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  23. 				<td valign="CENTER" nowrap="1" bgcolor="#000033"><font size="-2" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica"><a class="white" href="http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/china.html">  China Index </a></font><font size+1 class="white">|</font></td>
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  38. 							<h1><font size="+1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Chinese Astronomy</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">  </font></h1>
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  39. 							<h1><font size="+1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">中国天文学</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
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  53. 					<td align="center"><a name="1" href="tianpage/0001H_pottery6544w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0001H_pottery6544w.jpg" title="Pottery" height="100" width="124" border="0"></a></td>
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  54. 					<td align="center"><a name="3" href="tianpage/0003H_Seasons6725w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0003H_Seasons6725w.jpg" title="Seasons" height="100" width="66" border="0"></a></td>
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  55. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="4" href="tianpage/0004H_oraclebonemap6716w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0004H_oraclebonemap6716w.jpg" title="Oracle Bone Map" height="100" width="80" border="0"></a></td>
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  56. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The ancient Chinese tradition of setting the seasons and divining guidance from the stars...</font></td>
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  65. 					<td align="center"><a name="5" href="tianpage/chinese_constellations.html"><img src="thumbnails/azuredragons.jpg" title="Constellations" height="100" width="137" border="0"></a></td>
    66. 

  66. 					<td align="center"><a name="6" href="tianpage/0006H_9183w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0006H_9183w.jpg" title="Neolithic Grave" height="100" width="147" border="0"></a></td>
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  67. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="7" href="tianpage/0007H_solarsystem5395w.html"><img src="thumbnails/H_solarsystem5397crw.jpg" title="Solar system" height="100" width="156" border="0"></a></td>
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  68. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The constellations and the organization of the cosmos in Chinese astronomy and astrology...</font></td>
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  77. 					<td align="center"><a name="8" href="tianpage/0008H_6703bw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0008H_6703bw.jpg" title="Seasons" height="100" width="169" border="0"></a></td>
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  78. 					<td align="center"><a name="9" href="tianpage/0009H_comets6563w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0009H_comets6563w.jpg" title="Comets" height="100" width="100" border="0"></a></td>
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  79. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="10" href="tianpage/0010H_sunspots6563w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0010H_sunspots6563w.jpg" title="Sunspots" height="100" width="67" border="0"></a></td>
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  80. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Beginning to gather accurate data to make predictions about the future behavior of celestial bodies...</font></td>
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    89. 

  89. 					<td align="center"><a name="12" href="tianpage/0012ZhangHeng6539w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0012ZhangHeng6539w.jpg" title="Zhang Heng" height="100" width="66" border="0"></a></td>
    90. 

  90. 					<td align="center"><a name="11" href="tianpage/0011H_6680w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0011H_6680w.jpg" title="Ecliptic" height="100" width="140" border="0"></a></td>
    91. 

  91. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="13" href="tianpage/0013steelyardclock6629w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0013steelyardclock6629w.jpg" title="Steelyard clock" height="100" width="116" border="0"></a></td>
    92. 

  92. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zhang Heng and mathematicians of the Han Dynasty move from recording events to measurement and modeling to make better predictions...</font></td>
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  101. 					<td align="center"><a name="14" href="tianpage/0014ZuChongzhi9296bw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0014ZuChongzhi9296bw.jpg" title="Zu Chongzhi" height="100" width="101" border="0"></a></td>
    102. 

  102. 					<td align="center"><a name="15" href="tianpage/0015H_YiXing_9275_man683727bw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0015H_YiXing_9275_man683727bw.jpg" title="Yi Xing" height="100" width="120" border="0"></a></td>
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  103. 					<td colspan="2" align="left" width="347"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Zu Chongzhi was stimulated by cultural change and exposure to new ideas in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Yi Xing in the Tang and the astronomers of the Song also lived in flexible, prosperous times with open exchange of ideas and support of scholarship...</font></td>
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  112. 					<td align="center"><a name="16" href="tianpage/0016dunhuang5405w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0016dunhuang5405w.jpg" title="Dunhuang Star Map" height="100" width="149" border="0"></a></td>
    113. 

  113. 					<td align="center"><a name="17" href="tianpage/0017Shen_Kuo_9266w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0017Shen_Kuo_9266w.jpg" title="Shen Kuo" height="100" width="115" border="0"></a></td>
    114. 

  114. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="18" href="tianpage/0018Guo_Shoujing6603w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0018Guo_Shoujing6603w.jpg" title="Guo Shoujing" height="100" width="67" border="0"></a></td>
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  115. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and astronomers such as Shen Kuo of the Song also had flexible, prosperous times with cultural imports while the Yuan Dynasty stimulated the great inventions of Guo Shoujing...</font></td>
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  124. 					<td align="center"><a name="29" href="tianpage/0027H_constellations5391joinedw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0027H_constellations5391joinedw.jpg" title="Roof tiles" height="100" width="107" border="0"></a></td>
    125. 

  125. 					<td align="center"><a name="19" href="tianpage/0019aRicci_9276crnw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0019aRicci_9276crnw.jpg" title="Matteo Ricci" height="100" width="67" border="0"></a></td>
    126. 

  126. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="20" href="tianpage/0019bXu_Guangqi_6659w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0019bXu_Guangqi_6659w.jpg" title="Xu Guangqi" height="100" width="92" border="0"></a></td>
    127. 

  127. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Ming Dynasty brought Europeans to the mix.  Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi worked together to bring in new ideas in  astronomy and mathematics... </font></td>
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  136. 					<td align="center"><a name="21" href="tianpage/0019Jianguomen5547w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0019Jianguomen5547w.jpg" title="Jianguomen" height="100" width="134" border="0"></a></td>
    137. 

  137. 					<td align="center"><a name="23" href="tianpage/0021sundial5416bw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0021sundial5416bw.jpg" title="Sundial" height="100" width="134" border="0"></a></td>
    138. 

  138. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="24" href="tianpage/0022MingGnomon6471w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0022MingGnomon6471w.jpg" title="Ming Gnomon" height="100" width="127" border="0"></a></td>
    139. 

  139. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">During the Ming Dynasty new instruments were added to the observatories built during the Yuan Dynasty...</font></td>
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    148. 

  148. 					<td align="center"><a name="25" href="tianpage/0023square_table6448w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0023square_table6448w.jpg" title="Square Table" height="100" width="134" border="0"></a></td>
    149. 

  149. 					<td align="center"><a name="26" href="tianpage/0024abridged_armilla5378crw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0024abridged_armilla5378crw.jpg" title="Abridged Armilla" height="100" width="88" border="0"></a></td>
    150. 

  150. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="27" href="tianpage/0025Armilla9252w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0025Armilla9252w.jpg" title="Armilla" height="100" width="134" border="0"></a></td>
    151. 

  151. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and included traditional instruments such as the gnomon, square table, simplified armilla, and armillary sphere... </font></td>
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    160. 

  160. 					<td align="center"><a name="30" href="tianpage/0028Schall_von_Bell9280w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0028Schall-von-Bell9280w.jpg" title="Schall von Bell" height="100" width="95" border="0"></a></td>
    161. 

  161. 					<td align="center"><a name="31" href="tianpage/0029Verbiest9284crw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0029Verbiest9284crw.jpg" title="Verbiest" height="100" width="101" border="0"></a></td>
    162. 

  162. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="32" href="tianpage/0030Altazimuth6489.html"><img src="thumbnails/0030Altazimuth6489.jpg" title="Altazimuth" height="100" width="129" border="0"></a></td>
    163. 

  163. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Adam Schall von Bell and Ferdinand Verbiest added new ideas to the calendar and Verbiest directed the creation of 6 new instruments...</font></td>
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    172. 

  172. 					<td align="center" valign="top"><a name="33" href="tianpage/0031CelestialGlobe_6484w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0031CelestialGlobe_6484w.jpg" title="Celestial Globe" height="100" width="115" border="0"></a><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font></td>
    173. 

  173. 					<td align="center" valign="top"><a name="34" href="tianpage/0032EclipticArmilla6517bbbw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0032EclipticArmilla6517bbbw.jpg" title="Ecliptic Armilla" height="100" width="40" border="0"></a><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font> <font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font></td>
    174. 

  174. 					<td align="center" valign="top" width="100"><a name="35" href="tianpage/0034EquatorialArmilla6499w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0034EquatorialArmilla6499w.jpg" title="Equatorial Armilla" height="100" width="134" border="0"></a></td>
    175. 

  175. 					<td align="left" valign="middle" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">including an altazimuth, a celestial globe, an ecliptic armilla and a sextant...</font></td>
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  182. 					<td align="center"><a name="36" href="tianpage/0035Quadrant6490w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0035Quadrant6490w.jpg" title="Quadrant" height="100" width="134" border="0"></a></td>
    183. 

  183. 					<td align="center"><a name="37" href="tianpage/0036Sextant5431w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0036Sextant5431w.jpg" title="Sextant" height="100" width="134" border="0"></a></td>
    184. 

  184. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="38" href="tianpage/0037qingcelestialglobe6583bw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0037qingcelestialglobe6583bw.jpg" title="Qing celestial globe" height="100" width="76" border="0"></a></td>
    185. 

  185. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The Qing dynasty saw elaboration and increased sophistication in both instruments and observation...</font></td>
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  188. 					<td align="center" valign="top"><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font></td>
    189. 

  189. 					<td align="center" valign="top"><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font><font size="3" face="Arial"></font></td>
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    194. 

  194. 					<td align="center"><a name="39" href="tianpage/0040h_synchronome6745w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0038_synchronome6745w.jpg" title="Synchronome" height="100" width="113" border="0"></a></td>
    195. 

  195. 					<td align="center"><a name="40" href="tianpage/0039H_9288_1900warw.html"><img src="thumbnails/0039H_9288_1900warw.jpg" title="Boxer Rebellion" height="100" width="55" border="0"></a></td>
    196. 

  196. 					<td colspan="2" align="left" width="347"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">until the decline of the dynastic era and beginning of a new era of upheaval...</font></td>
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    200. 

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    205. 

  205. 					<td align="center"><a name="41" href="tianpage/0040GaoLu_9292w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0040GaoLu_9292w.jpg" title="Gao Lu" height="100" width="73" border="0"></a></td>
    206. 

  206. 					<td align="center"><a name="42" href="tianpage/0041Chen_Zungui9293w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0041Chen-Zunwei9293w.jpg" title="Chen Zungui" height="100" width="81" border="0"></a></td>
    207. 

  207. 					<td align="center" width="100"><a name="43" href="tianpage/0042H_outside6342w.html"><img src="thumbnails/0042H_outside6342w.jpg" title="Beijing Ancient Observatory" height="100" width="135" border="0"></a></td>
    208. 

  208. 					<td align="left" width="200"><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Today, astronomy continues to play an important but different role in Chinese science...</font></td>
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  254. 					Last update: Octorber 2007<br>
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