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<td BGCOLOR="#C0C0C0"><blockquote>
        <blockquote><blockquote>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1">Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834)&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>
			British economist, minister, teacher<br>
			<br>
			<b>An Essay on the Principle of Population, as it affects the Future 
			Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr 
			Godwin, M. Condorcet and Other Writers</b> (1798)<br>
			<br>
			<b>Observations on the Effects of the Corn Laws, and of a rise or 
			fall in the price of corn on the agriculture and general wealth of 
			the country</b> (1814)&nbsp; (see <a href="Corn_Laws.html">Corn Laws</a>)<br>
			<br>
			<b>Definitions in Political economy:&nbsp; Preceded by an inquiry into the rules which ought to guide political economists in the definition and use of their terms; with remarks on the derivation from these rules in their writings</b> (1827)<br>
			<br>
			<b>A Summary View of the Principle of Population</b> (1830)<br><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1"><br>
			</font><b><font size="2" face="Tahoma">Principles of Political 
			Economy:&nbsp; Considered with a View to their Practical Application</font></b> 
			(1820)</p>
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		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1"><br>
		The 
		first edition of <i>Principles of Political Economy: Considered with a 
		View to their Practical Application </i>appeared in 1820, seven years 
		later Malthus followed it with <i>Definitions in Political Economy</i>.&nbsp; 
		While he is best known for his theory of population and the supply of 
		sustenance, his works on the economic system and its functioning is 
		closely related.&nbsp; </font></p>
		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">
		<a href="pictures/Malthus/malthus.jpg">
		<img border="0" src="pictures/Malthus/malthus_w.jpg" width="247" height="350" align="left" hspace="6"></a>During 
		this time in England and, for that matter, the world, the entire system 
		of economic exchange and balance had been revolutionized by the 
		industrial revolution, colonialism, the steam engine, and urbanization.&nbsp; 
		The economy was no longer localized; it was well on its way to 
		globalization.&nbsp; The Corn Laws, first passed in England in 1804 and 
		subsequently revised numerous times, created a micro- macro- economic 
		case study about which Malthus and others could argue and observe.&nbsp; 
		In his <i>Observations on the Effects of the Corn Laws </i>(see below 
		for text) Malthus argues with Smith's position concerning the effects of 
		the laws, labor costs, and trade.</font></p>
		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">Malthus 
		was trained as a minister, but spent his career as Professor of Modern 
		History and Political Economy at the East India College in Haileybury.&nbsp; 
		According to Malthus, population is kept in balance either by 
		devastation or self-interest.&nbsp; If the poor are allowed to reach a 
		higher standard of living, they will restrain population growth to 
		become upwardly mobile and to have enough to provide a similar 
		opportunity for their children.&nbsp; This was radical thought in the 
		early 1800's.&nbsp; Many preferred to allow the &quot;natural&quot; course of 
		starvation and illness to weed out the population, agreeing with Malthus' 
		pessimistic view that the poor would be unable to exercise 
		self-restraint.&nbsp; They also liked Malthus' view that helping the 
		poor only took resources from those who would make better use of them.&nbsp; 
		So, on the one hand, Malthus was in favor of creating an economy to 
		allow the poor to better themselves and at the same time against the 
		&quot;helping hand&quot;.&nbsp; </font></p>
		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">
		Theoretical criticisms came from people like Everett and Godwin, among 
		others.&nbsp; Everett questioned the geometric progression as a model 
		for population growth.&nbsp; Full text from both authors is available 
		below.</font></p>
		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">The 
		theoretical arguments concerning the economy by Malthus, Ricardo, Smith, 
		and others both described the rise of the mercantile economy and helped 
		to mold and shape it.&nbsp; The various roles of government, banking, 
		money, property and capital were defined and created the system we live 
		with today.<br>
          &nbsp;</font></p>
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					The enlargements of the document are sufficient for easy reading 
					-- they will be a slow download on a modem.&nbsp; The 
					photographs of Principles of Political Economy 
					may be used freely on non-commercial sites (no 
					advertisements) and for educational purposes.&nbsp; Please 
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		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1">
          Quotations:</font></p>
		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">
		Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. 
		Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio. A slight 
		acquaintance with numbers will show the immensity of the first power in 
		comparison of the second.&nbsp; (<i>An Essay on the Principle of 
		Population</i>, 1798)</font></p>
		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">The 
		number of labourers also being above the proportion of work in the 
		market, the price of labor must tend towards a decrease; while the price 
		of provisions would at the same time tend to rise.&nbsp; (<i>An Essay on 
		the Principle of Population</i>, 1798)</font></p>
		<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">To state 
		these facts is not to favour taxes; but to give one of the strongest 
		reasons against them; namely, that they are not only a great evil on 
		their first imposition, but that the attempt to get rid of them 
		afterwards, is often attended with fresh suffering.&nbsp; (<i>Principles 
		of Political Economy</i>, Section X, On the Immediate Causes of the 
		Progress of Wealth, 1820)<br>
		&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>
          </font></p>
	</blockquote>
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<td BGCOLOR="#C0C0C0"><blockquote>
        <blockquote><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1"><b>Further
Resources:</b><br>
          <br>
			<b>Works by Thomas Robert, Malthus (1766-1834)</b><br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4239">An Essay on the 
			Principle of Population</a> (1798) from Project 
			Gutenberg</font><p>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1"><a href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPop.html">An Essay 
			on the Principle of Population</a> as It Affects the Future 
			Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. 
			Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers.&nbsp; London: J. Johnson, 
			1798. <b>First edition</b>.&nbsp; from The Library of Economics and 
			Liberty<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html">An 
			Essay on the Principle of Population</a>: A View of its Past and 
			Present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into Our 
			Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils 
			which It Occasions<br>
			Published: London: John Murray, 1826. <b>Sixth edition</b>.&nbsp; 
			First published: 1798.&nbsp; from The Library of Economics and 
			Liberty<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4334">Observations on the 
			Effects of the Corn Laws, and of a Rise or Fall in the Price of Corn 
			on the Agriculture and General Wealth of the Country</a> (1814) from Project 
			Gutenberg<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4335">The Grounds of an 
			Opinion on the Policy of Restricting the Importation of Foreign Corn</a>: 
			intended as an appendix to &quot;Observations on the corn laws&quot; from Project 
			Gutenberg<br>
			<br>
          <br>
			<b>19th Century works concerning Malthus:</b></font></p>
			<p><font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">
			<a href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0015-17">
			Godwin on Malthus</a>. <i>The North American review</i>. Volume 15, 
			Issue 37.&nbsp; Cedar Falls, Iowa:&nbsp; University of Northern 
			Iowa.&nbsp; October 1822, pp. 289-319. from Cornell University 
			Library.<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ0722-0042-106">
			The Method of Political Economy, by D. McG. Means</a>.&nbsp; <i>New 
			Englander and Yale review</i>.&nbsp; Volume 42, Issue 177.&nbsp; New 
			Haven:&nbsp; W. L. Kingsley, pp. 801-820.&nbsp; from Cornell 
			University Library.<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/say/">
			Letters to Malthus on Political Economy and Stagnation of Commerce</a> 
			HTML by Andy Blunden at McMaster University<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AGD1642-0017-66">
			The Malthusian Theory</a> - Discussed in a Correspondence between 
			Alex H. Everett and Professor George Tucker, of the University of 
			Virginia.&nbsp; <i>The United States Democratic review</i>. Volume 
			17, Issue 88.&nbsp; October 1845.&nbsp; New York:&nbsp; J.&amp; H.G. 
			Langley, pp. 297-310<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AGD1642-0017-81">
			The Malthusian Theory</a> - Discussed in a Correspondence between 
			Alex H. Everett and Professor George Tucker, of the University of 
			Virginia.&nbsp; <i>The United States Democratic review</i>. Volume 
			17, Issue 89.&nbsp; November 1845.&nbsp; New York:&nbsp; J.&amp; H.G. 
			Langley, pp. 379-392<br>
			<br>
			Everett, A. H.
			<a href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0017-19">&quot;Everett's 
			New Ideas on Population&quot;</a>, <i>The North American review</i>. 
			Volume 17, Issue 41&nbsp; Cedar Falls, Iowa:&nbsp; University of 
			Northern Iowa, October 1823, pp. 288-310.&nbsp; From Cornell 
			University Library Collection.&nbsp; A critique of Malthus' ideas on 
			population by a contemporary.&nbsp; It's worth reading just for the 
			language.</font></p>
			<blockquote>
				<p>
				<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1">From 1830 to 1835 Everett edited <i>The North American review</i>.&nbsp; 
				Everett became a diplomat to China and continued his interest in 
				population and Malthus' theory.&nbsp; He died in Canton in 1847.</font></p>
			</blockquote>
			<p>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">
			<a href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AGD1642-0021-125">
			&quot;The Condition of China, with Reference to the Malthusian Theory, as 
			Discussed in Correspondence between Alex H. Everett and Prof. Geo 
			Tucker, Late of the University of Virginia&quot;</a>,&nbsp; <i>The United 
			States Democratic review.</i>&nbsp; Volume 21, Issue 113&nbsp; New 
			York:&nbsp; J.&amp; H.G. Langley, pp. 397-411.<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AGD1642-0022-4">
			&quot;The Condition of China; with Reference to the Malthusian Theory, in 
			Reply to the Late Hon. A. H. Everett, U. S. Minister to China, by 
			Prof. George Tucker, Late of the University of Virginia&quot;</a>,<i> The 
			United States Democratic review.</i>&nbsp; Volume 22, Issue 115&nbsp; 
			New York:&nbsp; J.&amp; H.G. Langley, pp. 11-18.</font></p>
			<p>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif" size="-1">Review 
			of &quot;<a href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0001-72">Observations 
			on the effects of the Corn Laws... by Rev. T. R. Malthus</a>&quot;&nbsp;
			<i>The North American review</i>. Volume 1, Issue 2.&nbsp; Cedar 
			Falls, Iowa: University of Northern Iowa, July 1815, pp. 214-234.&nbsp; 
			from Cornell University Library.</font></p>
			<p>
			<font face="verdana, arial, helvetica, sans serif"
 size="-1"><b>Modern works concerning Malthus:</b><br><br>
			<a href="http://www.boisestate.edu/econ/lreynol/web/PDF_HET/CLSCAL.pdf">
			CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS (1776-1871):&nbsp; AN OUTLINE</a>.&nbsp; 
			by R. Larry Reynolds, Boise State University.&nbsp; An overview of 
			the major economic theories in .pdf format, right-click to download.
			<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/SHE7.htm">Wealth and 
			Poverty: Malthus And Ricardo</a>.&nbsp; by Andrew Roberts, Middlesex 
			University<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/28472">
			1798: Darwin and Malthus</a> by Keith Stewart Thomson, in the <i>
			American Scientist.&nbsp; </i>Paper showing the influence of Malthus' 
			theory on Darwin.<br>
			<br>
			<a href="http://www.economics.unimelb.edu.au/TLdevelopment/econochat/Dixonecon00.html">
			The Origin of the Term &quot;Dismal Science&quot; to Describe Economics</a> by 
			Robert Dixon at The University of Melbourne.&nbsp; Discusses Carlye 
			and Malthus.<br><br><br>
			<br><br>&nbsp;(c) Marilyn Shea, 2006<br>&nbsp;<br>
			</font></p>
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