Inicio Explorar Axuda
Iniciar sesión
eric
/
MaineEdu
1
0
Fork 0
Ficheiros Incidencias 0 Pull Requests 0 Wiki
Árbore: 2998ea58e2
Ramas Etiquetas
MaineEdu
/
Original
/
hua.umf.maine.edu
/
China
/
astronomy
/
tianpage
/
0025Armilla9252w.html

0025Armilla9252w.html 12 KB
Histórico Raw

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200 
  1. <HTML>
    2. 

  2. 	<HEAD>
    3. 

  3. <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
    4. 

  4. <meta name="MSSmartTagsPreventParsing" content="TRUE">
    5. 

  5. 		<META Name= "description" Content = "Ancient Tian Wen Tai">
    6. 

  6. 		<META NAME="distribution" content="Global">
    7. 

  7. 		<META NAME="rating" content="Safe For Kids">
    8. 

  8. 		<META NAME="copyright" content="Marilyn Shea">
    9. 

  9. 		<meta name="Author" content="Marilyn Shea">
    10. 

  10. 		<META NAME="classification" content="Education">
    11. 

  11. 		<META Name = "keywords" Content = "China, Chinese, astronomy, Tian Wen Tai, ancient observatory, Marilyn Shea">
    12. 

  12. 		<TITLE>Armillary Sphere - 浑仪 - Chinese Astronomy - 中国天文学 - History -历史</TITLE>
    13. 

  13. 		
    14. 

  14. 

  15. 	</HEAD>
    16. 

  16. 

  17. <BODY bgcolor=#333333 text=#FEFAFA link=#FFFFFF vlink=#FFFFFF alink=#FF0000>
    18. 

  18. 

  19. <CENTER>
    20. 

  20. <TABLE border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="200">
    21. 

  21. <TR>
    22. 

  22. 	<TD width="80" align="center"><A href="0024abridged_armilla5378crw.html"><IMG src="../tianimage/previous.gif" height="30" width="30" border="0" title="Previous"></A></TD>
    23. 

  23. 	<TD width="80" align="center"><A href="../index.html#27"><IMG src="../tianimage/home.gif" height="30" width="30" border="0" title="Home"></A></TD>
    24. 

  24. 	<TD width="80" align="center"><A href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><IMG src="../tianimage/next.gif" height="30" width="30" border="0" title="Next"></A></TD>
    25. 

  25. </TR>
    26. 

  26. </TABLE>
    27. 

  27. </CENTER>
    28. 

  28. 		<center>
    29. 

  29. 			<table border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="4" bgcolor="black">
    30. 

  30. 				<tr>
    31. 

  31. 					<td bgcolor="black"><A href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><IMG src="../tianimage/0025Armilla9252w.jpg" height="600" width="800" border=0 title="Armilla"></a></td>
    32. 

  32. 

  33. 				</tr>
    34. 

  34. 			</table>
    35. 

  35. 		</center>
    36. 

  36. 		<div align="center">
    37. 

  37. 			<h1><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Armillary Sphere - </font><font size="+1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">浑仪</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
    38. 

  38. 				</font></h1>
    39. 

  39. 			<div align="center">
    40. 

  40. 				<br>
    41. 

  41. 				<center></center>
    42. 

  42. 				<div align="center">
    43. 

  43. 					<table width="60%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
    44. 

  44. 						<tr>
    45. 

  45. 							<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The armillary sphere (hún yí </font><font size="+1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">浑仪</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">) in the courtyard of the Ancient Observatory in Beijing is a full sized replica of a sphere produced in the Ming Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Zhengtong (1439).  The original was moved to the Purple Mountain Observatory in Nanjing in 1931.  </font>
    46. 

  46. 								<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The armillary sphere's structure was very simple at the beginning, with three rings and a metal axis. The axis was oriented to the North and South Poles.  The outermost ring, the meridian ring, was fixed in the north-south direction. The middle ring, the equatorial ring, was aligned to the earth's equatorial plane. Finally, the innermost one, the Chijing ring, had a sighting tube and could revolve around the metal axis.  To use the armillary, one pointed the sight at a particular star and then you read the angles off the different rings to identify the exact position of the star.  Later, more rings were added to take different measurements, so that the modern examples from the Ming dynasty are much more elaborate than the originals.  </font></p>
    47. 

  47. 								<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">On the base of the armillary you can see a shallow trough in the square base.  This was filled with water to level the instrument.  A method to attach a plumb line might also have been available since it was a common instrument, but it is not immediately apparent.</font></p>
    48. 

  48. 							</td>
    49. 

  49. 						</tr>
    50. 

  50. 					</table>
    51. 

  51. 					<br>
    52. 

  52. 				</div>
    53. 

  53. 			</div>
    54. 

  54. 		</div>
    55. 

  55. 		<p><br>
    56. 

  56. 		</p>
    57. 

  57. 		<div align="center">
    58. 

  58. 			<br>
    59. 

  59. 			<table width="64" border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="6" bgcolor="black">
    60. 

  60. 				<tr>
    61. 

  61. 					<td><a href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><img src="../tianimage/Armilla6442w.jpg" title="Armilla" height="600" width="617" border="0"></a></td>
    62. 

  62. 				</tr>
    63. 

  63. 			</table>
    64. 

  64. 			<br>
    65. 

  65. 			<br>
    66. 

  66. 			<br>
    67. 

  67. 			<br>
    68. 

  68. 			<br>
    69. 

  69. 			<br>
    70. 

  70. 			<table width="64" border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="6" bgcolor="black">
    71. 

  71. 				<tr>
    72. 

  72. 					<td><a href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><img src="../tianimage/Armilla8612w.jpg" title="Armilla" height="600" width="987" border="0"></a></td>
    73. 

  73. 				</tr>
    74. 

  74. 			</table>
    75. 

  75. 			<br>
    76. 

  76. 			<br>
    77. 

  77. 			<br>
    78. 

  78. 			<br>
    79. 

  79. 			<br>
    80. 

  80. 			<br>
    81. 

  81. 			<table width="64" border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="6" bgcolor="black">
    82. 

  82. 				<tr>
    83. 

  83. 					<td><a href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><img src="../tianimage/Armilla8619w.jpg" title="Armilla" height="600" width="800" border="0"></a></td>
    84. 

  84. 				</tr>
    85. 

  85. 			</table>
    86. 

  86. 			<br>
    87. 

  87. 			<br>
    88. 

  88. 			<br>
    89. 

  89. 			<br>
    90. 

  90. 			<br>
    91. 

  91. 			<br>
    92. 

  92. 			<table width="64" border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="6" bgcolor="black">
    93. 

  93. 				<tr>
    94. 

  94. 					<td><a href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><img src="../tianimage/Armilla6445gw.jpg" title="Armilla" height="600" width="800" border="0"></a></td>
    95. 

  95. 				</tr>
    96. 

  96. 			</table>
    97. 

  97. 			<br>
    98. 

  98. 			<br>
    99. 

  99. 			<br>
    100. 

  100. 			<br>
    101. 

  101. 			<br>
    102. 

  102. 			<br>
    103. 

  103. 			<table width="64" border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="6" bgcolor="black">
    104. 

  104. 				<tr>
    105. 

  105. 					<td><a href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><img src="../tianimage/Armilla9240w.jpg" title="Armilla" height="600" width="800" border="0"></a></td>
    106. 

  106. 				</tr>
    107. 

  107. 			</table>
    108. 

  108. 			<div align="center">
    109. 

  109. 				<h1><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Qiánshān </font><font size="+1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">乾山 - </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zhōu Yì </font><font size="+1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">周易</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
    110. 

  110. 					</font></h1>
    111. 

  111. 			</div>
    112. 

  112. 			<p> <br>
    113. 

  113. 			</p>
    114. 

  114. 			<table width="60%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
    115. 

  115. 				<tr>
    116. 

  116. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Each of the four mountains surrounding the armillary is marked with a symbol from the I Ching, or Book of Changes, (</font><font color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">易经</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Yì Jīng  </font>周易 <font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zhōu Yì ).  Each of the eight trigrams in the I Ching also stands for a direction.  The mountains stand at the </font><font color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">☰ 乾</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> qián northwest, </font><font color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">☴ 巽</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> xùn southeast,</font><font color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">☶ 艮</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> gèn northeast, </font><font color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">☷ 坤</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> kūn   southwest corners.  The symbol pictured above is </font><font color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">乾山</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> Qi</font><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">á</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">n Shān or northwest.  It is the symbol for heaven in the I Ching.</font></td>
    117. 

  117. 				</tr>
    118. 

  118. 			</table>
    119. 

  119. 			<br>
    120. 

  120. 			<p><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The  Eight Trigrams and their directions are:</font></p>
    121. 

  121. 			<table width="70%" border="0" cellpadding="2">
    122. 

  122. 				<tbody>
    123. 

  123. 					<tr>
    124. 

  124. 						<td width="15%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>NorthWest</strong></font></td>
    125. 

  125. 						<td width="10%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>West</strong></font></td>
    126. 

  126. 						<td width="11%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>South</strong></font></td>
    127. 

  127. 						<td width="12%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>East</strong></font></td>
    128. 

  128. 						<td width="13%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Southeast</strong></font></td>
    129. 

  129. 						<td width="13%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>North</strong></font></td>
    130. 

  130. 						<td width="14%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Northwest </strong></font></td>
    131. 

  131. 						<td width="18%"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Southwest</strong></font></td>
    132. 

  132. 					</tr>
    133. 

  133. 					<tr>
    134. 

  134. 						<td width="15%"><font size="+1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">☰ </font></td>
    135. 

  135. 						<td width="10%"><font size="+1">☱</font></td>
    136. 

  136. 						<td width="11%"><font size="+1">☲</font></td>
    137. 

  137. 						<td width="12%"><font size="+1">☳</font></td>
    138. 

  138. 						<td width="13%"><font size="+1">☴</font></td>
    139. 

  139. 						<td width="13%"><font size="+1">☵</font></td>
    140. 

  140. 						<td width="14%"><font size="+1">☶</font></td>
    141. 

  141. 						<td width="18%"><font size="+1">☷</font></td>
    142. 

  142. 					</tr>
    143. 

  143. 					<tr>
    144. 

  144. 						<td width="15%"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">heaven <br>
    145. 

  145. 								Qián</font></td>
    146. 

  146. 						<td width="10%"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">marsh <br>
    147. 

  147. 								Duì</font></td>
    148. 

  148. 						<td width="11%"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">fire<br>
    149. 

  149. 								Lí</font></td>
    150. 

  150. 						<td width="12%"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">thunder<br>
    151. 

  151. 								 Zhèn</font></td>
    152. 

  152. 						<td width="13%"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">wind <br>
    153. 

  153. 								Xùn</font></td>
    154. 

  154. 						<td width="13%"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">water <br>
    155. 

  155. 								Kǎn</font></td>
    156. 

  156. 						<td width="14%"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">hill <br>
    157. 

  157. 								Gèn</font></td>
    158. 

  158. 						<td width="18%"><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">earth<br>
    159. 

  159. 								Kūn</font></td>
    160. 

  160. 					</tr>
    161. 

  161. 				</tbody>
    162. 

  162. 			</table>
    163. 

  163. 			<p><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
    164. 

  164. 				</font></p>
    165. 

  165. 			<table width="60%" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" align="center">
    166. 

  166. 				<tr>
    167. 

  167. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The I Ching, or Book of Changes, or, as it is translated today, Classics of Changes was compiled from writings and beliefs that predate the Xia Dynasty.  While traditionally attributed to Fú Xī (伏羲), discoveries on oracle bones place its beginning much earlier. The inclusion of the symbols on the armillary shows the close ties between the traditions of astrology and astronomy.</font></td>
    168. 

  168. 				</tr>
    169. 

  169. 			</table>
    170. 

  170. 			<p><br>
    171. 

  171. 				<br>
    172. 

  172. 				<br>
    173. 

  173. 			</p>
    174. 

  174. 			<table width="64" border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="6" bgcolor="black">
    175. 

  175. 				<tr>
    176. 

  176. 					<td><a href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><img src="../tianimage/Armilla8632w.jpg" title="Armilla" height="600" width="450" border="0"></a></td>
    177. 

  177. 				</tr>
    178. 

  178. 			</table>
    179. 

  179. 			<br>
    180. 

  180. 			<br>
    181. 

  181. 			<br>
    182. 

  182. 			<br>
    183. 

  183. 			<table width="64" border="8" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="6" bgcolor="black">
    184. 

  184. 				<tr>
    185. 

  185. 					<td><a href="0026Armilla_8644w.html"><img src="../tianimage/Armilla8637w.jpg" title="Armilla" height="600" width="800" border="0"></a></td>
    186. 

  186. 				</tr>
    187. 

  187. 			</table>
    188. 

  188. 		</div>
    189. 

  189. 		<CENTER>
    190. 

  190. 			<font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Dragon's Head on the Armilla</font></CENTER>
    191. 

  191. 		<br>
    192. 

  192. 		<br>
    193. 

  193. <br><HR><P><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/beijing2.html<BR>
    194. 

  194. 				Last update: September 2007<BR>
    195. 

  195. 				&copy; Marilyn Shea, 2007 </FONT></P><HR>
    196. 

  196. <br>
    197. 

  197. </BODY>
    198. 

  198. 

  199. 

  200. </HTML>
    201.