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  12. 		<TITLE>Chinese Astronomy - 24 Seasonal Segments  - 中国天文学 - 二十四节气</TITLE>
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  30. 					<td bgcolor="black"><A href="0009H_comets6563w.html"><IMG src="../tianimage/0008H_6703bw.jpg" height="537" width="900" border=0 title="28 Lodges of celestial equator"></a></td>
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  36. 			<h1><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">24 Seasonal Segments 二十四节气</font><br>
    37. 

  37. 			</h1>
    38. 

  38. 			<CENTER>
    39. 

  39. 				<div align="center">
    40. 

  40. 					<div align="center">
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  41. 						<table width="60%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
    42. 

  42. 							<tr>
    43. 

  43. 								<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The earliest calendars can be traced to the Neolithic period, but it is only with the beginning of the dynastic period that calendars were standardized and formalized. From the Shang Dynasty (1523-1027 BC) to the Warring States Period (770-221 BC) there was continuous improvement in observation and thus the calendar improved. All of the calendars were based on the average motion of the moon and measured a month as starting and ending with the new moon.  Oracle bones show that during the Shang Dynasty people used a year of 365 days and a lunar month of about 29 or 30 days.  It was during the Warring States Period that the  </font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">24 Seasonal Segments (二十四节气 èrshís</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ì</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">jiéqì</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">) were incorporated into the calendar.</font>
    44. 

  44. 									<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The sky is divided into 24 segments or jiéqì (</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">节气</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">) based on the seasons of the year. The earliest calendars assumed that the motion of the sun was constant and divided the year into 24 segments with equal numbers of days. This method is called píngqì (平气). Because the motion of the sun is <em>not</em> consistent, this was found to be inaccurate. The calendar then changed to a method where the ecliptic (the path of the sun as seen from earth) was divided into 24 equal parts of 15 degrees. This method is called dìngqì (定气). Calendars from the Warring States Period through the Ming Dynasty used the pingqi method in their designs and only changed to the more accurate dingqi method during the Qing Dynasty.</font></p>
    45. 

  45. 									<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The average lunar month is a little more than 29 and <strong>1/2</strong> days.  It is the half day that is a problem.  The solution was to have both short (29 days) and long  months (30 days).  The procedure works for a short time but eventually gets out of step with the new moon because the lunar month is slightly <em>longer</em> than 29.5 days.  To correct that, periodically a double long month would be added to the calendar to bring the beginning of the month back to the new moon.  The leap concept was also used to bring the calendar back to agreement with the year.  An average of 29.5 days in 12 months only gives you 354 days in a year.  Every few years, an extra month called an intercalary month would be added to make up the days needed to keep the solstices and equinoxes consistent with the seasons.</font></p>
    46. 

  46. 									<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD), Jiǎ Kuí 贾逵 observed that the motion of the moon was actually inconsistent, but he continued to use the
    47. 

  47. pingqi method of calculation in his Sì Fèn calendar (四分历).  In 223 AD Kàn Zé (阚泽) used the dingqi method to predict eclipses but still based his Qian Xiang calendar on the pingqi method. Subsequently, several calendars were proposed (from the Yuan Jia calendar in 445 AD through the Wu Yin calendar in 619 AD) that incorporated the dingqi method. In each case the imperial court refused the innovation because the procedure would include more than two long months in a sequence. </font></p>
    48. 

  48. 									<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">It is amazing that a culture that regularly required its astrologers to rewrite the calendar would hold on so tightly to the simple rule of the pingqi calendars, &quot;Never more than two long months in a row,&quot; but they did. The relationship between our view of stability and the mythology we create around time is deep seated. We happily deal with uneven months and leap years, but if it were seriously proposed that we straighten the whole thing out, there would be riots in the streets as there were when the Gregorian calendar was introduced. It is not logical that we cling to something that is just a concept, but we do. As a consequence, calendars could be &quot;reset&quot;, but they had to use the same rules.</font></p>
    49. 

  49. 									<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Although future astronomers continued to use the dingqi calculation to develop their calendars and to make observations after the Qian Xian calendar, it wasn't until the Qing Dynasty that it was actually built into the calendar.  All of the earlier calendars were based on the pingqi method.</font></p>
    50. 

  50. 									<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Below is a table of the 24 seasonal segments shown in the picture above. They are based on the idea of predicting the seasonal variation using the moon's motion to measure the time it will take for the earth to return to a certain position (the solstices and equinoxes) in relation to the sun. Thus, the Chinese calendar is a lunisolar model.</font></p>
    51. 

  51. 									<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Below that is a partial list of some of the calendars in Chinese history.  A few will be discussed in greater depth on subsequent pages.</font></p>
    52. 

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    53. 

  53. 							</tr>
    54. 

  54. 						</table>
    55. 

  55. 					</div>
    56. 

  56. 				</div>
    57. 

  57. 				<br>
    58. 

  58. 				<p></p>
    59. 

  59. 				<p></p>
    60. 

  60. 				<p></p>
    61. 

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    65. 

  65. 								<td width="40%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1 Li Chun 立 春<br>
    66. 

  66. 										2 Yu Shui 雨 水 <br>
    67. 

  67. 										3 Jing Zhe 惊 蛰 <br>
    68. 

  68. 										4 Chun Fen 春 分 <br>
    69. 

  69. 										5 Qing Ming 清 明 </font><br>
    70. 

  70. 									<font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">6 Gu Yu 谷 雨<br>
    71. 

  71. 										7 Li Xia 立 夏 <br>
    72. 

  72. 										8 Xiao Man 小 满<br>
    73. 

  73. 										9 Mang Zhong 芒 种  <br>
    74. 

  74. 										10 Xia Shi 夏 至 <br>
    75. 

  75. 										11 Xiao Shu 小 暑<br>
    76. 

  76. 										12 Da Shu 大 暑  <br>
    77. 

  77. 										13 Li Qiu 立 秋 <br>
    78. 

  78. 										14 Chu Shu 处 暑  <br>
    79. 

  79. 										15 Bai Lu 白 露 <br>
    80. 

  80. 										16 Qiu Fen 秋 分 <br>
    81. 

  81. 										17 Han Lu 寒 露 <br>
    82. 

  82. 										18 Shuang Jiang 霜 降<br>
    83. 

  83. 										19 Li Dong 立 冬 <br>
    84. 

  84. 										20 Xiao Xue 小 雪 <br>
    85. 

  85. 										21 Da Xue 大 雪 <br>
    86. 

  86. 										22 Dong Zhi 冬 至 <br>
    87. 

  87. 										23 Xiao Han 小 寒 <br>
    88. 

  88. 										24 Da Han 大 寒 </font></td>
    89. 

  89. 								<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Beginning of spring (Spring Festival)<br>
    90. 

  90. 										Rain water <br>
    91. 

  91. 										 Waking of insects <br>
    92. 

  92. 										Spring equinox (March 21)<br>
    93. 

  93. 										Pure brightness <br>
    94. 

  94. 										Grain rain <br>
    95. 

  95. 										Beginning of summer<br>
    96. 

  96. 										Grain full <br>
    97. 

  97. 										Grain in ear <br>
    98. 

  98. 										Summer solstice (June 22)<br>
    99. 

  99. 										Slight heat </font><br>
    100. 

  100. 									<font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Great heat<br>
    101. 

  101. 										Beginning of autumn <br>
    102. 

  102. 										Limit of heat <br>
    103. 

  103. 										White dew <br>
    104. 

  104. 										Autumnal equinox (September 23)<br>
    105. 

  105. 										Cold dew <br>
    106. 

  106. 										Descent of Frost <br>
    107. 

  107. 										Beginning of winter <br>
    108. 

  108. 										Slight snow <br>
    109. 

  109. 										Great snow <br>
    110. 

  110. 										Winter solstice (December 22)<br>
    111. 

  111. 										Slight cold <br>
    112. 

  112. 										Great cold </font></td>
    113. 

  113. 							</tr>
    114. 

  114. 						</table>
    115. 

  115. 						<h1><br>
    116. 

  116. 						</h1>
    117. 

  117. 					</div>
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  118. 				</div>
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  119. 			</CENTER>
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  120. 			<br>
    121. 

  121. 			<table width="90%" border="1" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#606060">
    122. 

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  123. 					<td colspan="8">
    124. 

  124. 						<div align="center">
    125. 

  125. 							<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A Minor Sample of the 102 Calendars in Chinese History</font></div>
    126. 

  126. 					</td>
    127. 

  127. 				</tr>
    128. 

  128. 				<tr>
    129. 

  129. 					<td bgcolor="#69698b"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Calendar</font></td>
    130. 

  130. 					<td bgcolor="#69698b"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">汉字</font></td>
    131. 

  131. 					<td bgcolor="#69698b"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Year</font></td>
    132. 

  132. 					<td bgcolor="#69698b"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Astronomer</font></td>
    133. 

  133. 					<td bgcolor="#69698b"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">汉字</font></td>
    134. 

  134. 					<td bgcolor="#69698b"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dynasty</font></td>
    135. 

  135. 					<td bgcolor="#69698b"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Span</font></td>
    136. 

  136. 					<td bgcolor="#69698b" width="33%"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Notes</font></td>
    137. 

  137. 				</tr>
    138. 

  138. 				<tr>
    139. 

  139. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Xià Xiǎo Zhèng</font></td>
    140. 

  140. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">夏小正</font></td>
    141. 

  141. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">16<sup>th<br>
    142. 

  142. 							</sup> century<br>
    143. 

  143. 							 BC</font></td>
    144. 

  144. 					<td></td>
    145. 

  145. 					<td></td>
    146. 

  146. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Xia</font></td>
    147. 

  147. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">2070-1600 BC</font></td>
    148. 

  148. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Divided the year into 12 months, comments on agriculture and weather observations</font></td>
    149. 

  149. 				</tr>
    150. 

  150. 				<tr>
    151. 

  151. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Lǔ lì</font></td>
    152. 

  152. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">鲁历</font></td>
    153. 

  153. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    154. 

  154. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    155. 

  155. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    156. 

  156. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Warring States</font></td>
    157. 

  157. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">770-221 BC</font></td>
    158. 

  158. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pingqi method developed in Warring States</font></td>
    159. 

  159. 				</tr>
    160. 

  160. 				<tr>
    161. 

  161. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zhōu lì</font></td>
    162. 

  162. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">周历</font></td>
    163. 

  163. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&nbsp;</font></td>
    164. 

  164. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    165. 

  165. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    166. 

  166. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Warring States</font></td>
    167. 

  167. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">770-221 BC</font></td>
    168. 

  168. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pingqi method developed in Warring States</font></td>
    169. 

  169. 				</tr>
    170. 

  170. 				<tr>
    171. 

  171. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Yīn lì</font></td>
    172. 

  172. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">殷历 </font></td>
    173. 

  173. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&nbsp;</font></td>
    174. 

  174. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    175. 

  175. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    176. 

  176. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Warring States</font></td>
    177. 

  177. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">770-221 BC</font></td>
    178. 

  178. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pingqi method developed in Warring States</font></td>
    179. 

  179. 				</tr>
    180. 

  180. 				<tr>
    181. 

  181. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Xià lì</font></td>
    182. 

  182. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">夏历 </font></td>
    183. 

  183. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&nbsp;</font></td>
    184. 

  184. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    185. 

  185. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    186. 

  186. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Warring States</font></td>
    187. 

  187. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">770-221 BC</font></td>
    188. 

  188. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pingqi method developed in Warring States</font></td>
    189. 

  189. 				</tr>
    190. 

  190. 				<tr>
    191. 

  191. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zhuān xū lì</font></td>
    192. 

  192. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">颛顼历</font></td>
    193. 

  193. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font>&nbsp;</td>
    194. 

  194. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font>&nbsp;</td>
    195. 

  195. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font>&nbsp;</td>
    196. 

  196. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Warring States</font></td>
    197. 

  197. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">770-221 BC</font></td>
    198. 

  198. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pingqi method developed in Warring States</font></td>
    199. 

  199. 				</tr>
    200. 

  200. 				<tr>
    201. 

  201. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Huángdi4 lì</font></td>
    202. 

  202. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">黄帝历</font></td>
    203. 

  203. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&nbsp;</td>
    204. 

  204. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&nbsp;</td>
    205. 

  205. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">&nbsp;</td>
    206. 

  206. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Warring States</font></td>
    207. 

  207. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">770-221 BC</font></td>
    208. 

  208. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Pingqi method developed in Warring States</font></td>
    209. 

  209. 				</tr>
    210. 

  210. 				<tr>
    211. 

  211. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sì Fèn</font></td>
    212. 

  212. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">四分历</font></td>
    213. 

  213. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">85 AD</font></td>
    214. 

  214. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Jiǎ Kuí</font></td>
    215. 

  215. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">贾逵</font></td>
    216. 

  216. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Eastern Han</font></td>
    217. 

  217. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">25-220 AD</font></td>
    218. 

  218. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Discovered motion of the moon was inconsistent, based calendar on pingqi</font></td>
    219. 

  219. 				</tr>
    220. 

  220. 				<tr>
    221. 

  221. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Qi</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">á</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n Xi</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">à</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ng</font></td>
    222. 

  222. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">乾象历</font></td>
    223. 

  223. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">223 AD</font></td>
    224. 

  224. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Kàn Zé</font></td>
    225. 

  225. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">阚泽</font></td>
    226. 

  226. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Three Kingdoms</font></td>
    227. 

  227. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">220-280 AD</font></td>
    228. 

  228. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dingqi used to calculate eclipses but based calendar on pingqi</font></td>
    229. 

  229. 				</tr>
    230. 

  230. 				<tr>
    231. 

  231. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Yuán Jiā</font></td>
    232. 

  232. 					<td><font size="-1">元嘉<br>
    233. 

  233. 							历</font></td>
    234. 

  234. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">445 AD</font></td>
    235. 

  235. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">H</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">é</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Ch</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">é</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ngti</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ā</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n</font></td>
    236. 

  236. 					<td><font size="-1">何承天</font></td>
    237. 

  237. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Northern and<br>
    238. 

  238. 							 Southern</font></td>
    239. 

  239. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">386-589 AD</font></td>
    240. 

  240. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Using dingqi found that could have strings of 3 and 4 long or short months - not implemented due to political constraints</font></td>
    241. 

  241. 				</tr>
    242. 

  242. 				<tr>
    243. 

  243. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    244. 

  244. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    245. 

  245. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    246. 

  246. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zhāng Zǐxìn </font></td>
    247. 

  247. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">张子信</font></td>
    248. 

  248. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Northern and<br>
    249. 

  249. 							 Southern</font></td>
    250. 

  250. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">386-589 AD</font></td>
    251. 

  251. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Discovered inconsistent speed of the sun</font></td>
    252. 

  252. 				</tr>
    253. 

  253. 				<tr>
    254. 

  254. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">D</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">à</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Míng</font></td>
    255. 

  255. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">大明历</font></td>
    256. 

  256. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">510 AD</font></td>
    257. 

  257. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Z</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ǔ</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Ch</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ō</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ngzh</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ī</font></td>
    258. 

  258. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">祖冲之</font></td>
    259. 

  259. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Northern and<br>
    260. 

  260. 							 Southern</font></td>
    261. 

  261. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">386-589 AD</font></td>
    262. 

  262. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Measured precession of the earth's axis - sui cha (岁差) </font></td>
    263. 

  263. 				</tr>
    264. 

  264. 				<tr>
    265. 

  265. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Wǔpíng</font></td>
    266. 

  266. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">武平历</font></td>
    267. 

  267. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">576 AD </font></td>
    268. 

  268. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Líu Xiàosūn</font></td>
    269. 

  269. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">刘孝孙 </font></td>
    270. 

  270. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sui </font></td>
    271. 

  271. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">586-618 AD </font></td>
    272. 

  272. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Included a correction for the Sun's variable movement and solar center - not an official court calendar</font></td>
    273. 

  273. 				</tr>
    274. 

  274. 				<tr>
    275. 

  275. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Kāi Huáng</font></td>
    276. 

  276. 					<td><font size="-1">开皇</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">历</font></td>
    277. 

  277. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">589 AD</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font></td>
    278. 

  278. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zhāng Bīn</font></td>
    279. 

  279. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">张宾</font></td>
    280. 

  280. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sui</font></td>
    281. 

  281. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">586-618 AD</font></td>
    282. 

  282. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Inferior calendar written by a monk who was not an astronomer which replaced the Da Ming and ignored precession and the changing solstice point</font></td>
    283. 

  283. 				</tr>
    284. 

  284. 				<tr>
    285. 

  285. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">D</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">à</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">yè  </font></td>
    286. 

  286. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">大业历 </font></td>
    287. 

  287. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">596 or 597 AD </font></td>
    288. 

  288. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zh</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ā</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ng Zhòuxu</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">á</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n </font></td>
    289. 

  289. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">张胄玄 </font></td>
    290. 

  290. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sui </font></td>
    291. 

  291. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">586-618 AD</font></td>
    292. 

  292. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Included a linear interpolation to estimate the Sun's changing speed</font></td>
    293. 

  293. 				</tr>
    294. 

  294. 				<tr>
    295. 

  295. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Hu</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">á</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ng Jí</font></td>
    296. 

  296. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">皇极</font><font size="-1">历</font></td>
    297. 

  297. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">600 AD</font></td>
    298. 

  298. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Líu Zhuō </font></td>
    299. 

  299. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">刘焯</font></td>
    300. 

  300. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sui </font></td>
    301. 

  301. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">586-618 AD</font></td>
    302. 

  302. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Discussed inconsistent speed of the sun, but thought the changes were sudden</font></td>
    303. 

  303. 				</tr>
    304. 

  304. 				<tr>
    305. 

  305. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">W</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ù</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Yín</font></td>
    306. 

  306. 					<td><font size="-1">戊寅历</font></td>
    307. 

  307. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">619 AD</font></td>
    308. 

  308. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">F</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ù</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> R</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">é</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">njūn </font></td>
    309. 

  309. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">傅仁均</font></td>
    310. 

  310. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tang </font></td>
    311. 

  311. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">618-907</font><font size="-1"> </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AD</font></td>
    312. 

  312. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dingqi showed string of 4 long months, so again used pingqi - (Fu Renjun also worked during the previous Sui Dynasty)</font></td>
    313. 

  313. 				</tr>
    314. 

  314. 				<tr>
    315. 

  315. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Lín D</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">é</font></td>
    316. 

  316. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">麟得</font><font size="-1">历</font></td>
    317. 

  317. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">665 </font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AD</font></td>
    318. 

  318. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    319. 

  319. 					<td>&nbsp;</td>
    320. 

  320. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tang </font></td>
    321. 

  321. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">618-907</font><font size="-1"> </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AD</font></td>
    322. 

  322. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dingqi in the form of dingshuo became the common method for calculation - but still not the base of the calendar</font></td>
    323. 

  323. 				</tr>
    324. 

  324. 				<tr>
    325. 

  325. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">D</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">à</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Y</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ǎ</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n</font></td>
    326. 

  326. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">大衍历</font></td>
    327. 

  327. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">729 AD</font></td>
    328. 

  328. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">S</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ē</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ng Y</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ī</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> X</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">í</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ng</font></td>
    329. 

  329. 					<td><font size="-1">僧一行</font></td>
    330. 

  330. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tang</font></td>
    331. 

  331. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">618-907</font><font size="-1"> </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AD</font></td>
    332. 

  332. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Corrected Zh</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ā</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ng Zhòuxu</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">á</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n and </font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Líu Zhuō 's measurement of solar speed.  </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Determined the actual movement of the Sun and used it to calculate eclipses but not in calendar. Still used pingqi</font></td>
    333. 

  333. 				</tr>
    334. 

  334. 				<tr>
    335. 

  335. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Fútiān</font></td>
    336. 

  336. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">符天历</font></td>
    337. 

  337. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">780 AD</font></td>
    338. 

  338. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Cáo Sh</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ì</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wéi</font></td>
    339. 

  339. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">曹士为</font></td>
    340. 

  340. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tang</font></td>
    341. 

  341. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">618-907</font><font size="-1"> </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AD</font></td>
    342. 

  342. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Parabolic interpolation for solar motion</font></td>
    343. 

  343. 				</tr>
    344. 

  344. 				<tr>
    345. 

  345. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Qīntiān</font></td>
    346. 

  346. 					<td>钦<font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">天历</font></td>
    347. 

  347. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">956 AD</font></td>
    348. 

  348. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Wáng Pǔ</font></td>
    349. 

  349. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">王朴</font></td>
    350. 

  350. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Five Dynasties<br>
    351. 

  351. 							 and Ten Kingdoms</font></td>
    352. 

  352. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">907-979 AD</font></td>
    353. 

  353. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Used Yixing's meridian line to create a new algorithm of the Sun's shadow.</font></td>
    354. 

  354. 				</tr>
    355. 

  355. 				<tr>
    356. 

  356. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sh</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ò</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">u Sh</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">í</font></td>
    357. 

  357. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">授时历</font></td>
    358. 

  358. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1281 </font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">AD</font></td>
    359. 

  359. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Gu</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ō</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Sh</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ǒu</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">j</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ì</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">ng</font></td>
    360. 

  360. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">郭守敬</font></td>
    361. 

  361. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Yuan</font></td>
    362. 

  362. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1279-1368 AD</font></td>
    363. 

  363. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Refined the measurement of the precession of the earth's rotation</font></td>
    364. 

  364. 				</tr>
    365. 

  365. 				<tr>
    366. 

  366. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sh</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">í</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Xi</font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">à</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n</font></td>
    367. 

  367. 					<td><font size="-1">时宪历</font></td>
    368. 

  368. 					<td><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1645 AD</font></td>
    369. 

  369. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Adam Schall von Bell</font></td>
    370. 

  370. 					<td><font size="-1">汤若望</font></td>
    371. 

  371. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Qing</font></td>
    372. 

  372. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">1645-1911 AD</font></td>
    373. 

  373. 					<td width="33%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ding qi and procession measures  implemented in the calendar.  Added calculation of Changed day from 12 hours (时辰) with 100 quarters to 24 hours and 96 quarters of 15 minutes.  Added time zones for calculation of dawn, dusk and jie qi (seasonal segments), jie qi set at 15 degrees of the ecliptic.</font></td>
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  376. 			<br>
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  377. 			<font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> </font><br>
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  378. 			<br>
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  379. 			<p><br>
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    382. 

  382. 			<div align="center">
    383. 

  383. 				<p align="left"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/beijing2.html<br>
    384. 

  384. 						Last update: May 2007<br>
    385. 

  385. 						© Marilyn Shea, 2007 </font></p>
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