FSI-Chinese-docbook/1.xml.bak

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    <info>
        <title>Standard Chinese</title>
        <subtitle>A modular Approach</subtitle>
        <author>
            <orgname>Sponsored by Agencies of the United States and Canadian governments</orgname>
        </author>
    </info>
    <preface>
        <title>Colophon</title>
        <para>This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel
            as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning
            the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</para>
        <para>Defense Language Institute </para>
        <para>Foreign Language Center </para>
        <para>Nonresident Training Division </para>
        <para>Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006</para>
        <para> Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be
            considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the
            language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in
            positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this
            nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements --
            whether real or apparent -- in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing
            the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense. </para>
        <para>Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional
            materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such
            proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the
            language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise,
            nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not
            mentioned. </para>
        <para>In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both masculine and
            feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language
            texts. </para>
        <para>The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the
            customer does net constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for
            profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit
            setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC. </para>
    </preface>
    <preface>
        <title>Preface</title>
        <para>Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an inter-agency conference held at
            the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the
            U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese
            materials, to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</para>
        <para> The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and
            content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic
            institutions. </para>
        <para>A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central
            Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State
            Department's Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security
            Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
            Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and
            John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major
            Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama
            (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
            (CFFLS). </para>
        <para>The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 1974 in space provided
            at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies
            provided funds and other assistance. </para>
        <para>Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed
            consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor
            of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James
            Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
            project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R.
            Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and
            contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall
            design for the materials and met regularly to review their development. </para>
        <para>Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale,
            and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with
            the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the
            instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also
            designed the communications classroom activities and wrote the teacher's guides. Lucille
            A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978
            Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have
            worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</para>
        <para>All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi
            Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for
            part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna
            Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus
            of dialogues.</para>
        <para> Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A.
            Bowden, Jill W. Ellis，Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola,
            and Kathleen Strype. </para>
        <para>The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign
            Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen,
            Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read
            by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype. </para>
        <para>The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute
            Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of
            Audio-Visual.</para>
        <para> Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown
            University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service
            Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the
            University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia. </para>
        <para>Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense
            Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for
            preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination,
            graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry
            out these tasks.</para>
        <para>
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    </preface>
    <preface>
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <section>
            <title>About the course</title>
            <para>This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken Standard
                Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it. Although Standard
                Chinese is one language, there are differences between the particular form it takes
                in Beijing and the form it takes in the rest of the country. There are also, of
                course, significant non-linguistic differences between regions of the country.
                Reflecting these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are
                Beijing and Taipei.</para>
            <para> This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign languages. In
                many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student, of classwork and homework,
                and of text and tape. Here is what you should expect: </para>
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations — the
                        obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be
                        communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not
                        always "be talking about real situations, " but you will almost always be
                        purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>This focus on communicating means that the teacher is first of all your
                        conversational partner. Anything that forces him<footnote>
                            <para>As used in this course, the words "he," "him," and "Ms" are
                                intended to include both masculine and feminine genders.
                                (Translations of foreign language material not included.)</para>
                        </footnote> back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drill-master
                        limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the Chinese language
                        and to experience the language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and
                        responsiveness.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course
                        activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are for.
                        They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much additional
                        practice as possible without a conversational partner.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new
                        material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you have
                        covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time listening to
                        Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes or in
                        class.</para>
                </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
                <emphasis role="bold">How the Course Is Organized</emphasis>
            </para>
            <para>The subtitle of this course, "A Modular Approach," refers to overall organization
                of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular situations or language
                topics and which allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in what
                order. To highlight equally significant features of the course, the subtitle could
                just as well have been "A Situational Approach," "A Taped-Input Approach," or "A
                Communicative Approach."</para>
            <para>Ten situational modules form the core of the course: <informaltable frame="none"
                    rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="2">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>ORIENTATION (ORN)</entry>
                                <entry>Talking about who you are and where you are from.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)</entry>
                                <entry>Talking about your background, family, studies, and
                                    occupation and about your visit to China. </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>MONEY (MON)</entry>
                                <entry>Making purchases and changing money.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>DIRECTIONS (DIR)</entry>
                                <entry>Asking directions in a city or in a building.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>TRANSPORTATION (TRN)</entry>
                                <entry>Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding
                                    out schedule information, buying tickets, and making
                                    reservations.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)</entry>
                                <entry>Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together,
                                    changing the time of an appointment, and declining an
                                    invitation.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>SOCIETY (SOC)</entry>
                                <entry>Talking about families, relationships between people,
                                    cultural roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in
                                    modern society.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)</entry>
                                <entry>Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the
                                    Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>LIFE IH CHINA (LIC)</entry>
                                <entry>Talking about daily life in <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bĕijīng</foreignphrase> street
                                    committees, leisure activities, traffic and transportation,
                                    buying and rationing, housing. </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)</entry>
                                <entry>Talking about government and party policy changes described
                                    in newspapers the educational system agricultural policy,
                                    international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the
                                    arts.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable></para>
            <para>Each core module consists of tapes, a student textbook, and a workbook.</para>
            <para> In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and OPTIONAL
                modules. Resource modules teach particular systems in the language, such as numbers
                and dates. As you proceed through a situational core module, you will occasionally
                take time out to study part of a resource module. (You will begin the first three of
                these while studying the Orientation Module.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0"
                    colsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R)</entry>
                                <entry>The sound system of Chinese and the Pinyin system of
                                    romanization.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>NUMBERS (NUM)</entry>
                                <entry>Numbers up to five digits. </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)</entry>
                                <entry>Expressions basic to the classroom learning
                                    situation.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>TIME AND DATES (T&amp;D)</entry>
                                <entry>Dates, days of the week, clock time, parts of the
                                    day.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>GRAMMAR</entry>
                                <entry>Aspect and verb types, word order, multisyllabic verbs and
                                    auxiliary verbs, complex sentences, adverbial expressions.
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable></para>
            <para>Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.</para>
            <para>The eight optional modules focus on particular situations: </para>
            <para>
                <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>RESTAURANT (RST)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>HOTEL (HTL)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>CAR (CAR)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, MD DEATH (MBD)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>NEW YEAR'S CELEBRATION (NYH)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&amp;0) </para>
                    </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
            </para>
            <para>Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional modules may
                be used at any time after certain core modules, </para>
            <para>The diagram on page <xref linkend="Image-1"/> shows how the core modules, optional
                modules, and resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown
                where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be
                introduced.</para>
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            <para><emphasis role="bold">Inside a Core Module </emphasis></para>
            <para>Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes: </para>
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Objectives</emphasis>: The module objectives are
                        listed at the beginning of the text for each module. Read these before
                        starting work on the first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to
                        accomplish and what you will have to do to pass the test at the end of the
                        module.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Target Lists</emphasis>: These follow the objectives
                        in the text. They summarize the language content of each unit in the form of
                        typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is
                        given both in romanized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate
                        Target List before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need
                        to pull together what is in the unit.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Review Tapes</emphasis> (R-l): The Target List
                        sentences are given on these tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module,
                        there are two R-l tapes for each module.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Criterion Test</emphasis>: After studying each
                        module, you will take a Criterion Test to find out which module objectives
                        you have met and which you need to work on before beginning to study another
                        module.</para>
                </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para><emphasis role="bold">Inside a Unit </emphasis></para>
            <para>Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work through two
                tapes: </para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l)</emphasis>: This tape
                        introduces all the new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear
                        them in the context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them
                        into other short conversations and longer passages for listening practice,
                        and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences. Your goal when using
                        the tape is to understand all the Target List sentences for the unit.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Production Tape 1 (P-l)</emphasis>: This tape gives
                        you practice in pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you
                        learned to understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when using the P-l tape is
                        to be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chinese when given
                        the English equivalent. </para>
                    <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are "portable," in
                        the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are
                        some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into your
                        study routine. A text <emphasis role="italic">Reference List</emphasis> at
                        the beginning of each unit contains the sentences from the C-l and P-l
                        tapes. It includes both the Chinese sentences and their English equivalents.
                        The text <emphasis role="italic">Reference Notes</emphasis> restate and
                        expand the comments made on the C-l and P-l tapes concerning grammar,
                        vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture. After you have worked with the C-l
                        and P-l tapes, you go on to two class activities:</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Target List Review</emphasis>: In this first class
                        activity of the unit, you find out how well you learned the C-l and P-l
                        sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and production of the
                        Target List sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary
                        items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the C-l and
                        P-l tapes.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Structural Buildup</emphasis>: During this class
                        activity, you work on your understanding and control of the new structures
                        in the unit. You respond to questions from your teacher about situations
                        illustrated on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.</para>
                    <para>After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time
                        working on the drills for the unit.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Drill Tape</emphasis>: This tape takes you through
                        various types of drills based on the Target List sentences and on the
                        additional required vocabulary.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Drills</emphasis>: The teacher may have you go over
                        some or all of the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the
                        tape, to review the tape, or to replace it. </para>
                    <para>Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much additional
                        practice as possible outside of class.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2)</emphasis>: This tape
                        provides advanced listening practice with exercises containing long, varied
                        passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In
                        the C-2 Workbook you answer questions about the passages.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Production Tape 2 (P-2)</emphasis>: This tape
                        resembles the Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new
                        structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides
                        instructions and displays of information for each exercise.</para>
                    <para>Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class
                        activities:</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Exercise Review</emphasis>: The teacher reviews the
                        exercises of the C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and
                        questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by
                        questioning you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Communication Activities</emphasis>: Here you use
                        what you have learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of
                        information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication Games) and
                        real-world situations involving you and your classmates (in "interviews")
                        are used.</para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
            <para><emphasis role="bold">Materials and Activities for a Unit</emphasis></para>
            <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
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                    <thead>
                        <row>
                            <entry align="center">TAPED
                                MATERIALS<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff"?></entry>
                            <entry align="center">WRITTEN
                                MATERIALS<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                            <entry align="center">CLASS
                                ACTIVITIES<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                        </row>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry>C-l, P-l Tapes</entry>
                            <entry>
                                <para>Target List </para>
                                <para>Reference List</para>
                                <para>Reference Notes</para>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>Target List Review</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry align="center">-------------</entry>
                            <entry align="center">-------------</entry>
                            <entry>Structural Buildup</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>D-l Tapes</entry>
                            <entry>Drills</entry>
                            <entry>Drills </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>C-2, P-2 Tapes</entry>
                            <entry>
                                <para>Reference Notes</para>
                                <para>C-2, P-2 Workbooks</para>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>Exercise Review</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry align="center">-------------</entry>
                            <entry align="center">-------------</entry>
                            <entry>Communication Activities</entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable>

            <figure>
                <title><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wen wǔ</foreignphrase> Temple in
                    central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</title>
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                    </imageobject>
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            </figure>
            <para> </para>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Background Notes: About Chinese</title>
            <para><emphasis role="bold">The Chinese Languages</emphasis></para>
            <para> We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called "Chinese." We say,
                for example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that
                Confucius wrote in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never
                think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects
                of one language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language.
                But the facts are almost exactly parallel.</para>
            <para>Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to home,
                "Chinese" is not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius
                is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a literary
                language long after its death as a spoken language in popular use. The seven modern
                languages of China, traditionally known as the "dialects," are the branches of the
                tree. They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and
                Portuguese, and are about as different from one another. </para>
            <para>The predominant language of China is now known as <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pŭtōnghuà</foreignphrase>, or "Standard Chinese"
                (literally "the common speech"). The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóyŭ</foreignphrase>, or "Mandarin"
                (literally "the national language"). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost
                two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of the
                country. </para>
            <para>The term "Standard Chinese" is often used more narrowly to refer to the true
                national language which is emerging. This language, which is already the language of
                all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the Peking dialect, but takes in
                elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese
                languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken,
                and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in
                pronunciation. </para>
            <para>The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in
                grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other
                Chinese languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final
                consonants. </para>
            <para>The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter of the
                population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River.
                The six are: the Wu group (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                    >Wú</foreignphrase>), which includes the "Shanghai dialect"; Hunanese
                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāng</foreignphrase>); the "Kiangsi
                dialect" (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn</foreignphrase>); Cantonese
                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuè</foreignphrase>), the language of
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guăngdōng</foreignphrase>, widely
                spoken in Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese (<foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mĭn</foreignphrase>), a variant of which is spoken by
                a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (<foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kèjiā</foreignphrase>), spoken in a belt above the
                Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka
                are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia. </para>
            <para>There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese languages. Some of
                these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the Chinese languages. Others, such
                as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated. </para>
            <para><emphasis role="bold">Some Characteristics of Chinese</emphasis>
            </para>
            <para>To us, perhaps the roost striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of
                variation in tone ("tones" to distinguish the different meanings of syllables which
                would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese is no exception, make use of
                sentence intonation to indicate how whole sentences are to be understood. In
                English, for example, the rising pattern in "He’s gone?" tells us that the sentence
                is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter.
                They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An inherent
                part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four distinctive tones. The tone
                does just as much to distinguish the syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For
                example, the only difference between the verb "to buy," <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi</foreignphrase> and the verb "to sell,"
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase>, is the Low tone
                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> ̆</foreignphrase>) and the Falling tone
                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">`</foreignphrase>). And yet these words are
                Just as distinguishable as our words "buy" and "guy," or "buy" and "boy." Apart from
                the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no more different from English
                than French is. </para>
            <para>Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, there are
                no conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have
                fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese
                grammar relies heavily on word order, and often the word order is the same as in
                English. For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to
                speak as one might think. </para>
            <para>It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a
                good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in
                ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in
                the dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always
                be broken down into single-syllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone
                as words. </para>

            <para><emphasis role="bold">Written Chinese</emphasis>
            </para>
            <para>Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet. The
                letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the principle is
                the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese,
                however, is written with "characters" which stand for whole syllables -- in fact,
                for whole syllables with particular meanings. Although there are only about thirteen
                hundred phonetically distinct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several
                thousand Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each
                single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the same
                pronunciation but are written with different characters, as <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>, "sky," <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>, "to add," "to increase,"
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">添</foreignphrase>. Chinese characters are
                often referred to as "ideographs" which suggests that they stand directly for ideas.
                But this is misleading. It is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful
                syllables of the spoken language. </para>
            <para>Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These
                thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand
                words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to
                reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast
                extension in the People's Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character
                simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per character by
                half. </para>
            <para>During the past century, various systems have been proposed for representing the
                sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet. One of these romanizations,
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hànyŭ</foreignphrase>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pīnyīn</foreignphrase> (literally "Chinese
                Language Spelling," generally called "Pinyin" in English), has been adopted
                officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students the
                Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is the use of Pinyin
                for written communication throughout the country. This is not possible, of course,
                until speakers across the nation have uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese.
                For the time being, characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are
                still the most widely accepted way of communicating in writing. </para>
            <para>Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except "<emphasis role="bold"
                    >v</emphasis>," and adds the letter "<emphasis role="bold">ü</emphasis>." The
                spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather arbitrary from our point of
                view, but for every consonant sound there is only one letter or one combination of
                letters, and vice versa. You will find that each vowel letter can stand for
                different vowel sounds, depending on what letters precede or follow it in the
                syllable. The four tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the
                Neutral tone by the absence of an accent mark: </para>
            <para>High: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mā</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>Falling: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mà</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>Rising: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">má</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>Neutral: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>Low: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎ</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read,
                with the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a
                stronger reason for retaining them is that the characters help keep alive
                distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of meaning between words,
                which are fading in the spoken language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn
                to speak Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can
                learn several thousand characters. </para>
            <para>Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written representation
                of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly responsible for the reputation
                of Chinese as a difficult language, are taught separately. </para>

            <para><emphasis role="bold">BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</emphasis>
            </para>
            <para>Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There are very
                few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed direction, length, and
                contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written with a brush, the classical
                writing instrument, show up clearly even in printed characters. You can tell from
                the varying thickness of the stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and
                how it lifted; these effects are largely lost in characters written with a
                ball-point pen. </para>
            <para>The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let's take the character for
                "mouth," pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǒu</foreignphrase>.
                Here it is as normally written, with the order and directions of the strokes
                indicated.</para>
            <figure>
                <title>Strokes order</title>
                <mediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                        <imagedata
                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-4.png"
                            align="center"/>
                    </imageobject>
                </mediaobject>
            </figure>
            <para>If the character is written rapidly, in "running-style writing," one stroke glides
                into the next, like this. </para>
            <figure>
                <title>Running style writing </title>
                <mediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                        <imagedata
                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-5.png"
                            align="center"/>
                    </imageobject>
                </mediaobject>
            </figure>
            <para>If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different
                distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and anticipated the
                next, and the character would be illegible.</para>
            <para>The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang Dynasty "oracle
                bones" of about 1500 B.C. , already included characters that vent beyond simple
                pictorial representation. There are some characters in use today which are
                pictorial, like the character for "mouth." There are also some which are directly
                symbolic, like our Roman numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers
                — the first numbers you learn in this course — are like the Roman numerals turned on
                their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our Arabic numerals
                1,2, and 3. But the most common type of character is complex, consisting of two
                parts: a "phonetic," which suggests the pronunciation, and a "radical," which
                broadly characterizes the meaning. Let's take the following character as an example. </para>
            <figure>
                <title>Running style writing </title>
                <mediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                        <imagedata
                            fileref="FSI-Chinese-MOD1-Textbook/Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-5.png"
                            align="center"/>
                    </imageobject>
                </mediaobject>
            </figure>
            <para>This character means "ocean" and is pronounced <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>. The left side of the character,
                the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a character which means "water" and
                is pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuĭ</foreignphrase>. This
                is the "radical." It has been borrowed only for its meaning, "water." The right side
                of the character above is a character which means "sheep" and is pronounced yang.
                This is the "phonetic." It has been borrowed only for its sound value,
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>. A speaker of
                Chinese encountering the above character for the first time could probably figure
                out that the only Chinese word that sounds like <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase> and means something like
                "water," is the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yáng</foreignphrase>
                meaning "ocean," We, as speakers of English, might not be able to figure it out.
                Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as neatly as in this example. But we
                can still learn to make good use of these hints at sound and sense. </para>
            <para>Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals. According to one
                of the two dictionary systems used, there are 176 radicals; in the other system,
                there are 2l4. There are over a thousand phonetics.</para>
            <para>Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of the page,
                starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that the first page is
                where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese
                publications paginate like Western publications, and the characters are written
                horizontally, from left to right.</para>
            <para><emphasis role="bold">BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES
                </emphasis></para>
            <para>A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There
                is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last. </para>
            <para>The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by
                a two-syllable given name:<footnote>
                    <para>The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of romanization.
                        The second parenthesized version is the conventional, or anglicized,
                        spelling.</para>
                </footnote></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Zédōng</foreignphrase> (Mao
                Tse-tung)</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu Enlái</foreignphrase> (Chou
                En-lai)</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng Jièshí</foreignphrase> (Chiang
                Kai-shek)</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Qìnglíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
                Ch'ing-ling --- Mme Sun Yat-sen)</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Mĕilíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
                Mei-ling--Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</para>
            <para>It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single
                syllable:</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhŭ Dĕ</foreignphrase> (Chu Teh) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Biāo</foreignphrase> (Lin Piao) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Shì</foreignphrase> (Hu Shih) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiang Qĭng</foreignphrase> (Chiang
                Ch'ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung) </para>
            <para>There are a few two-syllable surnames. </para>
            <para>These are usually followed by single-syllable given names: </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmă Guāng</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
                Kuang) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ōuyáng Xiū</foreignphrase> (Ou-yang
                Hsiu) </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhūgĕ Liàng</foreignphrase> (Chu-ke
                Liang) </para>
            <para>But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmă Xiāngrú</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
                Hsiang-ju) </para>
            <para>An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a
                single character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable
                surnames sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to
                distinguish them, the Chinese nay occasionally have to describe the character or
                "write" it with a finger on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely
                to encounter are fever than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that
                they account for a good majority of China’s population. </para>
            <para>Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of
                characters, Men's names are often but not always distinguishable from women's; the
                difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not
                readily apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of
                characters.</para>
            <para>Outside the People's Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use.
                These titles closely parallel our own "Mr.," "Mrs.," and "Miss." Notice, however,
                that all Chinese titles follow the name — either the full name or the surname alone
                — rather than preceding it.</para>
            <para>The title "Mr." is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                    >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>The title "Mrs." is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                    >Tàitai</foreignphrase>. It follows the husband's full name or surname alone. </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tàitai</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Tàitai</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>The title "Miss" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                    >Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>. The Ma family's grown daughter, <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Défēn</foreignphrase>, would be</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Défēn Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>Even traditionally, outside the People's Republic, a married woman does not take
                her husband's name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fang <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Băolán</foreignphrase> marries Mr. <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ma Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>, she becomes Mrs,
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>, but at the
                same time she remains <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                    Băolán</foreignphrase>, She does not become <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Băolán</foreignphrase>; there is no equivalent of
                "Mrs. Mary Smith." She may, however, add her husband's surname to her own full name
                and refer to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Fāng
                    Băolán</foreignphrase>. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>. </para>
            <para>These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various
                parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the
                PRC today: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase> should
                not be used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class.
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase> should not be
                used because it carries the connotation of being from a rich family. </para>
            <para>In the People's Republic, the title "Comrade," <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase> is used in place of the
                titles <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>,
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>, and
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>.
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase> would
                be:</para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
            <para>The title "Comrade" is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A
                married woman does not take her husband's name in any sense. <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>' s wife would be: </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Băolán
                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
            <para>Children may be given either the mother's or the father's surname at birth. In
                some families one child has the father's surname, and another child has the mother's
                surname. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>'s and
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Băolán</foreignphrase>'s grown
                daughter could be </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tŏngzhì </foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Dĕfēn Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
            </para>
            <para>Their grown son could be </para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Zìqiáng
                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
            <para>Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of
                respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these
                will be introduced later in the course. </para>
            <para>The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration.
                In the People's Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to
                foreign names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they
                might be, since the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in
                non-phonetic considerations. (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use
                characters with attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not
                at all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of "David Anderson"
                is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàiwĕi Āndésēn</foreignphrase>. </para>
            <para>An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese
                name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, "David Anderson"
                might be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">An Dàwèi</foreignphrase>. </para>
            <para>Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname,
                semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example,
                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>, a common Chinese
                surname, means "king," so "Daniel King" might be rendered <foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>. </para>
            <para>Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic equivalents
                of their names and Chinese-style names.</para>
        </section>
    </preface>



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    version="5.0">
    <title>Module 1: Orientation</title>
    <para>The Orientation Module and associated resource modules provide the linguistic tools needed
        to begin the study of Chinese, The materials also introduce the teaching procedures used in
        this course. </para>
    <para>The Orientation Module is not a typical course module in several respects. First, it does
        not have a situational topic of its own, but rather leads into the situational topic of the
        following module — Biographic Information. Second, it teaches only a little Chinese grammar
        and vocabulary. Third, two of the associated resource modules (Pronunciation and
        Romanization, Numbers) are not optional; together with the Orientation Module, they are
        prerequisite to the rest of the course.</para>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <para>Upon successful completion of this module and the two associated resource modules, the
            student should:<orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Distinguish the sounds and tones of Chinese well enough to he able to
                        write the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hànyŭ
                            Pīnyīn</foreignphrase> romanization for a syllable after hearing the
                        syllable.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Be able to pronounce any combination of sounds found in the words of the
                        Target Lists when given a romanized syllable to read. (Although the entire
                        sound system of Chinese is introduced in the module, the student is
                        responsible for producing only sounds used in the Target Sentences for ORN.
                        Producing the remaining sounds is included in the Objectives for Biographic
                        Information,) </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Know the names and locations of five cities and five provinces of China
                        veil enough to point out their locations on a map, and pronounce the names
                        well enough to be understood by a Chinese.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para> Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99 well enough to write them down when
                        dictated, and be able to say them in Chinese when given English
                        equivalents.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Understand the Chinese system of using personal names, including the use
                        of titles equivalent to "Mr.,"Mrs.," "Miss," and "Comrade."</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Be able to ask and understand questions about where someone is from.
                    </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Be able to ask and understand questions about where someone is.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Be able to give the English equivalents for all the Chinese expressions in
                        the Target Lists.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Be able to say all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists when cued
                        with English equivalents.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Be able to take part in short Chinese conversations, based on the Target
                        Lists, about how he is, who he is, and where he is from.</para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist></para>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Tapes for ORN and associated resource modules</title>
        <informaltable frame="all" pgwide="1">
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                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                <thead>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol6" align="center">Orientation
                            (ORN)<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                    </row>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 1</entry>
                        <entry>1 C-l</entry>
                        <entry>1 p-l</entry>
                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">1&amp;2 D-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 2</entry>
                        <entry>2 C-1</entry>
                        <entry>2 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 3</entry>
                        <entry>3 C-l</entry>
                        <entry>3 P-l</entry>
                        <entry>3 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>3 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>3 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 4</entry>
                        <entry>4 C-l </entry>
                        <entry>4 P-l</entry>
                        <entry>4 D-l </entry>
                        <entry>4 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>4 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable frame="all" pgwide="1">
            <tgroup cols="6">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
                <thead>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol6" align="center">Pronunciation and
                            Romanization
                            (P&amp;R)<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                    </row>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>P&amp;R 1</entry>
                        <entry>P&amp;R 2</entry>
                        <entry>P&amp;R 3</entry>
                        <entry>P&amp;R 4</entry>
                        <entry>P&amp;R 5</entry>
                        <entry>P&amp;R 6</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable frame="all" pgwide="1">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <thead>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4" align="center"
                            >Numbers<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                    </row>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>NUM 1</entry>
                        <entry>NUM 2</entry>
                        <entry>NUM 3</entry>
                        <entry>NUM 4</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable frame="all" pgwide="1">
            <tgroup cols="1">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <thead>
                    <row>
                        <entry align="center">Classroom Expressions
                            (CE)<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                    </row>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>CE 1</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1 Target List</title>
        <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ shì shéi?
                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Who are you? </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                Dànián</foreignphrase> (Daniel King).</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Hú Mĕilíng.
                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是胡美玲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                Mĕilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ xìng
                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你姓什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What is your surname?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Wáng</foreignphrase> (King).</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                            Hú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我姓胡。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Hú</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Who is he/she?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                Mínglĭ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是马明理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                Tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是马太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                Xiăojiě?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是马小姐。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她是马同 志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He/she is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Xiānsheng, tā shì
                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王先生,他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>,
                            who is he?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ Mínglĭ
                                Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是马明理先 生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                MÍnglĭ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng, tā shì
                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">先生,她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Sir, who is she?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ Mínglĭ
                                Tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是马明理太 太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, tā shì
                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同志,她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng Bǎolán
                                Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是方宝兰同 志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2 Target List</title>
        <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ shì Wáng Xiānsheng
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是王大年吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì Wáng
                                Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我不是王先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ xìng Wáng
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你姓王吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                Wáng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我不姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My surname isn't <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín
                            guìxìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您贵姓？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Your surname? (POLITE)</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ Jiào
                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你叫什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What is your given name?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ Jiào
                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我叫大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My given name is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Dànián</foreignphrase> (Daniel).</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ hăo
                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你好吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How are you?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hăo. Nĭ
                            ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我好。你呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm fine. And you? </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hăo.
                            Xièxie.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好。谢谢。 </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Fine, thank you.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="italic">Additional required
                                vocabulary (not presented on P-l and P-l tapes)</emphasis></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4"/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">名字</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>given name</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3 Target List</title>
        <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ shì Měiguo rén
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are you an American? </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes (I am).</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú
                            shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No (I'm not).</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ shì Zhōngguo rén ma?
                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are you Chinese?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ shì Zhōngguo
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，我是中国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes, I'm Chinese.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú shì Zhōngguo
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，我不是中国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No, I'm not Chinese.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ shì neǐguó
                                rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪儿国人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What is your nationality? </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Měiguo
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是美国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm an American.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Zhōngguo
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是中国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm Chinese.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yīngguó
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm English.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ shì nărde
                                rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where are you from?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是加州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm a Californian. </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Shànghǎi
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是上海人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm from Shanghai.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="italic">Additional required
                                vocabulary (not presented on C-l and P-l tapes)</emphasis></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4"/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5:</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Déguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德国</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Germany</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6:</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èguó
                            (Éguó)</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">俄国</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Russia</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7:</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàguó
                            (Făguó)</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法国</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>France</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>8:</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběn</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日本</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Japan</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4 Target List</title>
        <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āndésēn Xiānsheng, nǐ shì
                                nărde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >安德森先生，你是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where are you from, Mr. Anderson?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Dézhōu
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是德州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm from Texas.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āndésēn Fūren
                                ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安德森夫人呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>And Mrs. Anderson? </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yĕ shì Dézhōu
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她也是德州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She is from Texas too.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2:</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Yīngguó rén
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是英国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Is he English?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, tā bú shì Yīngguó
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是，他不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No, he is not English.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                            ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他爱人呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>And his wife?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yĕ bú shì Yīngguó
                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她也不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She isn't English either.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qĭngwèn, nǐ lăojiā zài
                                nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，你老家在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>May I ask, where is your family from?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lăojiā zài
                                Shāndōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我老家在山东。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My family is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdăo zài zhèr
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">青岛在这儿吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdăo</foreignphrase>
                            here? (pointing to a map)</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdăo bú zài nàr, zài
                                zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >青岛不在那儿，在这儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdăo</foreignphrase> isn’t
                            there; it’s here. (pointing to a map)</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ àiren xiànzài zài
                                nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你爱人现在在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where is your spouse now?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài zài
                                Jiānádà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她现在在见那大。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He/she is in Canada now.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="italic">Additional required
                                vocabulary (not presented on C-l and P-l tapes)</emphasis></entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4"/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c4">Learn the pronunciation and location of any
                            five cities and five provinces of China found on the maps on pages
                            90-8l.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <figure>
            <title>On a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bĕijīng</foreignphrase> street
                (courtesy of Pat Fox)</title>
            <mediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                    <imagedata
                        fileref="Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-6.png"
                        align="center"/>
                </imageobject>
            </mediaobject>
        </figure>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics Covered in this Unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Questions and answers about full names and surnames.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Titles and terms of address ("Mr.," etc.).</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Prerequisites to the Unit</title>
                <para>(Be sure to complete these before starting the unit.)<orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Background Notes</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>P&amp;R 1 (Tape 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation and
                                Romanization), the tones.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>P&amp;R 2 (Tape 2 of the resource module on Pronunciation and
                                Romanization), the tones.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist></para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Materials You Will Need</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference
                                Notes.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The drill tape (lD-l)</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>About the C-l and P-l Tapes</title>
                <para>The C-l and P-l tapes are your introduction to the Chinese words and
                    structures presented in each unit. The tapes give you explanations and practice
                    on the new material. By the time you have worked through these two tapes, you
                    will be competent in understanding and producing the expressions introduced in
                    the unit. </para>
                <para>With the C-l tape, you learn to understand the new words and structures. The
                    material is presented in short conversational exchanges, first with English
                    translations and later with pauses which allow you to translate. Try to give a
                    complete English translation for each Chinese expression. Your goal when using
                    the C-l tape is to learn the meanings of all the words and structures as they
                    are used in the sentences.</para>
                <para>With the P-l tape, you learn to put together these sentences. You learn to
                    pronounce each new word and use each new structure. When the recorded
                    instructions direct you to pronounce a word or say a sentence, do so out loud.
                    It is important for you to hear yourself speaking Chinese, so that you will know
                    whether you are pronouncing the words correctly. Making the effort to say the
                    expression is a big part of learning it. It is one thing to think about how a
                    sentence should be put together or how it should sound. It is another thing to
                    put it together that way or make it sound that way. Your goal when using the P-l
                    tape is to produce the Target List expressions in Chinese when given English
                    equivalents. At the end of each P-l tape is a review of the Target List which
                    you can go over until you have mastered the expressions.</para>
                <para>At times, you may feel that the material on a tape is being presented too
                    fast. You may find that there is not enough time allowed for working out the
                    meaning of a sentence or saying a sentence the way you want to. When this
                    happens, stop the tape. If you want to, rewind; Use the control buttons on your
                    machine to make the tape manageable for you most and to get the most out of
                    it.</para>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>About the Reference List and the Reference Notes</title>
                <para>The Reference List and the Reference Notes are designed to be used before,
                    during, or directly after work with the C-l and P-l tapes.</para>
                <para>The Reference List is a summary of the C-l and P-l tapes. It contains all
                    sentences which introduce new material, shoving you both the Chinese sentences
                    written in romanization and their English equivalents. You will find that the
                    list is printed so that either the Chinese or the English can be covered to
                    allow you to test yourself on comprehension, production, or romanization of the
                    sentences.</para>
                <para>The Reference Notes give you information about grammar, pronunciation, and
                    cultural usage. Some of these explanations duplicate what you hear on the C-l
                    and P-l tapes. Other explanations contain new information. </para>
                <para>You may use the Reference List and Reference Notes in various ways. For
                    example, you may follow the Reference Notes as you listen to a tape, glancing at
                    an exchange or stopping to read a comment whenever you want to. Or you may look
                    through the Reference Notes before listening to a tape, and then use the
                    Reference List while you listen, to help you keep track of where you are.
                    Whichever way you decide to use these parts of a unit, remember that they are
                    reference materials. Don't rely on the translations and romanizations as
                    subtitles for the C-l tape or as cue cards for the P-l tape, for this would rob
                    you of your chance to develop listening and responding skills.</para>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>About the Drills</title>
                <para>The drills help you develop fluency, ease of response, and confidence. You can
                    go through the drills on your own, with the drill tapes, and the teacher may
                    take you through them in class as well. </para>
                <para>Allow more than half an hour for a half-hour drill tape, since you will
                    usually need to go over all or parts of the tape more than once to get full
                    benefit from it. </para>
                <para>The drills include many personal names, providing you with valuable
                    pronunciation practice. However, if you find the names more than you can handle
                    the first time through the tape, replace them with the pronoun <foreignphrase
                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> whenever possible. Similar
                    substitutions are often possible with place names. </para>
                <para>Some of the drills involve sentences which you may find too long to understand
                    or produce on your first try, and you will need to rewind for another try.
                    Often, particularly the first time through a tape, you will find the pauses too
                    short, and you will need to stop the tape to give yourself more time. The
                    performance you should aim for with these tapes, however, is full comprehension
                    and full, fluent, and accurate production while the tape rolls. </para>
                <para>The five basic types of drills are described below.<orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><emphasis role="bold">Substitution Drills</emphasis>: The teacher
                                (T) gives a pattern sentence which the student (S) repeats. Then the
                                teacher gives a word or phrase (a cue) which the student substitutes
                                appropriately in the original sentence. The teacher follows
                                immediately with a new cue.<example>
                                    <title>Here is an English example of a substitution
                                        drill:</title>
                                    <itemizedlist>
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>T: Are you an American?</para>
                                        </listitem>
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>S: Are you an American?</para>
                                        </listitem>
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>T: (cue) English</para>
                                        </listitem>
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>S: Are you English?</para>
                                        </listitem>
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>T: (cue) French </para>
                                        </listitem>
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>S: Are you French?</para>
                                        </listitem>
                                    </itemizedlist>
                                </example></para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><emphasis role="bold">Transformation Drills</emphasis>: On the
                                basis of a model provided at the beginning of the drill, the student
                                makes a certain change in each sentence the teacher says.</para>
                            <example>
                                <title>Here is an English example of a transformation drill, in
                                    which the student is changing affirmative sentences into
                                    negative ones:</title>
                                <itemizedlist>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>T: I'm going to the bank. </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>S: I'm not going to the bank. </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>T: I'm going to the store. </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>S: I'm not going to the store.</para>
                                    </listitem>
                                </itemizedlist>
                            </example>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Response Drills: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of
                                the drill, the student responds to questions or remarks by the
                                teacher as cued by the teacher.</para>
                            <example>
                                <title>Here is an English example of a response drill:</title>
                                <itemizedlist>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>T: What is his name? (cue) Harris </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>S: His name is Harris.</para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>T: What is her name? (cue) Noss </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>S: Her name is Noss.</para>
                                    </listitem>
                                </itemizedlist>
                            </example>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Expansion Drills: The student adds something to a pattern sentence
                                as cued by the teacher.</para>
                            <example>
                                <title>Here is an English example of an expansion drill:</title>
                                <itemizedlist>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>T: He isn't Chinese, (cue) Japanese.</para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>S: He isn't Chinese. He's Japanese. </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>T: She isn't German. (cue) French.</para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>S: She isn't German. She's French. </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                </itemizedlist>
                            </example>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Combination Drills: On the basis of a model given at the beginning
                                of the drill, the student combines two phrases or sentences given by
                                the teacher into a single utterance.</para>
                            <example>
                                <title>Here is an English example of a combination drill:</title>
                                <itemizedlist>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>T: I am reading a book. John gave me the book. </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>S: I am reading a book which John gave me. </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>T: Mary bought a picture. I like the picture. </para>
                                    </listitem>
                                    <listitem>
                                        <para>S: Mary bought a picture which I like.</para>
                                    </listitem>
                                </itemizedlist>
                            </example>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist></para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference list</title>
                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Who are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                        Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                        Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Who are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Hú
                                        Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是胡美玲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                        Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                        Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是马明理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                        Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                        Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是马明理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                        Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Hú
                                        Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是胡美玲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                        Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
                                        shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你姓什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What is your surname?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                        Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                        shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What is his surname?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                        Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                        xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase> .</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ Mínglǐ
                                        xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是马明理先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                        Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng, tā
                                        shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >王先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is he?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ Mínglǐ
                                        xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是马明理先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                        Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng, tā shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Sir, who is he?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                        xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng, tā shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >先生，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Sir, who is she?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                        tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是马太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>12.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng, tā
                                        shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >王先生，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is she?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ Mínglǐ
                                        tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是马明理太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                        Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>13.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng, tā
                                        shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >王先生，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is she?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                        xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是马小姐。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>14.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ Mínglǐ
                                        tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是马明理同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>15.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, tā shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >同志，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
                                        Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是方宝兰。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                        Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>16.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, tā shì
                                        shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >同志，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng Bǎolán
                                        tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是方宝兰同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                        Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable frame="all" tabstyle="striped">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nĭ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>you</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shéi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>who</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">什么</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他，她，它</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>he, she, it</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">太太</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Mrs., wife, married woman, lady</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tóngzhì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同志</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>comrade</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">先生</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Mr., sir, husband, teacher</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎojiě
                                        (xiǎojie)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小姐</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Miss, lady, daughter (polite)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姓</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be surnamed</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference notes</title>

                <section>

                    <title>Notes on № 1-4</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Hú
                                            Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是胡美玲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马明理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马明理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Hú
                                            Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是胡美玲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
                        means "to be" in the sense of "to be someone or something," as in "I am
                        Daniel King." It expresses identity. (In Unit 4 you will learn a verb which
                        means "to be" in another sense, "to be somewhere," as in "I am in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bĕijĭng</foreignphrase>." That
                        verb expresses location.) The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shi</foreignphrase> is in the <emphasis role="bold">Neutral
                            tone</emphasis> (with no accent mark) <emphasis role="underline"
                            >except</emphasis> when <emphasis role="underline"
                        >emphasized</emphasis>. </para>
                    <para>Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish
                        first, second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three
                            persons.<informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nĭ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                                Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>You are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                MÍnglĭ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                MÍnglĭ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Later you will find that Chinese verbs do not distinguish singular and
                        plural, either, and that they do not distinguish past, present, and future
                        as such. You need to learn only one form for each verb. </para>
                    <para>The pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>
                        is equivalent to both "he" and "she." (and it), but the wriying is
                        different: he ↠ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他</foreignphrase> , she ↠
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她</foreignphrase> , it ↠
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">它</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>The question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nĭ shi
                            shéi?</foreignphrase> is actually too direct for most situations,
                        although it is all right from teacher to student or from student to student
                        . (A more polite question is introduced in Unit 2.) </para>
                    <para>Unlike English, Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in
                            statements.<informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When you answer a question containing a question word like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>. "who," simply replace
                        the question word with the information it asks for.</para>
                </section>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 5-6</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is your surname?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is his surname?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìng</foreignphrase> is a verb,
                        "to be surnamed." It is in the same position in the sentence as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, "to
                            be."<informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I</entry>
                                        <entry>am</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I</entry>
                                        <entry>am surnamed</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that the question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shénme</foreignphrase>. "What," takes the same position as the question
                        word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>
                            "who."<informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nĭ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You</entry>
                                        <entry>are</entry>
                                        <entry>who?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nĭ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You</entry>
                                        <entry>are surnamed</entry>
                                        <entry>what?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme</foreignphrase> is the
                        official spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if it were spelled
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shémma</foreignphrase>, or
                        even <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéma</foreignphrase> (often
                        with a single rise in pitch extending over both syllables.) Before another
                        word which begins with a consonant sound, it is usually pronounced as if it
                        were spelled <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shém</foreignphrase>.
                    </para>
                </section>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 7-8</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase> .</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是马明理先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>After the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase> you may have the full name alone, the surname plus
                        title, or the full name plus title.<informaltable frame="all" colsep="0"
                            rowsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mínglĭ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mínglĭ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>,
                        literally "first-born," has more of a connotation of respectfulness than
                        "Mr." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> is
                        usually applied only to people other than oneself. Do not use the title
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> (or
                        any other respectful title, such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàoshòu</foreignphrase>, "Professor" when
                        giving your own name. If you want to say "I am Mr. Jones," you may say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                        Jones</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>When a name and title name are said together, logically enough it is the
                        name which gets the heavy stress: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >WÁNG Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, You will often hear the title
                        pronounced with no full tones: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >WÁNG Xiansheng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 9-12</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng,
                                            tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >王先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是马明理先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng, tā
                                            shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Sir, who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng, tā
                                            shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >先生，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Sir, who is she?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                            tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是马太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>12.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng,
                                            tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >王先生，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is she?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她是马明理太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>When you address someone directly, use either the name plus the title or
                        the title alone. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> must be translated as "Sir" when it is used
                        alone, since "Mr." would not capture its respectful tone. (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>, however, is less
                        respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase> as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ tàitai</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                </section>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 13-16</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>13.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng,
                                            tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >王先生，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is she?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                            xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是马小姐。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>14.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是马明理同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>15.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, tā shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >同志，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
                                            Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是方宝兰。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                            Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>16.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, tā shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >同志，她是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
                                            Bǎolán tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她是方宝兰同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fāng Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>See the Background Notes on Chinese Personal Names and Titles for
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngzhì</foreignphrase>.
                        "Comrade," and the use of maiden names.</para>
                </section>

            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <section>
                <title>Substitution drill.</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <thead>
                            <row>
                                <entry><?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                <entry align="center"
                                    >cue<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                <entry align="center"
                                    >answer<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                            </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >马明理</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马明理。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >胡美玲</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是胡美玲。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >王大年</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是王大年。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                                            Shìmín</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >李世民</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Lǐ
                                            Shìmín</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是李世民。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                                            Shìmín</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
                                            Lìróng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >刘丽容</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Liú
                                            Lìróng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是刘丽容。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
                                            Lìróng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
                                            Bǎolán</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >张宝兰</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhāng
                                            Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是张宝兰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
                                            Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response Drill</title>
                <para>When the cue is given by a male speaker, male students should respond. When
                    the cue is given by a female speaker, female students should respond.</para>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <thead>
                            <row>
                                <entry><?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff"
                                    ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                <entry align="center"
                                    >question<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff"
                                    ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                <entry align="center"
                                    >cue<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                <entry align="center"
                                    >answer<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff"
                                    ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                            </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who are you? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >王大年</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who are you? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >胡美玲</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Hú
                                            Měilíng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是胡美玲。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who are you? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
                                            Shìmín</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >李世民</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Liú
                                            Shìmín.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是李世民。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
                                            Shìmín</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who are you? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
                                            Huìrán</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >陈蕙然</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Chén
                                            Huìrán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是陈蕙然。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
                                            Huìrán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who are you? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng
                                            Déxián</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >黄德贤</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Huáng
                                            Déxián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是黄德贤。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng
                                            Déxián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who are you? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
                                            Wǎnrú</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >赵婉如</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Zhào
                                            Wǎnrú.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是赵婉如。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
                                            Wǎnrú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who are you? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng
                                            Bǐngyíng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >蒋冰莹</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Jiǎng
                                            Bǐngyíng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是蒋冰莹。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng
                                            Bǐngyíng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>8.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who are you? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo
                                            Yǒngpíng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >局永平</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Gāo
                                            Yǒngpíng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是局永平。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo
                                            Yǒngpíng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill.</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <thead>
                            <row>
                                <entry><?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff"
                                    ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                <entry align="center"
                                    >question<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff"
                                    ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                <entry align="center"
                                    >cue<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                <entry align="center"
                                    >answer<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff"
                                    ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                            </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who is he? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >马先生</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who is she?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                            tàitai</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >胡太太</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Hú
                                            tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是胡太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who is he? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo
                                            xiānsheng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >毛先生</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Máo
                                            xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是毛先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who is he? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
                                            tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >张同志</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhāng
                                            tōngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who is she?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
                                            xiǎojiě</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >刘小姐</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Liú
                                            xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是刘小姐。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who is he? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >马先生</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马先生</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Who is she? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
                                            tàitai</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >赵太太</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhào
                                            tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是赵太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Questions and answers about given names.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Yes/no questions.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Negative statement.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Greetings.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Prerequisites to the Unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>P&amp;R 3 and P&amp;R 4 (Tapes 3 and 4 of the resource module on
                                Pronunciation and Romanization).</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Materials You Will Need</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference
                                Notes.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The 2D-1 tape.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference list</title>
                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng tàitai
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是王太太，吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
                                        tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是王太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>she is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wáng
                                        xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是王先生吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                        Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                        Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Mǎ xiānsheng
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是马先生吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                        Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                        Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Mǎ xiānsheng
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是马先生吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì Mǎ
                                        xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我不是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                        Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                        Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì Wáng
                                        Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我不是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I am not <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                        Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Fāng
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你姓方吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Fāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                        Fāng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我不姓方。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My surname isn&apos;t <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                        Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì
                                        Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我不姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">My surname isn&apos;t
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Mǎ
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你姓马吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù xìng Mǎ. Xìng
                                        Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不姓马。
                                        (我)姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My surname isn&apos;t <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>. My surname is
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín
                                        guìxing?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >您贵姓？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Your surname? (polite)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                        Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiào
                                        shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你叫什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What is your given name?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiào
                                        Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我叫大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My given name is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo
                                        a?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你好阿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                        hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m fine.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>12.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo
                                        a?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你好阿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎo. Nǐ
                                        ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我好，你呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m fine. And you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo,
                                        xièxie.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好，
                                    谢谢。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Fine, thanks.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>

                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >a</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">阿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>question Marker </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù/bú
                                    </foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>not</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
                                        shì </foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>not to be</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >guìxing</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">贵姓</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>honorable name </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >hǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be fine, to be well, ok, good </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">叫</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be called, named</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >ma</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吗</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>question marker at the end of the sentence</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >míngzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">名字</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>given name, full name </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >ne</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">呢</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>question marker</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xièxie</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谢谢</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>thank you </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 1-3</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
                                            tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她是王太太，吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
                                            tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是王太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wáng
                                            xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是王先生吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是马先生吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>
                        may be added to any statement to turn it into a question which may be
                        answered "yes" or "no,"</para>
                    <para>The reply to a yes/no question is commonly a complete affirmative or
                        negative statement, although, as you will see later, the statement may be
                        stripped down considerably.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 4-5</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是马先生吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì Mǎ
                                            xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m not Mr. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I am not <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The negative of the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase>, "to be," is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shì</foreignphrase>, "not to be." The
                        equivalent of "not" is the syllable <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>. The tone for the syllable
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> depends on
                        the tone of the following syllable. When followed by a syllable with a High,
                        Rising, or Low tone, a Falling tone is used (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>). When followed by a
                        syllable with a Falling or Neutral tone, a Rising tone is used
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú</foreignphrase>).<example>
                            <title>Examples</title>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù fēi</foreignphrase>
                                (not to fly) </para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù féi</foreignphrase>
                                (not to be fat)</para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù fěi</foreignphrase>
                                (not to slander)</para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú fèi</foreignphrase>
                                (not to waste)</para>
                        </example></para>
                    <para>Almost all of the first few verbs you learn happen to be in the Falling
                        tone, and so take <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>. But remember that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is the basic form. That is
                        the form the syllable takes when it stands alone as a short "no" answer
                            --<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>-- and
                        when it is discussed, as in "<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase> means 'not'."</para>
                    <para>Notice that even though <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase>, "to be," is usually pronounced in the Neutral tone
                        in the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
                            shi</foreignphrase> , the original Falling tone of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> still causes
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> to "be
                        pronounced with a Rising tone: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bú</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>am</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>am</entry>
                                        <entry>not</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 6-8</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Fāng
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓方吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Fāng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓方。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My surname isn&apos;t <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My surname isn&apos;t <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Mǎ
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓马吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù xìng Mǎ.
                                            Xìng Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不姓马。
                                            (我)姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My surname isn&apos;t <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>. My
                                        surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>It is quite common in Chinese --much commoner than in English-- to omit
                        the subject of a sentence vhen it is clear from the context.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 9</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín
                                            guìxing?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >您贵姓？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Your surname? (polite)</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín</foreignphrase> is the
                        polite equivalent of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nǐ</foreignphrase>, "you." </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guìxìng</foreignphrase> is a
                        polite noun, "surname." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Guì</foreignphrase> means "honorable." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìng</foreignphrase> which you have learned
                        as the verb "to be surnamed" is in this case a noun, "surname." </para>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín
                            guìxing?</foreignphrase> is "Your surname?" The implied question is
                        understood, and the "sentence" consists of the subject alone.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 10</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiào
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你叫什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is your given name?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiào
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我叫大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào</foreignphrase> is a verb
                        meaning "to be called." In a discussion of personal names, we can say that
                        it means "to be given-named."</para>
                </section>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 11</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo
                                            a?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你好阿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                            hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我好</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m fine.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Notice that the Low tones of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase> change to Rising tones
                        before the Low tone of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hǎo</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní hǎo
                            a? hǎo</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo</foreignphrase> is a verb:
                        "to "be good" "to be well" "to be fine." Since it functions like the verb
                        "to be" plus an adjective in English, we will call it an <emphasis
                            role="bold">adjectival verb</emphasis>.<informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I</entry>
                                        <entry>am fine</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >a?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You</entry>
                                        <entry>are fine</entry>
                                        <entry>?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 12</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>12.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo
                                            a?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你好阿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎo. Nǐ
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我好，你呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m fine. And you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo,
                                            xièxie.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好，
                                        谢谢。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Fine, thanks.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
                        makes a question out of the single work <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase>, "you": "And you?" or "How
                        about you?"</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 13</title>
                    <para>One way to ask what someone's given name is: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi</foreignphrase>?</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <section>
                <title>Transformations drill</title>
                <para> </para>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是王先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase> .</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是王先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Hú
                                            Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是胡太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Hú Tàitai
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是胡太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Liú
                                            Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是刘同志</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Liú
                                            Tóngzhì ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是刘同志吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhāng
                                            Xiǎojě.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是张小姐</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhāng
                                            Xiǎojiě ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是张小姐吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā Shi Mǎ
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā Shi Mǎ
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是马先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Fāng
                                            Xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是方小姐。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Fāng
                                            Xiǎojiě ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是方小姐吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fāng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Lín
                                            Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是林同志。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Lín
                                            Tóngzhì ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是林同志吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是王先生吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi. Tā shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。他是王先生。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Yes. He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhào Tàitai
                                            ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是赵太太吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi. Tā shi Zhào
                                            Tàitai.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。她是赵太太。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Yes. She is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Chén
                                            Tóngzhì ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是陈同志吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is she comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi. Ta shi Chén
                                            Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。她是陈同志。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Yes. She is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Liú Xiǎojiě
                                            ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是刘小姐吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is she Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi. Tā shi Liú
                                            Xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。她是刘小姐。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Yes. She is Miss <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Sòng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是宋先生吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi. Tā shi Sòng
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。他是宋先生。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Yes. He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Sūn Tàitai
                                            ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是孙太太吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi. Tā shi Sūn
                                            Tàitai.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。她是孙太太。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Yes. She is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūn</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhāng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是张先生吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi. Tā shi Zhāng
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。他是张先生。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Yes. He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.8*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是王先生吗?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi Liú
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。他是刘先生。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> No. He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase> . </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Gāo Xiǎojiě
                                            ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是局小姐吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is she Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Gāo</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi
                                            Zhào Xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。她是赵小姐。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> No. She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Huáng
                                            Tóngzhì ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是黄同志吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is she comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi
                                            Wáng Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。她是王同志。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> No. She is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Yáng Tàitai
                                            ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是杨太太吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Yáng</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi
                                            Jiǎng Tàitai.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。她是江太太。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> No. She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是马先生吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">毛</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi Máo
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。他是毛先生。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> No. He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhōu
                                            Xiǎojiě ma? </foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是周小姐吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is she Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōu</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi.Tā shi Zhào
                                            Xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。她是赵小姐。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> No. She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>. </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Jiāng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是江先生吗？</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase>? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi
                                            Jiǎng Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。他是蒋先生。</foreignphrase>
                                    </para>
                                    <para> No. He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase> . </para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.8*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Liú
                                            Tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是刘太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >刘</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì. Tā shi Liú
                                            Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是。她是刘太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes. She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Liú
                                            Tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是刘太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >黄</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi
                                            Huáng Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是。她是黄太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No. She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是王先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >王</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì. Tā shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是。他是王先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Gāo
                                            Tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是局太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Gāo</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >赵</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi
                                            Zhào Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是。她是赵太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No. She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Táng
                                            Xiǎojiě ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是唐小姐吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >唐</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì. Tā shi Táng
                                            Xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是。她是唐小姐。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes. She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Huáng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是黄先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >王</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi. Tā shi
                                            Wáng Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是。他不是王先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No. He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Zhāng
                                            Tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是张太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >江</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì. Tā shi
                                            Jiāng Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是。她是江太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>No. She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Zhāng
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是张先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase> ?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Zhāng
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓张吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Zhào
                                            Tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是赵太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Are you Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Zhào
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓赵吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Jiǎng
                                            Xiǎojiě m?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是蒋小姐吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Are you Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Jiǎng
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓蒋吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Liú
                                            Tóngzhì ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是刘同志吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Are you Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Liú
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓刘吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Sòng
                                            Tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是宋太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Are you Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Sòng
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你姓宋吗？</foreignphrase></para><para>Is
                                        your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>?</para></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Lǐ
                                            Xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是李先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Are you Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Lǐ
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓李吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Sūn
                                            Tóngzhì ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是孙同志吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Are you Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Sūn
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓孙吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is your surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Zhāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓张。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Zhāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓张。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Chén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓陈。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Chén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓陈。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Huáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓黄。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Huáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓黄。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Gāo.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓局。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Gāo.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓局。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Sūn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓孙。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Sūn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓孙。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Zhāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓张。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Zhāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓张。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Zhōu.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓周。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Zhōu.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓周。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi Lǐ
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不是李先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I&apos;m not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Lǐ.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓李。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi Wáng
                                            Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不是王太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I&apos;m not Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓王。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǔ shi Chén
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不是陈先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I&apos;m not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Chén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓陈。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi Lín
                                            Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不是林同志。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I&apos;m not Comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Lín.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓林。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi Zhōu
                                            Xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不是周小姐。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I&apos;m not Miss <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Zhōu.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓周。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi Jiǎng
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不是蒋先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I&apos;m not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Jiǎng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓蒋。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi Sòng
                                            Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不是宋太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>I&apos;m not Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Sòng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓宋。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Expansion drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.8*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他不是王先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >黄</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Wáng
                                            Xiānsheng, tā xìng Huáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他不是王先生，他姓黄。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>, his surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Jiǎng
                                            Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她不是蒋太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is not Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >江</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Jiǎng
                                            Tàitai, tā xìng Jiāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她不是蒋太太，她姓江。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is not Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase>, her surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Liú
                                            Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他不是刘同志。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is not comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >林</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Liú
                                            Tóngzhì, tā xìng Lín.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他不是刘同志，他姓林。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is not comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>, his
                                        surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Sòng
                                            Xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她不是宋小姐。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is not Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >孙</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Sòng
                                            Xiǎojiě, tā xìng Sūn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她不是宋小姐，她姓孙。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is not Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>, her surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Zhào
                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他不是赵先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōu</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >周</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Zhào
                                            Xiānsheng, tā xìng Zhōu.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他不是赵先生，他姓周。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>, his surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase> .</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Jiāng
                                            Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他不是江同志。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is not Comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >张</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Jiāng
                                            Tóngzhì, tā xìng Zhāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他不是江同志，他姓张。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is not Comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>, his
                                        surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Sūn
                                            Tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她不是孙太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is not Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >宋</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi Sūn
                                            Tàitai, tā xìng Sòng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她不是孙太太，她姓宋。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is not Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase>, her surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Expansion drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.8*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>1.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Fāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓方。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >胡</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Fāng,
                                            xìng Hú.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不姓方。姓胡。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>,
                                        it&apos;s <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>2.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Sūn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓孙。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sóng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >宋</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Sūn,
                                            xìng Sóng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不姓孙，姓宋。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūn</foreignphrase>,
                                        it&apos;s <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sóng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>3.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Yáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓杨。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >唐</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Yáng,
                                            xìng Táng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不姓杨，姓唐。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yáng</foreignphrase>,
                                        it&apos;s <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>4.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Jiǎng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓蒋。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >张</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Jiǎng, xìng Zhāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不姓蒋，姓张。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng</foreignphrase>,
                                        it&apos;s <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>5.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Zhōu.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓周。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >赵</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Zhōu,
                                            xìng Zhào.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不姓周，姓赵。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>,
                                        it&apos;s <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>6.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓王。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >黄</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Wáng,
                                            xìng Huáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不姓王，姓黄。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>,
                                        it&apos;s <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Jiāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我不姓江。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >蒋</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng
                                            Jiāng, xìng Jiǎng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不姓江，姓蒋。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>,
                                        it&apos;s <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response drill</title>

                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="newCol1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="2" colwidth="0.8*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
                                            xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是王先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >王</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì. Tā shì Wáng
                                            xiānsheng .</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是。他是王先生。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Yes. He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
                                            xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是王先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >黄</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shì Wáng
                                            xiānsheng, tā xìng Huáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他不是王先生，
                                            他姓黄。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His is not Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>. His surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Liú
                                            tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是刘太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >林</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shì Liú
                                            tàitai. Tā xìng Lín.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她不是刘太太。她姓林。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is not Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>. Her surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Chén
                                            xiǎojiě ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是陈小姐吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >陈</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Chén
                                            xiǎojiě.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是陈小姐。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Máo
                                            xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是毛先生吗？</foreignphrase></para><para>Is he Mr.
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >毛</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Máo
                                            xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是毛先生。</foreignphrase></para><para>He is Mr. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Jiāng
                                            tóngzhì ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是江同志吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he/she Comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >张</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shì Jiāng
                                            tóngzhì. Tā xìng Zhāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他不是江同志。
                                            他姓张。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/she isn't Comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng</foreignphrase>.
                                        His/her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Sòng
                                            tàitai ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是宋太太吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is she Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >宋</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Sòng
                                            tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她是宋太太。</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Lǐ
                                            xiānsheng ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是李先生吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >王</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shì Lǐ
                                            xiānsheng. Tā xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他不是李先生。他姓王。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He isn't Mr. Lǐ. His surname is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="newCol1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓王。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his surname?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓王。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Chén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓陈。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his surname?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Chén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓陈。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Liú.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓刘。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his surname?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Liú.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓刘。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Huáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓黄。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his surname?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Huáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓黄。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Sòng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓宋。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his surname?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Sòng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓宋。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xing
                                            Lǐ.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓李。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his surname?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Lǐ.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓李。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓王。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his surname?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓王。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>

                <title>Transformation drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="newCol1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="0.3*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Wáng　jiào Dànián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓王叫大年。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>, and my given name is
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Dànián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
                                            Wáng　jiào shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓王叫什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Your surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>, and what is your given
                                        name?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Dànián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >大年。</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Hú　jiào
                                            Mĕilíng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓胡叫美玲。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>, and my given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mĕilíng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Hú　jiào
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓胡叫什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Your surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>, and what is your given name?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mĕilíng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >美玲。</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Lǐ　jiào
                                            Shìyīng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓李叫世英。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>, and my given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìyīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Lǐ　jiào
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓李叫什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Your surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>, and what is your given name?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shìyīng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >世英。</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Fāng　jiào Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓方叫宝兰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fāng</foreignphrase>, and my given name is
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
                                            Fāng　jiào shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓方叫什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Your surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fāng</foreignphrase>, and what is your given
                                        name?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >宝兰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Sūn　jiào
                                            Déxián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓孙叫德贤。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase>, and my given name is
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Déxián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng Sūn　jiào
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓孙叫什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Your surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase>, and what is your given
                                        name?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Déxián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >德贤。</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Chén　jiào Huìrán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓陈叫蕙然。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>, and my given name is
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huìrán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
                                            Chén　jiào shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓陈叫什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Your surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>, and what is your given
                                        name?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huìrán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >蕙然。</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                            Zhāng　jiào Zhènhàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我姓张叫振汉。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>, and my given name is
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhènhàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
                                            Zhāng　jiào shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你姓张叫什么？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Your surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>, and what is your given
                                        name?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhènhàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >振汉。</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Combination drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="newCol1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Chén. Tā
                                            jiào Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓陈。他叫宝兰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>. Her given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Chén,
                                            jiào Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓陈，叫宝兰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>, given name <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Lǐ. Tā
                                            jiào Mínglĭ.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓李。他叫明理。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>. Her given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Lǐ, jiào
                                            Mínglĭ.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓李，叫明理。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>, given name <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Hú. Tā
                                            jiào Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓胡。他叫宝兰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>. Her given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Hú, jiào
                                            Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓胡，叫宝兰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>, given name <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Jiāng.
                                            Tā jiào Déxián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓江。他叫德贤。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase>. Her given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Déxián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Jiāng,
                                            jiào Déxián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓江，叫德贤。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase>, given name <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Déxián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Zhōu. Tā
                                            jiào Zǐyàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓周。他叫紫燕。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōu</foreignphrase>. Her given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǐyàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Zhōu,
                                            jiào Zǐyàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓周，叫紫燕。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōu</foreignphrase>, given name <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǐyàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Zhāng.
                                            Tā jiào Tíngfēng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓张。他叫廷峰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>. Her given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Tíngfēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Zhāng,
                                            jiào Tíngfēng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓张，叫廷峰。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>, given name <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Tíngfēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Chén. Tā
                                            jiào Huìrán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓陈。他叫蕙然。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>. Her given name is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Huìrán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng Chén,
                                            jiào Huìrán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他姓陈，叫蕙然。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>, given name <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Huìrán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Nationality.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Home state, province, and city.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Prerequisites to the unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>P&amp;R 5 and P&amp;R 6 (Tapes 5 and 8 of the resource module on
                            Pronunciation and Rmanization.)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>NUM 1 and NUM 2 (Tapes 1 and 3 of the resource module on Numbers), the
                            numbers from 1 to 10. </para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference
                                Notes.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the workbook.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The 3D-1 tape.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                        <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó rén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you American?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Měiguó
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是美国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m American.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Zhōngguó rén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you Chinese?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Zhōngguó
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是中国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m Chinese.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng, nǐ
                                        shì Yīngguó rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王先生，你是英国人吗
                                        ？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>, are you English?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì Yīngguó
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m not English.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Zhōngguó rén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you Chinese?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú
                                        shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >不是。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó rén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you American?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, I&apos;m.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ xiǎojiě shì
                                        Měiguo rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >马小姐是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎ</foreignphrase> an American?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, tā bú shì
                                        Měiguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >不是，他不是美国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, she is not an American.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tá shì Zhōngguó rén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is she Chinese?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shì
                                        Zhōngguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，
                                    他是中国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, she is Chinese.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něiguó
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是哪国人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What is your nationality?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Měiguó
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是美国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m American.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguó
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What is his nationality?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Yīngguó
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is English.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì nǎrde
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you from?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Shànghǎi
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是上海人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
                                        Bǎolánde xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是方宝兰的先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                        Bǎolán</foreignphrase>&apos;s husband.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where is he from?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Shāndōng
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是山东人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He&apos;s from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì nǎrde
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you from?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是加州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m Californian.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>12.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shǐ Měiguó rén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you an American?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něiguó
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是哪国人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What&apos;s your nationality?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì nǎrde
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you from?</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èguó
                                        Éguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德国</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Russia</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>possessive marker</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Déguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德国</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Germany</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàguó
                                        Fǎguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法国</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>France</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiāzhōu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">加州</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>California</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Měiguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美国</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>America, United States</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>where?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něi-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něiguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪国</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which country?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>person</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Rìběn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日本</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Japan</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">山东</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>a province name</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上海</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>a city name</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Yīngguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">英国</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>England</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhōngguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中国</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>China</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
                <figure pgwide="1">
                    <title>0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-7.png</title>
                    <mediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                            <imagedata
                                fileref="Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-7.png"
                            />
                        </imageobject>
                    </mediaobject>
                </figure>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 1-3</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you American?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Měiguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是美国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m American.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you Chinese?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是中国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m Chinese.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng,
                                            nǐ shì Yīngguó rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王先生，你是英国人吗
                                            ？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>, are you English?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shì
                                            Yīngguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m not English.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén</foreignphrase> is a noun,
                        "person" or ''persons"; so <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                            rén</foreignphrase> is a noun phrase, literally "American person."
                        Sometimes, however, it is preferable or necessary to translate expressions
                        of this sort as adjectives or prepositional phrases.</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                Meǐguó rén .</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是美国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is an American (noun phrase)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                Zhōngguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是中国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is Chinese (adjective)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                Shāndōng rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他是山东人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Hi is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>. (prepositional
                                            phrase)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>Although <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                            rén</foreignphrase> is translated here as "an American," in other
                        contexts it may be translated as "the American," "American," or "the
                        Americans." Later you will learn the various ways to indicate in Chinese
                        whether a noun is definite or indefinite, singular or plural.</para>
                    <para>The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guó</foreignphrase> usually loses its tone in expressions like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó rén</foreignphrase>.
                        (some speakers drop the tone when the word stands alone: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 4-5 </title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you Chinese?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú
                                            shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不是。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you American?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, I&apos;m.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ xiǎojiě shì
                                            Měiguo rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >马小姐是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase> an American?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, tā bú
                                            shì Měiguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是，他不是美国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, she is not an American.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tá shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is she Chinese?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shì
                                            Zhōngguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，
                                            他是中国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, she is Chinese.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The short "yes" answer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase> is really the verb "am" of the longer, more
                        complete answer. The short "no" answer <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shì</foreignphrase> is really the "am not"
                        of the longer answer. </para>
                    <para>It is possible to reduce a "no" answer to <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> (note the Falling tone),
                        but polite usage requires that you follow it up with a more complete answer.
                        Both the short answers <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
                            shì</foreignphrase> are commonly followed by complete answers.</para>
                </section>
                <?custom-pagebreak?>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 6-7</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něiguó
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是哪国人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is your nationality?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Měiguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是美国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m American.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguó
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is his nationality?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Yīngguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is English.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něi</foreignphrase>- is the
                        question word "which." It is a bound word —a vord which cannot stand alone—
                        not a free word.</para>
                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >něi</foreignphrase>-</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo
                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>which</entry>
                                    <entry>country</entry>
                                    <entry>person</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Notice that the syllable -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guó</foreignphrase>, "country," in the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó rén</foreignphrase> may lose its
                        rising tone.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 8-11</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you from?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Shànghǎi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是上海人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
                                            Bǎolánde xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是方宝兰的先生？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                            Bǎolán</foreignphrase>&apos;s husband.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where is he from?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Shāndōng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是山东人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He&apos;s from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you from?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是加州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m Californian.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> is the
                        question vord " vhere." The syllable <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is the possessive marker;
                        it functions like the English possessive ending -'s.</para>
                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de
                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>where </entry>
                                    <entry>'s</entry>
                                    <entry>person</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>By reversing the word order, a slightly more idiomatic translation is
                        possible: "a person of vhere." The closest English equivalent is "a person
                        from where." To clarify the role of -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> in this expression, the
                        tape gives the following example of -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> functioning like the
                        English possessive ending -'s:</para>
                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                            Bǎolán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de
                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng
                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
                                            Bǎolán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>'s</entry>
                                    <entry>husband</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 12</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>12.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shǐ Měiguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you an American?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něiguó
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是哪国人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What&apos;s your nationality?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you from?</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </section>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <section>
                <title>Response Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>

                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Chinese?</para>
                                </entry>

                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是中国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is Chinese.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Rìběn rén
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是日本人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Japanese?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Rìběn
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是日本人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is Japanese.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是中国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Chinese?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是中国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is Chinese.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Měiguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he American?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Měiguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            T阿是美国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is American.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Déguo rén
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是德国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he German.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Déguo
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是德国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is German.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Jiānádà
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            T阿斯加拿大人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Canadian?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Jiānádà
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是加拿大人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is Canadian.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fàguo rén
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是法国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he French.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Fàguo
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是法国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is French.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.8*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Jiānádà
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是加拿大人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Canadian?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Yīngguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>England</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >英国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Jiānádà rén. Shì Yīngguó　rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是加拿大人。他是英国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He s not Canadian. He is English.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Rìběn rén
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是日本人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Japanese?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōngguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>China</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >中国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì Rìběn
                                            rén. Shì Zhōngguó rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是日本人。他是中国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He s not Japanese. He is Chinese.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Yīngguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是英国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he English?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Měiguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>America</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >美国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Yīngguó rén. Shì Měiguó ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是英国人。他是美国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He s not English. He is American.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Měiguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是美国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he American?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                            Jiānádà</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Canada</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >加拿大</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Měiguó rén, Shì Jiānádà rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是美国人。他是加拿大人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He s not American. He is Canadian.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì èguó rén
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是俄国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Russian?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                            Déguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Germany</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >德国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì èguó
                                            rén. Shì Déguó rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是俄国人。他是德国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He s not Russian. He is German .</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Yuènán
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是越南人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he Vietnamese?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōngguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>China</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >中国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Yuènán rén. Shì Zhōngguó rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是越南人。他是中国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He s not Vietnamese. He is Chinese.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fàguó rén
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是法国人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is he French?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                            Yīngguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>England</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >英国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì Fàguó
                                            rén. Shì Yīngguó ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是法国人。他是英国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He s not French. He is English.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.5*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguo
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is ghs nationality?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fàguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>France</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >法国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Fàguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是法国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is French.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguo
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his nationality?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōngguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>China</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >中国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是中国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is Chinese.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguo
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his nationality?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Měiguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>America</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >美国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Měiguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是美国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is American.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguo
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his nationality?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiānádà</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Canada</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >加拿大</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Jiānádà
                                            rén. </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是加拿大人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is Canadian.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguo
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his nationality?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Rìběn</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Japan</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >日本</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Rìběn
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是日本人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is Japanese.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguo
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his nationality?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Èguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Germany</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >俄国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Èguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是俄国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is Russian.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì něiguo
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>What is his nationality?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Déguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Russia</para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >德国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Déguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是德国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is German.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.5*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >北京</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Běijīng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shánghǎi</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >上海</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Shánghǎi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是上海人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shánghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chángshā</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >长沙</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Chángshā
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是上沙人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chángshā</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táizhōng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >台中</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Táizhōng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是台中人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táizhōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táiběi</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >台北</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Táiběi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是台北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                            Tiānjīng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >天京</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Tiānjīng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是天京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Tiānjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >北京</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Běijīng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>

                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Běijīng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>

                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是中国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from China.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì něiguó
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Jiānádà
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是加拿大人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from Canada.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì něiguó
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Táiběi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是台北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Shànghǎi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是上海人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Yīngguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是英国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from England.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì něiguó
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Měiguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是美国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from America.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì něiguó
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Táizhōng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是台中人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táizhōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>

                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Lǐ
                                            tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是李太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>

                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì Lǐ
                                            tàitai.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        她不是太太。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> She is not Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Gāo.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓局。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú xìng
                                            Gāo.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他不姓局。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Her surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Táiběi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是台北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Hi is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Táiběi rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是台北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Hi is not from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Liú.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓刘。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú xìng
                                            Liú.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他不姓刘。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Her surname is not <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Měiguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是美国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is American.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Měiguó rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是美国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> She is not American.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Jiānádà
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她是加拿大人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Canadian.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Jiānádà rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是加拿大人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> She is not Canadian.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>

                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Hú.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓胡。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surmane is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>

                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā xìng Hú
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他姓胡吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Is his surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Běijīng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Běijīng
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是北京人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Is he from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是王大年。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Wáng
                                            Dànián ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是王大年吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Is he <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Lín.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓林。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā xìng Lín
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他姓林吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Is her surname <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是中国人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>She is Chinese.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Zhōngguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是中国人吗？　</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Is she Chinese?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>

                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
                                            Zhāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他姓张。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>

                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā xìng
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他姓什么？　</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> What's his surname?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Běijīng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是王大年。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Who is he?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Rìběn
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是日本人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is Japanese.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì něiguó
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是哪国人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> What is his nationality?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Shāndōng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是山东人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Where is he from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Chén
                                            tōngzhì.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是陈同志。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        他是谁？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Who is he?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Location of people and places.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Where people's families are from.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Prerequisites to the unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>NUM 3 and NUM 4 (Tapes 3 and 4 of the resource module on
                                Numbers.)</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>CE 1, on Classroom Expressions.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference
                                Notes.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes , the workbook.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The 4D-1 tape.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                        <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
                                        nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，
                                        你是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, where are you from?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Dézhōu
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是德州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I&apos;m from Texas.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, Āndésen
                                        fūren shì nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >请问，安德森夫人是哪儿的人?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, where is Mrs. Andersen from?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Dézhōu
                                        rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是德州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is from Texas too.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Yīngguó rén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是英国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is he English?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, tā bú shì
                                        Yīngguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >不是，他不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, he is not English.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                        ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他爱人呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>And his wife?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yě bú shì
                                        Yīngguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他也不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She isn&apos;t English either.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, Qīngdǎo
                                        zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >请问，青岛在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo zài
                                        Shāndōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >青岛在山东。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ lǎojiā
                                        zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问，
                                        你老家在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, where is your family from?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā zài
                                        Āndàlüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我老家在安大略。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My family is from Ontario.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā zài
                                        Shāndōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我老家在山东。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My family is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Shìmín tóngzhì
                                        zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >陈世民同志在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìmín</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                                        nàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他在那儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He&apos;s there.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo zài
                                        nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >青岛在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                        zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >在这儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>It&apos;s here.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren xiànzài
                                        zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你爱人现在在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where is your wife now?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ àiren xiànzài
                                        zài Jiānádà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我爱人现在在加拿大。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>My wife is in Canada now.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >àiren</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱人</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>spouse</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Āndàlüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >安大略</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Ontario</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Dézhōu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德州</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Texas</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fūren</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">夫人</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Lady, Madame, Mrs., wife (of a high ranking person)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiānádà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >加拿大</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Canada</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老家</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>original home</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr
                                        (nèr)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>there</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">青岛</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>a city name</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qǐngwèn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">请问</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiànzài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>now</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >yě</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>also, too, either</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be in/at/one</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>here</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
                <para>Additional required vocabulary not presented on C-1 and P-1 tapes.</para>
                <para>Learn the pronunciation and location of any five cities and five provinces of
                    China on the maps on page 80-81.</para>
                <figure>
                    <title>0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-8.png</title>
                    <mediaobject>
                        <imageobject>
                            <imagedata
                                fileref="Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-8.png"
                                width="14cm"/>
                        </imageobject>
                    </mediaobject>
                </figure>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 1</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
                                            nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, where are you from?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Dézhōu
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是德州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I&apos;m from Texas.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐng</foreignphrase>
                        means "request," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wèn</foreignphrase> means "ask (for information)." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn</foreignphrase> is used as English
                        speakers use "excuse me," to get someone's attention in order to ask him a question.<note>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn</foreignphrase>
                                is NOT the word used for saying "excuse me" when you step on
                                some­one's foot. For that, you say <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duìbuqǐ</foreignphrase> .</para>
                        </note></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 2</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn,
                                            Āndésen fūren shì nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，安德森夫人是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, where is Mrs. Andersen from?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Dézhōu
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是德州人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is from Texas too.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Names: In the People's Republic, a foreigner is known by the standard
                        phonetic equivalent of his full name. His given name is followed by his
                        surname, which is followed by the appropriate title, Mr. David Anderson will
                        be called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàiwèi Āndésèn
                            Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> . In Taiwan, there is no set way of giving
                        names to foreigners. Sometimes, as in the PRC, a phonetic equivalent of the
                        full name is used (though there are no standard versions). Sometimes, the
                        equivalent is based entirely on the surname. Mr. Anderson, for instance,
                        might be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ān Désēn
                            Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> . The surname may also be translated, as when
                        "King" is translated into <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>. It is also common to base the Chinese surname on
                        the first syllable of the original surname, and the Chinese given name on
                        something else (often the original given name). In Taiwan, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàwèi</foreignphrase> is a common phonetic
                        equivalent for "David." "Mr. David Anderson," therefore, might be
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ān Dàwèi
                            Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> .</para>
                    <para> Here is a chart of SOME of the Chinese names that might be given to Mr.
                        David Anderson.<table frame="all">
                            <title>PRC</title>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Dàwéi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Āndésēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </table><table frame="all">
                            <title>TAIWAN</title>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Ān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Désēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Ān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Dàwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </table></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Titles</emphasis>: In the PRC, a foreign man is
                        addressed as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, and a married woman as either <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fūren</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Taìtai</foreignphrase>, depending on her
                        status. The term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Fūren</foreignphrase> is an especially respectful term used to address
                        the wife of a high-ranking official or businessman. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fūren</foreignphrase> is also used this way
                        on Taiwan. </para>
                    <para>An unmarried foreign woman in the PRG may be addressed as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎojiě</foreignphrase> "Miss." Married or
                        unmarried women may be addressed as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshì</foreignphrase>. or "Ma'am."
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshì</foreignphrase> will be
                        introduced in BIO, Unit 1. </para>
                    <para>The term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>, "Comrade," was originally used only by members of
                        the Communist Party to address other members. It is now the general term of
                        address used by all Chinese adults in the PRC. It should be remembered,
                        though, that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Tóngzhì</foreignphrase> does carry a distinct political implication.
                        Visitors in the People's Republic, who are not citizens and who do not take
                        part in efforts to realize Communist ideals, will not be addressed as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase> and
                        should not feel obliged to address anyone else as such.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě</foreignphrase> is an adverb
                        meaning "also," or "too." It always comes before the verb.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 3</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Yīngguó
                                            rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他是英国人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is she English?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, tā bú
                                            shì Yīngguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是，他不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, he is not English.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他爱人呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>And his wife?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yě bú shì
                                            Yīngguó rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他也不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She isn&apos;t English either.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Àiren</foreignphrase>, which
                        originally meant "loved one," "sweetheart or "lover," is used in the PRC for
                        either "husband" or "wife," i.e., for "spouse." </para>
                    <para>The possessive phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                            Àiren</foreignphrase>, "his wife" (or, "her husband"), is formed by
                        putting the words for "he" (or "she") and "spouse" together. </para>
                    <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase>
                        (which you have seen in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎrde
                            rén</foreignphrase>) is not needed when the possessive relationship is
                        felt to be very close. (See also the notes on No. 5.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě</foreignphrase> in a negative
                        sentence is usually translated as "either." In this case, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> comes between
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> and the
                        verb. Possible English translations for <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>, in both affirmative and
                        negative sentences, are:<informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yě shi Yǐngguo
                                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >她也是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>She is English too.</para>
                                            <para>She is also English.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yě bú shi Yǐngguo rén.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >她也不是英国人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>She is not English either.</para>
                                            <para>She is also not English.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 4</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn,
                                            Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，青岛在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo zài
                                            Shāndōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >青岛在山东。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài</foreignphrase> is the verb
                        "to be in/at/on," that is, "to be somewhere." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài</foreignphrase> involves location, while
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> involves
                        identity, "to be someone/something."</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 5</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
                                            lǎojiā zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你老家在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, where is your family from?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā zài
                                            Āndàlüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我老家在安大略。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My family is from Ontario.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā zài
                                            Shāndōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我老家在山东。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My family is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lǎojiā</foreignphrase> is "old home" ("original home," "ancestral
                        home," "native place"), that is, the place you and your family are from.
                        When a Chinese asks you about your <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lǎojiā</foreignphrase>, he probably wants to know about your hometown,
                        the place where you grew up. </para>
                    <para>When you ask a Chinese about his <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lǎojiā</foreignphrase> however, he will tell you where his family came
                        from originally. A Chinese whose grandparents came from the province of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase> will
                        give that as his <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lǎojiā</foreignphrase>, even if he and his parents have spent all of
                        their lives in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Sìchuān</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                            lǎojiā zài nǎr?</foreignphrase> (literally "Where is your original
                        home?") asks for the LOCATION of the town you come from. </para>
                    <para xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">The question is answered with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> plus the name of the
                        province (or state) that the town is located in: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā zài Dèzhōu (Āndàlüè, Shāndōng). Nǐ
                            lǎojiā shi nǎr?</foreignphrase> (translated into English as "What is
                        your original home?" asks about the IDENTITY of the town you come from. That
                        question is answered with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase> plus the name of the town (or city): <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā shi Jiūjǐnshān (Qǐngdǎo,
                            Shànghǎi).</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para>Compare: </para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó lǎojiā zài
                                                Guǎngdōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我老家在廣東。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>My original home is in <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lǎojiā shi
                                                Guǎngzhōu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我老家是广州。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>My original home is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>The possessive <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                            lǎojiā</foreignphrase>, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tā àiren</foreignphrase>, does not require a possessive marker.
                        However, if more than one word must be used to indicate the possessor,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase> is often
                        inserted after the last word: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                            àirende lǎojiā</foreignphrase>, "your spouse's original home" or "where
                        your spouse's family comes from."</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 6-8</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Shìmín
                                            tóngzhì zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >陈世民同志在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìmín</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                                            nàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他在那儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He&apos;s there.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo zài
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >青岛在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                            zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >在这儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>It&apos;s here.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren
                                            xiànzài zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你爱人现在在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where is your wife now?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ àiren
                                            xiànzài zài Jiānádà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我爱人现在在加拿大。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>My wife is in Canada now.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>You have learned three words for asking and telling about
                        locations.</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>where</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr
                                                (nèr)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >那儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>there</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >这儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>here</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>Notice that the question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nǎr</foreignphrase> is in the Low tone, while the answer words
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr</foreignphrase> are both
                        in the Falling tone. Also notice that the vowel sound in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr</foreignphrase> is different from that
                        in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr</foreignphrase>. (Some
                        speakers prefer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nèr</foreignphrase> to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nàr</foreignphrase>.) When you are talking about movable things and
                        people that you presume are not nearby ("nearby," being approximately within
                        pointing range), you usually ask where they are NOW. The "present time" word
                        may be omitted if the time has been established earlier in the conversation. </para>
                    <para><informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren
                                                xiànzài zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >你爱人现在在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Where is your wife now?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                                                Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >她在北京。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She's in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase> (now).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>If you ask about someone or something you presume to "be
                        nearby (a pair of scissors in a drawer, for instance, or a person in a group
                        across the room), you do not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiànzài</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>In English, the words "here" and "there" are used to refer to locations of
                        any size. In Chinese, however, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhèr</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nàr</foreignphrase> are usually not used for cities, provinces, and
                        countries (with the exception that you may use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr</foreignphrase> to refer to the city you
                        are in). Instead, you repeat the name of the place. </para>
                    <para>Compare these two exchanges in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Beìjĭng</foreignphrase>: <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle">Country:</entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎdǐng
                                                  Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Zhōngguó
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
                                                  zài Zhōngguó.</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>He is <emphasis role="bold">here</emphasis>
                                                now.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle">City:</entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎdǐng
                                                  Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Shànghǎi
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú
                                                  zài Shànghǎi; tā zài zhèr.</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>He is not <emphasis role="bold">there</emphasis>;
                                                he is here.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiānádà</foreignphrase>
                        "Canada": Although the middle syllable of this word is marked with the
                        Rising tone, at a normal rate of speech you will probably hear
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Jiānādà</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <section>
                <title>Response Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他/她是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he/she from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Húnán</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >湖南</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Húnán
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他/她是湖南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Húnán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他/她是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he/she from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >山东</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Shāndōng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他/她是山东人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他/她是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he/she from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Héběi</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >河北</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Héběi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> 他/她是河北人。
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Héběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他/她是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he/she from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >江苏</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Jiāngsū
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他/她是江苏人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他/她是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he/she from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Guāngdōng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >广东</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì
                                            Guāngdōng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他/她是广东人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Guāngdōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他/她是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he/she from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Húběi</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >湖北</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Húběi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他/她是湖北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Húběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì nǎrde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他/她是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is he/she from?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sìchuān</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >四川</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shì Sìchuān
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他/她是四川人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sìchuān</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng tóngzhì
                                            fūren shì Běijīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >张同志夫人是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>'s wife is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qǐngwèn, Zhāng
                                            fūren shì nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            请问张夫人是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> May I ask, where is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>
                                        from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng tóngzhì
                                            fūren shì Shànghǎi ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >黄同志夫人是上海人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>'s wife is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qǐngwèn, Huáng
                                            fūren shì nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            请问黄夫人是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> May I ask, where is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng</foreignphrase>
                                        from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì
                                            fūren shì Nánjīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >王同志夫人是南京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>'s wife is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Nánjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qǐngwèn, Wáng
                                            fūren shì nǎrde ren?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            请问黄夫人是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> May I ask, where is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
                                        from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì fūren
                                            shì Guǎngzhōu rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >李同志夫人是广州人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>'s wife is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qǐngwèn, Lǐ
                                            fūren shì nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            请问李夫人是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> May I ask, where is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>
                                        from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào tōngzhì
                                            fūren shì Xiānggǎng ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >赵同志夫人是香港。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade　<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase>'s wife is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qǐngwèn, Zhào
                                            fūren shì nǎrde ren?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            请问赵夫人是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> May I ask, where is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào</foreignphrase>
                                        from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo tóngzhì
                                            fūren shì Qīngdǎo ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >毛同志夫人是青岛人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase>'s wife is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qǐngwèn, Máo
                                            fūren shì nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            请问毛夫人是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> May I ask, where is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo</foreignphrase>
                                        from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén tóngzhì
                                            fūren shì Běijīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >陈同志夫人是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase>'s wife is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qǐngwèn, Chén
                                            fūren shì nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            请问陈夫人是哪儿的人？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> May I ask, where is Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén</foreignphrase>
                                        from?</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Héběi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是河北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Héběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì Héběi
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是河北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is not from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Héběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Shāndōng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是山东人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Shāndōng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是山东人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is not from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Jiāngsū
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是江苏人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Jiāngsū rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是江苏人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is not from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fújiàn
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是福建人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fújiàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Fújiàn rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是福建人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is not from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Fújiàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhèjiāng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是浙江人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Zhèjiāng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是浙江人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is not from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Húnán
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是湖南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Húnán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì Húnán
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是湖南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is not from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húnán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Sìchuān
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是四川人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sìchuān</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Sìchuān rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是四川人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is not from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Sìchuān</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Héběi
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是河北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Héběi</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě shì Héběi
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她也是河北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Héběi</foreignphrase> too.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhèjiāng
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是浙江人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě shì
                                            Zhèjiāng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她也是浙江人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase> too.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fújiàn
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是福建人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fújiàn</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě shì
                                            Fújiàn rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她也是福建人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fújiàn</foreignphrase> too.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Húnán
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是湖南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Húnán</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě shì Húnán
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她也是湖南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Húnán</foreignphrase> too.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Jiāngsū
                                            ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是江苏人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě shì
                                            Jiāngsū rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她也是江苏人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase> too.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Shāndōng
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是山东人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě shì
                                            Shāndōng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她也是山东人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase> too.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Hénán
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是河南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hénán</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě shì Hénán
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她也是河南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She is from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hénán</foreignphrase> too.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào xiānsheng
                                            bú shì Táiwān rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >赵先生不是台湾人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Táiwān</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhào xiānsheng
                                            yě bú shì Táiwān rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            赵先生也不是人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhào</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ xiānsheng bú
                                            shì Táiběi ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >李先生不是台北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Lǐ xiānsheng yě
                                            bú shì Táiběi ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            李先生也不是台北人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiběi</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng xiānsheng
                                            bú shì Táizhōng ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >王先生不是台中人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Táizhōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wáng xiānsheng
                                            yě bú shì Táizhōng ren.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            王先生也不是台中人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táizhōng</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng xiānsheng
                                            bú shì Táinán rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >黄先生不是台南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Huáng xiānsheng
                                            yě bú shì Táinán rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            黄先生也不是台南人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táinán</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng bú
                                            shì Táidōng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >刘先生不是台東人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Táidōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Liú xiānsheng
                                            yě bú shì Táidōng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            刘先生也不是台東人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táidōng</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng bú
                                            shì Jīlóng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >胡先生不是基隆市人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jīlóng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Hú xiānsheng yě
                                            bú shì Jīlóng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            胡先生也不是基隆市人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Hú</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīlóng</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén xiānsheng
                                            bú shì Gāoxióng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >陈先生不是高雄人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Chén xiānsheng
                                            yě bú shì Gāoxióng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            陈先生也不是高雄人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase> isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title/>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ tóngzhì shì
                                            Běijīng rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >马同志是北京人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Běijīng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Běijīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他爱人呢?
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>And his/her spouse?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā àiren yě bú
                                            shì Běijīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他爱人也不是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng tóngzhì
                                            shì Shànghǎi rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >张同志是上海人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Shànghǎi rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她不是上海人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他爱人呢?
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>And his/her spouse?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě bú shì
                                            Shànghǎi rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他也不是上海人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì
                                            shì Nánjīng rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >蒋同志是南京人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāng</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Nánjīng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Nánjīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        她不是南京．</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Nánjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他爱人呢?
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>And his/her spouse?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě bú shì
                                            Nánjīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            她也不是南京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén tóngzhì shì
                                            Guǎngzhōu rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >陈同志是广州人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Chén</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Guǎngzhōu rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是广州人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他爱人呢?
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>And his/her spouse?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě bú shì
                                            Guǎngzhōu rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他也不是广州人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūn tóngzhì shì
                                            Chéngdū rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >孙同志是成都人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Sūn</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Chéngdū</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bū shì
                                            Chéngdū rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是成都人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Chéngdū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他爱人呢?
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>And his/her spouse?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě bú shì
                                            Chéngdū rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他也不是成都人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chéngdū</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo tóngzhì shì
                                            Qīngdǎo rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >毛同志是青岛人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Qīngdǎo rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是青岛人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他爱人呢?
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>And his/her spouse?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě bú shì
                                            Qīngdǎo rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他也不是青岛人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yáng tóngzhì shì
                                            Běijīng rén ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >杨同志是北京人吗？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Yáng</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Běijīng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú shì
                                            Běijīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他不是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他爱人呢?
                                        </foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>And his/her spouse?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā yě bú shì
                                            Běijīng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他也不是北京人。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> He/She isn't from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                        either.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, Qīngdǎo
                                            zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问青岛在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >山东</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qīngdǎo zài
                                            Shāndōng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        青岛在山东。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, Nánjīng
                                            zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问南京在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Nánjīng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >江苏</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nánjīng zài
                                            Jiāngsū.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        南京在江苏。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Nánjīng</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn,
                                            Guǎngzhōu zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问广州在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >广东</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Guǎngzhōu zài
                                            Guǎngdōng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        广州在广东。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn,
                                            Shānghǎi zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问上海在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shānghǎi</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >江苏</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Shānghǎi zài
                                            Jiāngsū.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        上海在江苏。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shānghǎi</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, Běijīng
                                            zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问北京在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Běijīng</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Héběi</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >河北</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Běijīng zài
                                            Héběi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        北京在河北。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Héběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, Qīngdǎo
                                            zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问青岛在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >山东</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Qīngdǎo zài
                                            Shāndōng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        青岛在山东。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shāndōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn,
                                            Shànghǎi zài nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问上海在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>May I ask, where is <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                            Jiāngsū</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >江苏</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Shànghǎi zài
                                            Jiāngsū.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                        上海在江苏。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> is in <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiāngsū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Transformation Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín tóngzhì shì
                                            Húběi rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >林同志哦是河北。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase> is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Lín tóngzhìde
                                            lǎojiā zài Húběi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            林同志的老家在河北。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lín</foreignphrase>'s family is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì shì
                                            Shānxī rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >王同志哦是陕西。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase> is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shānxī</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wáng tóngzhìde
                                            lǎojiā zài Shānxī.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            王同志的老家在陕西。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>'s family is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shānxī</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng tóngzhì
                                            shì Shānxī rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >黄同志哦是陕西。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase> is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shānxī</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Huáng tóngzhìde
                                            zài Shānxī.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            黄同志的老家在陕西。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Huáng</foreignphrase>'s family is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shānxī</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo tóngzhì shì
                                            Fújiàn rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >局同志哦是福建。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Gāo</foreignphrase> is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Fújiàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Gāo tóngzhìde
                                            zài Fújiàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            局同志的老家在福建。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Gāo</foreignphrase>'s family is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Fújiàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhǐ shì
                                            Sǐchuān rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >李同志哦是四川。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase> is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Sǐchuān</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Lǐ tóngzhìde
                                            zài Sìchuān.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            李同志的老家在四川。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>'s family is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Sǐchuān</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu tóngzhì shì
                                            Zhèjiāng rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >周同志哦是浙江。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōu</foreignphrase> is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhōu tóngzhìde
                                            zài Zhèjiāng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            周同志的老家在浙江。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhōu</foreignphrase>'s family is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo tóngzhì shì
                                            Húnán rén.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >毛同志哦是湖南。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase> is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húnán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Máo tóngzhìde
                                            zài Húnán.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            毛同志的老家在湖南。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Máo</foreignphrase>'s family is from <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húnán</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Response Drill</title>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="4">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.4*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren zài
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他爱人在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is hi/her spouse? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Měiguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >美国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā àiren
                                            xiànzài zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他爱人现在在美国。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> His/Her spouse is in America now.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren zài
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他爱人在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is hi/her spouse? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Jiānádà</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >加拿大</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā àiren
                                            xiànzài zài Jiānádà.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他爱人现在在加拿大。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> His/Her spouse is in Canada now.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren zài
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他爱人在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is hi/her spouse? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Yīngguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >英国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā àiren
                                            xiànzài zài Yīngguó.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他爱人现在在英国。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> His/Her spouse is in England now.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren zài
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他爱人在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is hi/her spouse? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Déguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >德国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā àiren
                                            xiànzài zài Déguó.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他爱人现在在德国。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> His/Her spouse is in Germany now.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren zài
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他爱人在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is hi/her spouse? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Měiguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >美国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā àiren
                                            xiànzài zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他爱人现在在美国。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> His/Her spouse is in America now.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren zài
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他爱人在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is hi/her spouse? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Fàguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >法国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā àiren
                                            xiànzài zài Fàguó.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他爱人现在在法国。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> His/Her spouse is in France now.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā àiren zài
                                            nǎr?</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他爱人在哪儿？</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para>Where is hi/her spouse? </para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Èguó</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >俄国</foreignphrase></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā àiren
                                            xiànzài zài Èguó.</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">
                                            他爱人现在在俄国。</foreignphrase></para>
                                    <para> His/Her spouse is in Russia now.</para>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Criterion Test</title>
        <para>The purpose of the Criterion Test at the end of each module is to show you not only
            how much of the material you have learned, but also vhat points you need to work on
            before beginning to study another module.</para>
        <para>Since the primary goal of ORN is to introduce the sound system of Standard Chinese,
            this test focuses on your ability to discriminate and produce tones, vowels, and
            consonants. Additionally, there are sections which test your ability to comprehend and
            produce numbers from 1 through 99 and the material in the ORN Target Lists. </para>
        <para>Your knowledge of personal names and titles and the romanization system is also
            tested. Read the Objectives at the beginning of the module for a description of exactly
            what the test covers. </para>
        <para>Note: Although the entire sound system is introduced in the Pronunciation and
            Romanization Module, you will be tested here only on those sounds which occur in the
            Target Sentences. Other sounds will be included in Criterion Tests for later modules. </para>
        <para>Following is a sample of the Criterion Test for this module. Each section of the test,
            with directions and a sample question, is represented here so that you may know exactly
            what is expected of you after studying the ORN Module. </para>
        <para>Minimum scores are suggested for each section of the test. Achieving these scores
            means that you are adequately prepared for the next module. If you fall below the
            minimum criterion on any section, you should review relevant study materials. </para>
        <para>You will use a tape to complete Part I of the test. Part II is written, and you will
            complete Part III with your instructor. Part IV of the test (Diagnostics) indicates the
            passing score for each section and review materials for each section.</para>
        <section>
            <title>Part I</title>
            <para>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to distinguish the four tones. In your
                            test booklet you will see two syllables after each letter. The speaker
                            will pronounce both syllables, and then say one of them again. You are
                            to decide which syllable was repeated, and circle the appropriate one to
                            indicate your choice. The syllables may occur in any of the four tones,
                            regardless of which tone was used previously in the module. The same
                            syllable may occur more than once in this section. </para>
                        <para>For example, the speaker might say: <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēi … fěi</foreignphrase> and then repeat
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēi</foreignphrase></para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >fēi</foreignphrase>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >fěi</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in
                            isolated syllables. The speaker will pronounce a syllable twice; you add
                            to the written syllable the tone that you hear. Again, the syllables may
                            occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used
                            previously in the module. </para>
                        <para>For example, the speaker might say: <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fěi...fěi</foreignphrase></para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >fei</foreignphrase> → <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fěi</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in
                            two-syllables combinations. The speaker pronounces each two-syllable
                            item twice and then pauses a moment for you to mark tones on the written
                            syllables. For the first ten items, one of the two tones is already
                            marked. For the last ten items, you must fill in both tones. </para>
                        <para>For example: the speaker might say: <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháběi...cháběi</foreignphrase></para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chabei →
                                            cháběi</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>In this section, you are tested on syllables which differ minimally in
                            sound. The speaker will pronounce each syllable in an item once; then he
                            will pronounce one of the syllables again. Decide which of the syllables
                            was repeated, and indicate your choice by circling that written syllable
                            in your test booklet. The syllables in this test do not necessarily
                            correspond in every way to syllables in the Target Lists They may vary
                            in tone, for example. </para>
                        <para>For example, the speaker might say: <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn...fàng</foreignphrase> and then
                            repeat <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fàng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >fàn</foreignphrase>
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >fàng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>In this section, you complete the romanization for the syllables that
                            you hear. As the speaker says a syllable, write the appropriate vovel or
                            consonant letter(s) in the blank. This tests your ability to recognize
                            the sounds of a syllable and to use the romanization system correctly.
                            The speaker will say each syllable twice. </para>
                        <para>For example, the speaker might say: <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàng</foreignphrase>...<foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pàng</foreignphrase> then you would
                            write:</para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >pàng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> This section tests your ability to understand the numbers 1 through
                            99 in Chinese. For each item, the speaker will say a number, and you
                            write down the numerals for that number.</para>
                        <para>For example, you might hear:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                shí-sān</foreignphrase></para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><emphasis role="bold">13</emphasis></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to understand questions and answers
                            about where someone is from and where he is now. Listen to a
                            conversation between Mr. Johnson and Comrade <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào</foreignphrase>, who have just met.
                            You will hear the conversation three times. The third time you hear it,
                            a pause will follow each line. You may use these pauses to fill in the
                            boxes in your booklet with appropriate information. (You do not have to
                            wait for the second repetition of the conversation to fill in the
                            answers, of course.) </para>
                        <para>For example: [You will hear a conversation similar to conversations
                            you heard on the C-2 tapes in this module.]</para>
                        <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Home State or
                                            Province<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                        <entry>Present
                                            Location<?dbhtml bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?><?dbfo bgcolor="#b3d9ff" ?></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Zhào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mr. Johnson (<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Yuēhànsūn</foreignphrase>)</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Zhào</foreignphrase>'s husband</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mrs. Johnson</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to comprehend Chinese utterances by
                            asking you for the English equivalents. For each item, the speaker will
                            say a sentence from the Target List twice. You indicate your
                            understanding of the sentence by circling the letter of the English
                            sentence which most closely matches the meaning of the Chinese sentence. </para>
                        <para> For example, you might hear: <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ shì shéi?...nǐ shì
                                shéi?</foreignphrase></para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>Who is she?</para>
                                </listitem>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>Who is he?</para>
                                </listitem>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>Who are you?</para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part II</title>
            <para>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> This section tests your general understanding of the Chinese system
                            of personal names and titles. Read the family histories in your test
                            booklet, and answer the questions. </para>
                        <para>For example,</para>
                        <para>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yáng Tíngfēng</foreignphrase>
                            is the Chinese name used lay an American, Timothy Young, now that he is
                            living in Taipei. His Chinese surname is:</para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Yáng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Tíngféng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yáng
                                            Tíngféng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part III</title>
            <para>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to pronounce the four tones. Simple
                            sound combinations have been chosen so that special attention may be
                            given to tone production. For each item, choose one syllable and read it
                            aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you choose. The
                            instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to choose a fair
                            sampling of all four tones, and select them in random order. </para>
                        <para>For example, you might say:</para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mā <emphasis
                                                role="bold">má</emphasis> mǎ
                                        mà</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> This section tests your ability to pronounce Chinese sounds from the
                            Target Lists, as well as your ability to read romanization. For each
                            item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle
                            around the one you choose. The instructor will note the syllable he
                            hears. Be sure to choose syllables from each column as you go through
                            this section of the test.</para>
                        <para>For example, you might say:</para>
                        <para>
                            <orderedlist>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
                                                role="bold"
                                        >nín</emphasis>...níng</foreignphrase></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </orderedlist>
                        </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to locate and name main cities and
                            provinces in China. Using the map in your booklet, point out to your
                            instructor five cities and five provinces and name them. Pronunciation
                            is of secondary importance here.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to produce sentences in Chinese. Your
                            instructor will say an English sentence from the Target Lists, and you
                            translate it into Chinese. Your Chinese sentence must "be correct," both
                            in grammar and in content.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>This section tests your ability to make conversational use of the
                            material covered in this module. Although limited in scope, this
                            conversation between you and your instructor represents a situation
                            which you are likely to encounter in the real world. As in any
                            conversation, you are free to ask for a repetition or rephrasing of a
                            sentence, or you may volunteer information on the subject. It is not so
                            much the correctness of your pronunciation and grammar that is being
                            tested as it is your ability to communicate effectively. </para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Appendices</title>
        <section>
            <title>Appendix 1: Map of China</title>
            <para><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                        <imagedata
                            fileref="Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-9.png"
                            align="center" width="14cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                </inlinemediaobject></para>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendix 2: Map of Taiwan</title>
            <para><inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                        <imagedata
                            fileref="Images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-10.png"
                            width="14cm"/>
                    </imageobject>
                </inlinemediaobject></para>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendix 3: Countries and Regions</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendix 4: American States</title>
            <para>
                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Alabama </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">阿拉巴马</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Ālābāmǎ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Alaska </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">阿拉斯加</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Ālāsǐjiā</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Arizona </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亚利桑那</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Yàlìsāngnà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Arkansas </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">阿肯色</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ākěnsè,
                                        Akānsàsī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> California </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">加州, 加利福尼亚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāzhōu,
                                        Jiālìfóníyà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Colorado </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">科罗拉多</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Kēluólāduō</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Connecticut </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">康涅狄格, 康乃狄克</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāngnièdígé,
                                        Kāngnǎidígé</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Delaware </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">特拉华</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tèlāhuá, Délāwēi
                                        (ěr)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Florida </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弗罗里达</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Fóluólǐdá</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Georgia </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">乔治亚, 佐治亚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiáozhìyà,
                                        Zuǒzhìyà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Hawaii </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">夏威夷</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xiàwēiyí</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Idaho </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱达荷</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Àidáhé</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Illinois </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">伊利诺</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīlìnuò
                                        (sī)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Indiana </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">印第安纳</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Yìndiànnà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Iowa </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱奥华</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīāhuá,
                                        Àiāhuá</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Kansas </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">堪萨斯</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Kānsàsī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Kentucky </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">肯塔基</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Kěntǎjī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Louisiana </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">路易斯安那</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Lùyìsīānnà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Maine </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">缅因</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Miǎnyīn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Maryland </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马里兰</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mǎlǐlán</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Massachusetts </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马萨诸塞</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎsāzhūsài,
                                        Mǎshěng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Michigan </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">密歇根, </foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mìxīgēn,
                                        Mìzhíān</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Minnesota </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明尼苏达</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Míngnísūdá</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Mississippi </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">密西西比</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mìxīxībǐ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Missouri </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">密苏里 </foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mìsūlǐ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Montana </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒙大纳</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Méngdànà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Nebraska </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">内布拉斯加</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Nèibùlāsījiā</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Nevada </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> 内华达</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Nèihuádá</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> New Hampshire </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新罕布什尔</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīn Hānbùshíěr, Xīn
                                        Hǎnbùxià</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> New Jersey </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新泽西</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīn
                                        Zéxī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> New Mexico </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新墨西哥</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīn
                                        Mòxīgē</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> New York </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> 纽约 </foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niǔyuē</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> North Carolina </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北卡罗来纳</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běi Kǎluóláinà, Běi
                                        Kǎluólínnà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> North Dakota </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北达科他</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běi Dákētā, Běi
                                        Dákēdá</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Ohio </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> 俄亥俄</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éhàié</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Oklahoma </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">俄克拉荷马</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ékèlāhémǎ,
                                        Ākèlāhémǎ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Oregon </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">俄勒冈</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Élègāng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Pennsylvania </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宾州, 宾夕法尼亚,
                                        宾西法尼亚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bīnxhōu, Bīnxīfǎníyà,
                                        Bīnxīfánníyà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Rhode Island </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">罗得岛</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Luódé Dǎo,
                                        Luódéàilán</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> South Carolina </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">南卡罗来纳</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán Kǎluóláinà, Nán
                                        Kǎluólínnà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> South Dakota </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">南达科他</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán
                                        Dákētā</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Tennessee </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">田纳西</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Tiánnàxī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Texas </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得克萨斯</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dézhōu,
                                        Dékèsàsī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Utah </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犹他</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yóutā,
                                        Yōuta</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Vermont </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">佛蒙特</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wēiméngtè,
                                        Fóméngtè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Virginia </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">维吉尼亚, 弗吉尼亚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wēijíníyà,
                                        Fójíníyà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Washington </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">华盛顿</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Huáshèngdùn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> West Virginia </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">西弗吉尼亚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xī
                                        Fójíníyà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Wisconsin </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">威斯康星</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wēisīkāngxīn(g)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Wyoming </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">怀俄明</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Huáiémíng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </para>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendix 5: Canadian Provinces</title>
            <para>
                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Alberta </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">阿尔伯塔, 艾伯塔</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(Yǎbódá)
                                        Ā​&apos;ěr​bó​tǎ, Ài​bó​tǎ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> British Columbia </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">英属哥伦比亚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīngshǔ
                                        Gēlúnbǐyà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Manitoba </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马尼托巴</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Mànnítuōbā</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> New Brunswick </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新不伦瑞克</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīn
                                        Bùlúnzīwéikè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Newfoundland </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纽芬兰与拉布拉多</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Niǔfēnlándǎo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Northwest Territories </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">西北领地</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīběilíngdì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Nova Scotia </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新斯科舍</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīn
                                        Sīkèshè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Ontario </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安大略省</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Āndàlüè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Prince Eduard Island </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱德华岛</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Àidéhuádǎo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Quebec </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">魁北克</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Kuíběkè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Saskatchewan </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">萨斯喀彻温</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Sākèqíwàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry> Yukon </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">育空</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yùkōng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </para>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendix 6: Common Chinese Names</title>
            <table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                <title>Surnames</title>
                <tgroup cols="6">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黄</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Zhōu</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">周</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Liú</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Jiāng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Chén</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陈</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">张</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Jiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蒋</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Yáng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">杨</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Gaō</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">局</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Sīmǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">司马</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赵</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Lín</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">林</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Oūyáng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">欧阳</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">毛</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Sūn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Hú</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唐</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Sòng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宋</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Wú</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吴</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Fāng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">方</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Liáng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">梁</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </table>
            <table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                <title>Given names (male)</title>
                <tgroup cols="6">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dálǐ
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">达礼</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Yǒngpíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">永平</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Shàowén</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">绍文</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínglǐ
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明理</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Zìqiáng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">自强</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Shìyīng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世英</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dànián
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大年</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Jié</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">杰</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Tíngfēng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">廷峰</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìmín
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世民</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Zhīyuǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">知远</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Chéng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">诚</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huá
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">华</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Guóquán</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">国权</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Zhènhàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">振汉</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Déxián</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德贤</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </table>
            <table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                <title>Given names (female)</title>
                <tgroup cols="6">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Juān
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">娟</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Huìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蕙文</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Mínzhēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">敏贞</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lìróng
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">丽容</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Défēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德芬</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Huìrán</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">蕙然</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnrú
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">婉如</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Lù</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">露</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Bīngyíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">冰莹</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiùfèng
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">秀风</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Yùzhēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">玉珍</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Zǐyàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">紫燕</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiǎoyún
                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">巧云</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Měilì</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美丽</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </table>
            <para> </para>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendix 7: Chinese Provinces</title>
            <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                <tgroup cols="3">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <thead>
                        <row>
                            <entry align="center">Pinyin spelling</entry>
                            <entry align="center">Chinese spelling</entry>
                            <entry align="center">Map spelling</entry>
                        </row>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ānhui</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安徽</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Anhwei </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fújiàn</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">福建</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Fukien </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gānsù</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">甘肃</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Kansu </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">广东</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Kvangtung </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guànzhōu</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">官洲岛</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Kvangsi </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǐzhōu</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">贵州</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Kveìchou </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Hébuǐ/Héběi</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> 河北</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Hopeh </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Hēilóngjiāng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哈尔滨</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Heilungkiang </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hénán</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">河南</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Honan </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húběi</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">湖北</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Hupeh </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húnán</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">湖南</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Hunan </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāngsū</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江苏</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Kiangsu </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāngxī</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">江西</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Kiangsi </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jílín</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吉林</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Kirin </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liáoníng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">辽宁</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Liaoning </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiměnggǔ</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">内蒙古</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Inner Mongolia </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Níngxià</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宁夏</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Ninghai </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnghǎi</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">青海</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Tsinghai </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shāndōng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">山东</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Shantung </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎnxī</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陕西</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Shansi </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎnxī</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">山西</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Shensi </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sìchuān</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">四川</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Szechuan </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台湾</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Taiwan </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīzàng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新疆</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Xinjiang </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīzàng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">西藏</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Tibet </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yúnnán</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">云南</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Yunnan </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèjiāng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">浙江</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Chekiang </entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendix 8: Chinese Cities</title>
            <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                <tgroup cols="3">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                    <thead>
                        <row>
                            <entry align="center">Pinyin spelling</entry>
                            <entry align="center">Chinese spelling</entry>
                            <entry align="center">Map spelling</entry>
                        </row>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">北京</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Peking </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángshā</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长沙</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Ch&apos;ang-sha </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chéngdū</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成都</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Ch&apos;eng-tu </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàtóng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大同</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Ta-t&apos;ung </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">高雄</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Kao-hsiung </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎnzhōu</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">广州</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Canton </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hángzhōu</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">杭州</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Hang-chou </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hánkǒu</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">汉口</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Han-k&apos;ou </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háinán</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">海南</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Huai-nan </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīlóng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">基隆市</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Chi-lung </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāifēng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">开封</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> K&apos;ai-feng </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánchāng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">南昌</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Nan-ch&apos;ang </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">南京</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Nanking </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">青岛</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Tsingtao </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上海</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Shanghai </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiběi</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台北</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Taipei </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táidōng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台東</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> T&apos;ai-tung </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táinán</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台南</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> T&apos;ai-nan </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táizhōng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">台中</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> T&apos;ai-chung </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天津</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Tientsin </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wúchāng</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">五常</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Wu-ch&apos;ang </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">武汉</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Wu-han </entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiān</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry>
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> 西安</foreignphrase>
                            </entry>
                            <entry> Sian </entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
        </section>
    </section>
</chapter>

<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.0">
    <title>Module 2: Biographic Information</title>
    <para>The Biographic Information Module provides you with linguistic and cultural skills needed
        for a simple conversation typical of a first-meeting situation in China. These skills
        include those needed at the beginning of a conversation (greetings, introductions, and forms
        of address), in the middle of a conversation (understanding and answering questions about
        your­self and your immediate family), and at the end of a conversation
        (leave-taking).</para>
    <para> Before starting this module, you must take and pass the ORN Criterion Test. The resource
        modules Pronunciation and Romanization and Numbers (tapes 1-4) are also prerequisites to the
        BIO Module.</para>
    <para> The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from Module 1 and
        associated resource modules may also be included.</para>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <para>Upon successful completion of the module, the student should be able to:</para>
        <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
                <para> Pronounce correctly any word from the Target Lists of ORN or BIO, properly
                    distinguishing sounds and tones, using the proper stress and neutral tones, and
                    making the necessary tone changes.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Pronounce correctly any sentence from the BIO Target Lists, with proper
                    pauses and intonation, that is, without obscuring the tones with English
                    intonation.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Use polite formulas in asking and answering questions about identity (name),
                    health, age, and other basic information.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Reply to questions with the Chinese equivalents of "yes" and "no"</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
                <para> Ask and answer questions about families, including who the members are, how
                    old they are, and where they are.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Ask and answer questions about a stay in China, including the date of
                    arrival, location-purpose-duration of stay, previous visits, traveling
                    companions, and date of departure.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Ask and answer questions about work or study, identification of
                    occupation，the location, and the duration.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target
                    Lists.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Be able to say any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists when cued with its
                    English equivalent.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Take part in a short Chinese conversation, using expressions included in the
                    BIO Target List sentences.</para>
            </listitem>
        </orderedlist>


    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Tapes for BIO and associated modules</title>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">Biographic information (BIO)</emphasis></para>
        <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="7">
                <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
                <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
                <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
                <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
                <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
                <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
                <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 1:</entry>
                        <entry>1</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>1 p-l</entry>
                        <entry>1&amp;2 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>1 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>1 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 2:</entry>
                        <entry>2</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>2 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>2 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>2 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 3:</entry>
                        <entry>3</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>3 P-l</entry>
                        <entry>3&amp;4 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>3 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>3 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 4:</entry>
                        <entry>4</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>4 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>4 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>4 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 5:</entry>
                        <entry>5</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>5 P-l</entry>
                        <entry>5&amp;6 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>5 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>5 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 6:</entry>
                        <entry>6</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>6 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>6 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>6 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 7:</entry>
                        <entry>7</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>7 P-l</entry>
                        <entry>7&amp;8 D-l</entry>
                        <entry>7C-2</entry>
                        <entry>7 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>Unit 8:</entry>
                        <entry>8</entry>
                        <entry>C-l</entry>
                        <entry>8 P-l</entry>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>8 C-2</entry>
                        <entry>8 P-2</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>Units 1-4 R-1 </para>
        <para>Units 5-8 R-1</para>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">Classroom Expressions (CE)</emphasis></para>
        <para>CE 2</para>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">Time and Dates (T&amp;D)</emphasis></para>
        <para>T&amp;D 1 T&amp;D 2</para>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1 Target List</title>
        <para>
            <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
                <tgroup cols="4">
                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                    <tbody>
                        <row>
                            <entry>1.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnwèn, nǐ zhù zai
                                    nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >亲问，你住在那儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
                                    Fāndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >我住在北京饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>2.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
                                    fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >你住在哪个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai nèige
                                    fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >我住在那个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I'm staying at that hotel.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>3.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zhèige
                                    fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
                                    zhèige fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>No, I'm not staying at this hotel.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>4.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
                                    Fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >你住在民族饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai Mínzú
                                    Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >不，我不住在民族饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>No, I'm not staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>5.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shi Gāo
                                    Tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >哪位是高同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Which one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Gāo</foreignphrase></entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shi Gāo
                                    Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位是高同志</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>That one is Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>6.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè nǚshì! Nǐn
                                    hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。
                                诺瓦克女士！您好</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Good morning. Miss Nowak! How are you?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
                                    hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry/>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry>7.</entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Měiguó nǎrde
                                    rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >请问，你是美国哪儿个人</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>Where are you from in America?</entry>
                        </row>
                        <row>
                            <entry/>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu
                                    Jiǔjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                >我是加州旧金山人</foreignphrase></entry>
                            <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
                        </row>
                    </tbody>
                </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
        </para>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài náli?
                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友家在哪里？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
                                Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他家在大理街。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> street.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ shi
                                ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >你朋友的地址是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dìzhǐ shi Dàlǐ Jiē
                                Sìshièr hào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >他的地址是大理街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>His address is No. 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是韦少校把？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn
                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, nà shi Guóbīn
                                Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >是的，那是国宾大饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes, that's the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai nàli
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住在那里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are you staying there?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ zhù zai
                                zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不，我住在这里</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No, I'm staying here.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài Táiběi
                                gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei? </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò;
                                tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >他不在台北工作；他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I work at the defense attache's office.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3 Target List</title>
        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们有孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
                                yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānsheng méiyou Měiguó
                                péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">刘先生没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase>
                            doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge nánháizi,
                                jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wómen yǒu liǎnge nánhaizi,
                                yíge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Xiānsheng, Hú tàitai yǒu
                                jǐge háizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >胡先生，胡太太有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How many children do Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase> have?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
                                háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>They have two children.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi nánháizi, shi
                                nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shi
                                nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài zhèli
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù.　Liǎngge zài zhèli, yíge
                                hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn sānge
                                háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>There's my wife and two children.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What people are in your family?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ fùqin,
                                mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān lái
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他明天来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Is he coming tomorrow?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng lái
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他已经来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He has already come.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou lái le
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你朋友来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Has your friend come?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi(you)
                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
                                dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>When did he arrive?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi zuótiān
                                dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>He arrived yesterday.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge rén láide
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry> Did you come alone?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén
                                láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
                                zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntian
                                zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr
                                shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where were you born?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu
                                shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
                                zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
                                zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní shi něinián
                                shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What year were you born?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Yī jiǔ sān jiǔ nián
                                shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè jíhào
                                shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是几月几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi Qíyüe sìhào
                                shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是七月四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I was born on July 4.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà
                                le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nímem nánháizi dōu jǐsuì
                                le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >一个九岁了，一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>One is nine and one is six.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
                                jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
                                yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng zhù
                                duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
                                liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān zhù duó
                                jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù liùge
                                yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我想住六个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm thinking of staying six months.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
                                le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long have you been here?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile liǎngge xīnqī
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来了两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I have been here two weeks.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài Xiānggǎng
                                zhùle dó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
                                liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Tàitai méi
                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">李太太没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>
                            didn't come.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián méi láiguo. Wǒ
                                tàitai láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >我从前没来过。我太太来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I have never been here before. My wife has been here.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 7 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0" frame="none">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zài náli
                                gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó Guówùyàn
                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní zai náli
                                gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
                                xüsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm student.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lái zuò
                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn
                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>What are you studying?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xüé
                                Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm studying Chinese.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài dàxüé niànguo lìshǐ
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你在大学念过历史吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Did you study history in college?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Niànguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学念。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?
                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们会说中文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Can you speak Chinese?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tàitai bú huǐ shuō, wǒ
                                huì shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >我太太不会说，我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>My wife can't speak it; I can speak it a little.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguo huà hěn
                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. Wǒ jiù huì shuō
                                yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>8.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài náli xüéde
                                Zhōngzén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是在哪里学的中文？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Where did you study Chinese?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wó shi zài Huáshèngdùn
                                xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 8 Target List</title>

        <informaltable colsep="0" frame="none" rowsep="0">
            <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                <tbody>
                    <row>
                        <entry>1.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu kè
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>2.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn Yīngwén
                                niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle
                                liùniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>3.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén niànle duó
                                jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>How long have you been studying French?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I've been studying it for one year.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>4.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě
                                Zhōnggui zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                            >去年我还不会写中国字。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Last year, I couldn't write Chinese characters.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>5.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
                                jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Yes, he's a naval officer.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>6.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry/>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry>7.</entry>
                        <entry>A:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Are you better today?</entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                        <entry/>
                        <entry>B:</entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                        <entry>Today, I'm better.</entry>
                    </row>
                </tbody>
            </tgroup>
        </informaltable>

    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Where people are staying (hotels),</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Short answers.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >něige</foreignphrase>, "which."</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference
                                Notes.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The drill tape (1D-1).</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para>(in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>)</para>
                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù zai
                                        nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
                                        Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying at the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai Mínzú
                                        Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
                                        Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai něige
                                        fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai Běijīng
                                        Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì Zhāng
                                        tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
                                        tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì Méi
                                        tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì Méi
                                        tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
                                        tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
                                        tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <para>7.<footnote>
                                            <para>This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</para>
                                        </footnote></para>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai zheìge
                                        fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai
                                        zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì! nín
                                        zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiāng</foreignphrase>! Good morning.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè Nǔshì!
                                        nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
                                        女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
                                        hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我很好</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm very well.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
                                        Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
                                        Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>general counter</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >hěn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">很</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>very</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >旧金山</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>San Francisco</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mínzú
                                        Fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >民族饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Nationalities Hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něi-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪-？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něige?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nèige</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>that</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něiwei</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪位</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which one (person)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那位</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>that one (person)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǔshì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女士</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>polite title for a married or unmarried woman) Ms. ;
                                    Lady</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>yes, that's so.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-wèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">位</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>polite counter for people</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>good morning</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèi-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zheìge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这位</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this one (person)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zhù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朱</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to stay, to live</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 1</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ zhù
                                            zai nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >亲吻，你朱在哪儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, where are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
                                            Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >握住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying at the <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                        Hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>,
                        "to live," or "to reside," may be used to mean "to stay at" (temporary
                        residence) or "to live in" (permanent residence). </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù zài nǎr</foreignphrase>
                        literally means "live at where." The verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," is
                        used here as a preposition "at." It loses its tone in this position in a
                        sentence. (The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> as a preposition is treated more fully in Unit 2.) </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàndiàn</foreignphrase> has two
                        meanings "restaurant" and "Hotel" (a relatively large hotel with modern facilities).<footnote>
                            <para>Another word for "restaurant" is <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase>. The
                                general word for "hotel" is <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǚguǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        </footnote> Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase> means "rice shop."</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 2</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
                                            Mínzú Fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你住在民族饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ zhù zai
                                            Mínzú Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是，我住在民族饭店吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase>: The usual
                        way to give a short affirmative answer is to repeat the verb used in the
                        question. Some verbs, however, may not be repeated as short answers.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù</foreignphrase> is one
                        such verb. Others not to be used are <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>, "to be surnamed," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>, "to be
                        given-named." Many speakers do not repeat the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> as a short answer. To
                        give a short "yes" answer to questions containing these verbs, you use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 3-7</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
                                            něige fàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你住在呢个饭店？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Which hotel are you staying at?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zai
                                            Běijīng Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我住在北京饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying ate the Beijing Hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi shì
                                            Zhāng tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪位是张同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhāng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Zhāng
                                            tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他是张同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Zhāng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige rén shì
                                            Méi tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪个人是Méi同志？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Which person is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén shì
                                            Méi tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >那个人是Méi同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>That person is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwei shì Gāo
                                            tóngzhì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Which one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiwèi shì Gāo
                                            tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >那位是局同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>That one is comrade <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zai
                                            zheìge fàndiàn ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你住在这个饭店吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you staying at this hotel?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, wǒ bú zhù
                                            zai zheìge fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不，我不住在这个饭店。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, I"m staying at this hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige</foreignphrase> is the
                        question word "which." In the compound <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó</foreignphrase>, you found the bound
                        word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase>, which
                        was attached to the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guó</foreignphrase>. In the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiguó rén</foreignphrase>, "which person,"
                        the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něi-</foreignphrase> is attached to the general counter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>. (You will learn more
                        about counters in Unit 3_ For now, you nay think of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> as an ending which turns
                        the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něi-</foreignphrase> into the full word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>.) </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
                        rén/něiwèi</foreignphrase>: To be polite when referring to an adult, you say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něiwèi</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiwèi</foreignphrase>, using
                        the polite counter for people <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-wèi</foreignphrase> rather than the general counter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, though <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is used in many informal
                        situations. </para>
                    <para>Notice that the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >rén</foreignphrase> is not used directly after <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>: </para>

                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="3">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Nèiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                                            rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Něiwèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù zài Mínzú
                                            Fàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>

                    <para>Compare the specifying words "which?" "that," and "this" with the location
                        words you learned in Unit U of ORN: </para>

                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="4">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <thead>
                                <row>
                                    <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3" align="center">Specifying
                                        words</entry>
                                    <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">Location
                                        words</entry>
                                </row>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige?
                                            (nǎge?)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>which</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>where</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
                                            (nàge)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>that</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàr
                                            (nèr)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>there</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
                                            (zhège)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>this</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèr
                                            (zhàr)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>here</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>

                    <para>Both question words are in the Low tone, while the other four words are in
                        the Falling tone. </para>
                    <para>Many people pronounce the words for "which?" "that," and "this" with the
                        usual vowels for "where?" "there," and "here": <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎge</foreignphrase>? <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàge</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù</foreignphrase>: A short
                        negative answer is usually formed by <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> plus a repetition of the
                        verb used in the question. When a verb, like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>), cannot be repeated,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is used as
                        a short answer and is followed by a complete answer. Notice that when used
                        by itself <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in
                        the Falling ton, but when followed by a Falling-tone syllable <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> is in the Rising tone. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, tā xiānzài bú zài
                            zhèr.</foreignphrase> No, he's not here now.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 8</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāng tóngzhì!
                                            nín zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >蒋同志！您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Comrade Jiang! Good morning.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo. Nuòwǎkè
                                            Nǔshì! nín hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早。Nuòwǎkè
                                            女士！您好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Good morning, Miss Novak! How are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Name as greeting: A greeting may consist simply of a person's name:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì</foreignphrase>!
                        "Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!"
                        The name may also be used with a greeting phrase: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tóngzhì! Nín zǎo.
                        </foreignphrase>"Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>! Good morning." --or, in reverse order,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo. Wáng
                            tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> "Good morning. Comrade <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>!" The name is pronounced
                        as an independent exclamation acknowledging that person's presence and
                        status. It is not de-emphasized like "Comrade <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>," in the English
                        sentence 11 Good morning, Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>." </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín zǎo</foreignphrase> means
                        "good morning" --literally, "you are early." You may also say either
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zǎo</foreignphrase> or
                        simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚshì</foreignphrase>, "Ms.," is
                        a formal, respectful title for a married or unmarried woman. It is used
                        after a woman's own surname, not her husband's. Traditionally, this title
                        was used for older, educated, and accomplished women. </para>
                    <para>In the PRC, where people use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tóngzhì</foreignphrase>, "Comrade," in general only foreign women are
                        referred to and addressed as (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase>. On Taiwan, however,
                        any woman may be called (so-and-so) <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚshì</foreignphrase> in a formal context,
                        such as a speech or an invitation. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo</foreignphrase>: This
                        greeting may be said either with or without a question marker, just as in
                        English we say "How are you?" as a question or "How are you?" as a simple
                        greeting. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ma?</foreignphrase> How
                        are you? </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo.</foreignphrase> How are
                        you. </para>
                    <para>Also Just as in English, you may respond to the greeting by repeating it
                        rather than giving an answer. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ tóngzhì! Nín
                            hǎo.</foreignphrase> Comrade <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Lǐ</foreignphrase>! How are you. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín hǎo. Gāo
                            tóngzhì!</foreignphrase> How are you. Comrade <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo</foreignphrase>! </para>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase>
                        means "very." The word often accompanies adjectival verbs (like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, "to be
                        good"), adding little to their meaning. (See also Module 3, Unit 3.) </para>
                    <para>How to identify yourself: You have now learned several ways to introduce
                        yourself. One simple, direct way is to extend your hand and state your name
                        in Chinese –- for instance, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>. Here are some other ways:</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I'm <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
                                                Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng Mǎ,
                                                jiào Mǎ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>My surname is <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>; I'm
                                                called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                                  Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                Zhōngguó míngzi jiào Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>My Chinese name is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on № 9</title>
                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ shì
                                            Měiguo nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你是美国哪儿人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, where are you from in America?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Jiāzhōu
                                            Jiùjīnshān rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是加州旧金山人。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm from San Francisco, California.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Order of place names: Notice that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> is
                        literally "California, San Francisco." In Chinese, the larger unit cones
                        before the smaller. Similarly, in the question <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Měiguó nǎrde rén?</foreignphrase> the
                        name of the country comes before the question word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>, which is asking for a
                        more detailed location. The larger unit is usually repeated in the answer: </para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Qīngdǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jiùjīnshān</foreignphrase> means "Old Gold Mountain." The Chinese gave
                        this name to San Francisco during the Gold Rush days.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> Where people are staying (houses).</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> Where people are working.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> Addresses.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker de </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >ba</foreignphrase>,</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >zài</foreignphrase></para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The C-l and P-l tapes9 the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The 2D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                        náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài Guóbīn
                                        Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                        náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
                                        zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                        ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How about him?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù　zài
                                        nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                        náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài péngyou
                                        jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā zài
                                        náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
                                        Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude dìzhǐ
                                        shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā　de dìzhǐ shì jiē
                                        Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi Shàoxiào
                                        ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
                                        Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiànzài
                                        zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
                                        gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù
                                        gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
                                        gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.<footnote>
                                        <para>This exchange occurs on the C-1 tape only</para>
                                    </footnote></entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
                                        Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
                                        gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>


            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >ba</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吧</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>question marker expressing supposition of what answer will
                                    be</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>possessive marker</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">地址</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>address</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gōngzuò</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工作</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to work</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóbīn
                                        Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >国宾大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Ambassador Hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-hào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—号</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>number (in address)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>home, house</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jiē</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">街</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>street</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >lù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">路</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>road</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nà-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那—</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>that</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nàge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>that (one)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >náli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪里</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>where</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那里</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>there</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">朋友</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>friend</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shàoxiào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少校</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>major( military title)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Shìde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是的</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, that's so.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >武官处</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>defense attache office</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">银行</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>bank</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be in/at/on (prepositional verb)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhè-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhège</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this (one)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这里</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>here</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìyī
                                        Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >第一大饭店</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>First Hotel</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó Guójì
                                        Jiāoliú Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >美国国际</foreignphrase><foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoliú
                                    Zǒngshǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>U.S. International Communications Agency</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                                        Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >美国银行</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Bank of America</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiwān
                                        Yínháng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >台湾银行</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Bank of Taiwan</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Yóuzhèngjǘ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >邮政局</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>post office</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
                    <informaltable frame="all">
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                            náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
                                            Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我住在国宾大饭店：</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                            náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
                                            zhèli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我住在这理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying here.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How about him?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù　zài
                                            nàli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他住在那理。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is staying there.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guóbǐn</foreignphrase>
                        actually refers to any official state guest, not just an ambassador. (The
                        word for "ambassador" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàshǐ</foreignphrase>) The translation "Ambassador Hotel" has been used
                        for years by that hotel and, although inaccurate, has been retained in this
                        text.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase> means
                        "great hotel" or "grand hotel." It is commonly used in the names of Taiwan
                        and Hong Kong hotels.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nàli</foreignphrase>, and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèli</foreignphrase> are
                        common variants of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nǎr</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nàr</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhèr</foreignphrase> in non-Peking dialects of Standard Chinese. The
                        forms with <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> are Peking dialect
                        forms.</para>
                    <para> Compare:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Peking</entry>
                                        <entry>Other</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >náli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>where</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nàr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nàli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>there</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhèli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>here</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>Notice the difference in tone "between <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>. This is because
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">li</foreignphrase> has a
                        basic Low tone, and the first of two adjoining Low-tone syllables changes to
                        a Rising tone: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>
                        + -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> =
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                                            náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你住在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài
                                            péngyou jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我住在朋友家。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying at a friend's home.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou jiā
                                            zài náli?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友家在哪理？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where is your friend's house?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiā zài Dàlǐ
                                            Jiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他家在大力街。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>His house is on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Dàlǐ</foreignphrase> Street.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The possessive relationships in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "friend's house," <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>, "your
                        friend’s house," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
                            jiā</foreignphrase>, "his house," are unmarked, while the English must
                        include -'s or the possessive form of the pronoun ("your," "his".) In
                        Chinese, possessive relationships may be expressed by simply putting the
                        possessor in front of the possessed when the relationship between the two is
                        particularly close, like the relationship between a person and his home,
                        family, or friends.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyoude
                                            dìzhǐ shì ...?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友的地质是。。。？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is your friend's address?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā　de dìzhǐ shì
                                            jiē Sìshièrhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他的地质是大力街四十二号。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>His address is № 42 <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlǐ</foreignphrase>
                                        street.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyoude dìzhǐ:</foreignphrase>
                        "The marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> in
                        this phrase is Just like the English possessive ending -'s. With the
                        exception of close relationships, this is the usual way to form the
                        possessive in Chinese.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                                                péngyǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>-de</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>your friend</entry>
                                        <entry>'s</entry>
                                        <entry>address</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>Unlike the English -'s ending, -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is also added to pronouns.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wǒde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>my</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǐde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>your</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >tāde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>his/her</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>You are learning possessive phrases in which the marker
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāde dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>)
                        and some possessive phrases which do not contain -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ péngyou jiā</foreignphrase>). There are
                        certain reasons for the inclusion or omission of -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. If a close relationship
                        exists between the possessor and the possessed, the marker -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> might not be used. If a
                        phrase is long and complex, as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                            Xiānsheng péngyoude tàitai</foreignphrase> , the marker -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is used to separate the
                        possessor from the possessed.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="2.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" align="center">short or
                                            simple</entry>
                                        <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4" align="center">long or
                                            complex</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                                lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                                                péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                                dìzhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                                                Xiānsheng péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                                tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But these are not hard and fast rules. The use or omission of
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not
                        determined solely by the number of syllables in a phrase or by the closeness
                        between the possessor and the possessed, although both of these
                        considerations do play a Mg part in the decision.</para>
                    <para>While some common nouns are usually used without -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> "before them, most nouns
                        are more likely to be preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>, and many even require it. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìzhǐ</foreignphrase>, "address," is the only
                        noun you have learned which <emphasis role="bold">REQUIRES</emphasis> the
                        possessive marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> added to the possessor. But other nouns such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> are not
                        always preceded by -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>. This is also the case with nouns indicating
                        personal relationships, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fùmǔ</foreignphrase>, "father," and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàitai</foreignphrase> "wife." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyou</foreignphrase>,
                            "friend,"<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xuésheng</foreignphrase>," student and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase> "student are commonly
                        used without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>,
                        but may also be used with the marker.</para>
                    <para>You might expect the question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                            péngyoude dìzhǐ...?</foreignphrase> to "be completed with a word such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme?</foreignphrase>, what.
                        However, the incomplete form given in this exchange, with the voice trailing
                        off, inviting completion, is also commonly used.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Addresses</emphasis>: The order in which addresses
                        are given in Chinese is the reverse of that used in English. In Chinese, the
                        order is from the general to the specific: country, province or state, city,
                        street name, street number.</para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>: A street
                        number is always given with the bound word -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hào</foreignphrase>, "number," after it. <footnote>
                            <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >dì</foreignphrase>- is sometimes translated "number," as in
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìyī</foreignphrase>,
                                "number one" (See resource module on Numbers, tape 4.)</para>
                        </footnote></para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì Wèi
                                            Shàoxiào ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是Wèi少校吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>You are Major Weiss, aren't you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì Guóbīn
                                            Dàfàndiàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >那是国宾大饭店吧？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>That is Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ba</foreignphrase> is a marker
                        for a question which expresses the speaker's supposition as to what the
                        answer will be. It is the type of question which asks for a confirmation
                        from the listener.</para>
                    <para>There are three ways to translate the two questions in exchanges 6 and 7
                        into English:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào
                                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><para>Aren't you Major Weiss?</para><para>You are
                                                Major Weiss, aren't you?</para><para>You must be
                                                Major Weiss.</para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn
                                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Isn't that the Ambassador Hotel?</para>
                                            <para>That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</para>
                                            <para>That must be the Ambassador Hotel.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Each translation reflects a different degree of certainty on the part of
                        the speaker. (While the differences in certainty are expressed in English by
                        variation in wording, they can be expressed in Chinese by intonation.) You
                        will probably find that the "isn’t it", "aren't you" translation fits most
                        situations.</para>
                    <para>The short answer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shìde</foreignphrase> is an expanded form of the short answer
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, with the
                        same meaning: "Yes, that's so." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shìde</foreignphrase> is also the word used for the "yes" in the
                        military "Yes, sir."</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Nà</foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nèi</foreignphrase>): In the subject position, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>), "that," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhè</foreignphrase>
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>),
                        "this," may be used either as free words or as bound words, with
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase> following. </para>
                    <para>Compare:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
                                                Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-ge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì Guóbǐn
                                                Dàfàndiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That</entry>
                                        <entry>one</entry>
                                        <entry>is the Ambassador Hotel.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>However, the question form <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎ</foreignphrase>- (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>-) is a bound word.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎge
                                                (fàndiàn) shì Guóbǐn
                                            Dàfàndiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Which one is the Ambassador Hotel?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8-11</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
                                            xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友现在在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where does your friend work now?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
                                            gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他在台南工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He works in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táinán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
                                            Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我在武官处工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I work at the Defense Attache's Office.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài yínháng
                                            gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我在银行工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I work at a bank.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou zài
                                            Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友在台北工作吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Does your friend work in Taipei?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài
                                            Táiběi gōngzuò. Tā zài Táizhōng
                                        gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他不在台北工作。他在台中工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔguānchù</foreignphrase>,
                        "defense attache’s office," literally means "military attache's
                        office."</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài gōngzuò</foreignphrase>:
                        Compare these two sentences:</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="4">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="left"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táinán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He </entry>
                                    <entry>is in</entry>
                                    <entry>Tainan.</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Táinán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He </entry>
                                    <entry>in </entry>
                                    <entry>Tainan</entry>
                                    <entry>works.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài Táinán
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase> seems to have two verbs: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, "to be in/at/on," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>," to
                        work." But there is only one verb in the translation: "He works in Tainan."
                        The translation reflects the fact that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> loses its full verb
                        status in this sentence and plays a role like that of the English
                        preposition "in" The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> phrase in Chinese, like the "in" phrase in English,
                        gives more information about the main verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>; that is, it tells
                        where the action takes place. "He works," and the work takes place "in
                        Tainan." In sentences like this, the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is a prepositional verb.
                        Most relationships expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by
                        prepositional verbs in Chinese.</para>
                    <para>You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> used as a prepositional verb in the sentence
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ zhù zài
                            náli?</foreignphrase> "Where do you live?" --literally, "You live at
                        where?" Notice that in this sentence the prepositional verb phrase
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài náli</foreignphrase> comes
                        after the main verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhù</foreignphrase>. In the sentence <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> the
                        prepositional verb phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                            náli</foreignphrase> conies before the main verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. Many things, such as
                        stress, contrast, and other objects in the sentence, can influence the order
                        of the prepositional verb phrase and the main verb.</para>
                    <para>In some cases, either order may be used, as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli zhù?</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài
                            náli?</foreignphrase>. In other cases, the word order is fixed, as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài náli gōngzuò?
                        </foreignphrase>For text examples, it will be pointed out whether or not the
                        word order may be changed, and the reasons will be given.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú zài Táiběi
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, "He doesn't work in Taipei": In this sentence,
                        the negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase> comes before the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> (which starts the
                        complete predicate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Táiběi
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, not before the main verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. This makes sense,
                        for you are not saying "He does NOT WORK," but you are saying "He does NOT
                        work IN TAIPEI."<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                Táiběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Members of a family.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The plural ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >men</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >jǐ</foreignphrase>- "how many."</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >dōu</foreignphrase> "all."</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Several ways to express "and."</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The 3D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>


                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
                                        yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng yǒu
                                        Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu Měiguó
                                        péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
                                        péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
                                        háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
                                        háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>We have three children.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
                                        nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu liǎngge
                                        nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
                                        nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
                                        nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
                                        tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
                                    children do they have?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu liǎngge
                                        háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>They have two children.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi, shì
                                        nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
                                        nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu zài
                                        zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
                                        zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai gēn
                                        sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                        rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù (yǒu) wǒ fùqin,
                                        mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >就（有）我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>only</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>younger brother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>older brother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>older sister</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>younger sister</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>brothers</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>sisters</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
                                        jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>parents</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >māma</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吗吗</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bàba</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>papa, dad, father</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弟弟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>younger brother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">都</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>all, both</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fùmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>parents</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >fùqin</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">父亲</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>father</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哥哥</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>older brother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>and, with, and (in addition to)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>still, yet</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >háizi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>children, child</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jǐ-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几－</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how many</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiāli</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家里</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>family</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐姐</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>older sister </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>sisters</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǐge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几个</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how many</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jiù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">就</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>only, just</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >liǎng-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">两</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>two</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >māma</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妈妈</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>momma, mom, mother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>not, not to have</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妹妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>younger sister</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mèiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>not to have, there is not</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-men</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">们</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>plural suffix</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mǔqin</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">母亲</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>mother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nán-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男－</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>male</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nánháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >男孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>boy</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>

                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>you (plural)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nǚ-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奴－</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>female</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǚháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >奴孩子</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>girl</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>they, them</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >外祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>maternal grandfather</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >外祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>maternal grandmother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>we, us</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兄弟</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>brothers</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì
                                        jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >兄弟姐妹</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>brothers and sisters</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to have, there is</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zhǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>only</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖父</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>paternal grandfather</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">祖母</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>paternal grandmother</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíng
                                        le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赢了</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I('ve) won</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们有孩子吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Do you have children?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒmen
                                            yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >有，我们有。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, we have.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The plural pronouns are formed by adding -men to the singular
                        pronouns</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="4">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <thead>
                                <row>
                                    <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold"
                                            >singular</emphasis></entry>
                                    <entry namest="c3" nameend="c4"><emphasis role="bold"
                                            >plural</emphasis></entry>
                                </row>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >wǒmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>we</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>you</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >nǐmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>you</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>he/she</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >tāmen</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>they</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: "my,"
                        "our," etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: "me,"
                        "us," etc.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase>: Chinese
                        nouns have the same form for singular and plural.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi</foreignphrase> may be
                        either "child" or "children."<footnote>
                            <para>A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by
                                adding -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >men</foreignphrase> . <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Háizimen</foreignphrase> can only be ''children"</para>
                        </footnote>Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be
                        translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not
                        require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English
                        does.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu háizi</foreignphrase> is
                        a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the
                        clumsy "We have one or more children." We would prefer to have enough
                        information to translate it either as "We have a child" or as "We have
                        children." </para>
                    <para>At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu háizi ma?</foreignphrase> you do
                        not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than
                        one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say "Do
                        you have any children?"</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú xiānsheng
                                            yǒu Měiguó péngyou ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >刘先生有美国朋友吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Does Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Liú</foreignphrase> have any American friends?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā meíyǒu
                                            Měiguó péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他没有美国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He doesn't have any American friends.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu Yīngguó
                                            péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他有英国朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He has English friends. (or an English friend)</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>: All the
                        verbs discussed so far form the negative with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>, with the single exception
                        of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>, "to have,"
                        which has the irregular negative form <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
                                            háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How many children do you have?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge
                                            háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我们有三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>We have three children.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yǒu jǐge
                                            nánháizi, jǐge nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们有几个男孩子，几个女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How many boys and how many girls do you have?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu
                                            liǎngge nánháizi, yīge nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我们有两个男孩子，一个女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>We have two boys and one girl.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>In Peking speech,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                            jǐ-</foreignphrase>, "how many," is usually used only when the number
                        expected in an answer is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China,
                        speakers use jl- no matter how large a number is expected in the
                        answer.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Counters</emphasis>: In Chinese, a noun cannot be
                        counted or specified (i.e., used with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi-</foreignphrase>, "that," <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi-</foreignphrase>, "this") without the
                        addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being
                        specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as "head" in "how
                        many head of cattle" and "loaves" in " seven loaves of bread."</para>
                    <para>The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun "being
                        specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already
                        learned the polite counter for persons, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-wèi</foreignphrase>. Other special counters
                        refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for
                        "hotel," for instance, has a special counter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>, "house," used for
                        counting or specifying business establishments.</para>
                    <para>The general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-ge</foreignphrase> is used with nouns that do not have special
                        counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pùbù</foreignphrase>,
                        "waterfall," so you would say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                            pùbù</foreignphrase>, "one waterfall." You have already found the
                        general counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-ge</foreignphrase> in specifying expressions such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige háizi</foreignphrase>, "which child,"
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
                        fàndiàn</foreignphrase>,"this hotel."</para>
                    <para>You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters
                        are sometimes used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-ge</foreignphrase> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by
                        many speakers.</para>
                    <para>Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>:</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge liǎngge sānge sìge wǔge
                            liùge qíge báge jiǔge shíge</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para>The number 2 has a special form before a counter: l<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">iǎng-</foreignphrase>. Notice that the words
                        for 1, 2, and 8 have Rising tones before <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase>, because <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-ge</foreignphrase> is basically a
                        Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán- nǚ-</foreignphrase>: The
                        "bound words <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nán-</foreignphrase>
                        "male," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ-</foreignphrase>,
                        "female," are often used in compounds; for example, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánpéngyou</foreignphrase>, "boyfriend," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚtóngzhì</foreignphrase>
                        "(woman) Comrade."</para>
                    <para>"<emphasis role="bold">And</emphasis>": In Chinese, a word for "and" is
                        not needed between parallel phrases like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge nánháizi, yíge
                            nǚháizi</foreignphrase> "two boys, (and) one girl."</para>
                    <para>A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes
                        omitted.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5-7</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
                                            shì nǚháizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu shì
                                            nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他们都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>All of them are girls.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú xiānsheng,
                                            tàitai ne? tāmen yǒu jǐge háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >胡先生，太太呢？他们有几个孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How about Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>? How many
                                        children do they have?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yǒu
                                            liǎngge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他们有两个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>They have two children.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì nánháizi,
                                            shì nǚháizi? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是男孩子，是女孩子？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are they boys or girls?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shì
                                            nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >都是女孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Both of them are girls.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen háizi dōu
                                            zài zhèli ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们孩子都在这里吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are all your children here?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù, liǎngge zài
                                            zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不，两个在这里，一个还在美国。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">Shi
                                nánháizi, shi nǚháizi?</emphasis></foreignphrase> In Chinese, an
                        "or" question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true)
                        may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In
                        this kind of question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will
                        learn other ways of making "or" questions in later modules.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> may usually
                        be translated in a sentence as "all (of)," or, if it refers to only two
                        things, as both (of)." Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dōu</foreignphrase> means "in all cases," "uniformly," "entirely，"
                        "completely." Since it is an adverb), it must be placed after the subject of
                        a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>， "also".)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
                                            shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu wǒ tàitai
                                            gēn sānge háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >有我太太跟三个孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>There's my wife and three children.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu
                                            shénme rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你家里有什么人？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What people are (there) in your family?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù yǒu wǒ
                                            fùqin, mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >就有我父亲，母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Just my father and mother.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Literally, the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                            jiāli</foreignphrase> means "in your home" (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, "home"; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-li</foreignphrase>, "in"）. In this sentence
                        it is extended to mean "the people in your home，" that is, "your
                        family."</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli - yǒu - shénme
                            rén?</foreignphrase> Phrase by phrase, this question is: "In your family
                        - there are - what people?，’ The word "family" can be taken to mean either
                        all your relatives or only those living in your household.</para>
                    <para>By itself, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase> means "to "be," "to exist." You have now seen it
                        translated two ways: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>as "have," with a personal subject: <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yǒu sānge háizi</foreignphrase>
                                . "We have three children." </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>as "there is/are," in the so-called impersonal construction:
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiāli yǒu shénme
                                    rén?</foreignphrase> "What people are (there) in your
                                family?"</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>In exchange 8，the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase> in the answer is translated as "there's." Some
                        English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can
                        also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the
                        English, as was done in exchange 9« Chinese almost always keeps the verb in
                        the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">How to say "and":</emphasis> Chinese has several
                        words for "and." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gēn</foreignphrase> is the word for "and" when joining nouns or noun
                        phrases. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě</foreignphrase> is the
                        word for "and" when Joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</para>
                    <example>
                        <title>Example:</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú xìng Lǐ, yě bú xìng
                                Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lǚ.</foreignphrase></para>
                        <para>I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Lǐ</foreignphrase> and I'm not surnamed <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǔ</foreignphrase>. I'm surnamed
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǚ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </example>
                    <para>Chinese tends to use a word for "and" when the noun phrases being Joined
                        are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
                                                role="bold">Not parallel</emphasis></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ
                                                  tàitai</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>Possessor noun</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
                                                  háizi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>number noun</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry>There's my wife and 3 children.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5" align="center"><emphasis
                                                role="bold">Parallel</emphasis></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngge
                                                  nánháizi</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>number noun</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >,</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                                                  nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                            <para>number noun</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry>There are 2 boys and one girl.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>While "and" is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis
                        between nouns and between noun phrases just as in English.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only,"
                        "Just," is an advert (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dōu</foreignphrase>. The use of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean "only" is
                        probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<footnote>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> has
                                several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you
                                continue through this course.</para>
                        </footnote> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily
                        use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> to mean
                        "only" or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for
                        "only" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>.
                        Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ fùqin,
                        mǔqin.</foreignphrase></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on additional vocabulary</title>
                    <para>Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members.
                        There is not Just one word for "brother," or "sister" but words for "older
                        brother," "younger brother," "older sister," and "younger sister."<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">older</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">younger</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>brother</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gēge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dìdi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>brothers</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xiōngdì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>sister</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiějie</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >mèimei</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>sisters</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiěmèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is used. When
                        referring to both older and younger brothers, the term <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì</foreignphrase> is used. When
                        referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiōngdì jiěmèi</foreignphrase> is
                        used.</para>
                    <para>Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of
                        the family and grandparents on the mother's side:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">father's
                                            side</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">mother's
                                            side</emphasis></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandfather</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">grandmother</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wài-</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wàizǔfù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wàizǔmǔ</foreignphrase> literally means "outer" or "outside."</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Arrival and departure times,</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase></para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì … de</foreignphrase>
                            construction.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes» the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes» the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The UD-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para>in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase></para>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                        lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is coming.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái le
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                        lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme shíhou
                                        lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
                                        lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou shénme
                                        shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
                                        shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
                                        dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
                                        láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú shì
                                        yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme shíhou
                                        zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                        zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
                                        zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                        zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the day before yesterday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>every day</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>son</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>daughter</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >dào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to arrive</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >érzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">二字</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>son</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòutiān
                                        (hòutian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the day after tomorrow</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān
                                        (jīntian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>today</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to come</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">了</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>combined le: new-situation and completion marker</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngtiān
                                        (mīngtian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>tomorrow</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něitiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哪天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what day</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nǚér</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>daughter</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiántiān
                                        (qiántian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the day before Yesterday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
                                        shíhou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >什么时候</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>when</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì
                                        de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">十的</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>focus construction</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-tiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>day</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >tiāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">天天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>every day</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                                        rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >一个人</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>singly, alone</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐjīng
                                        (yǐjing)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">已经</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>already</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">走</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to leave</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">昨天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yesterday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to get married, to be married</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
                                        jiéhūn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >没结婚</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>not to be married</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >kěshi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>but</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to think, to think that</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你爱人来吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is your wife coming?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is coming.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>These sentences refer to future time, but <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> is not a future-tense
                        form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of
                        the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</para>
                    <para>We translated the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                            zài Táinán gōngzuò.</foreignphrase> as "He works in Tainan" assuming a
                        present context. But in a past context we could translate It as "He
                            <emphasis role="bold">worked</emphasis> in Tainan; and in a future
                        context we could translate it as "He <emphasis role="bold">will
                            work</emphasis> in Tainan." The verb form <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò</foreignphrase> does not tell you
                        what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that
                        information, perhaps to a time expression like "last year" or "now" or
                        "tomorrow," or to the conversational setting.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren lái le
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你爱人来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Has your wife come?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >来了，她来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, she has come.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect</emphasis>: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Le</foreignphrase> is an aspect marker.
                        Through the use of and other one-syllable markers (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de, zhe, ne, guo</foreignphrase>), the
                        Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is
                        completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time.
                        Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in
                        the sentence is a new, changed situation.</para>
                    <para>"<emphasis role="bold">Completion</emphasis>" and "new situation" are not
                            <emphasis role="bold">tenses</emphasis> but <emphasis role="bold"
                            >aspects</emphasis>. Aspect is a way of talking about events or
                        activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of
                        features such as completeness and change. Aspect markers are very different
                        from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and
                        future contexts. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a
                        future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time.
                        English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many
                        different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc,). Chinese
                        does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs
                        themselves do not change form.</para>
                    <para>Le is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects-completion and new
                        situation, (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.)</para>
                    <para>Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is
                        completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the
                        marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> refers
                        to both these aspects, we call it "combined <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." Combined le can be
                        thought of as a telescoping of the completion le followed by a new-situation
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le le</foreignphrase> becomes
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>. In the
                        next two units, you will see the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> used to Indicate each of
                        these aspects separately.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ àiren yě lái
                                            le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你爱人也来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Has your wife come too?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她还没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Negative of combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase>: Compare these affirmative and negative
                            forms:<informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>is coming.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>isn't coming.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.5*" align="left"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">affirmative</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>has come (now).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><emphasis role="bold">negative</emphasis></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>hasn't come (yet).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that the marker le does not appear in the negative answer in the
                        exchange.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>: The
                        negative of a sentence containing combined le_ will include the adverb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, "yet," as
                        well as the negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi(you)</foreignphrase>. In English, the "yet" is frequently left
                        out.</para>
                    <para>Like other adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái</foreignphrase> always precedes the verb, although not always
                        directly. Elements such as the negatives and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> may come between an
                        adverb and a verb,</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou</foreignphrase>, "not
                        have" is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a
                        certain event did not take place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Méiyou</foreignphrase> may be shortened to <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. Here are three possible
                        negative answers to the question.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase>
                        "Has he come?"<informaltable frame="all">
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He hasn't come yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Not yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shénme
                                            shíhou lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她什么时候来？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>When is she coming?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā míngtiān
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她明天来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is coming tomorrow.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
                                            shénme shíhou dào?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友什么时候到？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>When is your friend arriving?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng dào
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他已经到了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Position of time words: Time phrases occupy the same position in a
                        sentence as adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái</foreignphrase> between the subject and the verb.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6-7</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì shénme
                                            shíhou dàode?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她是什么时候到的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>When did she arrive?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì zuótiān
                                            dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >她是昨天到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She arrived Yesterday.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì yíge rén
                                            láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是一个人来的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒ bú
                                            shì yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是，我不是一个人来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>: <footnote>
                            <para>On occasion, a speaker may omit the <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> (which is why it
                                is written in parentheses in these notes).</para>
                        </footnote> This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The
                        aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        and the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì...de)</foreignphrase> perform different functions and convey
                        different meanings. This is how they are different:</para>
                    <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> or its negative <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi (you)</foreignphrase> is used when the
                        center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if
                        you do not know whether Mr. Sun came or not, you would ask:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā léile
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>and you would be answered either<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                láile.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>or<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi
                                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He didn't come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In this question and answer, you use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or its negative
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase>
                        because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</para>
                    <para>The purpose of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction, on the other hand, is to focus
                        on additional information about a completed action; that is, the
                        construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a
                        certain action took place. </para>
                    <para>For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sun did in fact come,
                        the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
                        construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers
                        about his coming. For example:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                shénme shíhou láide?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>When did he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He came yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
                                                rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come alone?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge
                                                rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He came alone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>These questions and answers use the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction
                        because you already know that Mr. Sun came and now you are asking for
                        additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information
                        can be focus points for which the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is used. </para>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi shénme shíhou
                            láide?</foreignphrase> the additional information is the time when
                        something happens. </para>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yíge rén láide
                            ma?</foreignphrase> the information asked for is the manner in which
                        something takes place. </para>
                    <para>Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action,
                        and performer of action.</para>
                    <para>Now let's take a look at how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> function separately in this construction. The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, coming
                        before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that
                        what follows is emphasised. The verb "to "be" is often used in a similar way
                        in English to mark the center of interest:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Was it yesterday that he came?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word
                        stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase> and focusing in
                        English with stress:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Has he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yes, he has.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                zuótiān láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come YESTERDAY?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
                                                zuótiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yes, YESTERDAY.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>
                        coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used in the
                        sentence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> by itself
                        emphasizes something about the action.</para>
                    <para> Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                jīntiān lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She is coming (later) today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                jīntiān láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>She came (earlier) today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For the time being, you will not use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> without <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>The negative form of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...de</foreignphrase> . Compare this
                        with the negatives you have already learned:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="8">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>It was YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>It wasn't YESTERDAY that he came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="8">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He hasn't come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="8">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c8" colnum="8" colwidth="7.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He is coming tomorrow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He isn't coming tomorrow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >(shì)...de</foreignphrase> construction the negative <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú</foreignphrase> precedes the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather
                        than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> rather than with the main verb:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi yíge
                                                rén láide ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did you come alone?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, wǒ shì
                                                yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yes, I came alone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Búshì, wǒ
                                                bú shi yíge rén láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>No, I didn't come alone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(shì)...de</foreignphrase>
                        construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a
                        time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or
                        not the action took place, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was
                        expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he
                        actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:<informaltable
                            frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                méi lái ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Didn't he COME yesterday?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He DID COME yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                            rén</foreignphrase> means "one person." When the expression is used to
                        describe how someone does something, translate it as "alone"</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8-9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
                                            shíhou zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你什么时候走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>When are you leaving?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                            zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ něitiān
                                            zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你哪天走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What day are you leaving?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                            zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我今天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm leaving today.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The word for "day" is the bound word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>. To ask "what day"
                        (literally "which day"), the bound word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi-</foreignphrase> "which," is combined
                        with the bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day": <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něitiān</foreignphrase> (like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něiguó</foreignphrase>, "which country").<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >něitiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>what day?/which day?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>day before yesterday</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>yesterday</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>today</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>tomorrow</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>day after tomorrow</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Some speakers say the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-tiān</foreignphrase> in these words in the Neutral tone:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qiántian</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zuótian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jīntian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >míngtian</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hòutian</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Date and Place of birth.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Days of the week.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Ages.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase> for new situations.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-1 and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The 5D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren, nǐ
                                        shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài Dézhōu
                                        shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì Xīngqīsì
                                        dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen shì
                                        Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
                                        zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen Xīngqītiān
                                        zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
                                        shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ sān
                                        jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
                                        shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
                                        shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
                                        shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
                                        shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
                                        le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
                                        le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi jǐsuì
                                        le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi dōu
                                        jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
                                        yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >一个九岁了，　一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
                                        dà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多大</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how old</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòunián
                                        (hòunian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the year after next</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǐhào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几号</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what day of the month?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián
                                        (jīnnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǐsuì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几岁</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how old</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǐyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">几月</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what month</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngnián
                                        (míngnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>next year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >něinián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哪年？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>which year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánnián
                                        (niánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>every year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánnián
                                        (qiánnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>the year before last</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián
                                        (qǜnian)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>last year</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge
                                        yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >上个月</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>last month</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be born</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-suì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">岁</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>year (of age)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge
                                        yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >下个月</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>next month</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期二</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Tuesday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期几</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>what day of the week</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期六</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Saturday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīsān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期三</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Wednesday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期四</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Thursday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期日，星期天</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Sunday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期五</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Friday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >星期一</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Monday</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zheìge
                                        yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >这个月</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>this month</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Andesen Fūren,
                                            nǐ shì zài nǎr shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >安德森夫人，你是在哪儿生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Mrs. Andersen, where were you born?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
                                            Dézhōu shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是在得州生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born in Texas.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
                        construction is used to focus on place expressions as well as on time and
                        manner expressions.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                Měiguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shēng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I was born in America. WHERE</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuótiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I arrived yesterday. WHEN</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíge
                                                rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I came alone. HOW</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2-3</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen shì
                                            Xīngqīsì dàode ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们是星期四到的吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did you arrive on Thursday?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì, wǒmen
                                            shì Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不是，我们是星期五到的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, we arrived on Friday.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen xīngqījǐ
                                            zǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们星期几走？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What day of the week are you leaving?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                            Xīngqītiān zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我们星期天走。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>We are leaving on Sunday.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Days of the week:</emphasis></para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="2">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What day of the week?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīyī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Monday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Tuesday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīsàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Wednesday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīsì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Thursday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xingqīwǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Friday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqīliù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Saturday</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xīngqītiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Sunday</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Until now, you have always seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jǐ</foreignphrase>, "how many," at the beginning of a word
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge háizi, jǐwèi xiānsheng,
                            jǐhào</foreignphrase>). In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-jǐ</foreignphrase> is at the end of the word. In both places, occupies
                        the position of a number and acts like a number: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīngqījǐ</foreignphrase>, "What number day of
                        the week?"</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì něinián
                                            shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是哪年生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What year are you born?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Yī jiǔ
                                            sān jiǔ nián shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是一九三九年生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born in 1939.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The word for "year," -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nián</foreignphrase> is a bound word (like the word for "day,"
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>). The
                        question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >něinián</foreignphrase>, "which year," is formed with the bound word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něi</foreignphrase>
                        "which."</para>
                    <para>The year is given as a sequence of digits, so that 1972, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔqīèrnián</foreignphrase> would literally
                        be "one-nine-seven-two year." In a sequence of digits, the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr-</foreignphrase> (not
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng-</foreignphrase> is used
                        for 2, and the words for 1, T, and 8 keep their basic high tones. (See notes
                        on No. 10 for cases in which these tones change.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐyüè
                                            shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是几月生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What month were you born?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Qíyüè
                                            shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是七月生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born in July.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Months:</emphasis></para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="4">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >jǐyüè?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What month?</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >yíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>January</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >qíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>July</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >èryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>February</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >báyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>August</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >sānyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>March</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >jiǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>September</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >sìyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>April</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shíyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>October</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >wǔyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shǐyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>November</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >liùyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>June</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >shíèryüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>December</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Since the names of the months are formed with numbers, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐ-</foreignphrase> "how many," is the
                        appropriate question word to use for "what month." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐ-</foreignphrase> is used in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> to ask for a number
                        expected to be around 10 or 11. </para>
                    <para>Notice the tones on the words for 1, 7 and 8, which most Peking speakers
                        pronounce as Rising before Falling-tone words such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>. The syllable
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yī-</foreignphrase> in the
                        word for "November," however, is usually pronounced with the High tone:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyīyüè</foreignphrase> (See
                        the notes on No, 10 for a summary of tone changes.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì jǐhào
                                            shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是几号生的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What day of the month were you born?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Sìhào
                                            shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我是四号生的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born on the fourth.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Days of the month are expressed by the number of the day followed by the
                        bound word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-haò</foreignphrase>.
                        You will remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-hào</foreignphrase> is also used in giving addresses. </para>
                    <para>In asking about days of the month, "how many," is used, even though the
                        question may be answered by a number as high as 31. The month and day of the
                        month may be given together. For example:</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="2">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi jǐyüè
                                            jǐhào shēngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What is your month and day of birth?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi bāyüè
                                            jiǔhào shēngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I was born on August 9.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
                                            le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ èr shi sì
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我二十四了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm 24.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà
                                            le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你多大了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How old are you?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ sān shi wǔ
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我三十五了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm 35.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō dà le?</foreignphrase>
                        "How old are you?" literally means "How big (in years of age) are you?" This
                        is a common way to ask a person's age. The question is appropriate for
                        asking the age of a child or a young adult, but the expression is not
                        considered polite enough for asking an older adult his age. (More formal
                        ways to ask a person's age will be introduced on the C-2, P-2, and drill
                        tapes.)</para>
                    <para> The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >le</foreignphrase>_which ends these sentences calls attention to the fact
                        that something is true now that was not true before. <note>
                            <para>Ages may also be asked and given without using the new-situation
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        </note>Le has only this new-situation meaning in these sentences. It has no
                        meaning of completion, since in fact, there is no completed event. </para>
                    <para>One way to reflect the new-situation <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> in the English translation
                        is to add the word "now": I'm 35 now." Essentially, however, "new situation"
                        (sometimes called change of state") is a Chinese grammatical category with
                        no simple English equivalent. </para>
                    <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        for new situations is always found at the end of a sentence and is sometimes
                        called "sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase>."</para>
                    <para>Notice that neither answer contains a verb. The verb that has been left
                        out is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> "to
                        have." The verb may not be left out in the negative: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méiyou sānshiwǔ.</foreignphrase> "I’m not
                        35."</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nǚháizi
                                            jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们女孩子几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How old is your girl?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā básuì
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她八岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She's eight years old.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>: In the
                        traditional Chinese system of giving ages, a person is one -sui old at birth
                        and becomes another <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-suì</foreignphrase> old on the New Year's following his birth. A baby
                        born the day before New Year's would thus be two <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase> old on the day after his
                        birth. Most Chinese, however, have now switched to the Western style of
                        computing age and use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-suì</foreignphrase> just as we use years old. </para>
                    <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>
                        like the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >-hào</foreignphrase>, is a bound word shoving what kind of thing a number
                        is counting. </para>
                    <para>In a date or address you are listing a number and use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr</foreignphrase> for 2, while in giving an
                        age you are counting an amount of something and use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngsuì</foreignphrase>, "two years
                        old."</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen nánháizi
                                            dōu jǐsuì le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你们男孩子都几岁了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How old are your boys?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge jiǔsuì le,
                                            yíge liùsuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >一个九岁了，　一个六岁了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>One is nine, and one is six.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is
                        used when "both" or "all" would probably not be used in English, namely,
                        when expecting different information about each of the things (or persons)
                        being discussed. "All" tends to be collective, asking or telling about
                        something the members of a group have in common. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu</foreignphrase> can be distributive,
                        asking or telling something about the members of a group as
                        individuals.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yí, qí, bá</foreignphrase>: In
                        the spoken language of Peking, the basic High tones of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase> usually change to Rising
                        tones before Falling-tone words (such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yüè</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-suì</foreignphrase>). This change is most
                        common when the complete number given has only one digit. When there are two
                        or more digits, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bā</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 7 and 8 are more likely to have
                        Rising tones than the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yī</foreignphrase> of numbers ending in 1 (which is usually in the High
                        tone). </para>
                    <para>Compare:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíqíhào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>the 17th</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíyīyüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>November</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In all cases, the High tone is more likely to be kept in rapid speech. You
                        may also encounter speakers who never make changes in the tones of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qī</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>Remember that, in the digit-by-digit form of giving the year, the numbers
                        1, 7, and 8 keep their basic High tones: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yījiǔbāliùnián</foreignphrase> 1986.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on additional required vocabulary</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="6">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>Days</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >qiántiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
                                                role="bold"
                                        >zuótiān</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >jīntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >mīngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >hòutiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>Years</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >qiánnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis
                                                role="bold"
                                        >qǜnián</emphasis></foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >jīnnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >míngnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >hòunián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>In the Chinese system of expressing relative time in terms of days and
                        years, only one pair of terms is not parallel: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuótiān</foreignphrase> "yesterday," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǜnián</foreignphrase> "last
                        year."</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Duration phrases</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase> for completion. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The "double <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase>" construction. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >-guo</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Action verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>State verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The 6D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
                                        jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
                                        yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù duó
                                        jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
                                        liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                        Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
                                        liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù duò
                                        jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                        yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài Táiwān
                                        zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù báge
                                        yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou xiǎng
                                        zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
                                        liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó jiǔ
                                        le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile sāntiān
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                        Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
                                        liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
                                        lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >没来，　他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián láiguo
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
                                        láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >qù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to go</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niǔ
                                        Yüē</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">纽约</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>New York</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从前</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>before</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
                                        jiǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多久</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>how long</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">—过</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>experiential marker</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to think that, to want to, would you like to</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xiānggǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">香港</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Hong Kong</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">星期</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>week</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù
                                    </foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to live somewhere</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhù duó
                                            jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long are you staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhù
                                            yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm staying one year.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
                            jiǔ</foreignphrase>, "how long," and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìnián</foreignphrase> "one year," called
                        duration phrases, come after the verb. <note>
                            <para>"One day" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >yìtiān</foreignphrase>. The tone on <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> changes to Falling
                                before a High-tone.</para>
                        </note>Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme shíhou,</foreignphrase> "when," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnnián</foreignphrase> "this
                        year," which come before the verb.</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>If a duration phrase is used with the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, this phrase preempts the
                        position after the verb; and any place phrase, like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài Běijīng</foreignphrase>, must come before
                        the verb.</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìnián</foreignphrase>: In
                        telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>, "one,"
                        changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zhù
                                            duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你太太住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long is your wife staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zhù
                                            liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She is staying two days.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngtiān</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tiān</foreignphrase>, "day,"
                        like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-nián</foreignphrase>,
                        "year," is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the
                        number 2 takes the form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >liǎng</foreignphrase>. (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-4.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                            Xiānggǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你太太在香港住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā zhù
                                            liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我想她住两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I think she is staying two days.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zhù
                                            duò jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long are you thinking of staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                            yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我想住一年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm thinking of staying one year.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>,
                        "to think that," "to want to," "would like to," may be used as a main verb
                        or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means "to think that." It is used
                        this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples. <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I think he is coming tomorrow. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I think he is not going. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
                        used as a main verb meaning "to think that," it is not made negative. This
                        may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying "I
                        don't think he is going." </para>
                    <para>In Chinese, it is: "I think he is <emphasis role="bold">not
                            going</emphasis>" <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā
                            bú qù.</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> is
                        used as an auxiliary verb，it means, "to want to," "would like to." It is
                        used this way in exchange 4, which could also be translated as, "How long
                        would you like to stay?" </para>
                    <para>Here are other examples: <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
                                                zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Would you like to leave? OR Do you want to
                                            go?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù xiǎng
                                                zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I don't want to leave. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng
                                                zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Do you want to work in Taipei?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng zài
                                            Táiwān zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你想在台湾住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng zhù
                                            báge yüè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我想住八个月。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm thinking of staying eight months.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ péngyou
                                            xiǎng zhù duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你朋友想住多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long is your friend thinking of staying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng zhù
                                            liǎngge xīngqī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >他想住两个星期。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He is thinking of staying two weeks.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>You already know that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìnián</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìtiān</foreignphrase> are used without counters. The words for "month"
                        and "week," however, are used with counters.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Compare</emphasis>:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >sāntiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>3 days</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >sānnián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>3 years</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
                                                xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>3 weeks</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānge
                                                yüè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>3 months</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ láile duó
                                            jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你来了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long have you been there?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láile
                                            sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我来了三天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I have been here three days.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le...le</foreignphrase>, "up
                        until now," "so far"： The use of completed-action le after the verb and of
                        new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on
                        and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated "I
                        have been here three days so far." This pattern is sometimes called "double
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>." </para>
                    <para>Notice that when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case,
                        because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the
                        verb before it: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láile duó jiǔ
                            le.</foreignphrase></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai zài
                                            Xiānggǎng zhùle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你太太在香港住了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhùle
                                            liǎngtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >她住了两天。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>She stayed two days.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase>:</emphasis> Here you see the marker le used to
                        indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one le to a
                        sentence with two <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase>'s: <informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
                                                zhùle sāntiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I stayed there three days.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài nàr
                                                zhùle sāntiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I have been here (stayed here) for three days now (so
                                            far). </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is
                        used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that
                        describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following
                        sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in
                        English but no <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
                        in Chinese. <informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                shíhou tāmen zhǐ yǒu liǎnge
                                            háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>At that time they had only two children. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú zài Shànghǎi, zài
                                            Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry> He wasn't in <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
                                            last year; he was in <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types in Chinese:</emphasis> In studying some
                        languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine,
                        or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action,
                        state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic)
                        groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning
                        of the verb. For instance, "running" and "dancing" are actions; "being good"
                        and "being beautiful" are states; and "getting sick" and "melting" are
                        processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each
                        semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and
                        state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two
                        verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs,)</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Action verbs:</emphasis> These are verbs which
                        describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs
                        of movement such as "walking," "running," and "riding"； however, action
                        verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as "working" and
                        "writing," and verbs with no apparent motion, such as "studying." One test
                        for determining if a verb is an action is asking "What did he do?" "He
                        arrived," "He spoke," and ’"He listened" are answers which contain action
                        verbs. "He knew" "He wanted" and "He is here" are answers which contain
                        state verbs, not action verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned
                        are: <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dào</foreignphrase> (to arrive)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase> (to come)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gōngzuò</foreignphrase> (to work)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhù</foreignphrase> (to live, to stay)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">State verbs:</emphasis> These verbs describe
                        qualities， conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> "to be
                        good," and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>,
                        "to be long (in time)," are state verbs. Emotions, such as "being happy" and
                        "being sad," are expressed with state verbs. "Knowing," "liking," "wanting,"
                        and "understanding," which may be called mental states, are also expressed
                        with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to want to," "would
                        like to," are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs: <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dà</foreignphrase> to be large</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shì</foreignphrase> to be</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >duì</foreignphrase> to be correct</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jiào</foreignphrase> to be called</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xìng</foreignphrase> to be surnamed</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zài</foreignphrase> to be at</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xiǎng</foreignphrase> to want to</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhīdào</foreignphrase> to know</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Aspect and verb types：</emphasis> Not every aspect
                        marker in Chinese may be used with all typs8 of verbs. Completion
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> does not
                        occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
                                            >ACTION</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
                                                dào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has already arrived.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                gōngzuòle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He worked one year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
                                            >STATE</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú zài zhèr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He wasn't here last year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                xiǎng qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yesterday he wanted to go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                bú zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He didn't know yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9-10</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái le, tā lái
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >来了，他来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, he came.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>10.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >他来了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi lái, tā méi
                                            lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >没来，　他没来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, he didn't come.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para/>
                    <para>Compare the two possible interpretations of the question <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái le ma?</foreignphrase> and the answers
                        they receive：<informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Completion
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did she come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She didn't come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="7">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">Combined
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Has he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She has come. OR She's here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She hasn't come yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The first question, with completion <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, asks only if the action
                        took place. The second question, with combined <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> asks both whether the
                        action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still
                        exists.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
                                            láiguo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你从前来过吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Have you ever been here before?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián méi
                                            láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我从前没来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I have never been here before.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> means literally "to pass over," "to cross over.
                        The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in
                        the past.</para>
                    <para>It may help you to conceptualize <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the
                        event. The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed
                        over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it. </para>
                    <para>The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it
                        is used with: action or process, (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action
                        verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> means
                        that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present.
                        With a process verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> means that the process took place and that the
                        state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present. </para>
                    <para>Remember that aspect markers like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> are used only when the
                        speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. Le
                        is used to stress finishing, or completion, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used to stress that a
                        situation occurred in the past and was "over or "undone," before the time of
                        speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation). </para>
                    <para>Let's contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-guo</foreignphrase> with completion <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: both <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> express completion, but
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> stresses
                        that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from
                        a process no longer exists. </para>
                    <para>For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
                            le.</foreignphrase> means "He came," or "He has come," not indicating
                        whether or not he is still there. </para>
                    <para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo</foreignphrase>
                        means "He came" with the specification that he is not there anymore –that
                        is, he came and left.</para>
                    <para>One of the uses of the aspect marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>,is in sentences which
                        express experience or having experienced something at least once in the
                        past, that is, "to have had the experience of doing something." This is how
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> is used
                        in exchange 11. In a question, the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> can he reflected by the
                        English word "ever," and in a negative statement by "never."<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="7">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c7" colnum="7" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >cóngqiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Have you <emphasis role="bold">ever</emphasis> been
                                            (come) here before?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I have <emphasis role="bold">never</emphasis> been
                                            (come) here before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >cóngqián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I have been (come) here before</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The negative of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
                            le.</foreignphrase> does not include a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, but the negative of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láiguo.</foreignphrase>
                        does have a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase> .
                        The negative adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi</foreignphrase> is used to negate both completion <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" pgwide="0">
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" pgwide="0">
                            <tgroup cols="4">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Ta</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-guo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 7</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Topics Covered In This Unit</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Where someone works.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Where and what someone has studied.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>What languages someone can speak.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Auxiliary verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>General objects.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes,</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The TD-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
                                        Guówùyàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
                                        gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
                                        xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
                                        shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
                                        shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
                                        xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ niàn
                                        shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
                                        lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng, nǐ
                                        niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli xüé
                                        zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ xüéguo
                                        Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
                                        shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
                                        yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě huì
                                        shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú huì
                                        shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó huà
                                        hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ jiù
                                        shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài náli
                                        xüéde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你是在哪里学的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Where did you study it?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì zài
                                        Huáshèngdùn xüéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我是在华盛顿学的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I studied it in Washington.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài dàxüé
                                        xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì zài
                                        Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jīngxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">经学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>classics</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Japanese language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wénxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>literature</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>political science</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be difficult</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >róngyi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">容易</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be easy</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
                                        (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to study, to learn</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >daxüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>university</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >huà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">话</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>language, words</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >huàshèngdùn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >华盛顿</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Washington</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >huì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to know how to, to can</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jīngjixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >经济学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>economics</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >lìshǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">历史</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>history</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
                                        Guówùyüàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >美国国务院</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>U.S. Department of State</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >nán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to be difficult</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
                                        (shū)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">念书</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to study</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Rìwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Japanese language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
                                        (huà)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说话</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to speak, to talk</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to study</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéshēng
                                        (xüésheng)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学生</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>student</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüéxí
                                        (xüéxi)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学习</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to study, to learn (PRC)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yìdiǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一点</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>a little</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Yīngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">英文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>English</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhènzhixüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >政治学</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>political science</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Zhōngwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Chinese</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zuò</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to do</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
                                        dìfang</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >什么地方</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>where, what place</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1-2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó
                                            Guówùyàn gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我在美国国务院工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I work with the State Department.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn zài náli
                                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >您在哪里工作？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Where do you work?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì
                                            xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm a student.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó Guówùyüàn
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase> means either "work at the State Department"
                        (i.e., at main State in Washington, D,C.) or "work in the organisation of
                        the State Department" (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is
                        translated loosely as "work with the State Department," meaning "in the
                        organization.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3-4</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐn lái zuò
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >您来做什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What did you come here to do?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái niàn
                                            shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我来念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I came here to study.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ yě shì
                                            xüésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哦，我也是学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Oh, I'm a student too.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
                                            niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, what are you studying?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
                                            lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我念历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm studying history.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Purpose:</emphasis> When <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>, "to come," is followed
                        by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's
                        coming. The "purpose of coming" may be emphasized by the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction, with
                        the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
                        before the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lái</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì lái
                                                nián shūde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I came to study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn shū</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> by itself
                        means "to read aloud." When followed by an object, the expression means "to
                        study." <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is
                        "book(s)," but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
                            shū</foreignphrase> simply means "to study." <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shū</foreignphrase> is used as a general
                        object, standing for whatever is being studied.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn lìshǐ</foreignphrase>: When
                        you are talking about studying a particular subject, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> is followed by the name
                        of that subject rather than by the general object <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>To have the meaning "to study," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >niàn</foreignphrase> must be followed by either the general object
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase> or a
                        specific object such as the name of a subject.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Verb types:</emphasis>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, "to do," and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn (shū)</foreignphrase>,
                        "to study," are action verbs. Both are made negative with bu when referring
                        to actions not yet finished Both may take completion <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_or its negative
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He doesn't study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjǐng
                                                niàn shù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has already studied.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5-6</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē xiānsheng,
                                            nǐ niàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >可先生，你念什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèli
                                            xüé zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我在这里学中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm studying Chinese here.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ
                                            xüéguo Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你学过英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, have you ever studied English?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >Xüéguo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >学过。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xüé</foreignphrase>, "to study"
                        （an action verb): You will recognize <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xüé</foreignphrase> from the word for
                        "student," <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xüésheng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xüé</foreignphrase> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or a skill.
                        For example, you can <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xüé</foreignphrase> history, economics, a language, piano， and tennis.
                        On the other hand, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >niàn</foreignphrase> is used for "study" in the sense of taking a
                        course or courses in a field of knowledge. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn</foreignphrase> is not used for a
                        skill.</para>
                    <para>In some contexts, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xüé</foreignphrase> means "to learn." The following sentence may be
                        interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.<informaltable frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Měiguó yǐjīng
                                                xüéguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I learned it in America.(e.g., how to use
                                            chopsticks)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center">OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I studied it in America.</para>
                                            <para>(e.g., the Chinese language)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase> is used
                        for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language， including
                        literature. In general, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xüé</foreignphrase> for "learning" to speak Chinese and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn</foreignphrase> for "studying’ Chinese
                        literature.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐngwèn, nǐ huì
                                            shuō Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >请问，你会说英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>May I ask, can you speak English?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
                                            yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我会说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I can speak a little.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tàitai yě
                                            huì shuō Zhōngguó huà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你太太也会说中国话吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Can tour wife speak Chinese too?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì, tā bú
                                            huì shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >不会，她不会说。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>No, she can't.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì</foreignphrase>, "to know
                        how to," "can," is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to
                        express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng</foreignphrase>, "to
                        want to," "would like to," is also an auxiliary verb. "Should," "must," and
                        "may" are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese
                        are state verbs, which means that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary
                        verbs never take the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> for completed action, regardless of whether you are
                        talking about past, present, or future.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú huì shuō Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He couldn’t speak English last year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bú huì shuō Yīngwén, xiànzài huì
                                            le,</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> Last year he couldn’t speak English, but now he
                                                can.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì shuō
                            yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, "工 can speak a little": The word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, literally "a dot,"
                        functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean "a little bit" where a
                        noun object, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yīngwén</foreignphrase>, "English," might be used.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> may not
                        be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another
                        verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase>, "to
                        speak," "to talk," is another example of a verb which must always have an
                        object. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō</foreignphrase> must
                        be followed by either:</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >huà</foreignphrase>, "words," in which case the meaning of
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
                                    huà</foreignphrase> is simply "to speak," "to talk," as
                                    in:<informaltable frame="none">
                                    <tgroup cols="2">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  hái méi shuō huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry>He hasn't yet spoken.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                            <para>OR</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>a specific object such as the name of a language.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú huì</foreignphrase>: The
                        short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is formed
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> rather
                        than with the main verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó huà</foreignphrase>:
                        This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén</foreignphrase>,
                        which refers to both the spoken and written language.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde Zhōngguó
                                            huà hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你的中国话很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Your Chinese is very good.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli, náli. wǒ
                                            jiù shuō yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >哪里，哪里。我就说一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a
                                        little.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase>
                        means "where." As a reply to a compliment, we have translated <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> as "not at all." In
                        China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to
                        deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many
                        people still regard <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xièxie</foreignphrase> "thank you," as an immodest reply to a
                        compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was
                        completely correct.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>, "only"： As
                        was noted in Unit 3，notes on Nos. 8-9，<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> meaning "only" is not as
                        widely understood as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhǐ</foreignphrase>. The last sentence in exchange 9 could Just as well
                        be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ huì shuō
                            yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10-11</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>11.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì zài
                                            dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你是在大学学的英文吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Did you study English at college?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìde, wǒ shì
                                            zài Táiwān Dàxüé xüéde Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是的，我是在台湾大学学的英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>Note on Nos. 10-11</para>
                    <para>In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model
                        for-grammatical patterns presented in this course, the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de</foreignphrase> of a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase> construction comes
                        between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì...de</foreignphrase>
                        construction. Compare "I studied here" with "I studied English here":</para>
                    <para>However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object
                        inside the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì...de</foreignphrase> construction.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="6">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                                                zhèr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xüé</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >-de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Wo shi zai zhěr •• a xue -de. </para>
                    <para>Wo shi zai zhěr xuě -de Yingwen.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 8</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>More on duration phrases.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >le</foreignphrase> for new situations in negative sentences.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Military titles and 'branches of service,</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >ne</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Process verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Material you will need</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-l and P-l tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The 8D-1 tape.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái yǒu
                                        kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián niàn
                                        Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
                                        niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
                                        shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
                                        ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
                                        niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle yìnián
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě Zhōngguo
                                        zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
                                        yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I can a little.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái bú
                                        huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě
                                        yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi jǖnrén
                                        ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi hǎijǖn
                                        jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù lái
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
                                        méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
                                        le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable>
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >kōngjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">空军</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>Air Force</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >lùjǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>army</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shìbīng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">事兵</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>enlisted man</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
                                        shì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做事</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to work</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>German language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">病</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to become ill</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Déwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">德文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>German language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Fàwén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>French language</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >hǎijǖn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">海军</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>navy</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǖnguān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">陆军</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>military officer</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jǖnrén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">军人</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>military person</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >kè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">课</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>class</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xiě</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">写</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>to write</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">字</foreignphrase></entry>
                                <entry>character</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <?custom-pagebreak?>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>1.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān hái
                                            yǒu kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你今天还有课吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Do you have any more classes today?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiyou kè
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >没有课了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I don't have any more classes.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>,
                        "additionally," "also"： You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> used as an adverb meaning
                        "still." In this exchange you learn a second way to use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
                                                xiǎng zǒu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Do you still want to leave?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
                                                xüé shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>What else do you want to study?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: You
                        will remember that in the negative of a completed action, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> replaces the
                        completion marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is never used together with it.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi(you)</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He did not come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou kè
                            le</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is a new-situation marker, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> is simply the negative
                        of the full verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase>. (Remember that the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> is always made negative
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>, never
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                kè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Now he has class. [Due to a change in the schedule,
                                            he now has class at this time.]</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méi-</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                kè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He doesn't have any more classes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Bù...le/méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: When the marker <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations is used
                        with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going
                                to happen.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para> the other is that something that was happening is not happening
                                anymore. </para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù lái
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He is not coining now. [Either he was expected to
                                                come but changed his mind, or he used to come at
                                                this time but now has stopped.]</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would become
                        clear. </para>
                    <para>Here are more-examples with the "anymore" meaning:<informaltable
                            frame="none">
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is not going to study anymore.[He will no longer
                                            attend college.]</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi
                                                wǒde péngyou le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is not my friend anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>There is no more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>2.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóngqián
                                            niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你从前念英文念了多久？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long did you study English?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Yīngwén
                                            niànle liǔnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我念英文念了六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I studied English for six years.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>More on duration: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express
                        duration in a sentence with no object (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài Xiāngǎng zhùle liùge yüè
                            le.</foreignphrase> ). In this unit, you learn one way to express the
                        duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g.
                        , "studying economics"). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the
                        sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niàn
                                                jīngjixüé, niánle yìnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He studied economics for one year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xüé
                                                Zhōngguo huà, xüéle sānge yüè
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He has been studying Chinese for three
                                                months.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each
                        sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second
                        sentence.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>3.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài niàn
                                            shénme ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你现在念什么呢？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>What are you studying now?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn Fàwén
                                            ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我念法文</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm studying French.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> is an aspect
                        marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action
                        verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
                        indicates that the action is going on.</para>
                    <para>With state verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ne</foreignphrase> shows that the state exists. With some process
                        verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
                        indicates that the process is going on. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase> may not be used with
                        certain process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4-5</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>4.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn Fàwén
                                            niànle duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你念法文念了多久了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>How long have you studying French?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niànle
                                            yìnián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我念了一年了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I've have been studying it for one year.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>5.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì xiě
                                            Zhōngguo zì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你会写中国字吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Can you write Chinese characters?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì
                                            yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >会一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I can a little.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>:
                        The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, "to
                        write" can occur with specific objects, such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo zì</foreignphrase>, as well as with
                        the general object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zì</foreignphrase>. The combination <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zì</foreignphrase>can mean either "to
                        write characters" or simply "to write."</para>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="2">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎng xüé
                                            Zhōngguo zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>He wants to learn to write Chinese characters.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì
                                            le, yǐjīng huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Little younger brother is four years old and already can
                                        write.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>In the reply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì
                            yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huì</foreignphrase> is used as a main verb --not as an auxiliary verb,
                        as in the question. </para>
                    <para>As a main verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huì</foreignphrase> means "to have the skill of," "to have the
                        knowledge of," "to know."<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huì
                                                Yīngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>I know English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>6.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǜnián wǒ hái
                                            bú huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >去年我还不会写。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Last year, I couldn't write them.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì
                                            xiě yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >现在我会写一点了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Now, I can write a little.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì
                            xiě.</foreignphrase>: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>, not the
                        verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>, that is
                        made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> are STATE verbs and so
                        are made negative with the prefix <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>，regardless of whether the context is past, present,
                        or future.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiǎn
                            le.</foreignphrase>: The marker used is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> for new situations. It is
                        always placed at the end of a sentence.</para>
                    <para>The time word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiànzài</foreignphrase> comes at the beginning of the sentence here.
                        Most time words of more than one syllable may come either <emphasis
                            role="bold">before</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">after</emphasis>
                        the <emphasis role="bold">subject</emphasis>, but in either case <emphasis
                            role="bold"><emphasis role="underline">before the
                            verb</emphasis></emphasis>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7-8</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>7.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fùqin shi
                                            jǖnrén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >你父亲是军人吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Is your father a military man?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, tā shi
                                            hǎijǖn jǖnguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >是，他是海军陆军。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Yes, he is a naval officer.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>8.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān bù
                                            lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >我今天不来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm not coming today.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bìng
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我病了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>I'm sick.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>,
                        "to get sick," "to become ill," is a process verb; that is the activity
                        described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an
                        action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to
                        broken ("to break") and from frozen to melted ("to melt"). <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìng</foreignphrase> is typical of process
                        verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but
                        also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination,
                        process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic
                        characteristics of action and state verbs.</para>
                    <para>One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state,
                        and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way of
                        expressing something may not correspond to the English. </para>
                    <para>For instance,</para>
                    <para>"I am sick" in Chinese is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                            bìng le. </foreignphrase>("I have gotten sick"). For "I am not sick,"
                        you say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
                            bìng.</foreignphrase> ("I didn't get sick").</para>
                    <para>Process verbs are always made negative with m|i9 regardless of whether you
                        are referring to past, present, or future.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bìng le
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Are you sick?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou. Wǒ
                                                méi bing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>No. I'm not sick.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(State verbs are always made negative with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                    <para>Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of
                        meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb
                        is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect
                        markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a
                        check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
                                        <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Aspect
                                            Markers</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Combined <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>New-situation</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Verbs</entry>
                                        <entry>Action</entry>
                                        <entry align="center">X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>State</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Process</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples:</emphasis><footnote>
                            <para>Most of the time you can figure out from a verb's meaning the
                                semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs
                                may not be so predictable.</para>
                        </footnote><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
                                            >Action</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He worked yesterday. (completion Le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǐjīng
                                                lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has already come. (combined le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēge
                                                xiànzài niàn dàxüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<footnote>
                                                <para>In affirmative sentences containing action
                                                  verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to
                                                  describe a change in a general habit.</para>
                                            </footnote></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center" valign="middle">State</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
                                                huì xiě zì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He can write now. (new-situation le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" align="center" valign="middle"
                                            >Process</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He got sick yesterday. (completion le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
                                                bìng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is sick.(combined le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngle
                                                yíge yüé le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation le
                                            and completion le)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="5">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2" morerows="1"/>
                                        <entry namest="c3" nameend="c5" align="center">Verbs</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center">Action</entry>
                                        <entry align="center">State</entry>
                                        <entry align="center">Process</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">Negation</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>—negation of completion <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>—negation of combined <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>X</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Examples: </emphasis><informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="3">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle" align="center"
                                            >Action</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú niàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He doesn’t (isn't going to) study</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi niàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He didn't study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                                niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He hasn’t studied yet,</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center">State</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǜnián
                                                bù xiǎng niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Last year, she didn't want to study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry align="center" morerows="1" valign="middle"
                                            >Process</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jīntiān
                                                méi bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He is not sick today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He hasn't yet recovered.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the
                        negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations.
                        State verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> even when referring to
                        past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> even when referring to
                        something in the present.</para>
                    <para>If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had
                        not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in
                        terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state
                        verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <informaltable>
                        <tgroup cols="5">
                            <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
                            <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
                            <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="5.0*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>9.</entry>
                                    <entry>A:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le
                                            méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                            >今天好了没有？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>B:</entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >今天好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>Today I'm better.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān hǎo le.</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo</foreignphrase> is one of
                        many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a
                        process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to
                        be good" or "to be well," the process verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> means "to get better,"
                        "to recover." Compare these sentences:<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He's in good health.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                bìng le. Tā jīntiān yǐjīng hǎo
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Yesterday he became sick. Today he is already
                                            recovered.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The difference between the state verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> and the process verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase> is even
                        more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made
                        negative only with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>. Process verbs are made negative only with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He's not good. [He’s not a good person.]</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He hasn't yet recovered. [He is still
                                                sick.]</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>It can be difficult to remember that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>, sometimes translated as
                            "<emphasis role="bold">to be sick</emphasis>" and "<emphasis role="bold"
                            >to be better</emphasis>," are actually process verbs in Chinese, not
                        state verbs.</para>
                    <para> The English sentence "I am better (recovered)" translates as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎo le.</foreignphrase> ("I
                        have become veil") and would be incorrect without the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān hǎo le
                            méiyou?</foreignphrase> Questions may be formed from statements
                        containing completion <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> or combined <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> by adding <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase> at the end of the
                        statements.</para>
                    <para> You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.<informaltable>
                            <tgroup cols="2">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā láile
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Did he come?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎole
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> Are you recovered (from your illness)?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Drills</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Criterion test</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>Appendices</title>
            <para/>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Appendix </title>
                <para/>
            </section>
        </section>
    </section>
</chapter>
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