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0024abridged_armilla5378crw.html

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  12. 		<TITLE>Abridged or Simplified Armilla - 简仪 - Chinese Astronomy - 中国天文学</TITLE>
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  31. 					<td bgcolor="black"><A href="0025Armilla9252w.html"><IMG src="../tianimage/0024abridged_armilla5378crw.jpg" height="600" width="530" border=0 title="Abridged Armilla"></a></td>
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  37. 			<h1><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Abridged or Simplified Armilla - </font><font size="+1">简仪</font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
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  46. 									<td valign="top"><img src="../tianimage/Guo_Shoujing6603ws.jpg" title="Guo Shoujing" width="199" height="300" align="left" border="0" hspace="5"><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The abridged or simplified armilla ( </font><font size="-1">简仪 </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">jiǎnyí ) was invented by Guo Shoujing in 1276 AD.  It is called &quot;simplified&quot; because it is simpler to use than the traditional armillary sphere, and it is called &quot;abridged&quot; because it gives a good view of the celestial sphere except around the area of Polaris.  In Western astronomy it is most often called an abridged armilla, while the Chinese name translates as simplified.  </font>
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  47. 										<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The abridged armilla has two rings at right angles to one another. The single ring is aligned with the equator and is called the equatorial ring. Guo Shoujing is responsible for adding the equatorial ring. The double ring is perpendicular to the equatorial ring. Between its two rings it has the sight, a single tube that can be aimed at an individual star. Cross-hairs help make exact positioning. The ring rotates and then points to gauges on the equatorial ring and on the double ring that tell you the position of whatever is in the sight. </font></p>
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  48. 										<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">One of the innovations was to install four small cylinders between the main measurement ring and the equatorial plane to reduce friction and make measurement more accurate. These cylinders are analogous to our modern ball bearings. The simplified armilla takes measurements of the position of the sun like the gnomon but it can also measure the angle of the sun at any time.<br>
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  50. 										<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This particular instrument has combined a number of instruments such as azimuth and horizon circles as well as a sundial. It can be used to measure topography and in engineering and even in practical astronomy. It is even an astronomical compass. If you point the instrument at a known planet or star it can tell you the location of north. </font></p>
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  51. 										<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">There is a small circle at the base with a groove within its diameter.  This groove and the groove in the  square base can be filled with water to establish plumb.  It is important that both the supporting structure and the instrument itself be checked to make sure the instrument remains true after a move or over time.</font></p>
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  52. 										<p><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This abridged armilla at Beijing Ancient Observatory </font><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">(</FONT>古观象台<font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">) </font><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">is 1/3 life size and is a copy of one made in 1439. The original was once housed in Beijing but was moved to the Purple Mountain Observatory in 1933 as the Japanese were advancing. </font></p>
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  125. 								<font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">There should be a gnomon inserted in the holder in the center of the circle.  This is a sundial.</font></div>
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  143. 						<td><a href="0025Armilla9252w.html"><img src="../tianimage/abridged_armilla9178w.jpg" title="Turtle foot - Abridged Armilla" width="840" height="600" border="0"></a></td>
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  152. 									<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The turtle is a classic symbol in China, but I don't think it has a special meaning in this context.  Below you can see all of the different circles available for measurement.</font></td>
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  176. 					<td><img src="../tianimage/TychoBrahe9367w.jpg" title="Tycho Brahe - 1546 to 1601" width="450" height="600" border="0"></td>
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  183. 					<td><font size="-1" color="white" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) used a similar instrument in his observatory.  A description of his equatorial armillary by Brahe translated into English can be found at the <a href="http://www.kb.dk/en/nb/tema/webudstillinger/brahe_mechanica/toc.html" target="_blank">Danish Royal Library</a>. At the bottom of their page you can go onto the next instrument which is also an equatorial armillary.</font></td>
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  191. 		<P><font size="-1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/beijing2.html<BR>Last
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  192. update:  May 2007<BR>&copy; Marilyn Shea, 2007 </FONT></P><HR>
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