ch01s13.xhtml 93 KB

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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Unit 3</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch01s12.xhtml" title="Unit 2"/><link rel="next" href="ch01s14.xhtml" title="Unit 4"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="Unit 3" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e5912"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Unit 3</h2></div></div></div><section class="section" title="Introduction" epub:type="division" id="d0e5915"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Introduction</h3></div></div></div><section class="section" title="Topics covered in this unit" epub:type="division" id="d0e5918"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Members of a family.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The plural ending -<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">men</em></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The question word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐ</em></span>- "how many."</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The adverb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dōu</em></span> "all."</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Several ways to express "and."</p></li></ol></div></section><section class="section" title="Material you will need" epub:type="division" id="d0e5946"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The 3D-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></section></section><section class="section" title="References" epub:type="division" id="d0e5960"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">References</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Reference List" epub:type="division" id="d0e5964"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference List</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
  2. ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有孩子吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Do you have children?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu, wǒmen
  3. yǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有,我们有。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, we have.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liú xiānsheng yǒu
  4. Měiguó péngyou ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">刘先生有美国朋友吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Does Mr <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liú</em></span> have any American friends?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā meíyǒu Měiguó
  5. péngyou.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他没有美国朋友。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He doesn't have any American friends.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
  6. péngyou.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他有英国朋友。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He has English friends. (or an English friend)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
  7. háizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有几个孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How many children do you have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
  8. háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们有三个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">We have three children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
  9. nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有几个男孩子,几个女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu liǎngge
  10. nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们有两个男孩子,一个女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">We have two boys and one girl.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì nánháizi, shì
  11. nǚháizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是男孩子,是女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are they boys or girls?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen dōu shì
  12. nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们都是女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">All of them are girls.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hú xiānsheng,
  13. tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">胡先生,太太呢?他们有几个孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How about Mr. and Mrs. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hú</em></span>? How many
  14. children do they have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
  15. háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们有两个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">They have two children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì nánháizi, shì
  16. nǚháizi? </em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是男孩子,是女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are they boys or girls?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Dōu shì
  17. nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">都是女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Both of them are girls.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài
  18. zhèli ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们孩子都在这里吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are all your children here?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bù, liǎngge zài
  19. zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">不,两个在这里,一个还在美国。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
  20. rén?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你家里有什么人?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What people are (there) in your family?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn
  21. sānge háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有我太太跟三个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">There's my wife and three children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
  22. rén?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你家里有什么人?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What people are (there) in your family?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù (yǒu) wǒ fùqin,
  23. mǔqin.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">就(有)我父亲,母亲。</em></span></td><td>Just my father and mother.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e6291"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="col1"/><col class="col2"/><col class="col3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhǐ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">只</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">only</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dìdi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">弟弟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">younger brother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēge</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哥哥</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">older brother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiějie</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">姐姐</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">older sister</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mèimei</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">妹妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">younger sister</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">兄弟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiěmèi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">姐妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">sisters</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì
  24. jiěmèi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">兄弟姐妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers and sisters</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">fùmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">父母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">parents</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔfù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">祖父</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">paternal grandfather</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">祖母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">paternal grandmother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔfù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">外祖父</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">maternal grandfather</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">外祖母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">maternal grandmother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bàba</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">爸爸</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">papa, dad, father</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">māma</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">吗吗</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">momma, mom, mother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bàba</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">爸爸</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">papa, dad, father</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dìdi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">弟弟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">younger brother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dōu</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">都</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">all, both</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">fùmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">父母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">parents</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">fùqin</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">父亲</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">father</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēge</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哥哥</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">older brother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēn</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">跟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">and, with, and (in addition to)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">还</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">still, yet</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">háizi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">孩子</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">children, child</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐ-</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几-</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">how many</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiāli</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">家里</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">family</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiějie</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">姐姐</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">older sister </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiěmèi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">姐妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">sisters</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐge</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几个</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">how many</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">就</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">only, just</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">liǎng-</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">两</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">two</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">māma</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">妈妈</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">momma, mom, mother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">not, not to have</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mèimei</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">妹妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">younger sister</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mèiyou</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没有</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">not to have, there is not</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-men</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">们</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">plural suffix</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mǔqin</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">母亲</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">mother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nán-</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">男-</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">male</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nánháizi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">男孩子</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">boy</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǐmen</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">you (plural)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚ-</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">奴-</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">female</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚháizi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">奴孩子</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">girl</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">tāmen</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">they, them</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔfù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">外祖父</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">maternal grandfather</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">外祖母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">maternal grandmother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wǒmen</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">we, us</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">兄弟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì
  25. jiěmèi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">兄弟姐妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers and sisters</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to have, there is</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhǐ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">只</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">only</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔfù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">祖父</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">paternal grandfather</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">祖母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">paternal grandmother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíng
  26. le</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">赢了</em></span></td><td>I('ve) won</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Reference Notes" epub:type="division" id="d0e6779"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Notes on №1" epub:type="division" id="d0e6783"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №1</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
  27. ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有孩子吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Do you have children?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu, wǒmen
  28. yǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有,我们有。</em></span></td><td>Yes, we have.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The plural pronouns are formed by adding -men to the singular
  29. pronouns</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="2"><span class="bold"><strong>singular</strong></span></th><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="2"><span class="bold"><strong>plural</strong></span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wǒ</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wǒmen</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">we</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǐ</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">you</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǐmen</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">you</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">tā</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">he/she</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">tāmen</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; ">they</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my,"
  30. "our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me,"
  31. "us," etc.)</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Háizi</em></span>: Chinese
  32. nouns have the same form for singular and plural.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Háizi</em></span> may be
  33. either "child" or "children."<a href="#ftn.d0e6879" class="footnote"><sup class="footnote" id="d0e6879">[3]</sup></a>Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be
  34. translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not
  35. require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English
  36. does.</p><p>
  37. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu háizi</em></span> is
  38. a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the
  39. clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough
  40. information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have
  41. children." </p><p>At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu háizi ma?</em></span> you do
  42. not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than
  43. one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do
  44. you have any children?"</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №2" epub:type="division" id="d0e6899"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liú xiānsheng
  45. yǒu Měiguó péngyou ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">刘先生有美国朋友吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Does Mr <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liú</em></span> have any American friends?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā meíyǒu
  46. Měiguó péngyou.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他没有美国朋友。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He doesn't have any American friends.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
  47. péngyou.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他有英国朋友。</em></span></td><td>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou</em></span>: All the
  48. verbs discussed so far form the negative with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>, with the single exception
  49. of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span>, "to have,"
  50. which has the irregular negative form <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span>.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №3-4" epub:type="division" id="d0e6963"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №3-4</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
  51. háizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有几个孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How many children do you have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
  52. háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们有三个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">We have three children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
  53. nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有几个男孩子,几个女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu
  54. liǎngge nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们有两个男孩子,一个女孩子。</em></span></td><td>We have two boys and one girl.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In Peking speech,<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">
  55. jǐ-</em></span>, "how many," is usually used only when the number
  56. expected in an answer is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China,
  57. speakers use jl- no matter how large a number is expected in the
  58. answer.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Counters</strong></span>: In Chinese, a noun cannot be
  59. counted or specified (i.e., used with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něi-</em></span> "which," <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nèi-</em></span>, "that," <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhèi-</em></span>, "this") without the
  60. addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being
  61. specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how
  62. many head of cattle" and "loaves" in " seven loaves of bread."</p><p>The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun "being
  63. specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already
  64. learned the polite counter for persons, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-wèi</em></span>. Other special counters
  65. refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for
  66. "hotel," for instance, has a special counter <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-jiā</em></span>, "house," used for
  67. counting or specifying business establishments.</p><p>The general counter <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span> is used with nouns that do not have special
  68. counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word
  69. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">pùbù</em></span>,
  70. "waterfall," so you would say <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíge
  71. pùbù</em></span>, "one waterfall." You have already found the
  72. general counter <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span> in specifying expressions such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něige háizi</em></span>, "which child,"
  73. and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhèige
  74. fàndiàn</em></span>,"this hotel."</p><p>You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters
  75. are sometimes used with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by
  76. many speakers.</p><p>Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span>:</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíge liǎngge sānge sìge wǔge
  77. liùge qíge báge jiǔge shíge</em></span></p><p>The number 2 has a special form before a counter: l<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">iǎng-</em></span>. Notice that the words
  78. for 1, 2, and 8 have Rising tones before <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span>, because <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span> is basically a
  79. Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nán- nǚ-</em></span>: The
  80. "bound words <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nán-</em></span>
  81. "male," and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚ-</em></span>,
  82. "female," are often used in compounds; for example, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nánpéngyou</em></span>, "boyfriend," and
  83. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚtóngzhì</em></span>
  84. "(woman) Comrade."</p><p>"<span class="bold"><strong>And</strong></span>": In Chinese, a word for "and" is
  85. not needed between parallel phrases like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge
  86. nǚháizi</em></span> "two boys, (and) one girl."</p><p>A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes
  87. omitted.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №5-7" epub:type="division" id="d0e7126"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №5-7</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì nánháizi,
  88. shì nǚháizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是男孩子,是女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are they boys or girls?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen dōu shì
  89. nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们都是女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">All of them are girls.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hú xiānsheng,
  90. tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">胡先生,太太呢?他们有几个孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How about Mr. and Mrs. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hú</em></span>? How many
  91. children do they have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen yǒu
  92. liǎngge háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们有两个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">They have two children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì nánháizi,
  93. shì nǚháizi? </em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是男孩子,是女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are they boys or girls?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Dōu shì
  94. nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">都是女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Both of them are girls.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen háizi dōu
  95. zài zhèli ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们孩子都在这里吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are all your children here?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bù, liǎngge zài
  96. zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">不,两个在这里,一个还在美国。</em></span></td><td>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Shi
  97. nánháizi, shi nǚháizi?</strong></span></em></span> In Chinese, an
  98. "or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true)
  99. may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In
  100. this kind of question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will
  101. learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Dōu</em></span> may usually
  102. be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two
  103. things, as both (of)." Literally, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dōu</em></span> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely,"
  104. "completely." Since it is an adverb), it must be placed after the subject of
  105. a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yě</em></span>, "also".)</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №8-9" epub:type="division" id="d0e7266"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №8-9</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
  106. shénme rén?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你家里有什么人?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What people are (there) in your family?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu wǒ tàitai
  107. gēn sānge háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有我太太跟三个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">There's my wife and three children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
  108. shénme rén?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你家里有什么人?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What people are (there) in your family?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù yǒu wǒ
  109. fùqin, mǔqin.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">就有我父亲,母亲。</em></span></td><td>Just my father and mother.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Literally, the phrase <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǐ
  110. jiāli</em></span> means "in your home" (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiā</em></span>, "home"; <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-li</em></span>, "in"). In this sentence
  111. it is extended to mean "the people in your home, " that is, "your
  112. family."</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli - yǒu - shénme
  113. rén?</em></span> Phrase by phrase, this question is: "In your family
  114. - there are - what people?,’ The word "family" can be taken to mean either
  115. all your relatives or only those living in your household.</p><p>By itself, the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span> means "to "be," "to exist." You have now seen it
  116. translated two ways: </p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>as "have," with a personal subject: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu sānge háizi</em></span>
  117. . "We have three children." </p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>as "there is/are," in the so-called impersonal construction:
  118. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
  119. rén?</em></span> "What people are (there) in your
  120. family?"</p></li></ol></div><p>In exchange 8, the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span> in the answer is translated as "there's." Some
  121. English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can
  122. also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the
  123. English, as was done in exchange 9« Chinese almost always keeps the verb in
  124. the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>How to say "and":</strong></span> Chinese has several
  125. words for "and." <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Gēn</em></span> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun
  126. phrases. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yě</em></span> is the
  127. word for "and" when Joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</p><div class="example" id="d0e7381"><div class="example-title">Example 1.1. Example:</div><div class="example-contents"><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, yě bú xìng
  128. Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lǚ.</em></span></p><p>I'm not surnamed <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lǐ</em></span> and I'm not surnamed <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lǔ</em></span>. I'm surnamed
  129. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lǚ</em></span>.</p></div></div><p>Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being Joined
  130. are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="5"><span class="bold"><strong>Not parallel</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
  131. <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wǒ
  132. tàitai</em></span></p>
  133. <p>Possessor noun</p>
  134. </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēn</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
  135. <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sānge
  136. háizi.</em></span></p>
  137. <p>number noun</p>
  138. </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">There's my wife and 3 children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="5"><span class="bold"><strong>Parallel</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
  139. <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">liǎngge
  140. nánháizi</em></span></p>
  141. <p>number noun</p>
  142. </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">,</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
  143. <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíge
  144. nǚháizi.</em></span></p>
  145. <p>number noun</p>
  146. </td><td>There are 2 boys and one girl.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis
  147. between nouns and between noun phrases just as in English.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù</em></span>, "only,"
  148. "Just," is an advert (like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yě</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dōu</em></span>. The use of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiù</em></span> to mean "only" is
  149. probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<a href="#ftn.d0e7485" class="footnote"><sup class="footnote" id="d0e7485">[4]</sup></a> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily
  150. use <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiù</em></span> to mean
  151. "only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for
  152. "only" is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhǐ</em></span>.
  153. Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ fùqin,
  154. mǔqin.</em></span></p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on additional vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e7499"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on additional vocabulary</h5></div></div></div><p>Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members.
  155. There is not Just one word for "brother," or "sister" but words for "older
  156. brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>older</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>younger</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brother</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēge</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dìdi</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers</td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">sister</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiějie</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mèimei</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">sisters</td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiěmèi</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiěmèi</em></span> is used. When
  157. referring to both older and younger brothers, the term <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì</em></span> is used. When
  158. referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì jiěmèi</em></span> is
  159. used.</p><p>Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of
  160. the family and grandparents on the mother's side:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>father's
  161. side</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>mother's
  162. side</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>grandfather</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔfù</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔfù</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>grandmother</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔmǔ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The syllable <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wài-</em></span> in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔfù</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔmǔ</em></span> literally means "outer" or "outside."</p></section></section></section><section class="section" title="Drills" epub:type="division" id="d0e7609"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Drills</h3></div></div></div><p/></section><div class="footnotes" epub:type="footnotes"><br/><hr class="footnote-hr"/><div id="ftn.d0e6879" class="footnote" epub:type="footnote"><p><a href="#d0e6879" class="para"><sup class="para">[3] </sup></a>A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by
  163. adding -<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">men</em></span> . <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Háizimen</em></span> can only be ''children"</p></div><div id="ftn.d0e7485" class="footnote" epub:type="footnote"><p><a href="#d0e7485" class="para"><sup class="para">[4] </sup></a><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù</em></span> has
  164. several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you
  165. continue through this course.</p></div></div></section><footer/></body></html>