
  260. Дворец</em></span></p>
  261. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">
  262. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жилой дом</em></span></p>
  263. </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e615"/>List 2</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td> </td><td>
  264. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">дерево</em></span></p>
  265. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  266. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">посольство</em></span></p>
  267. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  268. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">консульство</em></span></p>
  269. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  270. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здание</em></span></p>
  271. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  272. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">отделение</em></span></p>
  273. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  274. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино</em></span></p>
  275. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  276. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">депо</em></span></p>
  277. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  278. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">такси</em></span></p>
  279. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  280. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">отделение милиции</em></span></p>
  281. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  282. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здание Совета Министров</em></span></p>
  283. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  284. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">кино "Центральный"</em></span></p>
  285. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  286. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">американское посольство</em></span></p>
  287. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  288. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">американское консульство</em></span></p>
  289. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  290. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">высотное здание</em></span></p>
  291. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  292. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">пожарное депо</em></span></p>
  293. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  294. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">жилое здание</em></span></p>
  295. </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="d5e719"/>List 3</h3></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td> </td><td>
  296. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">аптека</em></span></p>
  297. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  298. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">почта</em></span></p>
  299. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  300. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">больница</em></span></p>
  301. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  302. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">лодка</em></span></p>
  303. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  304. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">машина</em></span></p>
  305. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  306. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">скамейка</em></span></p>
  307. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  308. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">бензоколонка</em></span></p>
  309. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  310. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Петровка</em></span></p>
  311. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  312. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">река</em></span></p>
  313. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  314. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гостиница</em></span></p>
  315. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  316. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стоянка</em></span></p>
  317. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  318. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">библиотека</em></span></p>
  319. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  320. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">могила</em></span></p>
  321. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  322. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">улица</em></span></p>
  323. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  324. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">будка</em></span></p>
  325. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  326. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">колокольня</em></span></p>
  327. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  328. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">станция</em></span></p>
  329. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  330. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">линия</em></span></p>
  331. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  332. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">галерея</em></span></p>
  333. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  334. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">церковь</em></span></p>
  335. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  336. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">площадь</em></span></p>
  337. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  338. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">уборная</em></span></p>
  339. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  340. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">булочная</em></span></p>
  341. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  342. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">парикмахерская</em></span></p>
  343. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  344. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">река Москва</em></span></p>
  345. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  346. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гостиница "Украина"</em></span></p>
  347. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  348. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гостиница "Москва"</em></span></p>
  349. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  350. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">гостиница "Россия"</em></span></p>
  351. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  352. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">стоянка такси</em></span></p>
  353. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  354. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Библиотека Ленина</em></span></p>
  355. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  356. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">могила Сталина</em></span></p>
  357. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  358. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">могила Джона Рида</em></span></p>
  359. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  360. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Колокольня Ивана
  361. Великого</em></span></p>
  362. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  363. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">улица Чайковского</em></span></p>
  364. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  365. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">улица Горького</em></span></p>
  366. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  367. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">улица Герцена</em></span></p>
  368. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  369. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">заправочная станция</em></span></p>
  370. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  371. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Донская улица</em></span></p>
  372. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  373. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">телефонная будка</em></span></p>
  374. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  375. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Грановитая палата</em></span></p>
  376. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  377. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Кремлевская набережная</em></span></p>
  378. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  379. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Третьяковская галерея</em></span></p>
  380. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  381. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">железнодорожная линия</em></span></p>
  382. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  383. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Красная площадь</em></span></p>
  384. </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td>
  385. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">скорая помощь</em></span></p>
  386. </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pr01.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01s02.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Preface </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.xhtml">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Key to sketch (see page )</td></tr></table></div></body></html>