eric
/
MaineEdu


			
							123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115
							<HTML>
	<HEAD>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<meta name="MSSmartTagsPreventParsing" content="TRUE">
		<META Name= "description" Content = "The Beijing Underground City was built between 1969 and 1979 in response to a breakdown in Sino-Soviet relations.  The threat of a nuclear war hung over the Chinese for years after the border incidents.">
		<META NAME="distribution" content="Global">
		<META NAME="rating" content="Safe For Kids">
		<META NAME="copyright" content="Marilyn Shea">
		<meta name="Author" content="Marilyn Shea">
		<META NAME="classification" content="Education">
		<style type="text/css">
<!--
A { text-decoration:none; }
A:visited { text-decoration:none; }
.white {color:white;}
body {margin: 0 0 0 0;}
-->

</style>
		<META Name = "keywords" Content = "China, Chinese, Beijing Underground City, Sino-Soviet relations, 1969 incidents, , Marilyn Shea">
		<TITLE>Beijing Underground City 北京地下城</TITLE>
		

	</HEAD>

<BODY bgcolor=#666666 text=#FFFFFF link=#0000FF vlink=#800080 alink=#FF0000>


<CENTER>
<TABLE border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="200">
<TR>
	<TD width="80" align="center"><A href="048_UndergroundCity.html"><IMG src="../images/previous.gif" height="30" width="30" border="0" alt="Previous" title="Previous"></A></TD>
	<TD width="80" align="center"><A href="../../../beijing2.html#49"><IMG src="../images/home.gif" height="30" width="30" border="0" alt="Home" title="Home"></A></TD>
	<TD width="80" align="center"><A href="050_UndergroundCity.html"><IMG src="../images/next.gif" height="30" width="30" border="0" alt="Next" title="Next"></A></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</CENTER>


<CENTER>
			<table border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="black">
				<tr>
					<td bgcolor="black"><A href="050_UndergroundCity.html"><IMG src="../images/UndergroundCity_8171w.jpg" height="600" width="751" border=0 alt="house for antichemical weapons - sign"></a></td>

				</tr>
			</table>

		</CENTER>
		<div align="center">
			<h1><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Beijing Underground City </font><font size="+1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">北京地下城</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
				</font></h1>
			<div align="center">
				<div align="center">
					<table width="60%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
						<tr>

							<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">During the Anti-Japanese War (World War II), the Japanese used chemical and bacteriological weapons on both Chinese forces and civilian populations. In 1938, during the battle for Wuhan, the temporary capital of the Guomindang, chemical weapons were used over 300 times - mostly in the form of poison gases. </font>
								<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Both chemical and bacteriological weapons were used on Changde in Hunan. Plague infested fleas were dropped by bomb killing 500 people immediately and an estimated 10,000 to the present day. The plague has had repeated breakouts in the area (Li, 2006).</font></p>
								<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Japanese resorted to such tactics because the resistance they met from the Chinese population was overwhelming. They took the city, but 9,000 troops of the Guomindang National Army were sent and the Chinese forces retook it. As the Japanese retreated, they burnt everything they could and slaughtered civilians. Over 300,000 civilians and soldiers were killed in the battle.</font></p>
								<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Thus, there were a great many treatment centers built into the Underground City to treat people for the effects of chemical and bacteriological weapons.</font></p>
								<p></p>
								<p></p>
								<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Harris, Sheldon H.  Factories of Death. New York:  Routledge, 2002.</font></p>
								<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Japanese War Crimes: The Search for Justice.  (Ed. Peter Li). Edison, NJ:  Transaction Publishers, 2006.</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font></p>
							</td>
						</tr>
					</table>
					<br>
					<br>
					<br>


</DIV></DIV></DIV>			<br>
			<br>
			<br>
			<br>
		
			<br>
			<br>
			<br>
			<br>
<font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica"><a class="white" href="http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/china.html">  China Index </a></font><font size+1 class="white"> >> </font><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica"><a class="white" href="http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/beijing2.html">  History of Beijing in Pictures </a></font><font size+1 class="white"> >> </font><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica"><a class="white" href="http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/HistoricBeijing/Qianmen/pages/034_UndergroundCity.html">  Beijing Underground City History </a></font>
<br><br><font size="-1" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica">Click on a picture or use the arrows at the top to navigate through the site.</font><br>
			<hr>

		<P><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/beijing2.html<BR>Last
update:  August 2009<BR>&copy; Marilyn Shea, 2009 </FONT></P><HR>
<br>

<br>
</BODY>

</HTML>