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- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Unit 3</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch01s12.xhtml" title="Unit 2"/><link rel="next" href="ch01s14.xhtml" title="Unit 4"/></head><body><header/><section class="section" title="Unit 3" epub:type="subchapter" id="d0e5912"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">Unit 3</h2></div></div></div><section class="section" title="Introduction" epub:type="division" id="d0e5915"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Introduction</h3></div></div></div><section class="section" title="Topics covered in this unit" epub:type="division" id="d0e5918"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Topics covered in this unit</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Members of a family.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The plural ending -<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">men</em></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The question word <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐ</em></span>- "how many."</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The adverb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dōu</em></span> "all."</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>Several ways to express "and."</p></li></ol></div></section><section class="section" title="Material you will need" epub:type="division" id="d0e5946"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Material you will need</h4></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>The 3D-1 tape.</p></li></ol></div></section></section><section class="section" title="References" epub:type="division" id="d0e5960"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">References</h3></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Reference List" epub:type="division" id="d0e5964"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference List</h4></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
- ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有孩子吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Do you have children?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu, wǒmen
- yǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有,我们有。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Yes, we have.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liú xiānsheng yǒu
- Měiguó péngyou ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">刘先生有美国朋友吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Does Mr <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liú</em></span> have any American friends?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā meíyǒu Měiguó
- péngyou.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他没有美国朋友。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He doesn't have any American friends.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
- péngyou.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他有英国朋友。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He has English friends. (or an English friend)</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
- háizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有几个孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How many children do you have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
- háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们有三个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">We have three children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
- nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有几个男孩子,几个女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu liǎngge
- nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们有两个男孩子,一个女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">We have two boys and one girl.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì nánháizi, shì
- nǚháizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是男孩子,是女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are they boys or girls?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen dōu shì
- nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们都是女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">All of them are girls.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hú xiānsheng,
- tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">胡先生,太太呢?他们有几个孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How about Mr. and Mrs. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hú</em></span>? How many
- children do they have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
- háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们有两个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">They have two children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì nánháizi, shì
- nǚháizi? </em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是男孩子,是女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are they boys or girls?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Dōu shì
- nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">都是女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Both of them are girls.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài
- zhèli ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们孩子都在这里吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are all your children here?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bù, liǎngge zài
- zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">不,两个在这里,一个还在美国。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
- rén?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你家里有什么人?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What people are (there) in your family?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn
- sānge háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有我太太跟三个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">There's my wife and three children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
- rén?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你家里有什么人?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What people are (there) in your family?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù (yǒu) wǒ fùqin,
- mǔqin.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">就(有)我父亲,母亲。</em></span></td><td>Just my father and mother.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e6291"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Vocabulary</h4></div></div></div><p/><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="col1"/><col class="col2"/><col class="col3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhǐ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">只</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">only</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dìdi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">弟弟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">younger brother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēge</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哥哥</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">older brother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiějie</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">姐姐</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">older sister</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mèimei</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">妹妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">younger sister</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">兄弟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiěmèi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">姐妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">sisters</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì
- jiěmèi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">兄弟姐妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers and sisters</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">fùmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">父母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">parents</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔfù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">祖父</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">paternal grandfather</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">祖母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">paternal grandmother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔfù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">外祖父</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">maternal grandfather</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">外祖母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">maternal grandmother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bàba</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">爸爸</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">papa, dad, father</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">māma</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">吗吗</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">momma, mom, mother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bàba</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">爸爸</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">papa, dad, father</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dìdi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">弟弟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">younger brother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dōu</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">都</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">all, both</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">fùmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">父母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">parents</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">fùqin</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">父亲</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">father</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēge</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">哥哥</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">older brother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēn</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">跟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">and, with, and (in addition to)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">hái</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">还</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">still, yet</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">háizi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">孩子</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">children, child</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐ-</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几-</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">how many</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiāli</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">家里</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">family</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiějie</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">姐姐</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">older sister </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiěmèi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">姐妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">sisters</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jǐge</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">几个</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">how many</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">就</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">only, just</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">liǎng-</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">两</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">two</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">māma</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">妈妈</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">momma, mom, mother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">not, not to have</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mèimei</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">妹妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">younger sister</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mèiyou</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">没有</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">not to have, there is not</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-men</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">们</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">plural suffix</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mǔqin</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">母亲</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">mother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nán-</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">男-</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">male</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nánháizi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">男孩子</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">boy</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǐmen</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">you (plural)</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚ-</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">奴-</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">female</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚháizi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">奴孩子</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">girl</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">tāmen</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">they, them</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔfù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">外祖父</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">maternal grandfather</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">外祖母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">maternal grandmother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wǒmen</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">we, us</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">兄弟</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì
- jiěmèi</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">兄弟姐妹</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers and sisters</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to have, there is</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhǐ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">只</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">only</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔfù</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">祖父</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">paternal grandfather</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">祖母</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">paternal grandmother</td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíng
- le</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">赢了</em></span></td><td>I('ve) won</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="section" title="Reference Notes" epub:type="division" id="d0e6779"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">Reference Notes</h4></div></div></div><p/><section class="section" title="Notes on №1" epub:type="division" id="d0e6783"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №1</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">1.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
- ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有孩子吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Do you have children?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu, wǒmen
- yǒu.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有,我们有。</em></span></td><td>Yes, we have.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The plural pronouns are formed by adding -men to the singular
- pronouns</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="2"><span class="bold"><strong>singular</strong></span></th><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="2"><span class="bold"><strong>plural</strong></span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wǒ</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">I</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wǒmen</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">we</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǐ</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">you</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǐmen</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">you</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">tā</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">he/she</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">tāmen</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; ">they</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my,"
- "our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me,"
- "us," etc.)</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Háizi</em></span>: Chinese
- nouns have the same form for singular and plural.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Háizi</em></span> may be
- either "child" or "children."<a href="#ftn.d0e6879" class="footnote"><sup class="footnote" id="d0e6879">[3]</sup></a>Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be
- translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not
- require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English
- does.</p><p>
- <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu háizi</em></span> is
- a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the
- clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough
- information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have
- children." </p><p>At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu háizi ma?</em></span> you do
- not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than
- one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do
- you have any children?"</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №2" epub:type="division" id="d0e6899"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №2</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">2.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liú xiānsheng
- yǒu Měiguó péngyou ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">刘先生有美国朋友吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Does Mr <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Liú</em></span> have any American friends?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā meíyǒu
- Měiguó péngyou.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他没有美国朋友。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">He doesn't have any American friends.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
- péngyou.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他有英国朋友。</em></span></td><td>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Méiyou</em></span>: All the
- verbs discussed so far form the negative with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">bù</em></span>, with the single exception
- of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span>, "to have,"
- which has the irregular negative form <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">méiyou</em></span>.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №3-4" epub:type="division" id="d0e6963"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №3-4</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">3.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
- háizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有几个孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How many children do you have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
- háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们有三个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">We have three children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">4.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
- nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们有几个男孩子,几个女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu
- liǎngge nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">我们有两个男孩子,一个女孩子。</em></span></td><td>We have two boys and one girl.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>In Peking speech,<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">
- jǐ-</em></span>, "how many," is usually used only when the number
- expected in an answer is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China,
- speakers use jl- no matter how large a number is expected in the
- answer.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Counters</strong></span>: In Chinese, a noun cannot be
- counted or specified (i.e., used with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něi-</em></span> "which," <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nèi-</em></span>, "that," <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhèi-</em></span>, "this") without the
- addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being
- specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how
- many head of cattle" and "loaves" in " seven loaves of bread."</p><p>The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun "being
- specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already
- learned the polite counter for persons, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-wèi</em></span>. Other special counters
- refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for
- "hotel," for instance, has a special counter <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-jiā</em></span>, "house," used for
- counting or specifying business establishments.</p><p>The general counter <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span> is used with nouns that do not have special
- counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word
- <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">pùbù</em></span>,
- "waterfall," so you would say <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíge
- pùbù</em></span>, "one waterfall." You have already found the
- general counter <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span> in specifying expressions such as <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">něige háizi</em></span>, "which child,"
- and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhèige
- fàndiàn</em></span>,"this hotel."</p><p>You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters
- are sometimes used with <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by
- many speakers.</p><p>Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span>:</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíge liǎngge sānge sìge wǔge
- liùge qíge báge jiǔge shíge</em></span></p><p>The number 2 has a special form before a counter: l<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">iǎng-</em></span>. Notice that the words
- for 1, 2, and 8 have Rising tones before <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span>, because <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-ge</em></span> is basically a
- Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nán- nǚ-</em></span>: The
- "bound words <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nán-</em></span>
- "male," and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚ-</em></span>,
- "female," are often used in compounds; for example, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nánpéngyou</em></span>, "boyfriend," and
- <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǚtóngzhì</em></span>
- "(woman) Comrade."</p><p>"<span class="bold"><strong>And</strong></span>": In Chinese, a word for "and" is
- not needed between parallel phrases like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge
- nǚháizi</em></span> "two boys, (and) one girl."</p><p>A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes
- omitted.</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №5-7" epub:type="division" id="d0e7126"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №5-7</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">5.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì nánháizi,
- shì nǚháizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是男孩子,是女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are they boys or girls?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen dōu shì
- nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们都是女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">All of them are girls.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">6.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hú xiānsheng,
- tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">胡先生,太太呢?他们有几个孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">How about Mr. and Mrs. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Hú</em></span>? How many
- children do they have?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Tāmen yǒu
- liǎngge háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">他们有两个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">They have two children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Shì nánháizi,
- shì nǚháizi? </em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">是男孩子,是女孩子?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are they boys or girls?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Dōu shì
- nǚháizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">都是女孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Both of them are girls.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">7.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐmen háizi dōu
- zài zhèli ma?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你们孩子都在这里吗?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">Are all your children here?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Bù, liǎngge zài
- zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">不,两个在这里,一个还在美国。</em></span></td><td>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><span class="bold"><strong>Shi
- nánháizi, shi nǚháizi?</strong></span></em></span> In Chinese, an
- "or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true)
- may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In
- this kind of question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will
- learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Dōu</em></span> may usually
- be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two
- things, as both (of)." Literally, <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dōu</em></span> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely,"
- "completely." Since it is an adverb), it must be placed after the subject of
- a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yě</em></span>, "also".)</p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on №8-9" epub:type="division" id="d0e7266"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on №8-9</h5></div></div></div><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="col1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="col2"/><col class="col3"/><col class="col4"/><col class="col5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">8.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
- shénme rén?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你家里有什么人?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What people are (there) in your family?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu wǒ tàitai
- gēn sānge háizi.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">有我太太跟三个孩子。</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">There's my wife and three children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">9.</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">B:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
- shénme rén?</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">你家里有什么人?</em></span></td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">What people are (there) in your family?</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">A:</td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù yǒu wǒ
- fùqin, mǔqin.</em></span></td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Hani" class="foreignphrase">就有我父亲,母亲。</em></span></td><td>Just my father and mother.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Literally, the phrase <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">nǐ
- jiāli</em></span> means "in your home" (<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiā</em></span>, "home"; <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">-li</em></span>, "in"). In this sentence
- it is extended to mean "the people in your home, " that is, "your
- family."</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli - yǒu - shénme
- rén?</em></span> Phrase by phrase, this question is: "In your family
- - there are - what people?,’ The word "family" can be taken to mean either
- all your relatives or only those living in your household.</p><p>By itself, the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span> means "to "be," "to exist." You have now seen it
- translated two ways: </p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>as "have," with a personal subject: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒmen yǒu sānge háizi</em></span>
- . "We have three children." </p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>as "there is/are," in the so-called impersonal construction:
- <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
- rén?</em></span> "What people are (there) in your
- family?"</p></li></ol></div><p>In exchange 8, the verb <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yǒu</em></span> in the answer is translated as "there's." Some
- English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can
- also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the
- English, as was done in exchange 9« Chinese almost always keeps the verb in
- the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>How to say "and":</strong></span> Chinese has several
- words for "and." <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Gēn</em></span> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun
- phrases. <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yě</em></span> is the
- word for "and" when Joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</p><div class="example" id="d0e7381"><div class="example-title">Example 1.1. Example:</div><div class="example-contents"><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, yě bú xìng
- Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lǚ.</em></span></p><p>I'm not surnamed <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lǐ</em></span> and I'm not surnamed <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lǔ</em></span>. I'm surnamed
- <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Lǚ</em></span>.</p></div></div><p>Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being Joined
- are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="5"><span class="bold"><strong>Not parallel</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wǒ
- tàitai</em></span></p>
- <p>Possessor noun</p>
- </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēn</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">sānge
- háizi.</em></span></p>
- <p>number noun</p>
- </td><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">There's my wife and 3 children.</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="5"><span class="bold"><strong>Parallel</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Yǒu</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">liǎngge
- nánháizi</em></span></p>
- <p>number noun</p>
- </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">,</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
- <p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yíge
- nǚháizi.</em></span></p>
- <p>number noun</p>
- </td><td>There are 2 boys and one girl.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis
- between nouns and between noun phrases just as in English.</p><p><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù</em></span>, "only,"
- "Just," is an advert (like <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">yě</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dōu</em></span>. The use of <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiù</em></span> to mean "only" is
- probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<a href="#ftn.d0e7485" class="footnote"><sup class="footnote" id="d0e7485">[4]</sup></a> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily
- use <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiù</em></span> to mean
- "only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for
- "only" is <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zhǐ</em></span>.
- Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be: <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ fùqin,
- mǔqin.</em></span></p></section><section class="section" title="Notes on additional vocabulary" epub:type="division" id="d0e7499"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">Notes on additional vocabulary</h5></div></div></div><p>Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members.
- There is not Just one word for "brother," or "sister" but words for "older
- brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>older</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>younger</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brother</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">gēge</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">dìdi</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">brothers</td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">sister</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiějie</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">mèimei</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">sisters</td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiěmèi</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">jiěmèi</em></span> is used. When
- referring to both older and younger brothers, the term <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì</em></span> is used. When
- referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">xiōngdì jiěmèi</em></span> is
- used.</p><p>Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of
- the family and grandparents on the mother's side:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col style="text-align: center; " class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>father's
- side</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>mother's
- side</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>grandfather</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔfù</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔfù</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span class="bold"><strong>grandmother</strong></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">zǔmǔ</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔmǔ</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The syllable <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wài-</em></span> in <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔfù</em></span> and <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">wàizǔmǔ</em></span> literally means "outer" or "outside."</p></section></section></section><section class="section" title="Drills" epub:type="division" id="d0e7609"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">Drills</h3></div></div></div><p/></section><div class="footnotes" epub:type="footnotes"><br/><hr class="footnote-hr"/><div id="ftn.d0e6879" class="footnote" epub:type="footnote"><p><a href="#d0e6879" class="para"><sup class="para">[3] </sup></a>A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by
- adding -<span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">men</em></span> . <span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Háizimen</em></span> can only be ''children"</p></div><div id="ftn.d0e7485" class="footnote" epub:type="footnote"><p><a href="#d0e7485" class="para"><sup class="para">[4] </sup></a><span xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="foreignphrase">Jiù</em></span> has
- several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you
- continue through this course.</p></div></div></section><footer/></body></html>
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