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Mod6.txt

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-INQUIRIES CONCERNING THE USE OF THESE MATERIALS, INCLUDING
-REQUESTS FOR COPIES, SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO
-
-DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
-FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER
-NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION DIVISION
-PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, CA 93940
-
-TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF POLITICS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, MORES,
-ETC., WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED AS CONTROVERSIAL FROM SOME POINTS OF
-VIEW ARE SOMETIMES INCLUDED IN THESE MATERIALS, SINCE STUDENTS MAY
-FIND THEMSELVES IN POSITIONS WHERE CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF CONVERSA-
-TIONS OR WRITTEN MATERIALS OF THIS NATURE WILL BE ESSENTIAL. THE
-PRESENCE OF CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS—WHETHER REAL OR APPARENT—IN
-THESE MATERIALS IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS REPRESENTING THE OPINIONS
-OF THE WRITERS, OF THE DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE
-CENTER, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, OR OF ANY OF THE AGENCIES
-WHICH SUPPORTED THIS EFFORT.
-
-IN THIS PUBLICATION, THE WORDS “HE,” “HIM,” AND “HIS” DENOTE
-BOTH MASCULINE AND FEMININE GENDERS. THIS STATEMENT DOES NOT
-APPLY TO TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEXTS.
-
-STANDARD CHINESE
-
-A MODULAR APPROACH
-
-STUDENT TEXT
-
-MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION
-
-MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
-
-AUGUST 1979
-
-[iii]
-
-PREFACE
-
-Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency
-conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to
-address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language
-training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to
-reflect current usage in Běijīng and Taipei.
-
-The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible
-enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of
-government agencies and academic institutions.
-
-A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the
-Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense
-Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute,
-the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S.
-Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
-Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill,
-John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph
-C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James
-R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard
-T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George
-Kozoriz (CFFLS).
-
-The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 1974
-in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six
-U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other
-assistance.
-
-Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning
-council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense
-Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl
-M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown
-University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed
-deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language
-Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service
-Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material
-to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall
-design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.
-
-Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey,
-Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close
-cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of
-the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional
-formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and
-also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote
-the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the
-tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan
-C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they worked as a team
-to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.
-
-[iv]
-
-All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan O.
-Chao, Ying-chih Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li,
-and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou
-Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li
-Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus
-of dialogues.
-
-Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
-Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C.
-Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.
-
-The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of
-the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was
-voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo,
-Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms.
-Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.
-
-The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service
-Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph
-A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
-
-Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the
-cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute,
-Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language
-Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University
-of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.
-
-Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants
-of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized
-the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the
-course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts,
-editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to
-carry out these tasks.
-
-James R. Frith, Chairman
-
-Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board
-
-
-[v]
-
-CONTENTS
-
-Preface........................................................ iii
-
-MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION
-
-  Objectives ...................................................   1
-  Map of Běijīng ...............................................   2
-  Map of Taipei ................................................   3
-  Target Lists .................................................   4
-
-  UNIT 1
-    Reference List .............................................  12
-    Vocabulary .................................................  14
-    Reference Notes ............................................  15
-      Using buses
-      “When”
-      “First,” “last,” “next,” “previous”
-      Duō, “to be many,” and shǎo, “to be few”
-    Vocabulary Booster (Modes of Transportation) ...............  22
-    Drills .....................................................  23
-
-  UNIT 2
-    Reference List .............................................  30
-    Vocabulary .................................................  31
-    Reference Notes ............................................  32
-      The marker a and its variant ya
-      The locational endings -shang and -li
-      More on the marker ba
-      The aspect marker ne
-      “Then”: jiù, zài, cái
-    Drills .....................................................  38
-
-  UNIT 3
-    Reference List .............................................  44
-    Vocabulary .................................................  46
-    Reference Notes ............................................  48
-      The prepositional verb bǎ
-      Adverbs expressing manner
-    Drills .....................................................  51
-
-  UNIT 4
-    Reference List .............................................  59
-    Vocabulary .................................................  61
-    Reference Notes ............................................  62
-      Choice questions with háíshi
-      More on topics and comments
-      Compound verbs of result
-    Drills .....................................................  67
-
-  UNIT 5
-    Reference List .............................................  72
-    Vocabulary .................................................  74
-
-[vi]
-
-    Reference Notes ............................................  75
-      Distances
-      Approximate numbers
-      Ban, “one half”
-    Drills .....................................................  80
-
-  UNIT 6
-    Reference List .............................................  87
-    Vocabulary .................................................  89
-    Reference Notes ............................................  91
-      More on verb reduplication (two-syllable verbs)
-      Compound verbs of direction
-      More on new-situation le
-    Drills .....................................................  96
-
-  UNIT 7
-    Reference List ............................................. 101
-    Vocabulary ................................................. 103
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 105
-     More on compound verbs of result
-     “If”
-    Vocabulary Booster (Animals) ............................... 110
-    Drills ..................................................... 111
-
-  UNIT 8
-    Reference List.............................................. 117
-    Vocabulary.................................................. 119
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 121
-      “Why” and “because”
-      Time NOT spent
-      “All,” “not all,” “all...not”
-      “Again”: yòu, zài
-    Drills ..................................................... 129
-
-MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
-
-  Objectives ................................................... 135
-  Target Lists ................................................. 136
-
-  UNIT 1
-    Reference List ..............................................144
-    Vocabulary ................................................. 146
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 147
-      Making an appointment
-      Gēn for “and” and gēn for “with”
-      Three words for “time’’
-      The prepositional verb duì, “to,” “towards,” “facing”
-      Comparisons: “more than”
-      More on compound verbs of result
-    Drills ..................................................... 155
-
-[vii]
-
-  UNIT 2
-    Reference List ............................................. 161
-    Vocabulary ................................................. 163
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 161
-      Making phone calls
-      The aspect marker zài for ongoing action
-      “Whatever,” “whenever,” “whoever,” “wherever”
-      Verbs and general objects
-    Vocabulary Booster (Occupations) ........................... 171
-    Drills ..................................................... 173
-
-  UNIT 3
-    Reference List ............................................. 178
-    Vocabulary  ................................................ 180
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 181
-      Extending an invitation
-      “Not only...but also...”
-      Comparisons: “equal to,” “alike”
-      “Anyone,” “anything,” “anyplace,” “anytime”
-      Comparison: compound verbs of result and manner adverbs
-      “Furthermore”
-    Drills ..................................................... 188
-
-  UNIT 4
-    Reference List ............................................. 191
-    Vocabulary ................................................  196
-    Reference Notes ...........................................  197
-      Meeting people
-      More on completion le
-      The prepositional verb xiàng, “facing”
-      Duō and shǎo as adverbs
-    Vocabulary Booster (Opposites) ............................. 201
-    Drills ..................................................... 201
-
-  UNIT 5
-    Reference List ............................................. 208
-    Vocabulary ................................................. 210
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 212
-      Taking and leaving messages
-      Changing an appointment
-      The prepositional verb bǎ
-      Gāng and gāngcái
-      More on compound verbs of result
-    Drills ..................................................... 220
-
-  UNIT 6
-    Reference List ............................................. 225
-    Vocabulary ................................................. 227
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 229
-      Invitation to lunch
-      Comparisons: “less than”
-                   “even more”
-      Comparison overview
-      Sentence patterns: “although” and “both...and...”
-    Drills ..................................................... 235
-
-[viii]
-
-  UNIT 7
-    Reference List ............................................. 241
-    Vocabulary ................................................. 243
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 244
-      Arranging an introduction
-      Using word order to express “the” and “a”
-      Objects of reduplicated verbs
-      Three-part motion verbs
-      Verbs for “remember” and “forget”
-    Drills ..................................................... 253
-
-  UNIT 8
-    Reference List ............................................. 258
-    Vocabulary ................................................. 259
-    Reference Notes ............................................ 261
-      Declining invitations
-      The prepositional verb tì, “in place of”
-      More on compound verbs of result
-      Comparison: néng, kéyi, huì
-    Drills ..................................................... 266
-
-
-[135]
-
-                  MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
-
-The Meeting Module (MTG) will provide you with the skills needed to
-arrange meetings or social gatherings, to greet people, to make
-introductions, and to accept or decline invitations in Chinese.
-
-Before starting this module, you must take and pass the TRN Criterion
-Test.
-
-The MTG Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material
-from ORN, BIO, MON, DIR, TRN, and associated resource modules is also
-included.
-
-
-OBJECTIVES
-
-Upon successful completion of this module, the student should be able to
-
-  1.  Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the MTG
-      Target Lists.
-
-  2.  Say any Chinese sentence in the MTG Target Lists when cued with
-      English equivalent.
-
-  3.  Make and respond to introductions with appropriate polite
-      questions and answers.
-
-  4.  Make phone calls and leave messages.
-
-  5.  Arrange a meeting (time and place) with someone by talking with
-      him or his secretary either in person or by phone.
-
-  6.  Request that the time of a meeting be changed.
-
-  7.  Invite a person to lunch, deciding on the time and the restaurant.
-
-  8.  Arrange a social gathering for a specific time of day, inviting
-      guests to his home and encouraging them to accept the invitation.
-
-  9.  Greet guests upon their arrival at his home.
-
-  10. Accept/decline a social/business invitation with the appropriate
-      degree of politeness.
-
-
-[136]
-
-                        UNIT 1 TARGET LIST
-
-      喂, 你是朱科長嗎？
-  1.  Wèi，nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma?       Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
-
-      是。您是哪位？
-      Shì. Nín shi něiwèi?             Yes. Who is this, please?
-
-      我是威廉馬丁。
-      Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng.           I’m William Martin.
-
-      哦, 馬丁先生, 好久不見。
-      Òu，Mǎdīng Xiānsheng，hǎo jiǔ      Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen
-       bú jiàn.                        you for a long time.
-
-      我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。
-  2.  Wo yǒu diǎnr shì xiǎng gēn       I have something I would like to
-      nín dāngmiàn tántan.             talk with you about in person.
-
-      您有功夫沒有？
-  3.  Nín yǒu gōngfu meiyou?           Do you have any free time?
-
-      什麽時候對您合適？
-  4.  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?     What time would suit you?
-
-      三點比兩點方便一點兒。因爲一會兒
-      出去，也許兩點回不來。
-  5.  Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian    Three would be more convenient than
-      yìdiǎnr. Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr        two. Since I’m going out in a
-      chūqu，yěxǔ liǎngdiǎn             little while, I might not be able
-      huíbulái.                        to get back by two.
-
-      那麽, 我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。
-      Nàme，wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài        Well then, I’ll wait for you in the
-      lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng nín.      reception room downstairs at
-                                       three o’clock.
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-  6.  huídelái            回得來        to be able to get back in time
-
-
-  7.  kòng(r)             空(兒)        free time, spare time
-
-
-  8.  lóushàng            樓上          upstairs
-
-
-  9.  shāngliang          商量          to discuss, to talk over
-
-
-  10. yǒu kòng(r)         有空(兒)      to have free time
-
-[137]
-
-    喂, 美大司
-1.  Wèi，Mēidàsī.                       Hello. Department of American and
-                                       Oceanic Affairs.
-
-    我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲。我有
-    一件事想跟王科長講一講。
-    Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎnde         I am George Duffy of the Canadian
-    Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn       Embassy. I have something I
-    shì xiǎng gēn Wáng Kēzhǎng         would like to discuss with Section
-    jiǎng-yijiǎng.                     Chief Wáng.
-
-    王科長現在在開會。等她開完會我告訴告誦
-    她給你回電話。
-2.  Wáng Kēzhǎng xiànzài zài kāi huì.  Section Chief Wáng is at a meeting
-    Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ gàosong      now. When she is finished with the
-    tā gěi ni huí diànhuà.             meeting, I will tell her to return
-                                       your call.
-    好，謝謝你。
-3.  Hǎo, xièxie ni.                    Fine. Thank you.
-
-    不謝
-    Bú xiè.                            Don’t mention it.
-
-    你打電話來的時候我沒時間跟你説話。
-4.  Nǐ dǎ diànhuà láide shíhou wǒ      When you called here, I didn’t have
-    méi shíjiān gēn ni shuō huà.       time to speak with you.
-
-    沒關係
-    Méi guānxi.                        It doesn’t matter.
-
-    我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
-5.  Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi        The reason I called you is that I
-    shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn          would like to talk with you in
-    tántan.                            person.
-
-    你明天能不能到我這兒來？
-    Nǐ míngtiān něng bu néng dào       Can you come over here tomorrow?
-    wǒ zhěr lái?
-
-    可以。明天什麽時候都可以。
-    Kéyi. Míngtiān shénme shíhou       Yes. Any time tomorrow would be
-    dōu kéyi.                          fine.
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-6.  guānxi                關係          relation, relationship, connection
-
-
-7.  jiǎng huà             講話          to speak, to talk; a speech
-
-
-8.  lǐngshiguǎn           領事館        consulate
-
-
-9.  shìqing (yíjiàn)      事情 (一件)    matter, business, affair
-
-
-10. sīzhǎng               司長          department chief
-
-
-11. yǒu guānxi            有關係        to relate to, to have a bearing on,
-                                       to matter
-
-[138]
-
-UNIT 3 TARGET LIST
-
-    我想下個星期六請您到我們家來
-    吃個便飯。
-1.  Wǒ xiǎng xiàge Xīngqīliù           I would like to invite you to come
-    qǐng nín dào wǒmen jiā             to our house for a simple meal
-    lái chī ge biànfàn.                on Saturday of next week.
-
-    您何必這麽客氣？
-    Nín hébì zhème kèqi?              Why is it necessary to be so polite?
-
-    我有一個美國朋友在臺灣大學教書。
-    很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。
-2.  Wǒ yǒu yige Měiguo péngyou        I have an American friend who
-    zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo shū.        teaches at Táiwān University. I
-    Hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen liǎngwèi      would very much like to introduce
-    jièshao jièshao.                  the two of you.
-
-    你太好了！
-    Nà tài hǎo le!                    That’s wonderful!
-
-    我很希望跟你朋友談談。
-3.  Wǒ hěn xǐwang gēn ni péngyou      I wish very much to talk with your
-    tántan.                           friend.
-
-    不過，恐怕我的英文不行。
-    Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén bù     However, I’m afraid that my English
-    xíng.                             isn’t good enough.
-
-    不但説得不好，有時候也聽不懂。
-    Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu shíhou   Not only don’t I speak well, (but)
-    yě tīngbudǒng.                    sometimes I can’t understand what
-                                      I hear either.
-    你説得跟美國人一樣。
-4.  Nǐ shuōde gēn Měiguo rén          You speak as well as an American.
-    yíyàng hǎo.
-
-    我沒請什麽人；很隨便。
-5.  Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén; hěn       I haven’t invited anyone special;
-    suíbiàn.                          it’s very informal.
-
-    那就先謝了。
-    Nà jiù xiān xiè le.               Well then, I’ll thank you in advance.
-
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-6.  bù tóng               不同          to be different
-
-7.  chá                   茶           tea
-
-8.  chī fàn               吃飯          to eat, to have a meal
-
-9.  dànshi                但是          but
-
-10. érqiě                 而且          furthermore, moreover
-
-11. fàn                   飯           (cooked) rice
-
-12. hē                    喝           to drink
-
-13. jiāo shū              教書          to teach
-
-
-[139]
-
-UNIT 4 TARGET LIST
-
-    何教授，歡迎，歡迎。請進。
-1.  Hé Jiàoshòu, huānyíng, huānyíng.  Professor Hollins, welcome. Please
-    Qǐng jìn.                         come in.
-
-    這是一點小意思。
-    Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.         Here is a small token of
-                                      appreciation.
-
-    我知道您喜歡山水畫。
-2.  Wǒ zhīdao nín xǐhuan shānshuǐ     I know you like landscape painting.
-    huà.
-
-    特別請朋友給您畫一張。
-    Tèbiě qǐng péngyou gěi nín        I asked a friend to paint one
-    huàle yìzhāng.                    especially for you.
-
-    這位是何教授，在台大教書。
-3.  Zhèiwèi shi Hé Jiàoshòu, zài      This is Professor Hollins, who
-    Táidà jiāo shū.                   teaches at Táiwān University.
-
-    久仰，久仰。
-    Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng.                 Glad to meet you.
-
-   我還有很多不熟悉的地方要向您請教。
-4. Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide     There is still much I’m not familiar
-   dìfang yào xiàng nín qǐngjiào.     with that I need to ask your
-                                      advice about.
-    希望以後有機會多見面。
-5.  Xǐwang yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō        I hope that in the future we will
-    jiànmiàn.                         have an opportunity to meet more.
-
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-6.  fāngfǎ                方法          method, way, means
-
-7.  fázi                  法子          method, way
-
-8.  huàr                  畫兒          painting (Běijīng pronunciation)
-
-9.  qǐng zuò              請坐          please sit down
-
-10. shèhuìxué             社會學        sociology
-
-11. túshūguǎn             圖書館        library
-
-12. zuò                   坐           to sit
-
-
-[140]
-
-UNIT 5 TARGET LIST
-
-    喂
-1.  Wài.                              Hello.
-
-    喂，外交部嗎？我要找林司長説話。
-    Wèi, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Wǒ yào     Hello. Is this the Ministry of
-    zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng shuō huà.        Foreign Affairs? I want to speak
-                                      with Department Chief Lin.
-
-    您是那兒啊？
-    Nín shi nǎr a?                    Who is this?
-
-    我是法國商務經濟官。
-    Wǒ shi Fǎguo Shāngwù Jīngjiguān.  I am the French Commercial/Economics
-                                      Officer.
-
-    林司長這會兒不在。
-2.  Lin Sīzhǎng zhèihuír bú zài.      Department Chief Lin is not here at
-    Nín yào liú ge huàr ma?           the moment. Would you like to
-                                      leave a message?
-
-    我把您的電話號兒寫下來。
-3.  Wǒ bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr        I’ll write down your phone number.
-    xiěxiàlái.
-
-    對不起，你剛才給我打電話，我不在。
-4.  Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcái gěi wo da     I’m sorry. When you called me just
-    diànhuà, wǒ bú zài.               now, I wasn’t in.
-
-    我那天跟您約好了今天到辦公室去談談。
-5.  Wǒ nèitiān gēn nín yuēhǎole       The other day I made an appointment
-    jīntiān dào nín bàngōngshì        with you to go to your office
-    qu tántan.                        today for a talk.
-
-    因爲我有一件要緊的事，所以不能今天去。
-    Yīnwei wǒ yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde     Because I have an urgent business
-    shì, suóyi bù néng jīntiān        matter, I can’t go today.
-    qù.
-
-    改到明天行不行？
-    Gǎi dào míngtiān xíng bu xíng?    Would it be all right to change it
-                                      [the appointment] to tomorrow?
-
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-6.  háishi                還是          still
-
-7.  wàiguo                外國          foreign, abroad
-
-8.  wàiguo rén            外國人        foreigner (non-Chinese)
-
-9.  wūzi (yìjiān)         屋子 (一間)    room
-
-10. yāo                   幺           one (telephone pronunciation)
-
-
-[141]
-
-UNIT 6 TARGET LIST
-
-    我們到東門餐廳去吃中飯，好不好？
-1.  Wǒmen dào Dōngmén Cāntīng qù      Let’s go to the East Gate Restaurant
-    chī zhōngfàn, hǎo bu hǎo?         to eat lunch. Okay?
-
-    東門的菜沒有大華菜那麽好。
-    Dōngménde cài méiyou Dàhuáde      The food at the East Gate isn’t as
-    cài nàme hǎo.                     good as the food at the Great
-                                      China.
-    雖然不太好，可是離這裏近。
-2.  Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí       Even though it [East Gate] is not
-    zhèli jìn.                        too good, it is close to us.
-
-    還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。
-    Hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide            There is also a newly opened
-    fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli          restaurant that is even closer
-    gèng jìn.                         to us.
-
-    它們那裏菜非常好。今天我請你到那裏去吃。
-3.  Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng hǎo.    The food there is extremely good.
-    Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli       Today I am going to invite you to
-    qù chī.                           go there to eat.
-
-    那不好意思！
-    Nà bù hǎo yìsi!                   I can’t let you do that!
-                                      (That would be too embarrassing!)
-    大華的菜又好又便宜。
-4.  Dàhuáde cài yòu hǎo yòu piǎnyi.   The food at the Great China is both
-                                      good and cheap.
-    也有好些菜別的地方吃不找。
-    Yě yǒu hǎoxiē cài biéde dìfang    They also have a good many dishes
-    chībuzháo.                        that you can’t find (at) other
-                                      places.
-    你説的地方一定好。
-5.  Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng hǎo.      Any place you suggest is sure to
-                                      be good.
-
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-6.  bù yídìng             不一定        not necessarily; it’s not definite
-
-
-7.  kànfa                 看法          opinion, view
-
-
-8.  wǎnfàn                晚飯          supper, dinner
-
-
-9.  xiǎngfa               想法          idea, opinion
-
-
-10. yìxiē                 一些          some, several, a few
-
-
-11. zǎofàn                早飯          breakfast
-
-
-12. zuòfa                 做法          way of doing things, method, practice
-
-
-[142]
-
-UNIT 7 TARGET LIST
-
-    我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。
-1.  Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn       I have something I would like to
-    nín dǎting dǎting.                ask you about.
-
-    聽説您那邊新來了一位方先生；他的名字
-    我忘記了。
-    Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn láile     I have heard that you recently had
-    yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng; tāde        a Mr. Fang join you. I have
-    míngzi wǒ wàngji le.              forgotten his given name.
-
-    不錯，方德明是上個禮拜派到我們這裏
-    來的。
-2.  Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi shàngge   That’s right. Fang Deming was sent
-    líbài pài dào wǒmen zhèli         over here last week.
-    láide.
-
-    怎麽？你認識他嗎？
-    Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma?           Why? Do you know him?
-
-    我是加州大學畢業的。
-3.  Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède.      I graduated from the University of
-                                      California.
-    你能不能馬上到我辦公室來？
-4.  Nǐ néng bu néng mǎshàng dào wo    Can you come to my office right
-    bàngōngshì lái?                   away?
-
-    沒問題。差不多半個鐘頭就到。
-    Méi wèntí. Chàbuduō bànge         No problem. I’ll be there in about
-    zhōngtóu jiù dào.                 half an hour.
-
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-5.  jìde                  記得         to remember
-
-6.  rènde                 認得         to recognize, to know (alternate
-                                      word for rènshi)
-7.  rènshi zì             認識字            to know how to read (literally, “to
-                                      recognize characters”)
-8.  wàng                  忘          to forget (alternate word for
-                                      wàngji, especially in the sense of
-                                      forgetting to DO something)
-
-9.  wánquán               完全          completely
-
-10. xiǎngqilai            想起來        to think of, to remember
-
-11. zuǒyòu                左右          approximately
-
-
-[143]
-
-UNIT 8 TARGET LIST
-
-    喂，這是禮賓司。
-1.  Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī.            Hello. This is the Protocol
-                                      Department.
-    喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。
-    Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde       Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s
-    mìshū.                            secretary.
-
-    大使接著你們的請帖了。
-2.  Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende qǐngtiě     The ambassador received your
-    le.                               invitation.
-
-    很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。
-    Hěn kěxī yīnwei tā yǒu shì,       Unfortunately, because he has a
-    Báyuè jiǔhào bù néng lái.         previous engagement, he cannot
-                                      come on August 9。
-    請你轉告譙部長。
-    Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng.    Please inform Minister Qiao.
-
-    很抱歉。
-    Hěn bāoqiàn.                      I’m very sorry.
-
-    很遺憾，他不能來。
-3.  Hěn yíhàn, tā bù néng lái.        We very much regret that he cannot
-                                      come.
-    我替你轉告一下。
-    Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià.          I will pass on the message for you.
-
-    希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。
-4.  Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo jīhui       I hope that later we will find
-    jùyijù ba.                        another opportunity to get together.
-
-    真不巧，沒辦法去。
-5.  Zhēn bù qiǎo, méi bànfa qù.       I really couldn’t make that; I have
-                                      no way of going.
-    我們有幾個同學計劃到長城去玩兒。
-6.  Wǒmen yǒu jige tóngxué jìhua      A few of us students are planning
-    dào Chángchéng qù wánr.           to go to the Great Wall for an
-                                      outing.
-
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-7.  dàjiā                 大家          everybody, everyone
-
-8.  jiēdào                接到         to receive (alternate form of
-                                      jiēzháo)
-
-9.  tóngshì               同事         fellow worker, colleague
-
-
-10. yīnggāi               應該         should, ought to, must
-
-
-[144]
-
-UNIT 1
-
-REFERENCE LIST
-
-(in Běijīng)
-
-       喂
-1.  B: Wéi.                            Hello.
-
-       喂，你是朱科長嗎？
-    A: Wài, nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma?     Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
-
-       是。您是哪位？
-    B: Shì. Nín shi něiwèi?            Yes. Who is this, please?
-
-       我是威廉馬丁。
-    A: Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng.          I’m William Martin.
-
-       哦，馬丁先生，好久不見。你好啊？
-   *B: Òu, Madīng Xiānsheng, hǎo       Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you
-       jiǔ bú jiàn. Nǐ hǎo a?          for quite a while. How are you?
-
-       好。你好啊？
-    A: Hǎo. Nǐ hǎo a?                  Fine. How are you?
-
-       我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。
-2.  A: Wǒ yōu diǎnr shì xiǎng gēn      I have something I would like to
-       nín dāngmiàn tántan.            talk with you about in person.
-
-       不知道您有工夫沒有。
-3.  A: Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu        I don’t know whether you have the
-       meiyou.                         time or not.
-
-       有功夫
-    B: Yǒu gōngfu.                     I have the time.
-
-       什麽時候對您合適？
-4.  A: Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?    What time would suit you?
-
-       今天，明天都可以。
-    B: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi.     Either today or tomorrow would be
-                                       fine.
-       今天下午兩點鐘方便嗎？
-5.  A: Jīntiān xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn         Would two o’clock today be
-       zhōng fāngbian ma?              convenient?
-
-       三點比兩點方便一點兒。
-    B: Sāndiǎn bī liǎngdiǎn            Three would be more convenient than
-       fāngbian yìdiǎnr.               two.
-
-       因爲我一會兒出去，也許兩點回不來。
-6.  B: Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, yěxǔ    Since I’m going out in a little
-       liǎngdiǎn huíbulái.             while, I might not be able to get
-                                       back by two.
-       三點鐘也好。
-    A: Sāndiǎn zhōng yě hǎo.           Three is fine also.
-
-* The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape
-
-[145]
-       那麽，我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。
-7.  B: Nàme, wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài     Well then, I’ll wait for you in the
-       lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng         reception room downstairs at
-       nín.                           three o’clock.
-
-       好，三點見。
-    A: Hǎo, sāndiǎn jiàn.             Fine. I’ll see you at three.
-
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-8.  huídelái              回得來        to be able to get back in time
-
-
-9.  kòng(r)               空兒          free time, spare time
-
-
-10. lóushàng              樓上          upstairs
-
-
-11. shāngliang            商量          to discuss, to talk over
-
-
-12. yǒu kòng(r)           有空兒        to have free time
-
-
-[146]
-
-VOCABULARY
-
-
-  bǐ                      比           compared with, than
-
-  dāngmiàn                當面          in person, face to face
-
-  duì                     對           to, towards; with regard to, with
-                                       respect to
-
-  gōngfu                  功夫          free time, spare time
-
-  héshì                   合適          to be suitable, to be appropriate,
-                                       to fit
-
-  huíbulái                回不來        to be unable to get back
-
-  huídelái                回得來        to be able to get back in time
-
-  huìkèshì (huìkèshǐ)     會客室        reception room
-
-  kēzhǎng                 科長          section chief
-
-  kòng(r)                 空兒          free time, spare time
-
-  lóushàng                樓上          upstairs
-
-  lóuxià                  樓下          downstairs
-
-  nàme                    那麽          well, then, in that case
-
-  shāngliang              商量          to discuss, to talk over
-
-  tán                     談           to chat, to talk about
-
-  wéi                     喂           hello (telephone greeting)
-
-  yěxǔ                    也許          perhaps, maybe
-
-  yìhuǐr                  一會兒        a moment
-
-  yǒu gōngfu              有功夫        to have free time
-
-  yǒu kòng(r)             有空兒        to have free time
-
-
-(introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
-
-  chūkǒu gōngsī           出口公司      export company
-
-  huì kè                  會客          to receive guests
-
-  xiē                     些           several, some
-
-  yǒu yòng                有用          to be useful
-
-
-[147]
-
-REFERENCE NOTES
-
-       喂
-1.  B: Wéi.    Hello.
-
-       喂，你是朱科長嗎？
-    A: Wài, nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma?     Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
-
-       是。您是哪位？
-    B: Shì. Nín shi něiwèi?            Yes. Who is this, please?
-
-       我是威廉馬丁。
-    A: Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng.          I’m William Martin.
-
-       哦，馬丁先生，好久不見。你好啊？
-    B: Òu, Mǎdīng Xiānsheng, hǎo       Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you
-       jiǔ bú jiàn. Nǐ hǎo a?          for quite a while. How are you?
-
-       好。你好啊？
-    A: Hǎo. Nǐ hǎo a?                  Fine. How are you?
-
-Notes on No. 1
-
-Wéi is a greeting used in telephone conversations for “hello.” Some
-speakers pronounce this greeting as wài. Unlike most Chinese words, wèi
-has no fixed tone. The intonation varies according to the speaker’s mood.
-
-Kēzhǎng: Kē means “section,” and zhǎng means “head of an organization.”
-Here are some examples of how -zhǎng，“chief,” “head,” is used:
-
-
-  kē                      科           section
-
-  kēzhǎng                 科長          section chief
-
-  chù                     処            division
-
-  chùzhǎng                処長          division chief
-
-  xuéxiào                 學校          school
-
-  xiàozhǎng               校長          principal, headmaster
-
-
-Nín shi něiwèi? Note the use of the polite terms nín and něiwèi. In
-the English translation, politeness is expressed by the use of the more
-indirect “Who is this” instead of “Who are you” and also by “please.”
-
-Hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn, “I haven’t seen you for quite a while,” is
-interchangeable with hǎo jiǔ méi jiàn.
-
-
-      我有點兒事想跟您當面談談。
-2. A: Wǒ yǒu dianr shì xiǎng gēn       I have something I would like to
-      nín dāngmiàn tántan.             talk with you about in person.
-
-Notes on No. 2
-
-Gēn: In No. 2 the word gēn is a prepositional verb translated as
-“with.” The preposition gēn, “with,” differs from the conjunction gēn,
-“and,” in two important ways: a) where stress may be placed b) where
-the negative may be placed.
-
-[148]
-
-(a) When gēn is used as the conjunction “and,” both items being joined
-are stressed and keep their tones. When gēn is used as the prepositional
-verb “with,” a pronoun which follows is unstressed and loses its tone.
-Notice the contrasting tones on tā in the following sentences:
-
-  我跟他都來了。
-  Wǒ gēn tǎ dōu lái le.                Both he and I came.
-
-  我跟他來。
-  Wǒ gēn ta lái.                       I’ll come with him.
-
-(b) To make negative a sentence containing the conjunction gēn, “and,”
-the negative is placed with the main verb. In sentences containing the
-prepositional verb gēn, “with,” the negative precedes the prepositional
-verb. (You have seen this pattern with other prepositional verbs, for
-example, zài [see BIO, Unit 2, notes on Nos. 8–11].) Notice the
-contrasting positions of the negatives in the examples below:
-
-  我跟他都沒有去。
-  Wǒ gēn tā dōu méiyou qù.             Neither he nor I went.
-
-  我沒有跟他去。
-  Wǒ méiyou gēn ta qù.                 I didn’t go with him.
-
-
-Dāngmiàn means “face-to-face.” Literally, dāng means “in the presence
-of,” and miàn means “face.”
-
-
-      不知道您有工夫沒有。
-3. A: Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu         I don’t know whether you have the
-      meiyou.                          time or not.
-
-      有工夫。
-   B: yǒu gōngfu.                      I have the time.
-
-Note on No. 3
-
-Gōngfu, “time,” “free time,” “leisure time,” refers to a period of
-time during which a person is free, in the sense that his work may be
-interrupted.
-
-Now you know three words for “time”: shíhou, shíjiān, gōngfu Shíhou may
-be used for either a point in time or an amount of time.
-
-  你什麽時候走？
-  Nǐ shénme shíhou zǒu?               When are you leaving?
-
-  坐火車要走多少時候？
-  Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao          How long does it take to go by train?
-  shíhou?
-
-Shíjiān refers to any amount of time, including the time when a person is
-free.
-
-  從這兒到飛機場要多少時間？
-  Cóng zhèr dào fēijīchǎng            How long does it take from here to
-  yào duōshao shíjiān?                the airport?
-
-  今天沒有時間去。
-  Jīntiān měiyou shíjiān              There isn’t time to go today,
-  qù.
-
-[149]
-
-Gōngfu, however, is used only for amounts of time which a person has
-available for his own use.
-
-  你有沒有功夫跟我談談？
-  Nǐ yǒu méiyou gōngfu gēn            Are you free to talk with me?
-  wo tántan?
-
-
-        什麽時候對您合適。
-4.  A:  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?  What time would suit you?
-
-        今天，明天都可以。
-    B:  Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi.   Either today or tomorrow would be
-                                      fine.
-Notes on No. 4
-
-Duì, “to,” “towards,” “with regard to,” “with respect to,” is a
-prepositional verb which originally meant “facing.” In modern Chinese,
-its object introduces either the target of the action or the thing
-concerned. Contrast this with gěi, “for”: the object introduced by gěi
-receives the benefit of the action. These generalizations may help you
-sort out some of the differences between duì and gěi. You might find
-it helpful to memorize some examples, as well.
-
-  duì INTRODUCING THE TARGET OF THE ACTION (“to”)
-
-    你的話是對誰説的。
-    Nǐde huà shi duì shéi shuōde?     To whom were you speaking?
-
-    他對我很客氣。
-    Tā duì wǒ hěn kèqi.               He is very polite to me.
-
-    你對我太好。
-    Nǐ duì wǒ tài hǎo.                You are too good to me.
-
-  duì INTRODUCING THE THING CONCERNED (“with regard to,” “with respect to”)
-
-    什麽時候對您合適？
-    Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?      What time suits you?
-
-    什麽時候對您方便？
-    Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian?   What time is convenient for you?
-
-Notice that the English is “for you” in the last example, but in Chinese
-you must say “What time is convenient with regard to you?”
-
-  gěi INTRODUCING THE BENEFICIARY
-
-    我給他寫了信了。
-    Wǒ gěi ta xiěle xìn le.           I wrote him a letter.
-
-    這是一張十塊的，請您給我換換。
-    Zhè shi yìzhāng shíkuàide,        Here’s a ten-dollar bill. Please
-    qǐng ni gěi wǒ huànhuan.          change it for me.
-
-    請你給我寫你的地址。
-    Qǐng ni gěi wǒ xiě nǐde dìzhǐ.    Would you write down your address
-                                      for me, please?
-
-Héshì is an adjectival verb meaning “to fit,” “to suit,” “to be
-suitable/appropriate.” When trying on clothes in a store, you might
-say Zhèige bù héshì, “This doesn’t fit.” In another situation, héshì
-could be translated very freely as “best”: Něitiān duì nín héshì?
-“What day would be best for you?”
-
-[150]
-
-      今天下午兩點鐘方便嗎？
-5. A: Jīntiān xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn         Would two o’clock today be convenient?
-      zhōng fāngbian ma?
-
-      三點比兩點方便一點兒。
-   B: Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian   Three would be more convenient than
-      yìdiǎnr.                        two.
-
-Note on No. 5
-
-Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr: Bǐ is a prepositional verb used
-to make comparisons between two things which are different.* In translating,
-you may find it helpful to think of bǐ as the English “compared with” or
-“than.”** Notice that the bǐ phrase precedes the adjectival verb or another
-predicate in a sentence.
-
-*A different pattern is used to say that two things are the same. (See
-MTG, Unit 3, notes on Nos. 4–5.)
-
-**To say “A is not as ... as B,” you use a different construction, which
-you will learn in MTG, Unit 6, notes on No. 2.
-
-
-  三點          比             兩點         方便一點兒。
-  Sāndiǎn      bǐ             liǎngdiǎn   fāngbian yìdiǎnr.
-  (3 o’clock   than           2 o’clock   more convenient)
-               compared with
-
-    “Three is more convenient than two.”
-
-  他     比              我   有      功夫。
-  Tā     bǐ             wǒ   yǒu    gōngfu.
-  (he    than           I    have   free time)
-         compared with
-
-    “He has more free time than I do.”
-
-The two elements being compared may be nouns, pronouns, verb phrases, or
-even full sentences. Actually, all elements Joined by bǐ act as nouns,
-as seen in the English translations of the examples below.
-
-  坐飛機        比              坐火車        快
-  Zuò fēijī    bǐ             zuò huǒchē   kuài.
-  (ride plane  than           ride train   fast)
-               compared with
-
-    “Going by plane is faster than going by train.”
-
-[151]
-
-  你來         比             我去     方便
-  Nǐ lái      bǐ             wǒ qù   fāngbian.
-  (you come   than           I go    convenient)
-              compared with
-
-    “It’s more convenient for you to come than for me to go.”
-
-
-      因爲我一會兒出去，也許兩點回不來。
-6. B: Yīnwei wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, yěxǔ    Since I’m going out in a little
-      liǎngdiǎn huíbulái.             while, I might not (he able to)
-                                      get back by two.
-      三點鐘也好。
-   A: Sāndiǎn zhōng yě hǎo.           Three is fine also.
-
-Notes on No. 6
-
-Yìhuǐr, “a little while”: When r is added to a syllable ending in i,
-the pronunciation changes to /er/. Yìhuǐr is actually pronounced yìhuěr.
-
-Sentence placement of time phrases: Wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu is translated as
-“I’m going out IN a little while.” Contrast this with wǒ chūqu yìhuǐr,
-“I’m going out FOR a little while.” Let’s review the placement of different
-kinds of time expressions in a Chinese sentence.
-
-If you want to say when something happens (“yesterday”) or in how long
-something happens (“in two years”), you are using time phrases which in
-Chinese are considered to be POINTS IN TIME. Not only is a time phrase
-such as “two o’clock” a point in time, but a phrase such as “five days”
-can also be a point in time if the focus is on the end of this period of
-time. In English, this focus is expressed by “in five days,” “by the end
-of five days,” or “at the end of five days.” In Chinese, you do not need
-to use words such as “in,” “at,” or “by” because the position of the time
-phrase in the sentence indicates the meaning. Time phrases which are
-considered points in time are placed BEFORE THE VERB.
-
-  WHEN (a point in time)
-
-    我昨天看見他了。
-    Wǒ zuótiān kànjian ta le.          I saw him yesterday.
-
-    我從前來過這裏。
-    Wǒ cóngqián láiguo zhèli.          I have been here before.
-
-    我兩點鐘回來。
-    Wǒ liǎngdiǎn zhōng huílai.         I’ll be back at two o’clock.
-
-    我一點鐘回不來。
-    Wǒ yìdiǎn zhōng huíbulái.          I can’t make it back by one o’clock.
-
-  AT THE END OF/BY THE END OF (a period of time which is treated as
-                               a point in time because the focus is
-                               on the end point)
-
-    我三天就做完了。
-    Wǒ sāntiān jiu zuòwán le.          I finished doing it in (by the end
-                                       of) three days.
-    我五分鐘就走。
-    Wǒ wǔfēn zhōng jiu zǒu.            I’m leaving in (at the end of) five
-                                       minutes.
-[152]
-
-    你幾天回來？
-    Ni jǐtiān huílai?                  In (at the end of) how many days will
-                                       you come back?
-    你多久可以寫完？
-    Nǐ duōjiu kéyi xiěwán?             How long will it be before yo9u can
-                                       finish writing it? (by the end
-                                       of how long)
-
-On the other hand, phrases which express CONTINUATION OF TIME have a
-different place in sentences. To express an amount of time which passes,
-put the time expression AFTER THE VERB.
-
-  DURATION (the length of time something continues)
-
-    我想跟他談一會兒。
-    Wǒ xiǎng gēn tā tán yìhuǐr.        I would like to talk with him for
-                                       awhile.
-
-    他在香港住了一個星期。
-    Tā zài Xiānggǎng zhùle yíge        She stayed in Hong Kong for one week,
-    xīngqī.
-
-  TIME SINCE (the length of time which has passed since something
-              happened)
-
-    他死了三年了。
-    Tā sǐle sānnian le.                He died three years ago.
-
-    我做完了一個鐘頭了。
-    Wǒ zuòwánle yíge zhòngtóu le.      It has been an hour since I finished.
-
-Because yìhuír follows the verb in wǒ chūqu yìhuǐr, it indicates the length
-of time which will pass after I go out (chūqu). Yìhuǐr precedes the verb
-in wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, indicating when I will go out (“in a little while”).
-
-Yěxǔ literally means “perhaps.” The word is often used where “may” or
-“might” would be appropriate in English.
-
-Yěxǔ liǎngdiān huíbulái, “I might not (be able to) get back by two”:
-Notice that this expression liǎngdiān, in time-when position, before the
-verb, means “by” a certain time. Other time phrases in this position may
-also mean “by” a certain time.
-
-Huíbulái is another form of huílái, “to come back.” Compound verbs of
-result may be split by the negative bu or the syllable de. Huílái may
-become either huídelái, “can come back,” or huíbulái, “can’t come back.”
-These two forms are called the potential forms of the verb; that is, the
-meaning “can/be able to” or “cannot/unable to” becomes part of the meaning
-of the compound. The following are examples of compound verbs of result
-and their potential forms.
-
-
-  huílai                  回來          to come back
-
-  huídelái                回得來        able to come back
-
-  huíbulái                回不來        not able to come back
-
-  kànjian                 看見          to see
-
-  kàndejiàn               看得見        able to see
-
-  kànbujiàn               看不見        not able to see
-
-  láidejí                 來得及        able to make it on time
-
-  láibují*                來不及        not able to make it on time
-
-*The verb láidejí/láibují does not occur without the inserted -de- or -bu-.
-
-[153]
-
-  zuòwán                  做完          to finish doing
-
-  zuòdewán                做得完         able to finished doing, able to be
-                                       completed
-
-  zuòbuwán                做不完        not able to finish doing, not able
-                                       to be completed
-
-Compound verbs of direction may also occur in the potential form:
-
-
-  nábushànglái            拿不上來      can’t carry up [to where you are]
-                                       (i.e., because something is too
-                                       heavy or bulky)
-
-  kāideshàngqu            開得上去      can drive up [away from you]
-                                       (i.e., it is not too steep)
-
-  kāidechūlái             開得出來      can drive out
-                                       (i.e., the parking place is not
-                                       too tight)
-
-  nábuxiàlái              拿不下來      can’t get [it] down
-                                       (i.e., because it is too high,
-                                       bolted on, etc.)
-
-  zǒudexiàqu              走得下去       can walk down
-                                       (i.e., because it is not too far
-                                       or too steep)
-
-Notice that the last syllables of these compound verbs (except for toneless
-qu) have full tones when they occur with -de- and -bu-.
-
-
-      那麽，我三點鐘在樓下的會客室等您。
-7. B: Nàme, wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng zài      Well then, I’ll wait for you in the
-      louxiàde huìkèshì děng nín.     reception room downstairs at three
-                                      o’clock.
-      好，三點見。
-   A: Hǎo, sāndiǎn jiàn.              Fine. I’ll see you at three.
-
-Notes on No. 7
-
-Word order: The first sentence of exchange 7 illustrates the rule
-TIME—PLACE—ACTION.
-
-Huìkèshì is also pronounced huìkèshǐ.
-
-[154]
-
-8.  huídelái              回得來        to be able to get back in time
-
-
-9.  kòng(r)               有空          free time, spare time
-
-
-10. lóushàng              樓上          upstairs
-
-
-11. shāngliang            商量          to discuss, to talk over
-
-
-12. yǒu kòng(r)           有空兒        to have free time
-
-
-Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
-
-Here are some sentences illustrating the use of these vocabulary items:
-
-  你三點鐘回得來回不來。
-  Nǐ sāndiǎn zhōng huídelái            Can you make it back by three o’clock?
-  huíbulái?
-
-  樓上還有人。
-  Lóushàng hái yǒu rén?                Are there still people upstairs?
-
-  我想和你商量。
-  Wǒ xiǎng hé nǐ shāngliang            I would like to talk over a matter
-  yíjiàn shì.                          with you.
-
-  你今天下午有空兒。
-  Nǐ jīntiān xiàwǔ yǒu kòngr           Do you have time this afternoon?
-  ma?
-
-[155]
-
-DRILLS
-
-A. Substitution Drill
-
-             我有點事想跟您當面談談。            我有點事想跟張科長當面談談。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng     You: Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn
-             gēn nín dāngmiàn               Zhāng Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn
-             tántan.                        tántan.
-
-                   張科長
-             (cue) Zhāng Kēzhǎng
-             (I have something I       (I have something I would like
-              would like to talk        to talk with Section Chief
-              with you about in         Zhāng about in person.)
-              person.)
-
-    我有點事想跟張科長當面談談。             我有點事想跟他當面談談。
-2.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Zhāng    Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn tā
-    Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan.           dāngmiàn tántan.
-
-    他
-    tā
-
-    我有點事想跟他當面談談。                我有點事想跟魏武官談談。
-3.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn tā       Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wèi
-    dāngmiàn tántan.                   Wǔguān tántan.
-
-    魏武官
-    Wèi Wǔguān
-
-    我有點事想跟魏武官當面談談。             我有點事想跟王少校當面談談。
-4.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wèi      Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng
-    Wǔguān dāngmiàn tántan.            Shàoxiào dāngmiàn tántan.
-
-    王少校
-    Wáng Shàoxiào
-
-    我有點事想跟王少校當面談談。             我有點事想跟林先生當面談談。
-5.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng     Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Lín
-    Shàoxiào dāngmiàn tántan.          Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan.
-
-    林先生
-    Lín Xiānsheng
-
-    我有點事想跟林先生當面談談。             我有點事想跟劉科長當面談談。
-6.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Lín      Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Liú
-    Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan.         Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan.
-
-    劉科長
-    Liú Kēzhǎng
-
-    我有點事想跟劉科長當面談談。
-7.  Wǒ yǒu diǎn shì xiǎng gēn Liú
-    Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan.
-
-
-B.  Transformation Drill
-
-             您明天來了嗎？                   不知道您明天來不來。
-1.  Speaker: Nín míngtiān lái ma?      You: Bù zhīdào nín míngtiān lái
-             (Are you coming                bu lái.
-              tomorrow?)                    (I don’t know whether you are
-                                             coming tomorrow or not.)
-
-             他走了嗎？                       不知道他走了沒有。
-          OR Tā zǒu le ma?                  Bù zhīdào tā zǒu le meiyou.
-             (Has he gone?)                 (I don’t know whether he has
-                                             gone or not.)
-
-[156]
-
-    您有功夫嗎？                         不知道您有功夫沒有。
-2.  Nín yǒu gōngfu ma?                 Bù zhīdào nín yǒu gōngfu meiyou.
-
-    他昨天去了嗎？                        不知道他昨天去了沒有。
-3.  Tā zuótiān qù le ma?               Bù zhīdào tā zuótiān qù le meiyou,
-
-    他有錢嗎？                           不知道他有錢沒有。
-4.  Tā yǒu qiǎn ma?                    Bù zhīdào tā yǒu qián meiyou.
-
-    他還要嗎？                           不知道他還要不要。
-5.  Tā hái yào ma?                     Bù zhīdào tā hái yào bu yào.
-
-    他買了嗎？                           不知道他買了沒有。
-6.  Tā mǎi le ma?                      Bù zhīdào tā mǎi le meiyou.
-
-
-C.  Transformation Drill
-
-             什麽時候對您合適？                三點對您合適嗎？
-1.  Speaker: Shénme shíhou duì nín     You: Sāndiǎn duì nín héshì ma?
-             héshì?                    (Would three o’clock suit you?)
-
-                   三點
-             (cue) sāndiǎn
-             (What time would suit
-              you?)
-
-    星期幾對您合適？                      星期二對您合適嗎？
-2.  Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì?            Xīngqīèr duì nín héshì ma?
-
-    星期二
-    Xīngqīèr
-
-    在幾樓對您合適？                      在五樓對您合適嗎？
-3.  Zài jǐlou duì nín héshì?           Zài wǔlóu duì nín héshì ma?
-
-    五樓
-    wǔlóu
-
-    對您合適？                           明天對您合適嗎？
-4.  Něitiān duì nín héshì?             Míngtiān duì nín héshì ma?
-
-    明天
-    míngtiān
-
-    什麽時候對您合適？                    早上對您合適嗎？
-5.  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?       Zǎoshang duì nín héshì ma?
-
-    早上
-    zǎoshang
-
-    什麽時候對您合適？                    晚上對您合適嗎？
-6.  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?       Wǎnshang duì nín héshì ma?
-
-    晚上
-    wǎnshang
-
-    幾點對您合適？                        十點對您合適嗎？
-7.  Jǐdiǎn duì nín héshì?              Shídiǎn duì nín héshì ma?
-
-    十點
-    shídiǎn
-
-
-[157]
-
-D. Response Drill
-
-             什麽時候對您合適？                今天，明天都可以。
-1.  Speaker: Shénme shíhou duì nín     You: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi.
-             héshì?                        (Either today or tomorrow
-                                            would be fine.)
-                   今天
-             (cue) jīntiān
-             (What time would suit
-              you?)
-
-    幾點對您合適？                        三點，四點都可以。
-2.  Jǐdiǎn duì nín héshì?              Sāndiǎn, sìdiǎn dōu kéyi.
-
-    三點
-    sāndiǎn
-
-    星期幾對您合適？                      星期一，星期二都可以。
-3.  Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì?            Xīngqīyī, Xīngqīèr dōu kéyi,
-
-    星期一
-    Xīngqīyī
-
-    幾號對您合適？                        四號，五號都可以。
-4.  Jǐhào duì nín héshì?               Sìhào, wǔhào dōu kéyi.
-
-    四號
-    sìhào
-
-    什麽時候對您合適？                    上午，下午都可以。
-5.  Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?       Shàngwǔ, xiàwǔ dōu kéyi.
-
-    上午
-    shàngwǔ
-
-    哪天對您合適？                        明天，後天都可以。
-6.  Něitiān duì nín héshì?             Míngtiān, hòutiān dōu kéyi.
-
-    明天
-    míngtiān
-
-    星期幾對您合適？                      星期六星期天都可以。
-7.  Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì?            Xīngqīliù, Xīngqītiān dōu kéyi.
-
-    星期六
-    Xīngqīliù
-
-
-E. Transformation Drill
-
-             什麽地方對您方便？                樓上對您方便，還是樓下對您方便？
-1.  Speaker: Shénme dìfang duì nín     You: lóushàng duì nín fāngbian,
-             fāngbian?                      háishi lóuxià duì nín
-                                            fāngbian?
-                   樓上                      (Would upstairs or downstairs
-             (cue) lóushàng                   be more convenient for you?)
-             (What place would be
-             convenient for you?)
-
-    什麽時候對您方便？                    三點候對您方便，還是四點候對您方便？
-2.  Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian?    Sāndiǎn duì nín fāngbian, háishi
-                                       sìdiǎn duì nín fāngbian?
-    三點
-    sāndiǎn
-
-    幾號                                六號六號對您方便，還是七號對您方便？
-3.  Jǐhào duì nín fāngbian?            Liùhào duì nín fāngbian, háishi
-                                       qíhào duì nín fāngbian?
-    六號
-    liùhào
-
-    對您方便？                           明天對您方便，還是後天對您方便？
-4.  Něitiān duì nín fāngbian?          Míngtiān duì nín fāngbian, háishi
-                                       hòutian duì nín fāngbian?
-    明天
-    míngtiān
-
-    對您方便？                           上午對您方便，還是下午對您方便？
-5.  Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian?    Shàngwǔ duì nín fāngbian, háishi
-                                       xiàwǔ duì nín fāngbian?
-    上午
-    shàngwǔ
-
-
-[158]
-
-    對您方便？                           星期三對您方便，還是星期四對您方便？
-6.  Xīngqījǐ duì nín fāngbian?         Xīngqīsān duì nín fāngbian, háishi
-                                       Xīngqīsì duì nín fāngbian?
-    星期三
-    Xīngqīsān
-
-    對您方便？                           九點對您方便，還是十點對您方便？
-7.  Jǐdiǎn duì nín fāngbian?           Jiǔdiān duì nín fāngbian, háishi
-                                       shídiǎn duì nín fāngbian?
-    九點
-    jǐǔdiǎn
-
-
-F. Expansion Drill
-
-             三點方便一點。                    三點比四點方便一點。
-1.  Speaker: Sāndiǎn fāngbian yìdiān.  You: Sāndiǎn bǐ sìdiǎn fāngbian
-                                            yìdiǎn.
-                   四點                      (Three o’clock is a little
-             (cue) sìdiǎn                     more convenient than four
-             (Three o’clock is a              o’clock.)
-              little more
-              convenient.)
-
-    三號方便一點。                        三號比五號方便一點。
-2.  Sānhào fāngbian yìdiǎn.            Sānhào bǐ wǔhào fāngbian yìdiǎn.
-
-    五號
-    wǔhào
-
-    樓上方便一點。                        樓上比樓下方便一點。
-3.  Lóushàng fāngbian yìdiǎn.          Lóushàng bǐ lóuxià fāngbian yìdiǎn.
-
-    樓下
-    lóuxià
-
-    他的錢多一點。                        他的錢比我的多一點。
-4.  Tāde qián duō yìdiǎn.              Tāde qián bǐ wǒde duō yìdiǎn.
-
-    我的
-    wǒde
-
-    他去好一點。                          他去比我去好一點。
-5.  Tā qù hǎo yìdiǎn.                  Tā qù bǐ wǒ qù hǎo yìdiǎn.
-
-    我去
-    wǒ qù
-
-    他大一點。                           他比我大一點。
-6.  Tā dà yìdiǎn.                      Tā bǐ wǒ dà yìdiǎn.
-
-    我
-    wǒ
-
-    這個大一點。                          這個比那個大一點。
-7.  Zhèige dà yìdiǎn.                  Zhèige bǐ nèige dà yìdiǎn.
-
-    那個
-    nèige
-
-
-G. Expansion Drill
-
-             他説得快一點。                   他説得比我快一點。
-1.  Speaker: Tā shuōde kuài yìdiǎn.   You: Tā shuōde bǐ wǒ kuài yìdiǎn
-             (He speaks a little           (He speaks a little faster
-              fast.)                        than I do.)
-
-    他來得早一點。                        他來得比我早一點。
-2.  Tā láide zǎo yìdiǎn.               Tā láide bǐ wǒ zǎo yìdiǎn.
-
-    他走得晚一點。                        他走得比我晚一點。
-3.  Tā zǒude wǎn yìdiǎn.               Tā zǒude bǐ wǒ wǎn yìdiǎn.
-
-    他做得好一點。                        他做得比我好一點。
-4.  Tā zuòde hǎo yìdiǎn.               Tā zuòde bǐ wǒ hǎo yìdiǎn.
-
-    他賣得少一點。                        他賣得比我少一點。
-5.  Tā mǎide shǎo yìdiǎn.              Tā mǎide bǐ wǒ shǎo yìdiǎn.
-
-
-[159]
-
-    他賣得多一點。                        他賣得比我多一點。
-6.  Tā màide duō yìdiǎn.               Tā màide bǐ wǒ duō yìdiǎn.
-
-    他學得慢一點。                        他學得比我慢一點。
-7.  Tā xuéde màn yìdiǎn.               Tā xuéde bǐ wǒ màn yìdiǎn.
-
-
-H.  Response Drill
-
-             你什麽時候出去？                 我有一會兒就出去。
-1.  Speaker: Nǐ shénme shíhou chūqu?  You: Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù chūqu.
-             (What time are you            (I’m going out in Just a little
-              going out?)                   while.)
-
-             你出去多久。                     我就出去一會兒。
-          OR Nǐ chūqu duó jiǔ?             Wǒ jiù chūqu yìhuīr.
-          (For how long are you            (I’m Just going out for a
-           going out?)                      little while.)
-
-    你什麽時候出來？                      我一會兒就出來。
-2.  Nǐ shénme shíhou chūlai?           Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù chūlai.
-
-    你去多久？                           我就去一會兒。
-3.  Nǐ qù duó jiǔ?                     Wǒ jiù qù yìhuǐr.
-
-    他什麽時候來？                        他一會兒就去。
-4.  Tā shénme shíhou lái?              Tā yìhuǐr jiù lái.
-
-    他看多久？                           他就看一會兒。
-5.  Tā kàn duó jiǔ?                    Tā jiù kàn yìhuǐr.
-
-    你什麽時候走？                        我一會兒就走。
-6.  Nǐ shénme shíhou zǒu?              Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù zǒu.
-
-
-I. Response Drill
-
-             張先生明天回得來回不來？           張先生後天才回來。
-1.  Speaker: Zhāng Xiānsheng míngtiān  You: Zhāng Xiānsheng hòutiān cái
-             huídelái huíbulái?             huílai.
-             (Will Mr. Zhāng be             (Mr. Zhāng won’t be able to
-              able to come back              come back until day after
-              tomorrow?)                     tomorrow.)
-
-    王女士星期四回得來回不來？              才回來。
-2.  Wáng Nǚshì Xíngqīsì huídelái       Wǎng Nǚshì Xíngqīwǔ cái huílai.
-    huíbulái?
-
-    李同志十一點回得來回不來？              李同志十二點才回來。
-3.  Lǐ Tóngzhì shíyīdiǎn huídelái      Lǐ Tóngzhì shíèrdiǎn cái huílai.
-    huíbulái?
-
-    林科長二十號回得來回不來？              林科長二十一號才回來。
-4.  Lín Kēzhǎng èrshihào huídelái      Lín Kēzhǎng èrshiyīhào cái huílai.
-    huíbulái?
-
-    魏少校這個月回得來回不來？              魏少校下個月才回來。
-5.  Wèi Shàoxiào zhèige yuè            Wèi Shàoxiào xiàge yuè cái huílai.
-    huídelái huíbulái?
-
-[160]
-
-    楊先生早上回得來回不來？                楊先生晚上才回來。
-6.  Yáng Xiānsheng zǎoshang huídelái   Yáng Xiānsheng wǎnshang cái huílai.
-    huíbulái?
-
-    趙同志今天回得來回不來？                趙同志明天才回來。
-7.  Zhào Tóngzhì jīntiān huídelái      Zhào Tóngzhì míngtiān cái huílai.
-    huíbulái?
-
-
-J. Expansion Drill
-
-             那麽，我在這兒等您。               那麽，我一會兒在這兒等您。
-1.  Speaker: Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng   You: Nàme, wǒ yìhuǐr zài zhèr děng
-             nín.                          nín.
-             (cue) in a moment             (In that case, in a moment
-             (In that case, I’ll            I’ll wait for you here.)
-              wait for you here.)
-
-    那麽，我在樓下等他。                    那麽，我在樓下等他一會兒。
-2.  Nàme, wǒ zài lóuxià děng ta.       Nàme, wǒ zài lóuxià děng ta yìhuǐr.
-    for a moment
-
-    那麽，我在樓上等他。                    那麽，我在樓上等他。
-3.  Nàme, wǒ zài lóushàng děng ta.     Nàme, wǒ yìdiǎn zhōng zài lóushàng
-    at one o’clock                     děng ta.
-
-    那麽，我在他那兒等您。                  那麽，我在他那兒等您十分鐘。
-4.  Nàme, wǒ zài tā nàr děng nín.      Nàme, wǒ zài tā nàr děng nín shífēn
-    for ten minutes                    zhōng.
-
-    那麽，我在他家等您。                    那麽，我一會兒在他家等您。
-5.  Nàme, wǒ zài tā jiā děng nín.      Nàme, wǒ yìhuǐr zài tā jiā děng nín.
-    in a moment
-
-    那麽，我在小賣部等您。                  那麽，我在小賣部等您五分鐘。
-6.  Nàme, wǒ zài xiǎomàibù děng nín.   Nàme, wǒ zài xiǎomàibù děng nín
-    for five minutes                   wǔfēn zhōng.
-
-    那麽，我在這兒等他。                    那麽，我在這兒等他一會兒。
-7.  Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng ta.         Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng ta yìhuǐr.
-    for a moment
-
-
-[161]
-
-UNIT 2
-
-REFERENCE LIST
-
-(in Běijīng)
-
-       喂，美大司。
-1.  C: Wèi, Měidàsī.                  Hello. Department of American and
-                                      Oceanic Affairs.
-
-       我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲。 我有
-       一件事想跟王科長講一講。
-    A: Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎnde     I am George Duffy of the Canadian
-       Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ yǒu          Embassy. I have something I
-       yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn Wáng      would like to discuss with Section
-       Kēzhǎng jiǎngyijiang.          Chief Wáng.
-
-       哦，她現在開會。
-2.  C: Òu, tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.    Oh, she is at a meeting now.
-
-       等她外晚會我告诵她給你回電話。
-    C: Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ          When she is finished with the
-       gàosong tā gěi ni huí          meeting, I will tell her to
-       diànhuà.                       return your call.
-
-       好，謝謝你，
-3.  A: Hǎo, xièxie ni.                Fine. Thank you.
-
-       不謝。
-    C: Bú xiè.                        Don’t mention it.
-
-       對不起，今天早上你打電話來的時候
-       我在開會，沒時間跟你説話。
-4.  B: Duìbuqǐ, jīntiān zǎoshang      I’m sorry. When you called here
-       nǐ dǎ diànhuà laide            this morning, I was in a meeting
-       shíhou wǒ zài kāi huì,         and didn’t have time to speak
-       méi shíjiān gēn ni shuō        with you.
-       huà.
-
-       沒關係。我知道你很忙。
-    A: Méi guānxi. Wǒ zhīdào nǐ       It doesn’t matter. I know you are
-       hěn máng.                      very busy.
-
-       我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
-5.  A: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi    The reason I called you is that I
-       shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn      would like to talk with you in
-       tántan.                        person.
-
-       好啊。什麽時候啊？
-    B: Hǎo a. Shénme shíhou a?        All right. When?
-
-       明天對你合適嗎？
-6.  A: Míngtiān duì ni héshì ma?      Would tomorrow be all right for you?
-
-       明天下午什麽時候都可以，
-    B: Míngtiān xiàwǔ shénme shíhou   Any time tomorrow afternoon would
-       dōu kéyi.                      be fine.
-
-       在哪兒見呢？
-7.  A: Zài nǎr jiàn ne?               Where shall we meet?
-
-       兩點鐘請你到我這兒，行不行？
-    B: Liǎngdiǎn zhōng qǐng ni dào    Please come over here at two o’clock
-       wǒ zhèr lái, xíng bu xíng?     All right?
-
-       好。明天兩點鐘見。
-    A: Hǎo. Míngtiān liǎngdiǎn        Okay. See you tomorrow at two
-       zhōng jiàn.                    o’clock.
-
-[162]
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented, on C-l and. P-1 tapes)
-
-8.  guānxi                關係          relation, relationship, connection
-
-
-9.  jiǎng huà             講話          to speak, to talk; a speech
-
-
-10. lǐngshiguǎn           領事館        consulate
-
-
-11. shìqing (yíjiàn)      事情 (一件)   matter, business, affair
-
-
-12. sīzhǎng               司長          department chief
-
-
-13. yǒu guānxi            有關係        to relate to, to have a bearing on,
-                                       to matter
-
-[163]
-
-VOCABULARY
-
-  bú xiè                  不謝          don’t mention it
-
-  dàshiguǎn               大使館        embassy
-
-  diànhuà                 電話          telephone, phone call
-
-  guānxi                  關係          relation, relationship, connection
-
-  -jiàn                   件            (counter for matters, business, affairs)
-
-  jiǎng                   講            to discuss (something), to talk about (something)
-
-  jiǎng huà               講話          to speak, to talk; a speech
-
-  kāi huì                 開會          to attend a meeting
-
-  kāiwán huì              開完會        to finish a meeting
-
-  língshiguǎn             領事館        consulate
-
-  Měidàsī                 美大司        Department of American and Oceanic Affairs
-
-  méi guānxi              沒關係        it doesn’t matter
-
-  mùdi                    目的          reason, objective, purpose
-
-  shì (yíjiàn)            事 (意見)     matter, business, affair
-
-  shìqing (yíjiàn)        事情 (意見)    matter, business, affair
-
-  shuō huà                説話          to speak
-
-  sīzhǎng                 司長          department chief
-
-  yǒu guānxi              有關係        to relate, to have a bearing on, to matter
-
-  zài                     在            in the midst of (marker of ongoing action)
-
-
-(introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
-
-  chī                     吃            to eat
-
-  dàxuéshēng              大學生        college student
-
-  diànhuà hàomǎ           電話號碼      telephone number
-
-  dù jià                  度假          to spend one’s vacation
-
-  hòulài                  後來          later
-
-  láodòng                 勞動          to do manual labor
-
-  Qíngbàosī               情報司        Intelligence Bureau (part of the
-                                       Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC)
-
-  shēnghuó                生活          life
-
-  tóngyì                  同意          to agree
-
-[164]
-
-REFERENCE NOTES
-
-       喂，美大司。
-1.  C: Wèi, Měidàsī.                  Hello. Department of American and
-                                      Oceanic Affairs.
-       我是加拿大大使館的喬治達菲
-    A: Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshīguǎnde     I am George Duffy of the Canadian
-       Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wǒ you          Embassy. I have something I would
-       yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn Wáng      like to discuss with Section Chief
-       Kēzhǎng jiǎngyijiǎng.          Wang.
-
-Notes on No. 1
-
-Měidàsī: In Chinese, abbreviations are made up of one syllable from
-each word in a term. In Měidàsī, měi stands for Měizhōu (美洲), “American
-continent.” Dà stands for Dàyángzhōu (大洋洲), “Oceania” (the islands of
-the South Central Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand). The ending
-sī means “department.” It is used only within organizations on the national
-level.
-
-Dàshiguǎn: The word guǎn means “building” or “establishment,” as in
-fànguǎn, an establishment where food is sold. The examples below illustrate
-the use of guǎn.
-
-
-  dàshǐ                   大使          ambassador
-
-  dàshiguǎn               大使館        embassy
-
-  lǐngshì                 領事          consul
-
-  lǐngshiguǎn             領事館        consulate
-
-  zhǎnlǎn                 展覽          exhibit
-
-  zhǎnlǎnguǎn             展覽館        exhibition hall
-
-Notice that the shǐ in dàshǐguǎn and the shì in līngshiguǎn lose their
-tones.
-
-Yíjiàn shì: The counter -jiàn in this expression is also the counter
-for luggage. Yíjiàn shì literally means “a piece of business.”
-
-Jiǎng and jiǎng huà: The English word “speak,” meaning the activity
-in general, must he translated into Chinese with a verb and its GENERAL
-OBJECT: jiǎng huà In other uses, the verb “to speak,” jiǎng, may be
-followed by a specific object or a phrase showing duration, or it may be
-changed into a multisyllabic verb, such as jiǎngyijiǎng. Other verbs which
-are used the same way are shuō huà, xiě zì, and niàn shū.
-
-  他在講中國的事情。
-  Tā zài jiǎng Zhōngguode              He is talking about Chinese affairs
-  shìqing.
-
-  他已經講了不少。
-  Tā yǐjīng jiǎngle bù shǎo.           He has already said a lot.
-
-  他的講話很有意思。
-  Tāde jiǎng huà hěn yǒu yìsi.         His talk was very interesting.
-
-Jiǎng is not used to say that someone said something. Instead, shuō is used.
-
-  他説他不能來。
-  Tā shuō tā bù néng lái.              He said he could not come.
-
-
-[165]
-       哦，她現在開會
-2.  C: Òu, tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.     Oh, she is at a meeting now.
-
-       等她外晚會我告诵她給你回電話。
-    C: Děng tā kāiwán huì wǒ gàosong   When she is finished with the meeting,
-       tā gěi ni huí diànhuà.          I will tell her to return your call.
-
-Notes on No. 2
-
-Zài is the aspect marker for ongoing actions. It indicates that the
-action is in progress. The corresponding verb in the English translation
-usually ends in -ing. Zài is used only with verbs which express actual
-dynamic action. State and process verbs may not be used with zài. Many
-action verbs may be used with zài, but some do not have enough “action”
-to be used (e.g., “sitting”).
-
-  他來的時候，你在念書。
-  Tā láide shíhou, ní zài              When he came, you were studying,
-  niàn shū.
-
-  他們在看電影。
-  Tāmen zài kàn diànyìng.              They are watching a movie.
-
-  他們在喝咖啡。
-  Tāmen zài hē kāfēi.                  They are drinking coffee.
-
-  他們在上課。
-  Tāmen zài shàng kè.                  They are having class.
-
-Zài is placed in front of the verb, unlike other aspect markers, such as
-le, guo, and de.
-
-To make ongoing-action sentences negative, use bù. To form a question with
-zài, use shì bu shi zài, zài...ma, or zài bu zai.
-
-  學生在上課嗎？
-  Xuésheng zài shàng kè ma?            Are the students having class?
-
-  他們不在上課，已經走了。
-  Tāmen bú zài shàng kè, yǐjīng        They are not having class. They
-  zǒu le.                              have already left.
-
-  他來的時候，你是不是在念書？
-  Tā láide shíhou, nǐ shì bu           Weren’t you studying when he came
-  shi zài niàn shu?                    over?
-
-  不，不在念書，已經玩兒去了。
-  Bù, bú zài niàn shū, yǐjīng          No, I wasn’t studying. I had already
-  wánr qu le.                          gone out to play.
-
-  他在不在看電視？
-  Tā zài bu zai kàn diànshì?           Is he watching television?
-
-The aspect marker zài and the aspect marker ne often occur in the same
-sentence, indicating absence of change.
-
-  她在看報呢。
-  Tā zài kàn bào ne.                   She is reading the paper.
-
-Sometimes ne is used without zài.
-
-  她看報呢。
-  Tā kàn bào ne.                       She is reading the paper.
-
-Děng, literally “to wait”: In the second sentence of No. 2, the verb
-děng is used at the beginning of a phrase to mean “when.” Děng may be used
-with de shíhou, “when,” in the same phrase. Often, the second part of a
-sentence beginning with děng will contain an adverb meaning “then”—jiù,
-zài, or cái.
-
-[166]
-
-  等你看完報紙，我們出去買菜。
-  Děng nǐ kànwán bàozhǐ, wǒmen         When you have finished the paper,
-  chūqu mǎi cài.                       we will go out to buy groceries.
-
-  學英文難不難？
-  Xué Yīngwén nán bu nán?              Is it hard to learn English?
-
-  等你學的時候就知道了。
-  Děng nǐ xuéde shíhou jiù             When you study it, then you’ll know.
-  zhīdao le.
-
-  你不是有一件事要告诵我嗎？
-  Nǐ bú shi yǒu yíjiàn shì yào         Don’t you have something you want
-  gàosong wǒ ma?                       to tell me?
-
-  等吃完飯再説。
-  Děng chīwán fàn zài shuō.            Wait until we finish eating; then
-                                       we’ll talk about it.
-
-The translation of děng as “wait until,” in the last example above, might
-suggest that the word is used only in future contexts. But děng is also
-used in past contexts:
-
-  昨天他沒有和你一起去看電影嗎？
-  Zuótiān tā méiyou hé ni              Didn’t he go out with you to a movie
-  yìqǐ qù kàn diànyǐng ma?             last night?
-
-  沒有。等他回來的時候都十一點了。
-  Méiyou. Děng tā huílaide             No. It was already eleven o’clock
-  shíhou dōu shíyīdiǎn le.             when he got home.
-
-  昨天他八點鐘才回家。等他回家我們才做飯，
-  你想幾點才吃飯！
-  Zuótiān tā bādiǎn zhōng cái          Yesterday he didn’t get home until
-  huí jiā. Děng tā huí jiā             eight o’clock. We didn’t fix
-  wǒmen cái zuò fàn, nǐ xiǎng          dinner until he got home; so
-  jǐdiǎn cái chī fàn!                  imagine what time it was when
-                                       we ate!
-
-Kāi huì, “to meet,” “to hold a meeting,” is an example of a verb and
-its general object.
-
-Kāiwán, “finish holding [the meeting]”: Wán is the verb “to finish.”
-It is used as an ending in a compound verb of result in No. 2.* Wán
-expresses the idea of “over,” “up,” as in “Class is over,” “All the paper
-has been used up.”
-
-But be careful: wán is not used as a main verb when an object follows the
-verb. Instead of saying “finish this,” using wán by itself, you would say
-bǎ zhèige chīwán, “finish eating this”; bǎ zhèige zuòwán, “finish doing
-this”; or bǎ zhèige kànwán, “finish reading this.”
-
-Wán may sometimes be used as a main verb when there is no object, as in
-Diànyīng wán le, “The movie is finished.” But far more often wán occurs
-as an ending which indicates result.
-
-Diànhuà (literally, “electric speech”) may mean either “telephone” or
-“telephone call.”
-
-Huí diànhuà, “to return a phone call,” “to call back”: you have learned
-the verb huí, “to return,” as in Nǐ shenme shíhou huíqu? “When are you going
-back?” In No. 2, huí takes a direct object, diànhuà. Compare huí diànhuà
-with dǎ diànhuà, “to make a phone call,” which is found in exchange 4.
-
-*You have already seen wán in Piào dōu màiwán le.
-
-[167]
-
-Gěi ni huí diànhuà, “call you ’back”: you have learned the prepositional
-verb gěi, meaning “for [the benefit of].” In gěi ni huí diànhuà, gěi is
-translated as “to.” Because there are two meanings for gěi, occasionally
-a sentence may be ambiguous. For example, Wǒ gěi ta jìqule liǎngbāo cháyè
-means either “I sent two packages of tea to him” or “I mailed out two
-packages of tea for him.”
-
-Duì is also translated as “to.” Duì introduces the target; gěi introduces
-the receiver. In other words, duì expresses the intended direction but
-does not necessarily imply that the target is reached. Gěi usually implies
-receiving, as you might expect, since it means “give” as a full verb.
-
-You use gěi to indicate the receiver when you say
-
-  給她打電話
-  gěi ta dǎ diànhuà                   telephone her
-
-  給她寫一封信
-  gěi ta xiě yìfēng xìn               write her a letter
-
-  給她買了一個房子
-  gěi ta mǎile yige fángzi            bought her a house
-
-But, to indicate the target, you say
-
-  給她好
-  duì ta hǎo                          be nice to her
-
-  對他客氣
-  duì ta kèqi                         be polite to him
-
-  對她生氣
-  duì ta shēngqì                      get angry at her
-
-Notice that duì is used especially to indicate the target of feelings and
-attitudes, while gěi is used with actions such as calling, mailing, and
-sending.
-
-
-       好，謝謝你。
-3.  A: Hǎo, xièxie ni.                Fine. Thank you.
-
-       不謝。
-    C: Bú xiè.                        Don’t mention it.
-
-Note on No. 3
-
-Bú xiè is an idiom meaning something like “don’t thank [me].”
-(Literally, “Don’t thank me” would be Bié xiè wǒ (別謝我).)
-
-[168]
-
-      對不起，今天早上你打電話來的時候我
-      在開會，沒時間跟你説話。
-4. B: Duìbuqī, jīntiān zǎoshang nǐ    I’m sorry. When you called here
-      dǎ diànhuà láide shíhou wǒ      this morning, I was in a meeting
-      zài kāi huì, méi shíjiān        and didn’t have time to speak
-      gēn ni shuō huà.                with you.
-
-      沒關係。我知道你很忙。
-   A: Méi guānxi. Wǒ zhīdào nǐ        It doesn’t matter. I know you are
-      hěn máng.                       very busy.
-
-Notes on No. 4
-
-Dǎ diànhuà means “to make a phone call.” (Literally, dǎ means “to hit.”)
-
-  我昨天晚上給馬太太打了一個電話。
-  Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang gěi Mǎ            I called Mrs. Mǎ last night.
-  Tàitai dǎle yige diànhuà.
-
-  我打兩個電話就來。
-  Wǒ dǎ liǎngge diànhuà jiù             I’ll be right there after I make
-  lái.                                  a couple of phone calls.
-
-
-Shuō huà, “to speak,” is a verb with a general object—literally,
-“speak words.” Verb + general object is often translated into English
-by a verb alone: niàn shū, “to study”; kāi chē, “to drive.”
-
-Méi guānxi: Other translations for this very useful expression are
-“that’s okay,” “don’t worry about it,” “it doesn’t make any difference.”
-Literally, méi guānxi would be translated as “there isn’t any connection.”
-
-      我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
-5. A: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi      The reason I called you is that I
-      shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn        would like to talk with you in
-      tántan.                          person.
-
-      好啊。什麽時候啊？
-   B: Hǎo a. Shénme shíhou             All right. When?
-
-Note on No. 5
-
-Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi...: In English, the word “reason,” or
-“purpose,” begins the phrase, with the modifying clause following. In
-Chinese, everything modifying “the purpose” precedes mùdi.
-
-Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuà -de mùdi shi ....
-
-(The reason why I called yǒu is ....)
-
-Mùdi, “purpose,” “aim,” “objective”: Although translated idiomatically
-as “reason” in exchange 5, mùdi does not really mean “reason”/“cause.” The
-English terms should be translated as yuányīn: wǒ lǎiwǎnde yuányīn, “the
-reason I came late” (我來晚的原因).
-
-[169]
-      明天對你合適嗎？
-6. A: Míngtiān duì ni héshì ma?       Would tomorrow be all right for you?
-
-      明天下午什麽時候都可以，
-   B: Míngtiān xiàwǔ shénme shíhou    Any time tomorrow afternoon would be
-      dōu kéyi.                       fine.
-
-Note on No. 6
-
-Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi, “anytime is okay” (more literally, “what[ever]
-time, all is okay”), illustrates a pattern for expressing the idea of “any”
-in Chinese: a question word, such as shéi, shénme, nǎr, and něitiān,
-followed by dōu, “all.”
-
-  誰都能去。
-  Shéi dōu néng qù.                   Anyone can go.
-
-  哪兒都可以。
-  Nǎr dōu kéyi.                       Anyplace will do.
-
-  什麽都可以。
-  Shénme dōu kéyi.                    Anything will do.
-
-  哪天都好
-  Něitiān dōu hǎo.                    Any day is good.
-
-  怎麽做都好。
-  Zěnme zuò dōu hǎo.                  Any way (you) do it is fine.
-
-The ideas of “nobody,” “nowhere,” “nothing,” and “none” are expressed by
-adding bù or méi after dōu in the pattern above.
-
-  誰都能不要走。
-  Shéi dōu bú yào zǒu.                Nobody wants to leave.
-
-  哪兒都不對。
-  Nǎr dōu bú duì.                     No place is right.
-
-  怎麽都不行。
-  Zěnme dōu bù xíng.                  No way will do.
-
-  什麽都沒有。
-  Shénme dōu méiyou.                  There is nothing.
-
-The “any/no” expression need not be the subject of a sentence; it may
-also be the object. Even if the expression is the direct object, it must
-precede the verb.
-
-  他誰都喜歡。
-  Tā shéi dōu xǐhuan.                 He likes anyone/everyone.
-
-  我哪兒都不去。
-  Wǒ nǎr dōu bú qù.                   I won’t go anywhere.
-
-  那個商店什麽都賣。
-  Nèige shāngdiàn shénme dōu          That store sells everything,
-  mài.
-
-  他哪個都不喜歡。
-  Tā něige dōu bù xǐhuan.             He doesn’t like either/any of them.
-
-(As objects, many of these expressions must be translated as “every....”)
-
-An “any/no” expression may also be the object of a prepositional verb.
-
-  我跟誰都沒説話。
-  Wō gēn shéi dōu méi shuō huà.       I didn’t speak with anyone.
-
-
-[170]
-
-      在哪兒見呢？
-7. A: Zài nǎr jiàn ne?                Where shall we meet?
-
-      兩點鐘請你到我這兒，行不行？
-   B: Liǎngdiǎn zhōng qǐng ni dào     Please come over here at two o’clock.
-      wǒ zhèr lái, xíng bu xíng?      All right?
-
-      好。明天兩點鐘見。
-   A: Hǎo. Míngtiān liǎngdiǎn         Okay. See you tomorrow at two o’clock.
-      zhōng jiàn.
-
-Notes on No. 7
-
-Dào wǒ zhèr lái means, literally, “come over to the place where I am.”
-While plurals such as wǒmen zhèr and nǐmen nàr often refer to institutions,
-the singular wǒ zhèr, nǐ nàr, and tā nàr usually refer to any place where
-a person might be. In an office shared by two people, for instance, you
-could say Wǒ zhèr méiyou Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn; nín nàr yǒu méiyou? “I don’t have
-an English-Chinese dictionary over here; do you have one over there?”
-
-Dào, like zài, is a verb which requires a place word as its object.
-Sentences like “Come over here to me” and “Go over there to Mr. Wáng” must
-be translated as Dào wǒ zhèr lái and Dào Wáng Xiānsheng nar qù. Zhèr and
-nàr make wǒ and Wáng Xiānsheng parts of place-word phrases.
-
-
-8.  guānxi                關係          relation, relationship, connection
-
-
-9.  jiǎng huà             講話          to speak, to talk; a speech
-
-
-10. lǐngshiguǎn           領事館        consulate
-
-
-11. shìqing (yíjiàn)      事情 (一件)    matter, business, affair
-
-
-12. sīzhǎng               司長          department chief
-
-
-13. yǒu guānxi            有關係        to relate to, to have a bearing on,
-                                       to matter
-
-
-Note on Additional Required Vocabulary
-
-Yǒu guānxi: To talk about the relationship of two things, use
-...gēn...yǒu guānxi or ...hé...yǒu guānxi.
-
-  領事館和大使館有什麽樣的關係？
-  Lǐngshiguǎn hé dàshiguǎn             What is the relationship between
-  yǒu shénmeyàngde guānxi?             the consulate and the embassy?
-
-
-[171]
-
-VOCABULARY BOOSTER
-
-Occupations
-
-  accountant                  會計師      kuàijìshī
-
-  actor, actress              演員        yǎnyuán
-
-  architect                   建築師      jiànzhùshī
-
-  athlete                     運動員      yùndòngyuán
-
-  author, writer              作家        zuòjiā
-
-  barber                      理髮師，    lǐfàshī, lǐfàde
-
-  blue-collar worker          工人        gōngrén
-
-  builder                     營造商      yíngzàoshāng
-
-  businessman                 商人        shāngrén
-
-  carpenter                   木匠，木工    mùjiang, mùgōng
-
-  chemical engineer           化學工程師   huàxué gōngchéngshī
-
-  civil engineer              土木工程師   tǔmù gōngchéngshī
-
-  civil servant               公務員      gōngwùyuán
-
-  composer                    作曲家      zuòqǔjiā
-
-  cook                        厨師        chúshī
-
-  customs official            海關官員     hǎiguān guānyuán
-
-  diplomat                    外交官      wàijiāoguān
-
-  doctor                      大夫，醫生    dàifu, yīshēng
-
-  (newspaper) editor          編輯        biānji
-
-  electrical engineer         電機工程師   diànjī gōngchěngshī
-
-  electrician                 電工        diàngōng
-
-  employee, clerk, attendant  服務員      fúwùyuán
-
-  farmer, peasant             農民        nóngmín
-
-  fisherman                   漁民        yúmín
-
-  gardener                    園丁，花匠    yuándīng, huājiàng
-
-  governess                   保姆        bǎomǔ
-
-  government minister         部長        bùzhǎng
-
-  housewife                   家庭主婦，急停婦女 jiātíng zhǔfù, jiātíng fùnǚ
-
-  lawyer                      律師        lǜshī
-
-  manager                     經理        jīnglǐ
-
-  mayor                       市長        shìzhǎng
-
-  mechanic                    機械師，機械員  jīxièshī, jīxièyuán
-
-  mechanical engineer         機械工程師   jīxiè gōngchéngshī
-
-  movie star                  電影明星     diànyǐng míngxīng
-
-  musician                    音樂家      yīnyuèjiā
-
-[172]
-
-  nuclear engineer            盒子工程師   hézǐ gōngchéngshǐ
-
-  nurse                       護士        hùshi
-
-  office staff worker         職員        zhíyuán
-
-  (Chinese) opera performer   京劇演員     jīngjù yǎnyuán
-
-  painter (artist)            畫家        huàjiā
-
-  pharmacist                  藥劑師      yàojìshī
-
-  pilot                       飛行員       fēixíngyuán
-
-  policeman                   警察        jǐngchá
-
-  postman                     郵遞員       yóudìyuán
-
-  professor                   教授        jiàoshòu
-
-  reporter                    記者        jìzhě
-
-  sailor                      海員，水手，船員  hǎiyuán, shuǐshǒu, chuányuán
-
-  salesman                    推銷員       tuīxiāoyuán
-
-  secretary                   秘書        mìshū
-
-  servant                     用人        yòngren
-
-  shoemaker                   鞋匠師傅     xiéjiàngshīfu
-
-  shoe repairman              修鞋的      xiūxiéde
-
-  store clerk, salesperson    售貨員      shòuhuòyuán
-
-  teacher                     教員        jiàoyuán
-
-  typist                      打字員       dǎzìyuán
-
-  (star) vocalist             歌星        gēxīng
-
-  waiter, waitress            飯店服務員   fàndiàn fúwùyuán
-
-
-[173]
-
-DRILLS
-
-A. Substitution Drill
-
-             他現在在開會。                     他現在在打電話。
-1.  Speaker: Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.    You: Tā xiànzài zài dǎ diànhuà.
-                                             (He is making a phone call
-                   打電話                      now.)
-             (cue) dǎ diànhuà
-             (He is at a meeting now.)
-
-    他現在在打電話。                       他現在在等你
-2.  Tā xiànzài zài dǎ diànhuà.         Tā xiànzài zài děng ni.
-
-    等你
-    děng ni
-
-    他現在在等你。                        他現在在跟王先生説話。
-3.  Tā xiànzài zài děng ni.            Tā xiànzài zài gēn Wáng Xiānsheng
-                                       shuō huà.
-    跟王先生説話。
-    gēn Wáng Xiānsheng shuō huà
-
-    他現在在跟王先生説話。                  他現在在工作。
-4.  Tā xiànzài zài gēn Wáng            Ta xiànzài zài gōngzuò.
-    Xiānsheng shuō huà.
-
-    工作
-    gōngzuò
-
-    他現在在工作。                        他現在在講話。
-5.  Tā xiànzài zài gōngzuò.            Tā xiànzài zài jiǎng huà.
-
-    講話
-    jiǎng huà
-
-    他現在在講話。                        他現在在換錢。
-6.  Tā xiànzài zài jiǎng huà.          Tā xiànzài zài huàn qián.
-
-    換錢
-    huàn qián
-
-    他現在在換錢。
-7.  Tā xiànzài zài huàn qián.
-
-
-B.  Response Drill
-
-             他現在在開會。                     一會兒請他給我回個電話，好不好？
-1.  Speaker: Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.    You: Yìhuǐr qǐng tā gěi wǒ huí ge
-                                             diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
-                   一會兒                     (In a little while please ask
-             (cue) yìhuǐr                     him to call me back. All
-             (He is at a meeting              right?)
-              now.)
-
-
-    王同志現在在講話。                      下午請他給我回個電話，好不好？
-2.  Wáng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài jiǎng      Xiàwǔ qǐng ta gěi wǒ huí ge diànhuà,
-    huà.                                hǎo bu hǎo?
-
-    下午
-    xiàwǔ
-
-    張同志現在在學中國話                    上午請他給我回個電話，好不好？
-3.  Zhāng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài xué       Shàngwǔ qǐng ta gěi wǒ huí ge
-    Zhōngguo huà.                       diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
-
-    上午
-    shàngwǔ
-
-    馬科長現在在打電話。                    明天請他給我回個電話，好不好？
-4.  Mǎ Kēzhǎng xiànzài zài dǎ           Míngtiān qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge
-    diànhuà.                            diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
-
-    明天
-    míngtiān
-
-
-[174]
-
-    王同志現在在跟張科長講話。               一會兒請他給我回個電話，好不好？
-5.  Wáng Tóngzhì xiànzài zài gēn        Yìhuǐr qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà,
-    Zhāng Kēzhǎng jiǎnghuà.             hǎo bu hǎo?
-
-    一會兒
-    yìhuǐr
-
-    李女士現在在跟王大使開會。               今天請她給我回個電話，好不好？
-6.  Lǐ Nǚshì xiànzài zài gēn Wáng       Jīntiān qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge
-    Dàshǐ kāi huì.                      diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
-
-    今天
-    jīntiān
-
-    朱同志現在在學中文。                    下午請他給我回個電話，好不好？
-7.  Zhū Tóngzhì xiànzài zài xué         Xiàwǔ qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà,
-    Zhōngwén.                           hǎo bu hǎo?
-
-    下午
-    xiàwǔ
-
-
-C. Expansion Drill
-
-             我想跟你當面談談。                我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni          You: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi
-             dāngmiàn tántan.              shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn
-             (I would like to talk         tántan.
-             with you in person.)         (The reason I called you is
-                                           that I would like to talk with
-                                           you in person.)
-
-    我想問你一件事。                      我給你打電話目的是想問你一件事。
-2.  Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni yíjiàn shi.        Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng
-                                       wèn ni yíjiàn shi.
-
-    我想問你幾點鐘有功夫。                 我給你打電話目的是想幾點鐘有功夫。
-3.  Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni jǐdiǎn zhōng       Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng
-    yǒu gōngfu.                        wèn ni jǐdiǎn zhōng yǒu gōngfu.
-
-    我想跟你當面談談。                     我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
-4.  Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.   Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng
-                                       gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.
-
-    我想問你一點兒事。                     我給你打電話目的是想問你一點兒事。
-5.  Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni yìdiǎnr shì.       Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi
-                                       xiǎng wèn ni yìdiǎnr shi.
-
-    我想問你三點鐘有功夫沒有。              我給你打電話目的是想問你三點鐘有功夫沒有。
-6.  Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni sāndiǎn zhōng      Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi
-    yǒu gōngfu meiyou.                 xiǎng wèn ni sāndiǎn zhōng yǒu
-                                       gōngfu meiyou.
-
-    我想跟你當面談談。                     我給你打電話目的是想跟你當面談談。
-7.  Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.   Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi
-                                       xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.
-
-[175]
-
-D. Substitution Drill
-
-             什麽時候都可以。                        誰都可以。
-1.  Speaker: Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi.         You: Shéi dōu kéyi.
-                                                  (Anyone would be fine.)
-                   誰
-             (cue) shéi
-             (Any time would be fine.)
-
-    誰都可以。                哪兒              哪兒都可以。
-2.  Shéi dōu kéyi.          nǎr              Nǎr dōu kéyi.
-
-    哪兒都可以。               哪個              哪個都可以。
-3.  Nǎr dōu kéyi.           něige            Něige dōu kéyi.
-
-    哪個都可以。               什麽地            什麽地方都可以
-4.  Něige dōu kéyi.         shénme dìfang    Shénme dìfang dōu kéyi.
-
-    什麽地方都可以。            多少             多少都可以。
-5.  Shénme dìfang dōu kéyi. duōshao          Duōshao dōu kéyi.
-
-    多少都可以。               多久             多久都可以。
-6.  Duōshao dōu kéyi.       duó jiǔ          Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi.
-
-    多久都可以。
-7.  Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi.
-
-
-E. Substitution Drill
-             什麽時候都可以。                        多久都可以。
-1.  Speaker: Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi.        You: Duó jiǔ dōu kéyi.
-             (cue) any length of time            (Any length of time would be
-             (Any time would be fine.)            fine.)
-
-    幾點鐘都可以。                             幾個鐘頭都可以。
-2.  Jǐdiǎn zhōng dōu kéyi.                  Jǐge zhōngtōu dōu kéyi.
-    any number of hours
-
-    哪天都可以。                               多少天都可以。
-3.  Něitiān dōu kéyi.                       Duōshao tiān dōu kéyi.
-    any number of days
-
-    哪年都可以。                               幾年都可以。
-4.  Něinián dōu kéyi.                       Jǐnián dōu kéyi.
-    any number of years
-
-    星期幾都可以。                             幾個星期都可以。
-5.  Xīngqījǐ dōu kéyi.                      Jǐge xīngqī dōu kéyi.
-    any number of weeks
-
-    幾號都可以。                               多少天都可以。
-6.  Jǐhào dōu kéyi.                         Duōshao tiān dōu kéyi.
-    any number of days
-
-    幾月都可以。                               幾個月都可以。
-7.  Jǐyuè dōu kéyi.                         Jǐge yuè dōu kéyi.
-    any number of months
-
-
-[176]
-
-F. Response Drill
-
-             我們明天在這兒見呢，還是在那兒見呢？                  在哪兒見都可以。
-1.  Speakers Wǒmen míngtiān zài zhèr                   You: Zài nǎr jiàn dōu kéyi.
-             jiàn ne, háishi zai                            (Anywhere would be fine.)
-             nàr jiàn ne?
-
-                   哪兒
-             (cue) nǎr
-             (Shall we meet here or
-              there tomorrow?)
-
-    我們坐火車去呢，還是坐飛機去呢？         怎麽            怎麽去都可以。
-2.  Wǒmen zuò huǒchē qù ne, háishi     zěnme          Zěnme qù dōu kéyi.
-    zuò fēijī qù ne?
-
-    我們明天九點鐘見呢，還是十點鐘見呢？      幾點鐘          幾點鐘見都可以。
-3.  Wǒmen míngtiān jiǔdiǎn zhōng       jǐdiǎn zhōng   Jǐdiǎn zhōng jiàn dōu kéyi.
-    jiàn ne, háishi shídiǎn zhōng
-    jiàn ne?
-
-    我們坐汽車去呢，還是坐火車去呢？          什麽車         什麽車都可以。
-4.  Wǒmen zuò qìchē qù ne, háishi      shénme chē     Shénme chē dōu kéyi.
-    zuò huǒchē qù ne?
-
-    我們明天去呢，還是後天去呢？             哪天           哪天去都可以。
-5.  Wǒmen míngtiān qù ne, háishi       něitiān        Něitiān qù dōu kéyi.
-    hòutiān qù ne?
-
-    我們星期一去呢，還是星期二去呢？         星期幾         星期幾去都可以。
-6.  Wǒmen Xīngqīyī qù ne, háishi       xīngqījǐ       Xīngqījǐ qù dōu kéyi.
-    xīngqīèr qù ne?
-
-    我們坐飛機去呢，還是坐火車去呢？          怎麽           怎麽去都可以。
-7.  Wǒmen zuò fēijī qù ne, háishi zuò  zěnme          Zěnme qù dōu kéyi.
-    huǒchē qù ne?
-
-
-G. Response Drill
-
-             誰來？                          誰都來。
-1.  Speaker: Shéi lái?                 You: Shéi dōu lái.
-    (Who is coming?)                       (Everyone is coming.)
-
-    什麽地方不好？                        什麽地方都不好。
-2.  Shénme dìfang bù hǎo?              Shénme dìfang dōu bù hǎo.
-
-    哪個地方可以？                        哪個地方都可以
-3.  Něige dìfang kéyi?                 Něige dìfang dōu kéyi.
-
-    誰不會？                             誰都不會
-4.  Shéi bú huì?                       Shéi dōu bú huì.
-
-    哪兒好？                             哪兒都好
-5.  Nǎr hǎo?                           Nǎr dōu hǎo.
-
-    他什麽時候能去？                      他什麽時候都能去
-6.  Tā shénme shíhou néng qù?          Tā shénme shíhou dōu néng qù.
-
-    你哪天不忙？                         你哪天都不忙
-7.  Nǐ něitiān bù máng?                Wǒ něitiān dōu bù máng.
-
-
-[177]
-
-H.  Response Drill
-
-             你去哪兒？                       我哪兒都去。
-1.  Speaker: Nǐ qù nǎr?                You: Wǒ nǎr dōu qù.
-             (Where are yǒu going?)         (I’m going everywhere.)
-
-    你到哪兒去？                         我哪兒都去。
-2.  Nǐ dào nǎr qù?                     Wǒ nǎr dōu qù.
-
-    他去什麽地方？                        他什麽地方都去。
-3.  Tā qù shénme dìfang?               Tā shénme dìfang dōu qù.
-
-    他到什麽地方去？                      他什麽地方都去。
-4.  Tā dào shénme dìfang qù?           Tā shénme dìfang dōu qù.
-
-    你買哪個？                           我哪個都買。
-5.  Nǐ mǎi něige?                      Wǒ něige dōu mǎi.
-
-    你看哪本？                           我哪本都看。
-6.  Nǐ kàn něiběn?                     Wǒ něiběn dōu kàn.
-
-    你做什麽？                           我什麽都做。
-7.  Nǐ zuò shénme?                     Wǒ shénme dōu zuò.
-
-
-I. Response Drill
-
-             誰來？                                        誰都來。
-1.  Speaker: Shéi lái?                               You: Shéi dōu lai.
-             (cue) everyone                               (Everyone is coming.)
-             (Who is coming?)
-
-
-    誰可以？                                          誰都可以。
-2.  Shéi kéyi?                    anyone will do     Shéi dōu kéyi.
-
-
-    誰來？                                            誰都不來。
-3.  Shéi lái?                     no one             Shéi dōu bù lái.
-
-
-    你買哪個？                                         我哪個都買。
-4.  Nǐ mǎi něige?                 all of them        Wǒ něige dōu mǎi.
-
-
-    你到哪兒去？                                       我哪兒都不去。
-5.  Nǐ dào nǎr qù?                nowhere at all     Wǒ nǎr dōu bú qù.
-
-
-    哪個好？                                          哪個都好。
-6.  Něige hǎo?                    all of them        Něige dōu hǎo.
-
-
-    誰會説中國話？                                     誰都會説中國話。
-7.  Shéi huì shuō Zhōngguo huà?   everyone           Shéi dōu huì shuō Zhōngguo huà.
-
-
-[178]
-
-UNIT 3
-
-REFERENCE LIST
-
-(in Taipei)
-
-       黃科長，您下個星期六有功夫嗎？
-1.  A. Huáng Kēzhǎng, nín xiàge        Section Chief Huang, are you free
-       Xīngqīliù yǒu gōngfu ma?        Saturday of next week?
-
-       我想請您和您夫人到我們家來吃個便飯。
-    A: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín hé nín        I would like to invite you and your
-       fūren dào wǒmen jiā lái         wife to come to our house for a
-       chī ge biànfàn.                 simple meal.
-
-       您何必怎麽客氣？
-2.  B: Nín hébì zhème kèqi?            Why is it necessary to be so polite?
-
-       不是客氣。
-    A: Bú shi kèqi.                    It’s not politeness.
-
-       我有一個朋友剛從美國來。
-    A: Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou gāng        I have a friend who has just come
-       cóng Měiguo lái.                from America.
-
-       她現在在臺灣大學教經濟學。
-    A: Tā xiànzài zài Táiwān           She is teaching economics at Táiwān
-       Dàxué jiāo jīngjixué.           University right now.
-
-       我很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。
-    A: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen          I would very much like to introduce
-       liǎngwèi jièshao jièshao.       the two of you.
-
-       那太好了！
-3.  B: Nà tài hǎo le!                  That’s wonderful!
-
-       很希望跟她談談。
-    B: Hěn xīwang gēn ta tántan.       I wish very much to talk with her.
-
-       不過，恐怕我的英文不行。
-    B: Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén      However, I’m afraid that my English
-       bù xíng.                        isn’t good enough.
-
-       不但説得好，有時候也聽不懂。
-    B: Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu        Not only don’t I speak well, (but)
-       shíhou yě tīngbudǒng.           sometimes I can’t understand what
-                                       I hear either.
-       哪裏，哪裏。
-4.  A: Náli, náli.                     Not at all, not at all.
-
-       您説得跟美國人一樣好。
-    A: Nín shuōde gēn Měiguo rén       You speak as well as an American.
-       yíyàng hǎo.
-
-       怎麽樣？六點半對您方便不方便？
-5. *A: Zěnmeyàng? Liùdiǎn bàn duì      How shall we do it? Would six-thirty
-       nín fāngbian bu fangbian?       be convenient for you?
-
-       方便，方便。
-    B: Fāngbian, fāngbian.             That would be fine.
-
-       我沒請什麽人。很隨便。
-6.  A: Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén.         I haven’t invited anyone special.
-       Hěn suíbiàn.                    It’s very informal.
-
-       那就先謝了。
-    B: Nà jiù xiān xiè le.             Well then, I’ll thank you in advance.
-
-
-*The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape.
-
-
-[179]
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-7.  bù tóng               不同          to be different
-
-8.  chá                   茶            tea
-
-9.  chī fàn               吃飯          to eat, to have a meal
-
-10. dànshi                但是          but
-
-11. érqiě                 而且          furthermore, moreover
-
-12. fàn                   飯            (cooked) rice
-
-13. hē                    喝            to drink
-
-14. jiāo shū              教書          to teach
-
-
-[180]
-VOCABULARY
-
-  biànfàn                 便飯          a simple, informal meal
-  búdàn...yě              不但...也     not only...but also
-  búguò                   不過          however, but
-  bù tóng                 不同          to be different
-
-  chá                     茶            tea
-  chī fàn                 吃飯          to eat, to have a meal
-
-  dànshi                  但是          but
-
-  érqiě                   而且          furthermore, moreover
-
-  fàn                     飯           (cooked) rice
-
-  hē                      喝           to drink
-  hébì                    何必          why is it necessary (to)
-
-  jiāo shū                教書          to teach
-  jièshao                 介紹          to introduce
-
-  kǒngpà                  恐怕          to be afraid that (something is or
-                                       is not the case)
-
-  suíbiàn                 隨便          to be informal/casual; as you like,
-                                       as you wish, whatever suits you,
-                                       “according to convenience”
-
-  tài hǎo le!             太好了！      wonderful!
-  tīngbudǒng              聽不懂        cannot understand
-  tīngdedǒng              聽得懂        can understand
-
-  xīwàng (xīwang)         希望          to hope, to wish to
-
-  yíyàng                  一樣          to be alike/equal
-  yǒu shíhou (yǒu shihou) 有時候        sometimes
-
-
-(introduced on C-2 tape)
-
-  cānjiā                  參加             to attend
-  dǎ (ge) diànhuà         打(個)電話             to make a phone call
-  hǎode duō               好得多             much better
-  tīng diànhuà            聼電話             to answer the phone
-  yānhuo                  烟火             fireworks display
-  yóuyuánhuì              游園會             carnival
-  zhèng hǎo               正好             just right
-
-
-[181]
-
-REFERENCE NOTES
-
-       黃科長，您下個星期六有功夫嗎？
-1.  A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nín xiàge        Section Chief Huáng, are you free
-       Xīngqīliù yǒu gōngfu ma?        Saturday of next week?
-
-       我想請您和您夫人到我們家來吃個便飯。
-    A: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín hé nín        I would like to invite you and your
-       fūren dào wǒmen jiā lái         wife to come to our house for a
-       chī ge biànfàn.                 simple meal.
-
-
-Notes on No. 1
-
-Xiàge Xīngqīliù means “Saturday of next week.” “Saturday of this week”
-is zhèige Xīngqīliù, and “Saturday of last week” is shàngge Xīngqīliù.*
-
-Chī ge biànfàn: Here the verb chī, “to eat [something],” takes the
-object (yi)ge biànfàn, “a simple/informal family meal.” When talking about
-the general activity of eating, however, use chī with the general object
-fàn, literally “(cooked) rice”: chī fàn, “to eat”
-
-The word biànfàn is used as a modest description in inviting guests for a
-meal served in the home. The meal is generally “simple” only in the sense
-of not being a banquet. A Chinese family meal usually consists of several
-dishes plus a soup.
-
-       您何必怎麽客氣？
-2.  B: Nín hébì zhème kèqi?            Why is it necessary to be so polite?
-
-       不是客氣。
-    A: Bú shi kèqi.                    It’s not politeness.
-
-       我有一個朋友剛從美國來。
-    A: Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou gāng        I have a friend who has just come
-       cóng Měiguo lái.                from America.
-
-       她現在在臺灣大學教經濟學。
-    A: Tā xiànzài zài Táiwān Dàxué     She is teaching economics at Táiwān
-       jiāo Jīngjixué.                 University right now.
-
-       我很想給你們兩位介紹介紹。
-    A: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen          I would very much like to introduce
-       liǎngwèi jièshao jièshao.       the two of you.
-
-
-
-*The words “this,” “next,” and “last” in English are often ambiguous. “This”
-sometimes means “Just past,” sometimes “the coming,” and sometimes “of next
-week.” “Next” sometimes means “the coming” and sometimes means “of next
-week.” “Last” sometimes means “Just past” and sometimes means “of last
-week.” In Chinese, however, zhèige usually means “of this week”; xiàge,
-“of next week”; and shàngge, “of last week.” But ambiguities do sometimes
-arise.
-
-Some Chinese consider that the week begins on Sunday. Probably most Chinese
-however, consider Monday the first day of the week.
-
-
-[182]
-
-Notes on No. 2
-
-Hébì is a somewhat formal way of saying “Why is it necessary to...?”
-Hé is a literary word for “why.” Bì is a literary word for “must.” (You
-may recognize it from bú bì, “need not,” “to be unnecessary.”)
-
-Notice that the first speaker in exchange 2 does not respond to the
-dinner invitation with an immediate “Thank you, I would love to,” as one
-might do in English. Instead, the Chinese prefer the equivalent of “That’s
-too kind of you” or “Oh, you really shouldn’t.” When you receive an
-indefinite invitation (like “I hope you can come over to my house for
-dinner some day”), do not ask immediately for the date and time. Rather,
-you should thank the person for his politeness and say that you also hope
-that you can get together. Vague invitations may simply be in superficial
-accordance with the rules of etiquette, and you might put your acquaintance
-on the spot by accepting.
-
-Bú shi kèqi is the appropriate response when a person suggests that you
-are treating him too politely.
-
-Jiāo, “to teach,” is a verb which requires a general object when no
-specific object is mentioned. Contrast jiāo shū, “to teach,” with jiāo
-jīngJixué, “to teach economics.”
-
-Nǐmen liǎngwèi means “the two of you,” or “you two.” The other plural
-pronouns may be used similarly:
-
-  他們四個人都已經去過了。
-  Tāmen sìge rén dōu yǐjīng            Those four have all been there already.
-  qùguo le.
-
-  他們三個人都想念歷史。
-  Tāmen sānge rén dōu xiǎng            All three of them are planning to
-  niàn lìshǐ.                          study history.
-
-A number phrase may also follow a list of nouns or pronouns in Chinese.
-Either the listing or the number is usually omitted in the English
-translation.
-
-  我，你，他三個人都去，好不好？
-  Wǒ, nǐ, tā sānge rén dōu qù,           Why don’t all three of us go?
-  hǎo bu hǎo?
-
-  李先生跟王先生兩位都給我打了電話了。
-  Lǐ Xiānsheng gēn Wáng                  Both Mr. Lǐ and Mr. Wáng (the two of
-  Xiānsheng liǎngwèi dōu                 them) called me.
-  gěi wǒ dǎle diànhuà le.
-
-
-Gěi nīmen liāngwèi jièshao jièshao: There are two things to note in
-this sentence. First of all, while the English language “introduces two
-people TO each other,” the Chinese language “introduces FOR the two people,”
-gěi...jièshao. Secondly, the speaker has chosen to repeat the verb jièshao.
-In a sentence expressing the speaker’s desired course of action, the
-reduplicated form of the verb makes the statement less blunt and demanding.
-
-
-[183]
-      那太好了！
-3. B: Nà tài hǎo le!                   That’s wonderful!
-
-      很希望跟她談談。
-   B: Hěn xīwang gēn ta tántan.        I wish very much to talk with her.
-
-      很希望跟她談談。
-   B: Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén       However, I’m afraid that my English
-      bù xíng.                         isn’t good enough.
-
-      不但説得好，有時候也聽不懂。
-   B: Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, yǒu         Not only don’t I speak well, (but)
-      shíhou yě tīngbudǒng.            sometimes I can’t understand what
-                                       I hear either.
-
-
-Notes on No. 3
-
-Tài hǎo le, “wonderful,” or, more literally, “too good.” you have seen
-tài translated as “excessively,” or “too”: “It’s too expensive!” Tài guì le!
-In other contexts, tài simply indicates an extreme degree and is translated
-as “very.” When used this way, tài is commonly heavily stressed.
-
-  這本書真是太有意思了！
-  Zhèiběn shū zhēn shi tài yǒu         This book is really very interesting!
-  yìsi le!
-
-Búguò, “however,” is often interchangeable with kěshi, “but,” and is
-therefore used more frequently than the English “however.”
-
-Kǒngpà means “to be afraid that [something is/is not the case].” It
-sometimes means “probably,” as in Zhàiběn shū kǒngpà shi tāde, “This book
-is probably his.”
-
-Búdàn...ye... is equivalent to the English “not only...but also....”
-Here are some examples:
-
-  他不但會説中文，也會説日文。
-  Tā búdàn huì shuō Zhōngwén,          Not only can he speak Chinese, but he
-  yě huì shuō Rìwén.                   can also speak Japanese.
-
-  他不但不喜歡紅的，也不喜歡藍的。
-  Tā búdàn bù xǐhuan hóngde,           Not only doesn’t he like the red one,
-  yě bù xǐhuan lánde.                  but he doesn’t like the blue one
-                                       either.
-
-Tīngbudǒng, “can’t understand”: The verb dǒng is used to indicate the
-result in a compound verb of result, Here is another example of dǒng used
-in this way:
-
-  中文報紙你看得懂看不懂？
-  Zhōngwén bàozhǐ nǐ kàndedǒng         Can you read (and understand) Chinese
-  kànbudǒng?                           newspapers?
-
-Shuōde bù hǎo VS. tīngbudǒng: The many ways in which one-syllable
-Chinese verbs may be combined to make patterns and compounds can be
-confusing. In No. 3, yǒu see both an action verb and its manner adverb
-(in the negative), shuōde bù hǎo, and a compound verb of result (in its
-“unable” form), tīngbudǒng. Compare these two forms:
-
-ACTION
-
-VERB    MARKER  NEG.    ADV.    MANNER
-shuō    -DE     bù              hǎo
-shuō    -DE             hěn     hǎo
-
-ACTION VERB MARKER or NEG. (not both)   RESULT
-tīng             -bù                    -dǒng
-tīng             -de                    -dǒng
-
-[184]
-
-The marker de is always part of the manner adverb expression but alternates
-with bù in compound verbs of result. Manner adverb expressions expand to
-allow not only for negation but also for additional adverbs such as hěn and
-tài. Compound verbs of result cannot do this. There are always three, and
-only three, parts to the compound verb of result.
-
-
-      哪裏，哪裏。
-4. A: Náli, náli.                      Not at all, not at all.
-
-      您説得跟美國人一樣好。
-   A: Nín shuōde gēn Měiguo rén        You speak as well as an American.
-      yíyàng hǎo.
-
-      怎麽樣？六點半對您方便不方便？
-5. A: Zěnmeyàng? Liùdiǎn bàn duì       How shall we do it? Would six-thirty
-      nín fāngbian bu fangbian?        be convenient for you?
-
-      方便，方便。
-   B: Fāngbian, fāngbian.              That would be fine.
-
-Notes on Nos. 4-5
-
-Gēn...yíyàng hǎo: Yíyàng is an adjectival verb meaning “to be the same.”
-When a sentence tells you in what respect the compared items are alike,
-yíyàng acts as an adverb and may be translated as “equally.”
-
-  我們兩個認得車                            一樣。
-  Wǒmen liǎngge rénde chē                yíyàng.
-  (the cars belonging to the two of us   alike)
-    “Our cars are alike.”
-
-  我們兩個認得車                            一樣貴。
-  Wǒmen liǎngge rénde chē                yíyàng guì.
-  (the cars belonging to the two of us   equally expensive)
-    “Our cars are equally expensive.”
-
-The area of comparability may be described by predicates other than
-adjectival verbs.
-
-  他們兩個人           都    一樣     喜歡     念書。
-  Tāmen liǎngge rén  dōu   yíyàng  xǐhuan  niàn shū.
-  (the two of them   both  equally like    to study)
-    “The two of them are equally studious.”
-
-The items being compared may be expressed separately, using gēn. In this
-case, gēn is the prepositional verb meaning “with.” The item preceding gēn
-is compared WITH the object of gēn.
-
-
-[185]
-  我的車     跟     他的  車     一樣。
-  Wǒde chē  gēn   tāde  chē   yíyàng.
-  (my car   with  his   car   alike)
-    “My car is like his.”
-
-Gēn may be used to compare nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, and
-clauses. Often one of the two phrases or clauses is a shorter form of
-the other.
-
-  你説得       跟      美國人(説得)          yiyang  好。
-  Nǐ shuōde   gēn     Měiguo rén (shuōde) yíyàng  hǎo.
-  (you speak  with    American    [speak] equally good)
-  ”You speak as well as an American.”
-
-  我的車      跟     他的(車)      一樣。
-  Wǒde chē   gēn   tāde (chē)   yíyàng.
-  (my car    with  his  [car]   alike)
-    “My car is like his (car).”
-
-  你(開得)       跟    我    開得     一樣      快
-  Nǐ   (kāide)  gēn   wō   kāide   yíyàng   kuài.
-  (you [drive]  with  me   drive   equally  fast)
-
-“You drive as fast as I do.”
-
-
-      我沒請什麽人。很隨便。
-6. A: Wǒ méi qǐng shénme rén. Hěn      I haven’t invited anyone special,
-      suíbiàn.                         It’s very informal.
-
-       那就先謝了。
-   B:  Nà jiù xiān xiè le.             Well then, I’ll thank you in advance.
-
-Notes on No. 6
-
-Méi qǐng shénme rén: In this sentence, shénme is not the question
-word “what” “but is the indefinite “any.” When used with bù or méi, shénme
-rén means “anyone special,” or “anyone in particular.” All question words
-may follow the verbs in negative statements to give similar meanings. Here
-are some examples of “any___ special” meanings:
-
-  我沒吃什麽飯。
-  Wǒ méi chī shénme fàn.              I didn’t eat much of anything.
-
-  我沒跟誰去。
-  Wǒ méi gēn shéi qù.                 I didn’t go with anybody special.
-
-  我沒到那兒去。
-  Wǒ méi dào nǎr qù.                  I didn’t go anyplace in particular.
-
-[186]
-
-  我沒有多少前。
-  Wǒ méiyou duōshao qián.              I don’t have any money to speak of.
-
-  我不要幾個。
-  Wǒ bú yào jǐge.                      I don’t want but a few. (I want only
-                                       a few.)
-
-Suíbiàn is a frequently used expression which has connotations of
-“casual,” as contrasted with kèqi, “proper” or “formal.” Literally, suíbiàn
-means “according to convenience.” Here are some examples:
-
-  怎麽做？
-  Zěnme zuò?                           How shall we do it?
-
-  隨便。
-  Suíbiàn.                             However you like.
-
-  隨便什麽時候來。
-  Suíbiàn shénme shíhou lái.           Come anytime you like.
-
-  隨便坐哪兒都可以。
-  Suíbiàn zuò nǎr dōu kéyi.            You may sit anywhere you like.
-
-
-Nà jiù xiān xiè le: In this sentence, nà is acting as an adverb
-meaning “in that case,” “if so,” or “then.” The English translation “I’ll
-thank you in advance, then” is very formal. You would be more likely to
-say something like “Great. I’m looking forward to it.”
-
-7.  bù tóng               不同          to be different
-8.  chá                   茶            tea
-9.  chī fàn               吃飯          to eat, to have a meal
-10. dànshi                但是          but
-11. érqiě                 而且          furthermore, moreover
-12. fàn                   飯            (cooked) rice
-13. hē                    喝            to drink
-14. jiāo shū              教書          to teach
-
-
-Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
-
-Bù tóng may be used in much the same way as bù yíyàng. Note that bù tóng
-occurs only in the negative. (There is no tóng.)
-
-  上海話和北京話很不同。
-  Shànghái huà hé Běijīng huà          The Shànghǎi dialect and the Běijīng
-  hěn bù tóng.                         dialect are very different.
-
-Chī fàn, “to eat,” is an example of a verb plus a general object used
-to express a general activity. The verb chi may also take specific objects,
-such as miàn, “noodles.”
-
-Dànshi, “but,” is used much like kěshi, “but.”
-
-  河北人聽得懂北京話嗎？
-  Héběi rén tīngdedǒng Běijīng         Can people from Héběi understand
-  huà ma?                              the Běijīng dialect?
-
-  聽得懂，但是河北話和北京話不一樣。
-  Tīngdedǒng, dànshi Héběi huà         Yes, but the Héběi dialect and the
-  hé Běijīng huà bù yíyàng.            Běijīng dialect are different.
-
-[187]
-
-Érqiě, “furthermore,” “moreover”: Use érqiě at the beginning of a
-sentence or clause.
-
-  這個花瓶太貴，而且也太大了。我不想買。
-  Zhèige huāpíng tài guì, érqiě        This vase is too expensive, and
-  yě tài dà le. Wǒ bù xiǎng            furthermore it’s too big. I don’t
-  mǎi.                                 want to buy it.
-
-Fàn, “(cooked) rice”: The definition of fàn is qualified as “cooked”
-because the Chinese use several words for “rice,” depending on whether it
-is in the field, ready to cook, or on the table.
-
-Jiāo shū is a verb plus a general object meaning “to teach.” Jiāo may
-be used without its general object, as in Jiāo Zhōngwén, “teach the Chinese
-language.”
-
-
-[188]
-
-DRILLS
-
-A. Substitution Drill
-
-             黃科長，你明天晚上有功夫嗎？         黃科長，你明天早上有功夫嗎？
-1.  Speaker: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ         You: Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ míngtiān
-             míngtiān wǎnshang yǒu          zǎoshang yǒu gōngfu ma?
-             gōngfu ma?                     (Section Chief Huáng, are you
-                                             free tomorrow morning?)
-                  明天早上
-            (cue) míngtiān zǎoshang
-            (Section Chief Huáng,
-             are you free tomorrow
-             evening?)
-
-    黃科長，你明天早上有功夫嗎？             黃科長，你星期四有功夫嗎？
-2.  Huáng Kēzhāng, nǐ míngtiān         Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ Xīngqīsì
-    zǎoshang yǒu gōngfu ma?            yǒu gōngfu ma?
-
-    星期四
-    Xīngqīsì
-
-    黃科長，你星期四有功夫嗎？              黃科長，你今天晚上有功夫嗎？
-3.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ Xīngqīsì         Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ jīntiān wǎnshang
-    yǒu gōngfu ma?                     yǒu gōngfu ma?
-
-    今天晚上
-    jīntiān wǎnshang
-
-    黃科長，你今天晚上有功夫嗎？             黃科長，你下星期六有功夫嗎？
-4.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ jīntiān          Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ xià Xīngqīliù
-    wǎnshang yǒu gōngfu ma?            yǒu gōngfu ma?
-
-    下星期六
-    xià Xīngqīliù
-
-    黃科長，你下星期六有功夫嗎？             黃科長，你這個星期五有功夫嗎？
-5.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ xià Xīngqīliù    Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige Xīngqīwǔ
-    yǒu gōngfu ma?                     yǒu gōngfu ma?
-
-    這個星期五
-    zhèige Xīngqīwǔ
-
-    黃科長，你這個星期五有功夫嗎？           黃科長，你這個月七號有功夫嗎？
-6.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige           Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige yuè qíhào
-    Xīngqīwu yǒu gōngfu ma?            yǒu gōngfu ma?
-
-    這個月七號
-    zhèige yuè qíhào
-
-    黃科長，你這個月七號有功夫嗎？
-7.  Huáng Kēzhǎng, nǐ zhèige yuè
-    qíhào yǒu gongfu ma?
-
-
-[189]
-
-B.  Expansion Drill
-
-             我想請您。                       我想請您到我們家來吃個便飯。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.        You: Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒmen
-                                            jiā lái chī ge biànfàn.
-                   我們家                    (I would like to invite you to
-             (cue) wǒmen jiā                 our house for a simple meal.)
-             (I would like to invite
-              you.)
-
-             我想請您。                       我想請您到飯館兒去吃個便飯。
-    OR       Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.             Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào fànguǎnr
-                                            qù chī ge biànfàn.
-                   飯館兒                    (I would like to invite you to
-             (cue) fànguǎnr                  go to a restaurant for a
-             (I would like to invite         simple meal.)
-              you.)
-
-    他想請您。                           他想請您到民族飯店去吃個便飯。
-2.  Tā xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Tā xiǎng qǐng nín dào Mínzú Fàndiàn
-                                       qù chī ge biànfàn.
-    民族飯店
-    Mínzú Fàndiàn
-
-    我想請您。                           我想請您到我父母家來吃個便飯。
-3.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒ fùmǔ jiā
-                                       lái chī ge biànfàn.
-    我父母家
-    wǒ fùmù jiā
-
-    我想請您。                           我想請您到北京飯店去吃個便飯。
-4.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào Běijīng
-                                       Fàndiàn qù chī ge biànfàn.
-    北京飯店
-    Běijīng Fàndiàn
-
-    我想請您。                           我想請您到那個飯館兒去吃個便飯。
-5.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào nèige fànguǎnr
-                                       qù chī ge biànfàn.
-    那個飯館兒
-    nèige fànguǎnr
-
-    我想請您。                           我想請您到我家來吃個便飯。
-6.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín.                 Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín dào wǒ jiā lái
-                                       chī ge biànfàn.
-    我家
-    wǒ jiā
-
-
-C. Response Drill
-
-             他在臺灣大學工作嗎？               對了。他在臺灣大學教經濟學。
-1.  Speaker: Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué       You: Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué
-             gōngzuò ma?                    jiāo jīngjixué.
-
-                   經濟學
-             (cue) jīngjixué                (That’s right. He teaches
-             (Does he work at Táiwān         economics at Táiwān
-              University?)                   University.)
-
-
-    他在德州大學工作嗎？                   對了。他在德州大學教歷史。
-2.  Tā zài Dézhōu Dàxué gōngzuò ma?    Duì le. Tā zài Dézhōu Dàxué jiāo
-                                       lìshǐ.
-    歷史
-    lìshǐ
-
-    李先生在加州大學工作嗎？                對了。他在加州大學教政治學。
-3.  Lǐ Xiānsheng zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué     Duì le. Tā zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo
-    gōngzuò ma?                        zhèngzhixué.
-
-    政治學
-    zhèngzhixué
-
-    陳先生在賓州大學工作嗎？                對了。他在賓州大學教中文。
-4.  Chén Xiānsheng zài Bīnzhōu         Duì le. Tā zài Bīnzhōu Dàxué jiāo
-    Dàxué gōngzuò ma?                  Zhōngwén.
-
-    中文
-    Zhōngwén
-
-    安德森先生在臺灣大學工作嗎？            對了。他在臺灣大學教英國文學。
-5.  Āndésēn Xiānsheng zài Táiwān       Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo
-    Dàxué gōngzuò ma?                  Yīngguo wénxué.
-
-    英國文學
-    Yīngguo wénxué
-
-
-[190]
-
-    王先生在臺灣大學工作嗎？                對了。他在臺灣大學教中國文學。
-6.  Wáng Xiānsheng zài Táiwān Dàxué    Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo
-    gōngzuò ma?                        Zhōngguo wénxué.
-
-    中國文學
-    Zhōngguo wénxué
-
-    赵小姐在臺灣大學工作嗎？                對了。他在臺灣大學教中國歷史。
-7.  Zhào Xiǎojie zài Táiwān Dàxué      Duì le. Tā zài Táiwān Dàxué jiāo
-    gōngzuò ma?                        Zhōngguo lìshi.
-
-    中國歷史
-    Zhōngguo lìshǐ
-
-
-D. Transformation Drill
-
-             我給你們介紹介紹。                 我很想給你們跟王同志介紹介紹。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao      You: Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn
-             jièshao.                       Wáng Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao
-                                            (I would very much like to
-                   王同志                     introduce yǒu and Comrade
-             (cue) Wǎng Tóngzhì              Wáng.)
-             (I’ll introduce you.)
-
-    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟劉同志介紹介紹。
-2.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Liú
-                                       Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao.
-    劉同志
-    Liú Tóngzhì
-
-    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟赵同志介紹介紹。
-3.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhào
-                                       Tóngzhì jièshao jièshao.
-    赵同志
-    Zhào Tóngzhì
-
-    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟張先生介紹介紹。
-4.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhāng
-                                       Xiānsheng jièshao jièshao.
-    張先生
-    Zhāng Xiānsheng
-
-    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟楊女士介紹介紹。
-5.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Yǎng
-                                       Nǚshì jièshao jièshao.
-    楊女士
-    Yáng Nǚshì
-
-    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟張科長介紹介紹。
-6.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhāng
-                                       Kēzhǎng jièshao jièshao.
-    張科長
-    Zhāng Kēzhǎng
-
-    我給你們介紹介紹。                     我很想給你們跟李少校介紹介紹。
-7.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.      Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Lǐ
-                                       Shàoxiào jièshao jièshao.
-    李少校
-    Lǐ Shàoxiào
-
-
-[191]
-
-E.  Expansion Drill
-
-             他聽不見。                       他不但聽不見也看不見。
-1.  Speaker: Tā tīngbujiàn.            You: Tā búdàn tīngbujiàn yě
-                                            kànbujiàn.
-                   看不見                    (Not only can’t he hear, [but]
-             (cue) kànbujiàn                 he can’t see either.)
-             (He can’t hear.)
-
-    他説不對。         聽不懂              他不但説不對也聽不懂。
-2.  Tā shuōbuduì.    tīngbudǒng        Ta búdàn shuōbuduì yě tīngbudǒng.
-
-    他吃不好。         喝不好              他不但吃不好也喝不好。
-3.  Tā chībuhǎo.     hēbuhǎo           Ta búdàn chībuhǎo yě hēbuhǎo.
-
-    他説不對。         寫不對              他不但説不對也寫不對。
-4.  Tā shuōbuduì.    xiěbuduì          Tā búdàn shuōbuduì yě xiěbuduì.
-
-    他看不懂。         聽不懂              他不但看不懂也聽不懂。
-5.  Tā kànbudǒng.    tīngbudǒng        Tā búdàn kànbudǒng yě tīngbudǒng.
-
-    他聽不懂。         説不對              他不但聽不懂也説不對。
-6.  Tā tīngbudǒng.   shuōbuduì         Tā búdàn tīngbudǒng yě shuōbuduì.
-
-    他看不見。         聽不見              他不但看不見也聽不見。
-7.  Tā kànbujiàn.    tīngbujiàn        Tā búdàn kànbujiàn yě tīngbujiàn.
-
-
-F.  Combination Drill
-
-             他説得不好。他聽不懂。              他不但説得不好也聽不懂。
-1.  Speaker: Tā shuōde bù hǎo. Tā      You: Tā búdàn shuōde bù hǎo yě
-             tīngbudǒng.                    tīngbudǒng.
-             (He speaks poorly. He          (He not only speaks poorly,
-              can’t understand.)             [but] he can’t understand
-                                             either.)
-
-            他説得不好。我説得不好。              不但説得不好我也説得不好。
-         OR Tā shuōde bù hǎo. Wǒ            Búdàn tǎ shuōde bù hǎo wǒ yě
-            shuōde bù hǎo.                  shuōde bù hǎo.
-            (He speaks poorly. I            (Not only does he speak poorly,
-             speak poorly.)                  [but] I speak poorly too.)
-
-    他念得好。他寫得好。                    他不但念得好也寫得好。
-2.  Tā niànde hǎo. Tā xiědehǎo.        Tā búdàn niànde hǎo yě xiědehāo.
-
-    他念得好。我念得好。                    不但他念得好也念得好。
-3.  Tā niànde hǎo. Wǒ niànde hǎo.      Búdàn tā niànde hǎo wǒ yě niànde hǎo.
-
-    他聽不懂。他説不好。                    他不但聽不懂也説不好。
-4.  Tā tīngbudǒng. Tā shuōbuhǎo.       Tā búdàn tīngbudǒng yě shuōbuhǎo.
-
-    他開得不好。我開得不好。                不但他開得不好也開得不好。
-5.  Tā kāide bù hǎo. Wǒ kāide bù hǎo.  Búdàn tā kāide bù hǎo wǒ yě kāide
-                                       bù hǎo.
-
-    他看不見。他聽不懂。                    他不但看不見也聽不懂。
-6.  Tā kànbujiàn. Tā tīngbudǒng.       Tā búdàn kànbujiàn yě tīngbudǒng.
-
-
-[192]
-
-G.  Transformation Drill
-
-             我不能到中國去。我的中文不行。        我很希望到中國去，不過恐怕我的中文不行。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒ bù néng dào Zhōngguo   You: Wǒ hěn xīwàng dào Zhōngguo qù,
-             qù. Wǒde Zhōngwén bù           búguò kǒngpà wǒde Zhōngwén
-             xíng.                          bù xíng.
-             (I can’t go to China.          (I hope very much to go to
-              My Chinese isn’t good          China, but I’m afraid my
-              enough.)                       Chinese isn’t good enough.)
-
-    他不可以學中文。他沒有功夫。             他很希望學中文，不過恐怕他沒有功夫。
-2.  Tā bù kéyi xué Zhōngwén. Tā        Tā hěn xīwàng xué Zhōngwén, búguò
-    méiyou gōngfu.                     kǒngpà tā méiyou gōngfu.
-
-    我不可以買東西。我的錢不夠。             我很希望買東西，不過恐怕我的錢不夠。
-3.  Wǒ bù kéyi mǎi dōngxi. Wǒde        Wǒ hěn xīwàng mǎi dōngxi, búguò
-    qián bú gòu.                       kǒngpà wǒde qián bú gòu.
-
-    我不能去看朋友。我沒有功夫。             我很希望去看朋友，不過恐怕我沒有功夫。
-4.  Wǒ bù néng qù kàn péngyou. Wǒ      Wǒ hěn xīwàng qù kàn péngyou,
-    méiyou gōngfu.                     búguò kǒngpà wǒ méiyou gōngfu.
-
-    我不能説中國話。我的中國話不行。          我很希望説中國話，不過恐怕我的中國話不行。
-5.  Wǒ bù néng shuō Zhōngguo huà.      Wǒ hěn xīwàng shuō Zhōngguo huà,
-    Wǒde Zhōngguo huà bù xíng.         búguò kǒngpà wǒde Zhōngguo huà bù
-                                       xíng.
-
-    我不能跟他去吃飯。我沒有時間。            我很希望跟他去吃飯，不過恐怕我沒有時間。
-6.  Wǒ bù néng gēn tā qù chī fàn.      Wǒ hěn xīwàng gēn tā qù chī fàn,
-    Wǒ méiyou shíjiàn.                 búguò kǒngpà wǒ méiyou shíjiān.
-
-    我不可以可以去開會。我聽不懂他們説的話。   我很希望去開會，不過恐怕我聽不懂他們説的話。
-7.  Wǒ bù kéyi qù kāi huì. Wǒ          Wǒ hěn xīwàng qù kāi huì, búguò
-    tīngbudǒng tāmen shuōde huà.       kǒngpà wǒ tīngbudǒng tāmen
-                                       shuōde huà.
-
-
-H.  Transformation Drill
-
-             你的茶跟他的一樣多。               你喝茶，喝得跟他一樣多。
-1.  Speaker: Nǐde chá gēn tāde         You: Nǐ hē chá, hēde gēn tā yíyàng
-             yíyàng duō.                    duō.
-                                            (You drink as much tea as he
-                   喝                        does.)
-             (cue) hē
-             (You have as much tea
-              as he does.)
-
-    你的東西跟他的一樣便宜。                你買東西，買得跟他的一樣便宜。
-2.  Nǐde dōngxi gēn tāde yíyàng        Nǐ mǎi dōngxi, mǎide gēn tā yíyàng
-    piányi.                            piányi.
-
-    買
-    mǎi
-
-    你的書跟他的一樣多。                   你念書，念得跟他的一樣多。
-3.  Nǐde shū gēn tāde yíyàng duō.      Nǐ niàn shū, niànde gēn tā yíyàng
-                                       duo.
-    念
-    niàn
-
-    你的書跟他的一樣好。                   你教書，教得跟他的一樣好。
-4.  Nǐde shū gēn tāde yíyàng hǎo.      Nǐ jiāo shū, jiāode gēn tā yíyàng
-                                       hǎo.
-    教
-    jiāo
-
-[193]
-
-    你的飯跟他的一樣多。                   你吃飯，吃得跟他的一樣多。
-5.  Nǐde fàn gēn tāde yíyàng duō.      Nǐ chī fàn, chīde gēn tā yíyàng duō.
-
-    吃
-    chī
-
-    你的電話跟他的一樣多。                  你打電話，打得跟他的一樣多。
-6.  Nǐde diànhuà gēn tāde yíyàng duō.  Nǐ dǎ diànhuà, dǎde gēn tā yíyàng
-                                       duō.
-    打
-    dǎ
-
-    你的中國話跟他的一樣好。                你説中國話，説得跟他的一樣好。
-7.  Nǐde Zhōngguo huà gēn tāde yíyàng  Nǐ shuō Zhōngguo huà, shuōde gēn tā
-    hao.                               yíyàng hǎo.
-
-    説
-    shuō
-
-
-I. Response Drill
-
-             你請了幾個人？                    我沒請幾個人。
-1.  Speaker: Nǐ qǐngle jǐge rén?       You: Wǒ méi qǐng jǐge rén.
-             (How many people did           (I didn’t invite many at all
-              you invite?)
-
-             他喝什麽？                       他不喝什麽。
-          OR Tā hē shénme?                  Tā bù hē shénme.
-             (What does he drink?)          (He doesn’t drink much of
-                                             anything.)
-
-    你請誰？                            我不請誰。
-2.  Nǐ qǐng shéi?                      Wǒ bù qǐng shéi.
-
-    他買了幾本書？                       他沒買幾本書。
-3.  Tā mǎile jǐběn shū?                Tā méi mǎi jǐběn shū.
-
-    你請什麽人？                         我不請什麽人。
-4.  Nǐ qǐng shénme rén?                Wǒ bù qǐng shénme rén.
-
-    他到哪兒去了？                       他沒到哪兒去。
-5.  Tā dào nǎr qù le?                  Tā méi dào nǎr qù.
-
-    你有多少錢？                         我沒有多少錢。
-6.  Nǐ yǒu duōshao qián?               Wǒ méiyǒu duōshao qián.
-
-
-
-[194]
-
-UNIT 4
-
-REFERENCE LIST
-
-       黃科長，黃太太，歡迎歡迎。
-1.  A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, Huáng Tàitai,    Section Chief Huáng, Mrs. Huáng—
-       huānyíng, huānyíng.             welcome.
-
-       請進。
-    A: Qǐng jìn.                       Please come in.
-
-       富太太，您好？
-2.  B: Fù Tàitai, nín hǎo?             How are you, Mrs. Franklin?
-
-       這是一點小意思。
-    B: Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.       Here is a small token of appreciation.
-
-       我知道您喜歡山水畫。
-3.  B: Wǒ zhīdào nín xǐhuan            I know you like landscape paintings.
-       shānshuǐ huà.
-
-       特別請朋友給您畫了一張。
-    B: Tèbiě qǐng péngyou gěi nín      I asked a friend to paint one
-       huàle yìzhang.                  especially for you.
-
-       您真是太客氣。謝謝。
-   *A: Nín zhēn shi tài kèqi.          You are really too polite. Thanks.
-       Xièxie.
-
-       來，我給你們介紹介紹。
-    A: Lái, wǒ gěi nīmen jièshao       Come. I’ll introduce the two of
-       jièshao.                        you.
-
-       這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。
-4.  A: Zhèiwei shi He Jiàoshòu,        This is Professor Hollins, who
-       zài Táidà jiāo jīngjixué.       teaches economics at Táiwān
-                                       University.
-       何教授，這位是黃科長，在臺灣銀行工作。
-    A: Hé Jiàoshòu, zhèiwei shi        Professor Hollins, this is Section
-       Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài              Chief Huáng, who works at the
-       Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò.         Bank of Táiwān.
-
-       這位是黃太太。
-    A: Zhèiwei shi Huáng Tàitai.       This is Mrs. Huáng.
-
-       久仰，久仰。
-5.  B: Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng.               Glad to meet you.
-
-       您來了多久了？
-    B: Nín láile duó jiǔ le?           How long have you been here?
-
-       久仰。我剛來兩個月。
-    C: Jiǔyǎng. Wǒ gāng lai            Glad to meet you. It has been only
-       liǎngge yuè.                    two months since I came.
-
-       還有很多不熟悉的地方。
-6.  C: Hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide     There is still much I’m not familiar
-       dìfang.                         with.
-
-       以後還要向您請教。
-    C: Yǐhòu hái yào xiàng nín         Later I’ll need to request more
-       qǐngjiào.                       advice from you.
-
-*The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape.
-
-
-[195]
-       哪裏，哪裏。
-7.  B: Náli, náli.                     Not at all, not at all.
-
-       希望以後有機會多見面。
-    B: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō      I hope that in the future we will
-       jiànmiàn.                       have an opportunity to meet more.
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-8.  fāngfǎ                方法          method, way, means
-
-
-9.  fázi                  法子          method, way
-
-
-10. huàr                  畫兒          painting (Běijīng pronunciation)
-
-
-11. qǐng zuò              請坐          please sit down
-
-
-12. shèhuìxué             社會學        sociology
-
-
-13. túshūguǎn             圖書館        library
-
-
-14. zuò                   坐           to sit
-
-
-[196]
-
-VOCABULARY
-
-  fāngfǎ                    方法           method, way, means
-  fázi                      法子           method, way (Běijīng)
-
-  huà  畫 to paint
-  huà(r) (yìzhāng)          畫兒 (一張)     a painting
-  huānyíng                  歡迎           to welcome
-
-  jiānmiàn                  見面           to meet someone, to see someone
-  jiàoshòu                  教授           professor
-  jìn                       進             to enter
-  jiǔyǎng                   久仰           glad to meet you
-
-  qǐngjiào                  請教           to ask advice, to consult
-  qǐng zuo                  請坐           please sit down
-
-  shānshuǐ                  山水           mountains and rivers,
-                                          scenery with hills and water
-  shānshuī huà(r) (yìzhāng) 山水畫兒 (一張) landscape painting
-  shèhuìxué                 社會學         sociology
-  shóuxi                    熟悉           to be familiar
-
-  Tāidà                     台大           Táiwān University
-  tèbié                     特別           especially
-  túshūguǎn                 圖書館         library
-
-  xiang                     向            towards; from
-  xiǎo yìsi                 小意思         a token of appreciation
-
-  zuo                       坐            to sit
-
-(introduced on C-2 and. P-2 tapes)
-
-  biǎoyǎn                   表演          to give a demonstration
-  bú dà hǎo mǎi             不大好買       not very easy to buy
-  duì...shóuxi              對...熟悉     to be familiar with
-  Jiàoyubù                  教育部        Ministry of Education
-  mǎi cài                   買菜          to buy groceries
-  sòng gěi                  送給          to give
-  xǐ yīshang                洗衣裳        to to wash clothes
-  yánjiu                    研究          to study, to do research
-  yòuéryuǎn                 幼兒園        kindergarten
-  yóu huà                   油畫          oil painting
-  zhǎnlǎn                   展覽          exhibition
-  zhàogu                    照顧          to take care of
-  zuò fan                   做飯          to cook
-  zuòyè                     作業          homework
-
-
-[197]
-
-REFERENCE NOTES
-
-       黃科長，黃太太，歡迎歡迎。
-1.  A: Huáng Kēzhǎng, Huáng Tàitai,    Section Chief Huang, Mrs. Huang—
-       huānyíng, huānyíng.             welcome.
-
-       請進。
-    A: Qǐng jìn.                       Please come in.
-
-       富太太，您好？
-2.  B: Fù Tàitai, nín hǎo?             How are you, Mrs. Franklin?
-
-       這是一點小意思。
-    B: Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.       Here is a small token of appreciation.
-
-Note on Nos. 1-2
-
-Xiǎo yìsi: Y0u have already seen yìsi in the expression yǒu yìsi, “to
-be interesting.” Yìsi means “meaning,” “significance,” “intention,” “idea.”
-In No. 2, above, xiǎo yìsi (literally, “small [good] intent”) is an idiomatic
-expression meaning “a small (token of my) feelings of appreciation.”
-
-
-       我知道您喜歡山水畫。
-3.  B: Wǒ zhīdao nín xǐhuan shānshuǐ   I know you like landscape paintings.
-       huà.
-
-       特別請朋友給您畫一張。
-    B: Tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín      I asked a friend to paint one
-       huàle yìzhāng.                  especially for you.
-
-       您真是太客氣。謝謝。
-    A: Nín zhēn shi tài kèqi.          You are really too polite. Thanks.
-       Xièxie.
-
-       來，我給你們介紹介紹。
-    A: Lái, wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao       Come. I’ll introduce the two of you.
-       jièshao.
-
-Notes on No. 3
-
-Shānshuǐ, “mountains and rivers,” “scenery with hills and water,” is a
-compound made up of shān, “mountain,” and shuǐ, “water.” In shānshuǐ, shuǐ
-refers to rivers or lakes.
-
-Tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín huàle yìzhāng: Notice that the verb huà is
-followed by the completion marker le. For this reason, the sentence means
-that the painting has been finished. The completed-action sense of huàle
-might he captured by looser translations of the sentence, like “I asked a
-friend, and he painted one for you” and “I asked a friend, who painted one
-for you.”
-
-The sentence Wǒ tèbié qǐng péngyou gěi nín huà yìzhāng, without le, does
-not indicate whether the painting has been finished or not. The sentence
-might he used when a speaker thinks that a painting has not yet been
-finished.
-
-[198]
-
-Zhēn shi tài kèqi, “really too polite,” is a variation of Nín zhēn tài
-kèqi. Shi is sometimes used simply to show that the subject of a sentence
-fits the description that follows.
-
-       這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。
-4.  A: Zhèiwei shi Hé Jiàoshòu, zài    This is Professor Hollins, who
-       Táidà jiāo jīngjixué.           teaches economics at Táiwān
-                                       University.
-
-       何教授，這位是黃科長，在臺灣銀行工作。
-    A: Hé Jiàoshòu, zhèiwei shi        Professor Hollins, this is Section
-       Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān       Chief Huáng, who works at the
-       Yínháng gōngzuò.                Bank of Táiwān.
-
-       這位是黃太太。
-    A: Zhèiwei shi Huáng Tàitai.       This is Mrs. Huáng.
-
-Notes on No. 4
-
-Jiàoshòu, “professor”: The first syllable in this word means “teaching.”
-Notice that the tone on jiào is different from the tone on the verb “to
-teach,” jiāo.
-
-Táidà is the abbreviation for Táiwān Dàxué, “Táiwān University.”
-
-Zhèiwei shi Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò looks like a
-run-on sentence, with the pronoun tā dropped from the second part of the
-sentence. In Chinese, this is a perfectly good way to add a second clause
-to a sentence. To characterize a person or thing just identified, the
-Chinese simply attach a descriptive sentence and omit the subject. You
-have already learned this pattern: Wángfǔjǐng Dàjiē yǒu yige Xīnhuá Shūdiàn,
-hěn dà. Here are some additional examples:
-
-  他太太是日本人，現在在上海。
-  Tā tàitai shi Rìběn rén,             His wife is Japanese; she is in
-  xiànzài zài Shànghǎi.                Shanghai now.
-
-  我有一個朋友姓吾，在東海大學教書
-  明年想到美國去。
-  Wǒ yǒu yige péngyou xìng Wú,         I have a friend named Wú who teaches
-  zài Dōnghǎi Dàxué jiāo shū,          at Dōnghāi University. He is
-  míngnián xiǎng dào Měiguo qù.        planning to go to America next
-                                       year.
-
-
-[199]
-
-       久仰，久仰。
-5.  B: Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng.               Glad to meet you.
-
-       您來了多久了？
-    B: Nín láile duó jiǔ le?           How long have you been here?
-
-       久仰。我剛來兩個月。
-    C: Jiǔyǎng. Wǒ gāng lái            Glad to meet you. It has been only
-       liǎngge yuè.                    two months since I came.
-
-Notes on No. 5
-
-Jiǔyǎng means, literally, “I have looked up to you for a long time” or
-“I have looked forward to meeting you.” It is used when meeting someone
-of higher status. Because jiǔyǎng implies a status difference, the
-expression is not often used in the PRC.
-
-Gāng, “only just”: you have learned the sentence Wǒ láile liǎngge yuè
-le, “I have been here two months now.” In the last sentence of exchange 5.
-notice that no le is needed. The focus has shifted from the coming to the
-shortness of the period; that is, the focus is on gāng.
-
-       還有很多不熟悉的地方。
-6.  C: Hái yǒu hěn duō bù shǒuxide     There is still much I’m not familiar
-       dìfang.                         with.
-
-       以後還要向您請教。
-    C: Yǐhòu hái yào xiàng nín         Later I’ll need to request more
-       qǐngjiào.                       advice from you.
-
-Notes on No. 6
-
-Shóuxi, “to be familiar [with the details of something],” is also
-pronounced shúxi.
-
-Dìfang means “areas,” “aspects” (NOT “places”) in the first sentence of
-No. 6. Thus shóuxide dìfang means “areas/aspects one is familiar with.”
-
-Xiàng nín qǐngjiào is a polite way of requesting advice from someone—for
-example, a teacher, an advisor, or a senior colleague. Here, the
-prepositional verb xiàng means “from.” (You learned xiàng as “towards”
-in the Directions Module.) Literally, it means “facing.” Less formally,
-you may also say gēn nín qǐngjiào. Qǐngjiào (literally, “request
-instruction”) may be reduplicated or used with an object in sentences like
-the following:
-
-  我要跟您請教一件事。
-  Wǒ yào gēn nín qǐngjiào              I would like to consult with you
-  yíjiàn shi.                          about something.
-
-  我要跟您請教請教。
-  Wǒ yào gēn nín qǐngjiào
-  qǐngjiào.
-
-Yíhòu hái yào...: In this sentence, hái means “still more,” or
-“additionally.”
-
-
-[200]
-
-       哪裏，哪裏。
-7.  B: Náli, náli.                     Not at all, not at all.
-
-       希望以後有機會多見面。
-    B: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō      I hope that in the future we will
-       jiànmiàn.                       have an opportunity to meet more.
-
-Note on No. 7
-
-The adjectival verb duō, “to be much,” “to be many,” is used in No. 7
-as an adverb meaning “much,” “more.” Shǎo may be used in the same way.
-
-  咖啡不能多喝。
-  Kāfēi bù néng duō hē.                One must not drink too much coffee.
-
-  你多吃點兒吧。
-  Nǐ duō chī diǎnr ba.                 Eat a little more.
-
-  他多住了兩天。
-  Tā duō zhùle liāngtiǎn.              He stayed two days longer.
-
-  我少買了一張票。
-  Wǒ shǎo mǎile yìzhāng piào.          I bought one ticket too few.
-                                       (more literally, “I underbought
-                                        by one ticket.”)
-
-  他説他要少吃。
-  Tā shuō tā yào shǎo chī.             He says he wants to eat less (cut
-                                       down on eating).
-
-
-
-8.  fāngfǎ                方法          method, way, means
-
-
-9.  fázi                  法子          method, way
-
-
-10. huàr                  畫           painting (Běijīng pronunciation)
-
-
-11. qǐng zuō              請坐          please have a seat
-
-
-12. shèhuìxué             社會學        sociology
-
-
-13. túshūguǎn             圖書館        library
-
-
-l4. zuò                   坐           to sit
-
-
-Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
-
-Here are a few sentences illustrating some of the words:
-
-你的社會學學得怎麽好！你用什麽方法念得？
-Nǐde shèhuìxué xuéde zhènme            You learned your sociology so well!
-hǎo! Nǐ yòng shénme fāngfǎ             How do you study it?
-niànde?
-
-每天在圖書館四個鐘頭。
-Měitiān zài túshūguǎn sìge             I spend four hours in the library
-zhōngtóu.                              everyday.
-
-唉！我沒有法子在圖書館坐四個鐘頭
-Ài! Wǒ méiyou fázi zài                 Boy! There’s no way I can sit in
-túshūguǎn zuò sìge                     the library for four hours.
-zhōngtóu.
-
-
-[201]
-
-VOCABULARY BOOSTER
-
-  Opposites
-
-  安靜                             熱鬧
-  ānjìng                          rènao
-  to be peaceful                  to be lively
-                                  to be bustling
-                                  to be noisy
-
-  長                              短
-  cháng                           duǎn
-  to be long                      to be short
-
-  聰明                             笨
-  cōngming                        bèn
-  to be intelligent               to be stupid
-  to be bright                    to be foolish
-
-  大                              小
-  dà                              xiǎo
-  to be large                     to be small
-
-  到達                             離開
-  dàodá                           líkāi
-  to arrive                       to leave
-  to reach
-
-  對                              錯
-  duì                             cuò
-  to be correct                   to make a mistake
-                                  to be wrong
-
-  乾净                             髒
-  gānjìng (gānjing)               zāng
-  to be clean                     to be dirty
-
-  高                              矮
-  gāo                             ǎi
-  to be tall                      to be short (of stature)
-
-  高興                             難過
-  gāoxìng                         nánguò
-  to be happy                     to feel sorry
-                                  to feel bad
-                                  to be grieved
-
-  工作                             休息
-  gōngzuò                         xiūxi
-  to work                         to rest
-                                  to relax
-
-  好                              壞
-  hǎo                             huài
-  to be good                      to be bad
-  to be well
-
-  簡單                             複雜
-  jiǎndān                         fùzá (fǔzá)
-  to be simple                    to be complicated
-                                  to be complex
-
-[202]
-
-  健康                             有病
-  jiànkāng                        yǒu bìng
-  to be healthy                   to be ill
-                                  to be sick
-
-  寬                              窄
-  kuān                            zhǎi
-  to be wide                      to be narrow
-  to be broad
-
-  來                              去
-  lái                             qù
-  to come                         to go
-
-  累                              有精神
-  lèi                             yǒu jīngshen
-  to be tired                     to be lively
-                                  to be spirited
-                                  to be vigorous
-
-  冷                              熱
-  lěng                            rè
-  to be cold                      to be hot
-
-  涼快                             暖和
-  liángkuai                       nuǎnhuo
-  to be cool                      to be warm
-
-  滿                               空
-  mǎn                             kōng
-  to be full                      to be vacant
-                                  to be empty
-
-  慢                              快
-  màn                             kuài
-  to be slow                      to be fast
-
-  忙                              閑
-  máng                            xián
-  to be busy                      to be idle
-                                  to be unoccupied
-
-  年輕                             老
-  niánqīng                        lǎo
-  to be young                     to be old (in years
-
-  便宜                             貴
-  piányi                          guì
-  to be inexpensive               to be expensive
-  to be cheap
-
-  漂亮                             難看
-  piàoliang                       nánkàn
-  to be beautiful                 to be ugly
-
-  強                              弱
-  qiáng                           ruò
-  to be strong                    to be weak
-
-  容易                             難
-  róngyi                          nán
-  to be easy                      to be difficult
-
-  生                              死
-  shēng                           sǐ
-  to be born                      to die
-
-[203]
-
-  甜                              苦
-  tián                            kǔ
-  to be sweet                     to be bitter
-
-  停                              走
-  tíng                            zǒu
-  to stop                         to go
-  to halt                         to walk
-
-  推                              拉
-  tuī                             lā
-  to push                         to pull
-
-  遠                              近
-  yuǎn                            jìn
-  to be far                       to be near
-
-  早                              晚
-  zǎo                             wǎn
-  to be early                     to be late
-
-  真                              假
-  zhēn                            jiǎ
-  to be true                      to be false
-  to be real                      to be fake
-  to be genuine                   to be artificial
-
-
-[204]
-
-DRILLS
-
-A. Transformation Drill
-
-             我想請他畫一張畫兒。               我特別請他畫了一張畫兒。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒ xiang qǐng ta huà      You: Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta huàle yìzhāng
-             yìzhāng huàr.             huàr.
-             (I’m thinking of asking   (I asked him especially to
-              him to paint a            paint a painting.)
-              painting.)
-
-    我想請他吃一次中國飯。                  我特別請他吃了一次中國飯。
-2.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta chī yícì          Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta chīle yícì Zhōngguo
-    Zhōngguo fàn.                      fàn.
-
-    我想請他買兩張臺北地圖。                我特別請他買了兩張臺北地圖。
-3.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta mǎi liǎngzhāng    Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta mǎile liǎngzhāng
-    Táiběi dìtú.                       Táiběi dìtú.
-
-    我想請他教兩年。                       我特別請他教了兩年。
-4.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta jiāo liǎngnián.   Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta jiāole liǎngnián.
-
-    我想請他畫一張中國畫兒。                我特別請他畫了一張中國畫兒。
-5.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta huà yìzhāng       Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta huàle yìzhāng
-    Zhōngguo huàr.                     Zhōngguo huàr.
-
-    我想請他來一次。                       我特別請他來了一次。
-6.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta lái yícì.         Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta láile yícì.
-
-    我想請他看一次電影。                   我特別請他看了一次電影。
-7.  Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta kàn yícì          Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta kànle yícì diànyǐng.
-    diànyǐng.
-
-
-B.  Combination Drill
-
-             他是何教授。他在台大教經濟學。        這位是何教授，在台大教經濟學。
-1.  Speaker: Tā shi Hé Jiàoshòu.       You: Zhèiwèi shi Hé Jiàozhòu, zài
-             Tā zài Táidà jiāo              Táidà jiāo jīngjixué.
-             jīngjixué.                     (This is Professor Hé, who
-             (He is Professor Hé.            teaches economics at Táiwān
-              He teaches economics           University.)
-              at Táiwān University.)
-
-    她是王科長。她在外交部工作。             這位是王科長，在外交部工作
-2.  Tā shi Wáng Kēzhǎng. Tā zài        Zhèiwèi shi Wáng Kēzhǎng, zài
-    Wàijiāobù gōngzuò.                 Wàijiāobù gōngzuò.
-
-    他是沈少校。他在武官処工作。             這位是沈少校，在武官処工作。
-3.  Tā shi Shěn Shàoxiào. Tā zài       Zhèiwèi shi Shěn Shàoxiào, zài
-    Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.                 Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.
-
-    他是林教授。他在加州大學教書。            這位是林教授，在加州大學教書。
-4.  Tā shi Lín Jiàoshòu. Tā zài        Zhèiwèi shi Lín Jiàoshòu, zài
-    Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo shū.            Jiāzhōu Dàxué jiāo shū.
-
-
-[205]
-
-    他是呂科長。他在臺灣銀行工作。            這位是呂科長，在臺灣銀行工作。
-5.  Tā shi Lǚ Kēzhǎng. Tā zài          Zhèiwèi shi Lǚ Kēzhǎng, zài Táiwān
-    Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò.            Yínháng gōngzuò.
-
-    她是劉小姐。她在台大念書。               這位是劉小姐，在台大念書。
-6.  Tā shi Liú Xiǎojiě. Tā zài         Zhèiwèi shi Liú Xiǎojiě, zài Táidà
-    Táidà niàn shū.                    niàn shū.
-
-    他是韩教授。他在台大教政治學。            這位是韩教授，在台大教政治學。
-7.  Tā shi Hán Jiàoshòu. Tā zài        Zhèiwèi shi Hán Jiàoshòu, zài
-    Táidà jiāo zhèngzhixué.            Táidà jiāo zhèngzhixué.
-
-
-C.  Transformation Drill
-
-             有很多地方我不熟悉。               我還有很多不熟悉的地方。
-1.  Speaker: Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ     You: Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bù shóuxide
-             bù shóuxi.                     dìfang.
-             (There is much I’m not         (There is still much I’m not
-              familiar with.)                familiar with.)
-
-             在這兒，有很多人不喝茶。             在這兒，有很多不喝茶的人。
-         OR  Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō          Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bù hē
-             rén bù hē chá.                 cháde rén.
-             (There are many people         (There are many non-tea drinking
-              here who don’t drink           people here.)
-              tea.)
-
-    有很多地方我聽不懂。                   我還有很多聼不懂的地方。
-2.  Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ tīngbudǒng.  Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō tīngbudǒngde dìfang.
-
-    在這兒，有很多人不看報。                在這兒，有很多不看報。
-3.  Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō rén bú kàn   Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bú kàn bàode
-    bào.                               rén.
-
-    在這兒，有很多人不會説中國話。            在這兒，有很多不會説中國話的人。
-4.  Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō rén bú huì   Zài zhèr, yǒu hěn duō bú huì shuō
-    shuō Zhōngguo huà.                 Zhōngguo huàde rén.
-
-    有很多地方我不會做。                   我還有很多不會做的地方。
-5.  Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ bú huì zuò.  Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō bú huì zuòde
-                                       dìfang.
-
-    有很多地方我看不懂。                   我還有很多我看不懂的地方。
-6.  Yǒu hěn duō dìfang wǒ kànbudǒng.   Wǒ hái yǒu hěn duō kànbudǒngde
-                                       dìfang.
-
-[206]
-
-
-D.  Transformation Drill
-
-             我們以後見面的機會很多。            希望以後有機會多見面。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒmen yǐhòu jiànmiànde    You: Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō
-             jīhui hěn duō.                 jiànmiàn.
-             (We will have many more        (I hope that in the future we
-              opportunities to meet          will have an opportunity to
-              in the future.)                meet more.)
-
-    我以後向您請教的機會很多。              希望以後有機會多向您請教。
-2.  Wǒ yǐhòu xiàng nín qǐngjiàode      Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō xiàng
-    jīhui hěn duo.                     nín qǐngjiào.
-
-    我們以後説中國話的機會很多。             希望以後有機會多説中國話。
-3.  Wǒmen yǐhòu shuō Zhōngguo huàde    Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō shuō
-    jīhui hěn duō.                     Zhōngguo huà.
-
-    我以後學中文的機會很多。                希望以後有機會多學中文。
-4.  Wǒ yǐhòu xué Zhōngwénde jīhui      Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō xué
-    hěn duō.                           Zhōngwén.
-
-    我們以後來的機會很多。                  希望以後有機會多來。
-5.  Wǒmen yǐhòu láide jīhui hěn duō.   Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō lái.
-
-    我們以後在一起的機會很多。              希望以後有機會多在一起。
-6.  Wǒmen yǐhòu zài yìqǐde jīhui       Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō zài yìqǐ.
-    hěn duō.
-
-    我以後旅行的機會很多。                  希望以後有機會多旅行。
-7.  Wō yǐhòu lǚxíngde jīhui hěn duō.   Xīwàng yǐhòu yǒu jīhui duō lǚxíng.
-
-
-E. Expansion Drill
-
-             黃科長，歡迎歡迎。                 黃科長，歡迎歡迎。請進，請進來坐。
-1.  Speaker: Huáng Kēzhǎng, huānyíng,  You: Huáng Kēzhǎng, huānyíng,
-             huānyíng.                      huānyíng. Qǐng jìn, qǐng
-                                            jìnlai zuò.
-                   坐                       (Section Chief Huáng, welcome,
-             (cue) zuò                       welcome. Please come in
-             (Section Chief Huáng,           and sit down.)
-             welcome, welcome.)
-
-    王小姐，您好？                        王小姐，您好？請進，請進來坐坐。
-2.  Wáng Xiǎojiě, nín hǎo?             Wáng Xiǎojiě, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn,
-                                       qǐng jìnlai zuòzuo.
-    坐坐
-    zuòzuo
-
-    李先生，您好？                        李先生，您好？請進，請進來喝一點茶。
-3.  Lǐ Xiānsheng, nín hǎo?             Lǐ Xiānsheng, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn,
-                                       qǐng jìnlai hē yìdiǎn chā.
-    喝一點茶
-    hē yìdiǎn chá
-
-    吾科長，您好？                        吾科長，您好？請進，請進來坐。
-4.  Wú Kēzhǎng, nín hǎo?               Wú Kēzhǎng, nín hǎo? Qǐng jìn,
-                                       qǐng jìnlai zuò.
-    坐
-    zuò
-
-    趙太太，歡迎歡迎。                      趙太太，歡迎歡迎請進，請進來坐。
-5.  Zhào Tàitai, huānyíng, huānyíng.   Zhào Tàitai, huānyíng, huānyíng.
-                                       Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuò.
-    坐
-    zuò
-
-[207]
-
-    張先生，張太太，您好？                  張先生，張太太，您好？請進，請進來坐一會兒。
-6.  Zhāng Xiānsheng, Zhāng Tàitai,     Zhāng Xiānsheng, Zhāng Tàitai, nín
-    nín hǎo?                           hǎo? Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuò
-                                       yìhuǐr.
-    坐一會兒
-    zuò yìhuǐr
-
-    乾科長，好久不見。                     乾科長，好久不見。請進，請進來坐坐坐。
-7.  Qián Kēzhǎng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn.     Qián Kēzhǎng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiàn.
-                                       Qǐng jìn, qǐng jìnlai zuòzuo.
-    坐坐
-    zuòzuo
-
-
-
-[208]
-
-UNIT 5
-
-REFERENCE LIST
-
-(in Běijīng)
-
-       喂
-1.  B: Wài.                            Hello.
-
-       喂，是外交部嗎？
-    A: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma?          Hello. Is this the Ministry of
-                                       Foreign Affairs?
-       我要找林司長説話。
-    A: Wǒ yào zhǎo Lín Sīzhang         I want to speak with Department
-       shuō huà.                       Chief Lín.
-
-       您是哪兒？
-2.  B: Nín shi nǎr a?                  Who is this?
-
-       我姓勒克萊爾。我是法國大使館的
-       商務經濟官。
-    A: Wǒ xìng Lèkēláiěr. Wǒ shi       My name is Leclaire. I am the
-       Fǎguo Dàshiguǎnde               Commercial/Ecomonics Officer from
-       Shāngwù Jīngjiguān.             the French Embassy.
-
-       您等一等，我給您看看他在不在。
-    B: Nín děngyiděng, wǒ gěi          Wait a moment. I’ll see whether
-       nín kànkan tā zài bu zai.       he is here or not.
-
-       喂，他這會兒不在。您要留個話兒嗎？
-3.  B: Wài, tā zhèihuǐr bú zài.        Hello. He is not here at the
-       Nín yào liú ge huàr ma?         moment. Would you like to leave
-                                       a message?
-
-       勞駕，他回來的時候，您請他給我
-       打個電話。
-    A: Láojià, tā huílaide shíhou,     When he comes back, please ask
-       nín qǐng ta gěi wǒ dǎ ge        him to give me a phone call.
-       diànhuà.
-
-       好，請您把您的電話號兒告诵
-       我， 我寫下來。
-4.  B: Hǎo, qǐng nín bǎ nínde          All right. Please tell me your
-       diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong          phone number. I’ll write it
-       wǒ. Wǒ xiěxiàlái.               down.
-
-       我的電話是五二幺三三幺。
-    A: Wǒde diànhuà shi wǔ èr          My phone number is 521-331.
-       yāo-sān sān yāo.
-
-       對不起。你剛才給我打電話，我不在。
-5.  C: Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcǎi géi         I’m sorry. When you called me just
-       wo dǎ diànhuà, wō bú zài.       now, I wasn’t in.
-
-       你有事嗎？
-    C: Nǐ yǒu shì ma?                  Can I help you with something?
-
-       是啊！我那天跟您約好了明天十點到
-       您辦公室去談談。
-    A: Shì a! Wǒ nèitiān gēn           Yes, you can. The other day I made
-       nín yuēhǎole míngtiān           an appointment with you to go to
-       shídiǎn dào nín bàngōngshì      your office at ten o’clock
-       qu tántan.                      tomorrow for a talk.
-
-       因爲明天早上我有要緊的事，所以想
-       問您我們能不能改到下午。
-6.  A: Yīnwei míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ     Because I have an urgent business
-       yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde shì,        matter tomorrow morning, I want
-       suóyi xiǎng wèn nín wǒmen       to ask you whether we can change
-       néng bu néng gǎi dào xiàwǔ.     it [the appointment] to the
-                                       afternoon.
-
-[209]
-
-       下午什麽時候？
-   *C: Xiàwǔ shénme shíhou?            What time in the afternoon?
-
-       您看下午三四點怎麽樣？對您
-       方便不方便？
-    A: Nín kàn xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn        What do you think of three or four
-       zěnmeyàng? Duì nín              in the afternoon? Is that
-       fāngbian bu fangbian?           convenient for you?
-
-       四點比三點好。我三點中得開會。
-    C: Sìdiǎn bǐ sāndiǎn hǎo.          Four would be better than three.
-       Wǒ sāndiān zhōng děi            I have to attend a meeting at
-       kāi huì.                        three o’clock.
-
-       好吧。那明天四點鐘見。
-    A: Hǎo ba. Nà míngtiān             All right. Well then, see you at
-       sìdiǎn zhōng jiàn.              four o’clock tomorrow.
-
-       好，我四點鐘等你。
-    C: Hǎo, wǒ sìdiǎn zhōng děng       All right. I’ll wait for you at
-       ni.                             four o’clock.
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-7.  háishi                還是          still
-
-8.  wàiguo                外國          foreign, abroad
-
-9.  wàiguo rén            外國人        foreigner (non-Chinese)
-
-10. wūzi (yìjiān)         屋子 (一間)   room
-
-11. yāo                   幺           one (telephone pronunciation)
-
-
-* The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the C-l tape.
-
-
-[210]
-
-VOCABULARY
-
-  bǎ                      把           (prepositional verb which indicates
-                                        the direct object)
-  bàngōngshì              辦公室        office
-  gǎi                     改           to change
-  gǎi dào                 改到          to change to
-  gāngcái                 剛才          just now, a short time ago
-  háishi                  還是          still
-  hàomǎ(r)                號碼(兒)      number
-  jīngjiguān              經濟官        economics officer
-  liú                     留           to leave, to keep, to save
-  liú(ge)huà(r)           留(個)話(兒)   to leave a message
-  nèitiān                 那天          the other day
-  shāngwù                 商務          commercial business
-  shāngwùguān             商務官        commercial officer
-  wàiguó                  外國          foreign, abroad
-  wàiguo rén              外國人        foreigner (non-Chinese)
-  Wàijiāobù               外交部        Ministry of Foreign Affairs
-  wūzi (yìjiān)           屋子 (一間)   room
-  xiěxiàlái               寫下來        to write down
-  yāo                     幺           one (telephone pronunciation)
-  yàojǐn                  要緊          to be important, to be urgent
-  yuēhǎole                約好了        to have (successfully) made
-                                          arrangements, to have made an
-                                          appointment
-  zhèihuìr                這會兒  this moment, at the moment (Běijing)
-
-(introduced on C-2 and drill tapes)
-
-  chūtǔ wénwù zhǎnlǎn     出土文物展覽   exhibition of archaeological finds
-  dǎ dao                               to make a phone call to
-  dàibiǎotuán             代表團        delegation
-  gǎnbuhuílái                          can’t make it back in time
-  jiàoyuán                教員          teacher
-
-[211]
-
-  jīnglǐ                  經理          manager
-  qīnzì                   親自          personally, privately
-  tuánzhǎng               團長          head of the delegation
-  zhǔrèn                  主任          director
-  zìjǐ                    自己          oneself (“myself,” “yourself,” etc.)
-
-
-(introduced in Communication Game)
-
-  chēfáng                 車房          garage
-  dì                      地           ground, earth
-
-
-Street scene in Shanghai
-
-
-[212]
-
-REFERENCE NOTES
-
-      喂。
-1. B: Wài.                             Hello.
-
-      喂，是外交部嗎？
-   A: Wèi, shi Wàijiāobù ma?           Hello. Is this the Ministry of
-                                       Foreign Affairs?
-      我要找林司長説話。
-   A: Wǒ yào zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng          I want to speak with Department
-      shuō huà.                        Chief Liín.
-
-Notes on No. 1
-
-Wài jiāobù: Wàijiāo is the word for “diplomacy” (more literally,
-“foreign relations”). Bù designates an organizational unit; in speaking
-of the Chinese government, bù is translated as “ministry.”* The head of
-a bù is a bùzhǎng, “minister.”
-
-Wài-, “foreign,” is used in terms such as wàiguó, “overseas” (literally,
-“foreign country”) and wàiguo rén, “foreigner” (most frequently referring
-to a person from a non-Asian country). Literally, wài- means “outside,”
-as in wàimian.
-
-Yào zhǎo...shuō huà means, literally, “I would like to look for . . .
-to speak [with himl.”
-
-Telephone conversations: Telephone courtesy in the United States
-requires that a person identify himself before beginning a conversation.
-In China, however, it is normal for the caller to ask “Who is this?” and
-for the person who answers the phone to inquire “Who is calling?”
-
-*Bù is also used for a “department” of the U.S. government: Nèizhèngbù,
-“Department of the Interior”
-
-         您是哪兒？
-  2.  B: Nín shi nǎr a?                Who is this?
-
-         我姓勒克萊爾。我是法國大使館的
-         商務經濟官。
-      A: Wǒ xìng Lèkēláiěr. Wǒ shi     My name is Leclaire. I am the
-         Fǎguo Dàshiguǎnde Shāngwù     Commercial/Economics Officer
-         Jīngjiguān.                   from the French Embassy.
-
-         您等一等，我給您看看他在不在。
-      B: Nín děngyiděng, wǒ gěi nín    Wait a moment. I’ll see whether
-         kànkan tā zài bu zai.         he is here or not.
-
-Notes on No. 2
-
-Nín shi nǎr a? is one polite way to ask who is calling. Nǎr asks for
-the name of the office or organization which the caller represents. You
-may also say Nǐ nǎr a? To ask for the caller’s name, use Qǐngwèn nǐ shi...?
-or Qǐngwèn nǐ guìxìng?
-
-[213]
-
-Fǎguo: In the PRC, the word for “France” usually has a low tone instead
-of a falling tone (Fàguo).
-
-The syllable -guān means “government official,” “officer,” or
-“officeholder.”
-
-Tā zài bu zai: Zài means “to be present” here. With this meaning,
-zài does not have to be followed by a place word.
-
-       喂，他這會兒不在。您要留個話兒嗎？
-3.  B: Wèi, tā zhèihuǐr bú zài.        Hello. He is not here at the moment
-       Nín yào liú ge huàr ma?         Would you like to leave a message?
-
-       勞駕，他回來的時候，您請他給我
-       打個電話。
-    A: Láojià, tā huílaide shíhou,     When he comes back, please ask him
-       nín qǐng ta gěi wǒ dǎ ge        to give me a phone call.
-       diànhuà.
-
-Notes on No. 3
-
-Zhèihuǐr is a colloquial word for “now,” “at the moment.” The word is
-made up of zhè plus yìhuǐr. Its position preceding the verb shows that it
-refers to a point in time.
-
-Liú ge huàr: Liú means “to leave [something/someone!] behind.” Huàr,
-translated in exchange 3 as “message,” is the word for “speech.” Directly
-following a verb (in this case, liú), the yī of unstressed yige may be
-omitted.
-
-
-       好，請您把您的電話號兒告诵
-       我， 我寫下來。
-4.  B: Hǎo, qǐng nín bǎ nínde diànhuà  All right. Please tell me your
-       hàomar gàosong wǒ. Wǒ           phone number. I’ll write it down,
-       xiěxiàlái.
-
-       我的電話是五二幺三三幺。
-    A: Wǒde diànhuà shi wǔ èr yāo      My phone number is 521-331.
-       sān sān yāo.
-
-Notes on No. 4
-
-Hàomǎr is used for “number” in speaking of identification numbers such
-as a passport number. (Shùmu, “number,” expresses an amount.)
-
-[214]
-
-Yāo is used in Běijing for giving room numbers and telephone numbers
-whenever those numbers are given orally.
-
-Xiěxialai is a compound verb which is formed like náxialai. However,
-while náxialai literally means “to bring down and towards the speaker,”
-xiěxialai does NOT mean “to write in a downward direction towards the
-speaker.” The compound xiěxialai corresponds to the English idiom “to
-write down.”
-
-Qǐng nín bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ illustrates some of the
-rules concerning the use of the prepositional verb bǎ. (Read the
-Transportation Module notes on bǎ.)
-
-Bǎ is a prepositional verb used to bring the direct object of a sentence
-to a position preceding the main verb. To do so has certain effects on
-the meaning of a sentence. There are reasons why bǎ must be used, why it
-may not be used, and why it is optional in different kinds of sentences.
-
-In the first sentence of exchange 4, the use of the bǎ construction is
-optional. yǒu may also say Qǐng ni gàosong wǒ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr. The
-sentence fulfills the requirements for the optional use of bǎ but has
-none of the features which make the use of bǎ a necessity. Let’s look
-more closely at these different requirements and features.
-
-
-a. What conditions are necessary for the use of bǎ?
-
-(1) The object of bǎ must be acted on. In other words, the action
-    must be performed on the object of bǎ. In the first sentence of exchange 4,
-    nínde diànhuà hàomǎr undergoes the action gàosong. More obvious examples
-    are
-
-  他把地圖拿出來了。
-  Tā bǎ dìtú náchulai le.              He took out the map.
-                                       (MAP UNDERGOES BEING TAKEN OUT)
-
-  他把他的車賣了。
-  Tā bǎ tāde chē mài le.               He sold his car.
-                                       (CAR UNDERGOES BEING SOLD)
-
-  他把那個中國字寫在黑板上了。
-  Tā bǎ nèige Zhōngguo zì              He wrote that Chinese character on
-  xiě zai hēibǎnshang le.              the chalkboard.
-                                       (CHINESE CHARACTER UNDERGOES BEING
-                                       WRITTEN ON THE BOARD)
-
-UNDERGOER OF THE ACTION means that the object is influenced by the action
-in some way. In “I saw Mr. Wáng yesterday,” Mr. Wáng is not considered
-to be the undergoer of the action.
-
-(2) The verb must be an action verb (such as gàosong in exchange 4).
-Bǎ is not used with state and process verbs. For example, you may not use
-bǎ with yǒu, zhīdao, xǐhuan, ài, xiǎng, huì, or dǒng.
-
-(3) The object of bǎ must refer to something specific (such as
-nínde diànhuà hàomǎr in exchange 4): which telephone number? your telephone
-number (The questioner knows which number he is referring to, even though
-he does not know what the number is.) Often the object of bǎ must be
-translated into English with the definite article “the”:
-
-  請你把花瓶給我。
-  Qǐng ni bǎ huāpíng gěi wo.           Please give me the vase. (NOT “a vase”)
-
-[215]
-
-  他把兩張票給我了。
-  Tā bǎ liǎngzhāng piào gěi            He gave me the two tickets. (NOT
-  wo le.                               “[any] two tickets”)
-
-(4) The verb phrase must be complex. Here are examples of the
-ways in which a verb phrase can be made complex so that bā may be used:
-
-(ASPECT MARKER)
-
-  他把他的車子賣了。
-  Tā bǎ tāde chēzi mài le.             He sold his car.
-
-(REDUPLICATED VERB)
-
-  請你把票換換。
-  Qǐng ni bǎ piào huànhuan.            Please exchange the tickets.
-
-(COMPOUND VERB)
-
-  他把我的地址寫下來了。
-  Tā bǎ wǒde dìzhǐ xiěxialai le        He wrote down my address.
-
-  你把行李拿上車去吧。
-  Nǐ bǎ xíngli náshang chē             Take the baggage onto the train.
-  qu ba.
-
-  我們把昨天已經把這件事説好了。
-  Wǒmen zuótiān yǐjīng bǎ              We agreed on this matter yesterday.
-  zhèijiàn shì shuōhǎo le.
-
-  我先把這個寫完再走。
-  Wǒ xiān bǎ zhèige xiěwān             I will finish writing this first
-  zài zǒu.                             and then leave.
-
-  你把我的名字寫錯了。
-  Nǐ bǎ wǒde míngzi xiěcuò             You wrote my name wrong.
-  le.
-
-(MANNER EXPRESSION AFTER THE VERB)
-
-  你把這個字寫得太大了。
-  Nǐ bǎ zhèige zì xiěde tài            You wrote this character too large.
-  dà le.
-
-  他把這件事事説得很清楚。
-  Tā bǎ zhèijiàn shì shuōde            He talked very clearly about this.
-  hěn qīngchu.
-
-(PREPOSITIONAL VERB PHRASE AFTER THE VERB)
-
-  把啤酒放在桌子上，
-  bǎ píjiǔ fàng zai zhuōzishang.       Put the beer on the table.
-
-  我把車停在那邊等您、
-  Wǒ bǎ chē tíng zai nèibian           I will park the car over there and
-  děng nín.                            wait for you.
-
-(INDIRECT OBJECT AFTER THE VERB)
-
-  李先生把字典給學生了。
-  Lǐ Xiānsheng bǎ zìdiǎn               Mr. Lǐ has given the dictionaries
-  gěi xuésheng le.                     to the students.
-
-(NUMBER PLUS COUNTER AFTER THE VERB)
-
-  請你再把他的電話號碼兒念一次。
-  Qǐng ni zài bǎ tāde diànhuà          Please read his telephone number
-  hàomār niàn yícì.                    aloud once more.
-
-  請你把這個看一下。
-  Qǐng ni bǎ zhèige kàn                Please take a look at this. (OR
-  yixia.                               “Please read this over.”)
-
-In the first sentence of exchange 4, the verb phrase is made complex by
-having an indirect object after the verb: bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong
-wǒ。
-
-
-b.  When MUST bǎ be used?
-
-The examples above which require the use of bǎ are those with a
-prepositional verb phrase after the verb, those with a manner expression
-after the verb, and most of the sentences under the heading “Compound Verb.”
-In these examples, the object may not be placed between the verb and the
-element which follows.
-
-
-[216]
-
-c.  When can’t bǎ be used?
-
-Bǎ cannot normally be used in a sentence if the verb is not an
-action verb, if the verb describes perception (like kànjian and tīngjian),
-if the object is not the undergoer of the action, if the object is indefinite
-or if the verb is a simple verb. Here are some examples of sentences in
-which bǎ cannot be used:
-
-  我買了一個收音機。
-  Wǒ mǎile yíge shōuyīnjī.             I bought a radio.
-                                       (INDEFINITE OBJECT)
-
-  我看見他了。
-  Wǒ kànjian ta le.                    I saw him.
-                                       (PERCEPTION VERB [kànjian]; OBJECT
-                                        DOES NOT UNDERGO ACTION)
-
-  我想看這本書。
-  Wǒ xiǎng kàn zhèiběn shū.            I would like to read this book.
-                                       (SIMPLE VERB)
-
-  我有很多外國朋友。
-  Wǒ yǒu hěn duō wàiguo                I have a lot of foreign friends.
-  péngyou.                             (yǒu NOT ACTION VERB)
-
-  我知道這件事。
-  Wǒ zhīdao zhèijiàn shì.              I know of this matter.
-                                       (zhīdao NOT ACTION VERB)
-
-
-d. What is the motivation for using bǎ?
-
-Bǎ is used when the verb phrase gives more new important information
-than the object does. The Chinese prefer to place that important verb
-phrase in final position in a sentence, where the phrase will be prominent.
-Bǎ performs the function of taking the object out of the way (to the begin-
-ning of a sentence) and allowing the verb phrase to have its full impact.
-
-
-e. To make a bǎ sentence negative, place the negative adverb in front
-of bǎ (NOT in front of the main verb).
-
-  他沒把桌子搬出去。
-  Tā méi bǎ zhuōzi bānchuqu.           He did not move the table out.
-
-  你不把肉放在冰箱裏怎麽行。
-  Nǐ bù bǎ ròu* fàng zai               How can it do for you not to put
-  bīngxiāngli zěnme xíng?              the meat in the refrigerator?
-                                       (How can you not put the meat in
-                                        the refrigerator?)
-
-*ròu, “meat”
-
-
-       對不起。你剛才給我打電話，我不在。
-5.  C: Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcái gěi wo      I’m sorry. When you called me just
-       dǎ diànhuà, wǒ bú zài.          now, I wasn’t in.
-
-       你有事嗎？
-    C: Nǐ yǒu shì ma?                  Can I help you with something?
-
-       是啊！我那天跟您約好了明天十點到
-       您辦公室去談談。
-    A: Shì a! Wǒ nèitiān gēn nín       Yes, you can. The other day I made
-       yuēhǎole míngtiān shídiǎn       an appointment with you to go to
-       dào nín bàngōngshì qu tántan.   your office at ten o’clock tomorrow
-                                       for a talk.
-
-[217]
-
-Notes on No. 5
-
-Gāngcái means “just now,” “a short time ago.” It may, like other time
-words, either precede or follow the subject of a sentence.
-
-  他剛才給我打電話了。
-  Tā gāngcái gěi wo dǎ diànhuà         He called me a short time ago.
-  le.
-
-  剛才他給我打電話了。
-  Gāngcái tā gěi wo dǎ diànhuà
-  le.
-
-The one-syllable adverb gāng, “just,” always follows the subject of a
-sentence.
-
-  他剛給我打電話。
-  Tā gāng gěi wo dǎ diànhuà.           He just called me.
-
-Nǐ gāngcái gěi wo dǎ diànhuà, wǒ bú zài, literally, “You called me just
-now, I wasn’t in”: To the first clause (Nǐ gāngcái gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà), you
-could add -de shihou, “when.” Even without -de shihou, the relationship
-between the two clauses is still very close. Colloquially, no pause is
-needed between them. Here is a similar sentence:
-
-  剛才我去找你，你不在。
-  Gāngcái wǒ qù zhǎo ni, nǐ            I just went to look for you, but you
-  bú zài.                              weren’t there.
-
-Nèitiān literally means “that day.” It is the Chinese equivalent of
-“the other day.”
-
-Yuēhǎo is a compound verb of result: yuē, “to arrange a meeting,” “to
-make an appointment,” plus hǎo, “successfully complete.”
-
-Gēn means “with” in the last sentence of exchange 5.
-
-Bàngōngshì: Bàngōng (literally, “manage work”) is frequently used for
-“do work in an office.” A bàngōngshì is a room where office work is done,
-or an “office.”
-
-
-       因爲明天早上我有要緊的事，所以想
-       問您我們能不能改到下午。
-6.  A: Yīnwei míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ     Because I have an urgent business
-       yǒu yíjiàn yàojǐnde shì,        matter tomorrow morning, I want to
-       suóyi xiǎng wèn nín wǒmen       ask you whether we can change it
-       néng bu néng gǎi dào xiàwǔ.     [the appointment] to the afternoon.
-
-       下午什麽時候？
-    C: Xiàwǔ shénme shíhou?            What time in the afternoon?
-
-       您看下午三四點怎麽樣？對您
-       方便不方便？
-    A: Nín kàn xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn        What do you think of three or four
-       zěnmeyàng? Duì nín fāngbian     in the afternoon? Is that
-       bu fangbian?                    convenient for you?
-
-       四點比三點好。我三點中得開會。
-    C: Sìdiǎn bǐ sāndiǎn hǎo. Wǒ       Four would be better than three. I
-       sāndiǎn zhōng děi kāi huì.      have to attend a meeting at three
-                                       o’clock.
-       好吧。那明天四點鐘見。
-    A: Hǎo ba. Nà míngtiān sìdiǎn      All right. Well then, see you at
-       zhōng jiàn.                     four o’clock tomorrow.
-
-       好，我四點鐘等你。
-    C: Hǎo, wǒ sìdiǎn zhōng děng ni.   All right. I’ll wait for you at
-                                       four o’clock.
-
-[218]
-
-Notes on No. 6
-
-Yàojǐn means “to be urgent,” “to be important.”
-
-Yīnwei...suóyi: When the first part of an English sentence begins with
-the word “because,” it is usually considered redundant to begin the second
-part with “therefore.” Thus the Chinese word suóyi, “therefore,” in the
-first sentence of exchange 6, is not translated into English. In Chinese,
-however, suóyi is commonly used after a clause beginning with yīnwei,
-“because.”
-
-The verbs gǎi and huàn are both frequently translated as “to change.”
-Gǎi means “change” in the sense of “alter,” and huàn means “change” in the
-sense of “exchange.”
-
-Gǎi dào xiàwǔ, “change (it) to the afternoon”: In this phrase, the
-prepositional verb dào and its object xiàwǔ do not precede the verb; they
-follow the verb. A dào, “to,” phrase which precedes the main verb in a
-sentence can be a scene setter, that is, you go “to” a place and the action
-takes place there. Following the main verb in a sentence, a dào phrase can
-indicate where something ends up as a result of the action. In the first
-sentence of exchange 6, the appointment will END UP in the afternoon. Here
-are some examples of dào phrases:
-
-  他到菜市場買菜去了。
-  Tā dào càishichǎng mǎi cài           He went to the market to buy
-  qu le.                               groceries. (SCENE SETTER)
-
-  我剛才到五樓找陳太太去了。
-  Wǒ gāngcái dào wǔlōu zhǎo            Just now I went to the fifth floor
-  Chén Tàitai qu le.                   to look for Mrs. Chen. (SCENE
-                                       SETTER)
-  他跑到山上去了。
-  Tā pǎo dào shānshang qu le.          He ran to the top of the mountain.
-                                       (“He” ENDS UP ON THE MOUNTAINTOP.)
-
-
-
-7.  háishi                還是          still
-
-8.  wàiguo                外國          foreign, abroad
-
-9.  wàiguo rén            外國人        foreigner (non-Chinese)
-
-10. wūzi (yìjiān)         屋子 (一間)    room
-
-11. yào                   幺            one (telephone pronunciation)
-
-
-Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
-
-Háishi means “still” in the sense of “as before.” It is used in some
-of the same ways that hái is used.
-
-  雖然他有時候説話不客氣，可是我還是喜歡他。
-  Suīrán tā yǒu shíhou shuō            Although he is sometimes impolite in
-  huà bú kèqi, kěshi wǒ                his speech, I still like him.
-  háishi xǐhuan ta.
-
-[219]
-
-  我還是不懂「le」怎麽用。
-  Wǒ háishi bù dǒng “le” zěnme         I still don’t understand how le is
-  yòng.                                used.
-
-Wàiguo rén, “foreigner”: The use of this term is still generally based
-on race rather than on citizenship. Even Chinese who are American citizens
-living in the United States often refer to non-Chinese Americans as wàiguo
-rén.
-
-Wūzi, “room”: The counter for wūzi is -jiān, which literally means
-”interstice,” “interval,” “space,” “room.”
-
-[220]
-
-DRILLS
-
-A. Expansion Drill
-
-             喂，是外交部嗎？                  喂，是外交部嗎？我要找林司長説話。
-1.  Speaker: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma?    You: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Wǒ yào
-                                            zhǎo Lín Sīzhǎng shuō huà.
-                   林司長                    (Hello, is this the Ministry
-             (cue) Lín Sīzhǎng               of Foreign Affairs? I want
-             (Hello, is this the             to speak with Department
-              Ministry of Foreign            Chief Lín.)
-              Affairs?)
-
-    喂，是美國武官処嗎？                   喂，是美國武官処嗎？我要找魏少校説話。
-2.  Wài, shi Měiguo Wǔguānchù ma?      Wài, shi Měiguo Wǔguānchù ma? Wǒ
-                                       yào zhǎo Wèi Shàoxiào shuō huà.
-    魏少校
-    Wèi Shàoxiào
-
-
-    喂，是中國銀行嗎？                     喂，是中國銀行嗎？我要找説話。
-3.  Wèi, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma?      Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wǒ
-                                       yào zhǎo Lín Kēzhǎng shuō huà.
-    林科長
-    Lín Kēzhǎng
-
-
-    喂，是北京飯店嗎？                     喂，是北京飯店嗎？我要找鮑爾先生説話。
-4.  Wài, shi Běijīng Fàndiàn ma?       Wài, shi Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? Wǒ
-                                       yào zhǎo Bāoěr Xiānsheng shuō huà.
-    鮑爾先生
-    Bāoěr Xiānsheng
-
-
-    喂，是加拿大大使館嗎？                  喂，是加拿大大使館嗎？我要找李先生説話。
-5.  Wài, shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn ma?     Wài, shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn ma? Wǒ
-                                       yào zhǎo Lǐ Xiānsheng shuō huà.
-    李先生
-    Lǐ Xiānsheng
-
-
-    喂，是美大司嗎？                       喂，是美大司嗎？我要找孟通知説話。
-6.  Wài, shi Měidàsī ma?               Wài, shi Měidàsī ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo
-                                       Mèng Tóngzhì shuō huà.
-    孟通知
-    Mèng Tóngzhì
-
-
-    喂，是中國銀行嗎？                     喂，是中國銀行嗎？我要找张楠同志説話。
-7.  Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma?      Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wǒ
-                                       yào zhǎo Zhāngnán Tóngzhì shuō
-                                       huà.
-    张楠同志
-    Zhāngnán Tóngzhì
-
-
-B.  Expansion Drill
-
-             我給你看看他在不在。               請你等一等，我給你看看他在不在。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā       You: Qing ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni
-             zài bu zai.                    kànkan tā zài bu zai.
-             (I’ll see whether he           (Please wait a moment. I’ll
-              is here or not.)               see whether he is here or not)
-
-    我給你看看他忙不忙。                   請你等一等，我給你看看他忙不忙。
-2.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā máng bu        Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
-    mang.                              tā máng bu mang.
-
-    我給你看看他有功夫沒有。                請你等一等，我給你看看他有功夫沒有。
-3.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā yǒu gōngfu     Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
-    meiyou.                            tā yǒu gōngfu meiyou.
-
-    我給你看看他來了沒有。                  請你等一等，我給你看看他來了沒有。
-4.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā láile          Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
-    meiyou.                            tā láile meiyou.
-
-[221]
-
-    我給你看看他走了沒有。                  請你等一等，我給你看看他走了沒有。
-5.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā zǒule          Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
-    meiyou.                            tā zǒule meiyou.
-
-    我給你看看他回來了沒有。                請你等一等，我給你看看他回來了沒有。
-6.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huílaile       Qǐng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
-    meiyou.                            tā huílaile meiyou.
-
-    我給你看看他回去了沒有。                請你等一等，我給你看看他回去了沒有。
-7.  Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huíqule        Qǐng ni děnyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan
-    meiyou.                            tā huíqule meiyou.
-
-
-C. Substitution Drill
-
-             勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。        勞駕，把王先生的電話號碼兒告诵我。
-1.  Speaker: Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà  You: Láojià, bǎ Wáng Xiānshengde
-              hàomǎr gàosong                diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wo.
-              wǒ.                           (Please tell me Mr. Wáng’s
-                                             telephone number.)
-                    王先生的電話號碼兒
-              (cue) Wáng Xiānshengde
-              de diànhuà hàomǎr
-              (Please tell me his
-              telephone number.)
-
-    勞駕，把王先生的電話號碼兒告诵我。        勞駕，把他的電話號碼兒
-2.  Láojià, bǎ Wáng Xiānshengde        Láojià, bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr
-    diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.         gàosong wǒ.
-
-    他的電話號碼兒
-    tāde diànhuà hàomǎr
-
-    勞駕，把他的告诵我。                    勞駕，把他的地址告诵我。
-3.  Láojià, bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr     Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong wǒ.
-    gàosong wǒ.
-
-    他的地址
-    tāde dìzhí
-
-    勞駕，把他的告诵我。                    勞駕，把他的辦公室的號碼兒告诵我。
-4.  Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong      Láojià, bǎ tāde bàngōngshìde hàomǎr
-    wǒ.                                gàosong wǒ.
-
-    他的辦公室的號碼兒
-    tāde bàngōngshìde hàomǎr
-
-    勞駕，把他的辦公室的號碼兒告诵我。        勞駕，把他的地址告诵我。
-5.  Láojià, bǎ tāde bàngōngshìde       Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong wǒ.
-    hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
-
-    他的地址
-    tāde dìzhí
-
-    勞駕，把他的                          勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。
-6.  Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhí gàosong      Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr
-    wǒ.                                gàosong wǒ.
-
-    您的電話號碼兒
-    nínde diànhuà hàomǎr
-
-    勞駕，把您的電話號碼兒告诵我。
-7.  Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr
-    gàosong wǒ.
-
-
-[222]
-
-D.  Response Drill
-
-             你寫下來了嗎？                    我還沒寫下來。
-1.  Speaker: Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?       You: Wǒ hái méi xiěxiàlái.
-                                            (I haven’t written it down
-             (cue) not yet                   yet.)
-             (Have yǒu written it
-              down?)
-
-    你寫好了嗎？                         我快寫好了。
-2.  Nǐ xiěhǎo le ma?      soon will    Wǒ kuài xiěhǎo le.
-
-    你寫下來了嗎？                        我已經寫下來了。
-3.  Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?   already      Wǒ yǐjīng xiěxiàlái le
-
-    你寫下來了嗎？                        我還沒寫下來了。
-4.  Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?   not yet      Wǒ hái méi xiěxiàlái.
-
-    你寫下來了嗎？                        我沒寫下來。
-5.  Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?   did not      Wǒ méi xiěxiàlái.
-
-    你寫好了嗎？                         我已經寫好了。
-6.  Nǐ xiěhǎo le ma?      already      Wǒ yǐjīng xiěhǎo le.
-
-    你寫下來了嗎？                        我寫下來了。
-7.  Nǐ xiěxiàlái le ma?   Yes, I did   Wǒ xiěxiàlái le.
-
-
-E.  Response Drill
-
-             你跟他約好了                     跟他約好了，在他辦公室見。
-1.  Speaker: Nǐ gēn tā yuēhǎo le ma?   You: Gēn tā yuēhǎo le, zài tā
-                                            bàngōngshì jiàn.
-                                            (I made arrangements with him
-             (cue) tā bàngōngshì             to meet at his office.)
-             (Did yǒu make
-              arrangements with him?)
-
-    你跟王先生約好了嗎？                   跟王先生約好了在火車站見。
-2.  Nǐ gēn Wáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le    Gēn Wáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le, zài
-    ma?                                huǒchēzhàn jiàn.
-
-    火車站
-    huǒchēzhàn
-
-    你跟李女士約好了嗎？                   跟李女士約好了在我的辦公室見。
-3.  Nǐ gēn Lǐ Nǚshì yuēhǎo le ma?      Gēn Lǐ Nǘshì yuēhǎo le, zài wǒde
-                                       bàngōngshì jiàn.
-    我的辦公室
-    wǒde bàngōngshì
-
-    你跟劉主任約好了嗎？                   跟劉主任約好了在外交部見。
-4.  Nǐ gēn Liú Zhǔrēn yuēhǎo le ma?    Gēn Liú Zhǔrèn yuēhǎo le, zài
-                                       Wàijiāobù jiàn.
-    外交部
-    Wàijiāobù
-
-    你跟鮑教授約好了嗎？                   跟鮑教授約好了在學校見。
-5.  Nǐ gēn Bāo Jiàoshòu yuēhǎo le ma?  Gēn Bāo Jiàoshòu yuēhǎo le, zài
-                                       xuéxiào jiàn.
-    學校
-    xuéxiào
-
-    你跟白科長約好了嗎？                   跟白科長約好了在他的辦公室見。
-6.  Nǐ gēn Bái Kēzhǎng yuēhǎo le ma?   Gēn Bái Kēzhǎng yuēhǎo le, zài
-                                       tāde bàngōngshì jiàn.
-    他的辦公室
-    tāde bàngōngshì
-
-    你跟楊先生約好了嗎？                   跟楊先生約好了在會客室見。
-7.  Nǐ gēn Yáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le    Gēn Yáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le, zài
-    ma?                                huìkèshì jiàn.
-
-    會客室
-    huìkèshì
-
-
-[223]
-
-F.  Substitution Drill
-
-You will need the word zhǔrèn, “director,” in this exercise.
-
-             因爲上午我們有要緊的事，
-             所以改到下午了。                  因爲上午林主任不能來，所以改到下午了。
-1.  Speaker: Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒmen      You: Yīnwei shàngwǔ Lín Zhǔrèn bù
-             yǒu yàojǐnde shì,              néng lái, suóyi gāidào
-             suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ             xiàwǔ le.
-             le.                            (Because Director Lín cannot
-                                             come in the morning, we will
-                   林主任不能來                have to change to the
-             (cue) Lín Zhǔrèn bù             afternoon.)
-                   néng lái
-             (Because we have some
-              important business
-              in the morning, we
-              will have to change
-              to the afternoon.)
-
-    因爲上午林主任不能來，所以改到下午了。     因爲上午他在外交部開會，所以改到下午了。
-2.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ Lín Zhǔrèn bù       Yīnwei shàngwǔ tā zài Wàijiāobù
-    néng lái, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ       kāi huì, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
-    le.
-
-    他在外交部開會
-    tā zài Wàijiāobù kāi huì
-
-    因爲上午他在外交部開會，所以改到下午了。   因爲上午我得教書，所以改到下午了。
-3.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ tā zài Wàijiāobù    Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi jiāo shū,
-    kāi huì, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ        suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
-    le.
-
-    我得教書
-    wǒ děi jiāo shū
-
-    因爲上午我得教書，所以改到下午了。        因爲上午我得到大使館去，所以改到下午了。
-4.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi jiāo shū,    Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi dào Dàshiguān
-    suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.             qù, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
-
-    我得到大使館去
-    wǒ děi dào Dàshiguān qù
-
-    因爲上午我得到大使館去，所以改到下午了。   因爲上午我得跟伍先生當面談談，所以改到下午了。
-5.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi dào          Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi gēn Wǔ
-    Dàshiguān qù, suóyi gǎidào         Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan, suóyi
-    xiàwǔ le.                          gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
-
-    我得跟伍先生當面談談
-    wǒ děi gēn Wǔ Xiānsheng dāngmiàn
-    tántan
-
-    因爲上午我得跟伍先生當面談談，
-    所以改到下午了。                       因爲上午我沒工夫，所以改到下午了。
-6.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi gēn Wǔ       Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ méi gōngfu, suóyi
-    Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan,         gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
-    suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
-
-    我沒工夫
-    wǒ méi gōngfu
-
-    因爲上午我沒工夫，所以改到下午了。
-7.  Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ méi gōngfu,
-    suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
-
-
-[224]
-
-G.  Substitution Drill
-
-             下午三四點怎麽樣？                他怎麽樣？
-1.  Speaker: Xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn          You: Tā zěnmeyàng?
-             zěnmeyàng?                     (How is he? [How about him?])
-
-                   他
-             (cue) tā
-             (How is [How about]
-              three or four in the
-              afternoon?)
-
-    他怎麽樣？                           臺灣怎麽樣？
-2.  Tā zěnmeyàng?                      Táiwān zěnmeyàng?
-
-    臺灣
-    Táiwān
-
-    臺灣怎麽樣？                         臺灣經濟怎麽樣？
-3.  Táiwān zěnmeyàng?                  Táiwānde jīngji zěnmeyàng?
-
-    臺灣經濟
-    Táiwānde jīngji
-
-    臺灣經濟怎麽樣？                      那個飯店怎麽樣？
-4.  Táiwānde jīngji zěnmeyàng?         Nèige fàndiàn zěnmeyàng?
-
-    那個飯店
-    nèige fàndiàn
-
-    那個飯店怎麽樣？                      這個學校怎麽樣？
-5.  Nèige fàndiàn zěnmeyàng?           Zhèige xuéxiào zěnmeyàng?
-
-    這個學校
-    zhèige xuéxiào
-
-    這個學校怎麽樣？                      他們賣的電視怎麽樣？
-6.  Zhèige xuéxiào zěnmeyàng?          Tāmen màide diànshì zěnmeyàng?
-
-    他們賣的電視
-    tāmen màide diànshì
-
-    他們賣的電視怎麽樣？
-7.  Tāmen màide diànshì zěnmeyàng?
-
-
-H.  Transformation Drill
-
-             他們明天開會。                    他們明天什麽時候開會。
-1.  Speaker: Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì.   You: Tāmen míngtiān shénme shíhou
-             (cue) when                     kāi huì?
-             (They are meeting              (When are they meeting
-              tomorrow.)                     tomorrow?)
-
-    他們明天開會。                        他們明天在哪兒開會？
-2.  Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì.            Tāmen míngtiān zài nǎr kāi huì?
-
-
-    where
-
-    他們昨天開會了。                       他們昨天是什麽時候開的會？
-3.  Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le.          Tāmen zuótiān shi shénme shíhou
-                                       kāide huì?
-
-    when
-
-    他們昨天開會了。                       他們昨天是在哪兒開的會。
-4.  Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le.          Tāmen zuótiān shi zài nǎr kāide huì?
-
-
-    where
-
-    他們明天開會。                        他們明天開會開幾個鐘頭？
-5.  Tāmen míngtiān kāi huì.            Tāmen míntiān kāi huì kāi jǐge
-                                       zhōngtóu?
-
-    how many hours
-
-    他們昨天開會了。                       他們昨天開會開了多久？
-6.  Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì le.          Tāmen zuótiān kāi huì kāile duó jiǔ?
-
-
-    how long
-
-    他已經開會了嗎？                      他已經開會了。
-7.  Tāmen yǐjīng kāi huì le ma?        Tāmen yǐjīng kāi huì le.
-
-
-    yes
-
-
-[225]
-
-UNIT 6
-
-REFERENCE LIST
-
-(in Taipei)
-
-       今天我們一起去吃中飯，號碼？
-1.  B: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī       Let’s go have lunch together today.
-       zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?               Okay?
-
-       好啊。到東門餐廳去吃吧。
-    A: Hǎo a, dào Dōngmén Cānting      All right. Why don’t we go to the
-       qù chī ba.                      East Gate Restaurant?
-
-       東門的菜沒有大華的菜那麽好吧。
-2.  B: Dōngménde cài kǒngpà            I’m afraid that the food at the
-       méiyou Dàhuáde cài nàme         East Gate isn’t as good as the
-       hǎo ba.                         food at the Great China.
-
-       雖然不太好，可是離我們這裏近。
-    A: Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi        Even though it [East Gate] is not
-       lí wǒmen zhèli jìn.             too good, it is close to us.
-
-       哦，還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。
-3.  B: Òu, hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide      Oh, there is also a newly opened
-       fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli        restaurant that is even closer to
-       gèng jin.                       us.
-
-       他們那裏的菜非常好。
-    B: Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng       The food there is extremely
-       hǎo.                            good.
-
-       今天我請你到那裏去吃。
-    B: Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli     Today I am going to invite you to
-       qù chī.                         go there to eat.
-
-       那不好意思！
-4.  A: Nà bù hǎo yìsi!                 I can’t let you do that!
-                                       (That would be too embarrassing!)
-       別客氣，沒什麽。那個地方的菜又好又便宜。
-    B: Bié kèqi, méi shenme.           Don’t be polite. It’s nothing.
-       Nèige dìfangde cài yòu          The food there is both good and
-       hǎo yòu piányi.                 cheap.
-
-       你説的地方一定好。
-5.  A: Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng         Any place you suggest is sure to
-       hǎo.                            be good.
-
-       他們那裏有好些菜別的地方吃不着。
-    B: Tāmen nàli yǒu hǎoxiē cài       They have a good many dishes there
-       biéde dìfang chībuzháo.         that you can’t find (at) other
-                                       places.
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-
-6.  bù yídìng             不一定        not necessarily; it’s not definite
-7.  kànfa                 看法          opinion, view
-
-[226]
-
-8.  wǎnfàn                晚飯          supper, dinner
-9.  xiǎngfa               想法          idea, opinion
-10. yìxiē                 一些          some, several, a few
-11. zǎofàn                早飯          breakfast
-12. zuòfa                 做法          way of doing things, method, practice
-
-
-Modern apartments in Shanghai
-
-
-[227]
-
-VOCABULARY
-
-biéde                     別的            other, different
-bù hǎo yìsi               不好意思         to be embarrassing; to feel embarrassed
-bù yídìng                 不一定           not necessarily; it’s not definite
-cài                       菜              food, cooked dish
-cāntīng                   餐廳            dining room; restaurant
-chībuzháo                 吃不找          can’t find (to eat)
-Dàahuá Cāntīng            大華餐廳         Great China Restaurant
-Dōngmén Cāntīng           東門餐廳         East Gate Restaurant
-fēicháng                  非常            very, extremely, highly
-gèng                      更             even more
-hǎoxiē                    好些            a good many, a lot
-kànfa                     看法            opinion, view
-méiyou...nàme/zhème       沒有...那麽/怎麽 is not as...as...
-suírǎn (suīrán)...kěshi... 雖然...可是...  although, even though...(still)...
-wǎnfàn                    晚飯            supper, dinner
-xiǎngfa                   想法            idea, opinion
-yídìng                    一定            certainly
-yìxiē                     一些            some, several, a few
-yòu...yòu...              又...又...      both...and...
-zǎofǎn                    早飯            breakfast
-zhōngfàn                  中飯            lunch
-zuòfa                     做法            way of doing things, method, practice
-
-(introduced on C-2 tape)
-
-ānpaíhǎo le               安排好了       successfully arranged
--bù                       部            (counter for cars and buses)
-chūfā                     出發          to start a journey
-jiāoqū                    郊區          suburbs
-
-[228]
-
-lǎoshi                    老是          always, all the time
-lián...(yě)               連...也       even...(also)
-Shísānlíng                十三陵        Ming Tombs (literally, “Thirteen Tombs”)
-yěcān                     野餐          picnic
-yǒu míng                  又名          to be famous
-Yúyuán                    渝園          Szechuan Garden
-zhāodài                   招待          to be hospitable to
-
-
-[229]
-
-REFERENCE NOTES
-
-       今天我們一起去吃中飯，號碼？
-1.  B: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī       Let’s go have lunch together today.
-       zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?               Okay?
-
-       好啊。到東門餐廳去吃吧。
-    A: Hǎo a, dào Dōngmén Cānting      All right. Why don’t we go to the
-       qù chī ba.                      East Gate Restaurant?
-
-Note on No. 1
-
-Zhōngfàn means, literally, “middle meal.” “Breakfast” is zǎofàn, “early
-meal.” “Supper” is wǎnfàn, “late meal.”
-
-
-       東門的菜沒有大華的菜那麽好吧。
-2.  B: Dōngménde cài kǒngpà            I’m afraid that the food at the
-       méiyou Dàhuáde cài nàme         East Gate isn’t as good as the
-       hǎo ba.                         food at the Great China.
-
-       雖然不太好，可是離我們這裏近。
-    A: Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi        Even though it [East Gate] is not
-       lí wǒmen zhèli jìn.             too good, it is close to us.
-
-Notes on No. 2
-
-Cài, “(nonstaple) food,” “dish,” “course (of a meal)”: Literally, cài
-means “vegetables.” It refers to any dish that is eaten with rice. Both
-meat and vegetable dishes are included in the meaning.
-
-The pattern ...(méi)you...nàme... is used to make comparisons when
-one thing is LESS than another.
-
-                                 STATE VERB (OFTEN
-  1 + měiyou + 2 + nàme/zhème + ADJECTIVAL VERB)
-  --------------------------------------------------
-
-  他  沒有      你    那麽         忙。
-  Tā  méiyou   nǐ    nàme        máng.
-
-  我  沒有      他    那麽         聰明。
-  Wǒ  méiyou   tā    nàme        cōngming.
-
-  他  沒有      我    那麽         有錢。
-  Tā  méiyou   wǒ    nàme        yǒu qián.
-
-Used less frequently without the negative méi-, the pattern means “to be as
-[quality] AS [something else].”
-
-  你的書沒有我的書那麽多。
-  Nǐde shū méiyǒu wǒde shū             Your books are not as many as mine,
-  nàme duō.                            (You don’t have as many books as
-                                        I do.)
-  有
-  Yǒu.                                 Yes, they are. (Yes, I do have as
-                                       many books as you do.)
-  那個學校的圖書館有這個學校的怎麽好嗎？
-  Nèige xuéxiàode túshūguǎn yǒu        Is that school’s library as good as
-  zhèige xuéxiàode zhème hǎo           this one’s?
-  ma?
-
-[230]
-
-Suírán.. .kěshi... : Suírán (or suīrán), “although,” must always be
-followed by kěshi or dànshi, meaning “but,” in the second part of a sentence.
-Kěshi/dànshi would not usually be translated into English, but sometimes the
-word “still” is included in the translation: “Although it’s not too good,
-still it’s close to us.” Suírán may either precede the subject or be placed
-between the subject and the verb of a sentence.
-
-  雖然她喜歡旅行，可是她沒去過中國。
-  Suīrán tā xǐhuan lǚxíng, kěshi       Although she likes to travel, she
-  tā méi qùguo Zhōngguó.               has never been to China.
-
-  他雖然講了好幾次，可是我還是不懂，
-  Tā suīrán jiǎngle hǎojīcì,           Although he explained it many times
-  kěshi wǒ háishi bù dǒng.             I still didn’t understand.
-
-  我雖然沒看見過，可是聽人説過。
-  Wǒ suīrán méi kànjianguo,            Although I have never seen it, I
-  kěshi tīng rén shuōguo.              have heard of it.
-
-
-
-       哦，還有一個新開的飯館子離我們這裏更近。
-3.  B: Òu, hái yǒu yíge xīn kāide      Oh, there is also a newly opened
-       fànguǎnzi lí wǒmen zhèli        restaurant that is even closer to
-       gèng jin.                       us.
-
-       他們那裏的菜非常好。
-    B: Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng       The food there is extremely
-       hǎo.                            good.
-
-       今天我請你到那裏去吃。
-    B: Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni dào nàli     Today I am going to invite you to
-       qù chī.                         go there to eat.
-
-Notes on Wo. 3
-
-Xīn kāide: The adjectival verb xīn, “new,” means “newly,” “recently”
-when used as an adverb.
-
-Gèng, “more,” “even more,” “still more”
-
-  在領事館工作的人比大使館更多。
-  Zài lǐngshiguǎn gōngzuòde rén        More people work at the consulates
-  bǐ dàshiguǎn gèng duō.               than at the embassy.
-
-  綠蘋果很貴，紅蘋果更貴。
-  Lǜ píngguǒ hěn guì, hóng             Green apples are expensive; red
-  píngguǒ gèng guì.                    apples are even more expensive.
-
-  張霆鋒説的中國話，中國人很難聽得懂，
-  外國人一定更難。
-  Zhāng Tíngfēng shuōde Zhōngguo       Zhāng Tíng Fēng’s Chinese is hard
-  huà, Zhōngguo rén hěn nán            for Chinese people to understand;
-  tīngdedǒng, wàiguo rén               for a foreigner, it would
-  yídìng gèng nán.                     certainly be even harder.
-
-
-An overview of comparison: you have now learned several ways to compare
-things. The patterns presented here are the most common ones. Each pattern
-has a standard purpose:
-
-(MORE)
-   比
-...bǐ...          (STATE VERB)
-
-[231]
-
-(LESS)
-   沒有      那麽
-...méiyou...nàme  (STATE VERB)
-
-(EQUAL)
-    跟     一樣
-...gēn...yíyang   (STATE VERB)
-
-A simple adjectival verb may also be used to make a comparison:
-
-這兩本，哪本貴？
-Zhèi liǎngběn, něiběn guì?             Which of these two books is more
-                                       expensive?
-
-For each of the three patterns above (MORE—LESS—EQUAL), the comparison is
-made with a STATE verb. State verbs include adjectival verbs (hǎo, “to be
-good”), auxiliary verbs (huì, “to know how to,” “can”), and verbs describing
-mental attitudes or situations (zhīdao, “to know”; xǐhuan, “to like”; ài,
-“to love”).
-
-  他比我愛中國飯。
-  Tā bǐ wǒ ài chī Zhōngguo fàn.        He loves to eat Chinese food more
-                                       than I.
-  這件事情，你比他知道。
-  Zhèijiàn shìqing, nǐ bǐ tā           You know more about this than he does.
-  zhīdao.
-
-  他沒有我怎麽喜歡看電影。
-  Tā méiyou wǒ zhème xǐhuan            He doesn’t like to see movies as
-  kàn diànyǐng.                        much as I do.
-
-Although the verb phrase begins with a state verb, that may not be the
-only word in the comparison. It may be expanded to include other verbs (any
-type) and objects.
-
-The things being compared may also be expanded. Whole sentences may be
-placed in the slots for things compared:
-
-  坐火車沒有坐飛機那麽快。
-  Zuò huǒchē méiyou zuò fēijī          Going by train is not as fast as
-  nàme kuài.                           going by plane.
-
-  我學中文比他學歷史容易。
-  Wǒ xué Zhōngwén bǐ tā xué            It’s easier for him, studying history,
-  lìshǐ róngyi.                        than it is for me, studying Chinese.
-
-Although the prepositional verb bǐ is used to say that one thing is
-“more” than another, do not use the negative of this pattern to say that
-something is “less.”
-
-  他比他哥哥能説話。
-  Tā bǐ tā gēge néng shuō huà.         He is a better talker (smoother
-                                       talker) than his older brother.
-
-This pattern may also be expanded to indicate just HOW MUCH more one thing
-is than another. (Place the amount after the verb in a sentence.)
-
-  這本比那本貴三塊錢。
-  Zhèiběn bǐ nèiben guì sānkuài        This book is three dollars more
-  qián.                                expensive than that one.
-
-  我比他大兩嵗。
-  Wǒ bǐ tā dà liǎngsuì.                I am two years older than she is.
-
-Another way to indicate how much more is to add -de duō, “a lot,” to an
-adjectival verb.
-
-  這個比那個好看得多。
-  Zhèige bǐ něige hǎokànde duō!        This is much better looking than
-                                       that!
-[232]
-
-Use the pattern ...méiyou...nàme + state verb to say that one thing is
-less than another.
-
-  我的字沒有他的那麽好看。
-  Wǒde zì méiyou tāde nàme             My characters don’t look as good as
-  hǎokàn.                              his.
-
-  她想買的房子沒有這個房子近。
-  Tā xiǎng mǎide fángzi méiyou         The house she wants to buy isn’t as
-  zhèige fángzi jìn.                   close as this one.
-
-The affirmative pattern ...yǒu...nàme + state verb is ambiguous: it says
-that one item is AT LEAST AS expensive as another item which is either
-equally expensive or less expensive. This pattern is not as common as
-...méiyou...name + state verb.
-
-The adverbs gèng, “even more,” and zuì, “most,” are easily used to
-compare more than two things. (Place these adverbs before the verb in a
-sentence.)
-
-  這兩本很貴，可是那本更貴。
-  Zhèi liǎngběn hěn guì, kěshi         These two books are very expensive,
-  nèiběn gèng guì.                     but that one is even more expensive.
-
-  第一本比第二本貴，可是第三本最貴。
-  Dìyīběn bǐ dìèrběn guì, kěshi        The first book is more expensive than
-  dìsānběn zuì guì.                    that one, but the third one is the
-                                       most expensive.
-
-If the entire sentence involves a comparison of the three books, the speaker
-may single out the most expensive book with zuì, or sometimes without it.
-
-  這三本書，哪本貴？
-  Zhèi sānběn shū, něiběn guì?         Of these three books, which is the
-                                       (most) expensive one?
-
-  這本最貴。
-  Zhèiběn zuì guì.                     This one is the most expensive.
-
-
-       那不好意思！
-4.  A: Nà bù hǎo yìsi!                 I can’t let you do that!
-                                       (That would be too embarrassing!)
-       別客氣，沒什麽。那個地方的菜又好又便宜。
-    B: Bié kèqi, méi shenme.           Don’t be polite. It’s nothing.
-       Nèige dìfangde cài yòu          The food there is both good and
-       hǎo yòu piányi.                 cheap.
-
-Notes on No. 4
-
-Bù hǎo yìsi is an idiomatic phrase meaning “to be embarrassing.” In
-Chinese culture, treating someone to a meal both shows your respect for him
-and maintains your status as a generous host. In exchange 4, Nà bù hǎo yìsi
-means “I’m embarrassed to have you show me so much respect,” or “I’m
-embarrassed to appear to be too cheap to treat you.” Bù hǎo yìsi also means
-“to feel embarrassed.”
-
-Yòu...yòu..., “both...and..The element following each you may be as
-simple as an adjectival verb or as complex as a full verb phrase.
-
-  他孩子又會説英文，又會說中國話。
-  Tā háizi yòu huì shuō Yīngwén,       His child can speak both English and
-  yòu huì shuō Zhōngguō huà.           Chinese.
-
-
-[233]
-
-       你説的地方一定好。
-5.  A: Nǐ shuōde dìfang yídìng         Any place you suggest is sure to
-       hǎo.                            be good.
-
-       他們那裏有好些菜別的地方吃不着。
-    B: Tāmen nàli yǒu hǎoxiē cài       They have a good many dishes there
-       biéde dìfang chībuzháo.         that you can’t find (at) other
-                                       places.
-
-Notes on No. 5
-
-Yídìng, “certainly,” can act as either an adverb or an adjectival verb.
-
-  (ADVERB)
-
-  他一定來。
-  Tā yídìng lái.                       He will definitely come.
-
-  我不一定去。
-  Wǒ bù yídìng qù.                     It’s not certain that I will go.
-
-  我還不一定去。
-  Wǒ hái bù yídìng qù.                 It’s not yet certain that I will go
-
-
-  (ADJECTIVAL VERB)
-
-  你那天去？
-  還不一定。
-  Nǐ něitiān qù?                       On what day are you going there?
-  Hái bù yídìng.                       It’s not certain yet.
-
-  那是一定的
-  Na shi yídìngde.                     That’s for sure.
-
-Hǎoxiē means “a good many” or “a lot.” You have seen -xiē, “several,”
-“some,” in zhèixie, “these,” and nèixie, “those.” The element -xiē also
-occurs in yìxiē, “some,” “a few”: Shūjiàzishang hái yòu yìxiē shū,
-(書架子還有一些書) “There are still a few books on the bookcase.”
-
-Biéde is the word for “other” in the sense of “a different one.”
-LÌngwài is the word for “other” when you mean “an additional one.”
-
-Chībuzháo: In this compound verb of result, the ending -zháo indicates
-success in obtaining something. Here are some examples of compounds ending
-in -zháo:
-
-  我找不着他的電話號碼兒。
-  Wǒ zhǎobuzháo tāde diànhuà           I cannot find his phone number,
-  hàomǎr.
-
-  今天沒買着蘋果。
-  Jīntiān méi mǎizháo píngguǒ.         I did not succeed in buying apples
-                                       today.
-
-[234]
-
-
-6.  bù yídìng             不一定        not necessarily; it’s not definite
-7.  kànfa                 看法          opinion, view
-8.  wǎnfàn                晚飯          supper, dinner
-9.  xiǎngfa               想法          idea, opinion
-10. yìxiē                 一些          some, several, a few
-11. zǎofàn                早飯          breakfast
-12. zuòfa                 做法          way of doing things, method, practice
-
-
-Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary
-
-Kànfa, “opinion,” “view,” may be loosely translated as “way of looking
-at things.” The word is made up of kàn, to look,” and fǎ, “method,” “way.”
-
-  我們對這件事的看法不一樣。
-  Wǒmen duì zhèijiàn shìde             Our opinions on this matter are not
-  kànfa bù yíyàng.                     the same.
-
-Xiǎngfa, “idea,” “opinion,” is made up of xiǎng, “to think,” and fǎ,
-“method, “way.” Xiǎngfa is a “way of thinking”The word is actually
-pronounced xiǎngfa.
-
-  他的想法跟我的一樣。
-  Tāde xiǎngfa gēn wǒde yíyàng.        His way of thinking is the same as
-                                       mine.
-
-Zuòfa, “way of doing things,” “method,” “practice,” is made up of the
-verb zuò. “to do,” and fǎ, “method,” “way.”
-
-  你的目的很好，可是我不喜歡你的做法。
-  Nǐde mùdi hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ          Your goal is good, but I don’t like
-  bù xīhuan nǐde zuòfa.                your methods.
-
-
-[235]
-
-DRILLS
-
-A. Response Drill
-
-             今天我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？         好，今天我請你。
-1.  Speaker: Jīntiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù     You: Hǎo, jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni.
-             chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?          (All right. Today I’m inviting
-             (Let’s go have lunch            you.)
-              together today. Okay?)
-
-             今天我請你去吃中飯。               別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。
-  OR         Jīntiān wǒ qǐng ni qù          Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī
-             chī zhōngfàn.                  zhōngfàn.
-             (Today I am inviting           (Don’t be so polite. Let’s
-              you to go to eat               Just go together and split
-              lunch.)                        the bill.)
-
-    明天中午我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？         好，明天中午我請你。
-2.  Míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒmen yìqǐ qù     Hǎo, míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒ qǐng ni.
-    chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
-
-    明天中午我請你去吃中飯。                別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。
-3.  Míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒ qǐng ni qù     Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī
-    chī zhōngfàn.                      zhōngfàn.
-
-    星期五我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？           好，星期五我請你。
-4.  Xīngqīwǔ wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī         Hǎo, Xīngqīwǔ wǒ qǐng ni.
-    zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
-
-    星期六我請你去吃中飯。                  別客氣，我們一起去吃中飯。
-5.  Xīngqīliù wǒ qǐng ni qù chī        Bié kèqi, wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī
-    zhōngfàn.                          zhōngfàn.
-
-    明天中午我們一起去吃中飯，好嗎？         好，明天我請你。
-6.  Míngtiān wǒmen yìqǐ qù chī         Hǎo, míngtiān wǒ qǐng ni.
-    zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
-
-
-B: Transformation Drill
-
-             那個肉比這個肉好。                 這個肉沒有那個肉那麽好。
-1.  Speaker: Nèige ròu bǐ zhèige       You: Zhèige ròu méiyou nèige ròu
-             ròu hǎo.                       nàme hǎo.
-             (This meat is better           (This meat is not as good as
-              than that meat.)               that meat.)
-
-    新的比舊的好。                        舊的沒有新的那麽好。
-2.  Xīnde bǐ jiùde hǎo.                Jiùde méiyou xīnde nàme hǎo.
-
-    大話的菜比東門的菜好。                  東門的菜沒有大話的菜那麽好。
-3.  Dàhuáde cài bǐ Dōngménde cài       Dōngménde cài méiyou Dàhuáde cài
-    hǎo.                               nàme hǎo.
-
-[236]
-
-    他的錢比我的錢多。                     我的錢沒有他的錢那麽多。
-4.  Tāde qián bǐ wǒde qián duō.        Wǒde qián meiyou tāde qián nàme
-                                       duō.
-
-    那個肉比這個肉貴。                     這個肉沒有那個肉那麽貴。
-5.  Nèige ròu bǐ zhèige ròu guì.       Zhèige ròu měiyou nèige ròu nàme
-                                       guì.
-
-    舊書比新書便宜。                      新書沒有舊書那麽便宜。
-6.  Jiù shū bǐ xīn shū piányi.         Xīn shū měiyou jiù shū nàme piányi.
-
-
-    他開車比我開得快。                     我開車沒有他開de車那麽快。
-7.  Tā kāi chē bǐ wǒ kāide kuài.       Wǒ kāi chē měiyou tā kāide nàme kuài.
-
-
-C. Combination Drill
-
-             不太好。離我們家近。                雖然不太好，可是離我們家近。
-1.  Speaker: Bú tài hǎo. Lí wǒmen      You: Suīrán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí
-             jiā jìn.                       wǒmen jiā jìn.
-             (It is not too good.           (Even though it is not too good
-              It is close to us.)            it is close to us.)
-
-             很好。離我們家太遠。                雖然很好，可是離我們家太遠。
-    OR       Hěn hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā          Suīrán hěn hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen
-             tài yuǎn.                      jiā tài yuǎn.
-             (it is very good. It           (Even though it is very good,
-              is too far from us.)           it is too far from us.)
-
-    不太方便。離我們家近。                  雖然不太方便，可是離我們家近。
-2.  Bú tài fāngbian. Lí wǒmen          Suīrán bú tài fāngbian, kěshi lí
-    jiā jìn.                           wǒmen jiā jìn.
-
-    不太便宜。離我們家近。                  雖然不太便宜，可是離我們家近。
-3.  Bu tài piányi. Lí wǒmen jiā        Suīrán bú tài piányi, kěshi lí
-    jìn.                               wǒmen jiā jìn.
-
-    很便宜。離我們家遠。                    雖然很便宜，可是離我們家遠。
-4.  Hěn piányi. Lí wǒmen jiā tài       Suīrán hěn piányi, kěshi lí wǒmen
-    yuǎn.                              jiā tài yuǎn.
-
-    很好。離我們家遠。                      雖然很好，可是離我們家遠。
-5.  Hěn hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā tài          Suīrán hěn hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen jiā
-    yuǎn.                              tài yuǎn.
-
-    不太好。離我們家近。                    雖然不太好，可是離我們家近。
-6.  Bú tài hǎo. Lí wǒmen jiā hěn       Suīrán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí wǒmen
-    jìn.                               jiā hěn jìn.
-
-
-[237]
-
-D. Transformation Drill
-
-             那個飯館子離這兒很近。              這個飯館子比那個飯館子離這兒很近。
-1.  Speaker: Nèige fànguǎnzi lí        You: Zhèige fànguǎnzi bǐ nèige
-             zhèr hěn jìn.                  fànguǎnzi lí zhèr gèng jìn.
-                                            (This restaurant is even closer
-                                             to here than that restaurant.)
-                   這個
-             (cue) zhèige
-             (That restaurant is
-              very close to here.)
-
-    他家離這兒很近。                       我家比他家離這兒更近。
-2.  Tā jiā lí zhèr hěn jìn.            Wǒ jiā bǐ tā jiā lí zhèr gèng jìn.
-
-    我家
-    wǒ jiā
-
-    那個銀行離這兒很遠。                    中國銀行比那個銀行離這兒很遠。
-3.  Nèige yínháng lí zhèr hěn yuǎn.    Zhōngguo Yínháng bǐ nèige yínháng
-                                       lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
-    這個銀行
-    Zhōngguo Yínháng
-
-    五路汽車站離這兒很遠。                  那個汽車站比五路汽車站離這兒很遠。
-4.  Wǔlù Qìchēzhàn lí zhèr hěn yuǎn,   Nèige Qìchēzhàn bǐ Wūlù Qìchēzhàn
-                                       lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
-    那個汽車站
-    nèige Qìchēzhàn
-
-    武官処離這兒很遠。                     大使館比武官処離這兒很遠。
-5.  Wǔguānchù lí zhèr hěn yuǎn.        Dàshiguān bǐ Wǔguānchù lí zhèr gèng
-                                       yuǎn.
-    大使館
-    Dàshiguǎn
-
-    火車站離這兒很近。                     公路局車站比火車站離這兒很近。
-6.  Huǒchēzhàn lí zhèr hěn jìn.        Gōnglùjú chēzhàn bǐ huǒchēzhàn lí
-                                       zhèr gèng jìn.
-    公路局車站
-    Gōnglùjú chēzhàn
-
-    吾科長家離這兒很遠。                    李教授家比吾科長家離這兒很遠。
-7.  Wú Kēzhǎng jiā lí zhèr hěn yuǎn.   Lǐ Jiàoshòu jiā bǐ Wú Kēzhǎng jiā
-                                       lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
-    李教授家
-    Lǐ Jiàoshòu jiā
-
-
-E. Transformation Drill
-
-             張小姐，王先生都有錢。              張小姐跟王先生一樣有錢。
-1.  Speaker: Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng       You: Zhāng Xiǎojiě gēn Wáng Xiānsheng
-             Xiānsheng dōu yǒu              yíyàng yǒu qián.
-             qián.                          (Miss Zhāng and Mr. Wáng are
-             (cue) the same                  equally rich.)
-             (Both Miss Zhāng and
-              Mr. Wáng have money
-              [are rich].)
-
-    張小姐，王先生都有錢。                  張小姐比王先生有錢。
-2.  Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng      Zhāng Xiǎojiě bǐ Wáng Xiānsheng yǒu
-    dōu yǒu qián.                      qián.
-
-    more
-
-    張小姐，王先生都有錢。                  張小姐沒有王先生那麽有錢。
-3.  Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng      Zhāng Xiǎojiě méiyou Wáng Xiānsheng
-    dōu yǒu qián.                      nàme yǒu qián.
-
-    less
-
-    張小姐，王先生都有錢。                  張小姐比王先生更有錢。
-4.  Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng      Zhāng Xiǎojiě bǐ Wáng Xiānsheng
-    dōu yǒu qián.                      gèng yǒu qián.
-
-    even more
-
-[238]
-
-    張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。            張小姐的錢跟王先生的錢一樣多。
-5.  Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng         Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián gēn Wáng
-    Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō.      Xiānshengde qián yíyàng duō.
-
-    the same
-
-    張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。            張小姐的錢沒有王先生的錢那麽多。
-6.  Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng         Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián méiyou Wáng
-    Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō.      Xiānshengde qián nàme duō.
-
-    less
-
-    張小姐的錢，王先生的錢都很多。            張小姐的錢比王先生的錢更多。
-7.  Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng         Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián bǐ Wáng
-    Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn duō.      Xiānshengde qián gèng duō.
-
-    even more
-
-
-F.  Substitution Drill
-
-             你們這兒的菜很好。                 你們這兒的菜非常好。
-1.  Speaker: Nǐmen zhèrde cài hěn      You: Nǐmen zhèrde cài fēicháng hǎo.
-             hǎo.                           (Your food here is exceptionally
-             (cue) exceptionally             good.)
-             (Your food here is
-              very good.)
-
-    你們這兒的菜非常好。                   你們這兒的菜好極了。
-2.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài fēicháng hǎo.     Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.
-
-    extremely
-
-    你們這兒的菜好極了。                   你們這兒的菜好極了。
-3.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.          Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎo yìdiǎn
-
-    a little (more)
-
-    你們這兒的菜好一點。                   你們這兒的菜更好。
-4.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎo yìdiǎn.       Nǐmen zhèrde cài gèng hǎo.
-
-    even more
-
-    你們這兒的菜更好。                     你們這兒的菜好極了。
-5.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài gèng hǎo.         Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.
-
-    extremely
-
-    你們這兒的菜好極了。                   你們這兒的菜特別好。
-6.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.          Nǐmen zhèrde cài tèbié hǎo.
-
-    expecially
-
-    你們這兒的菜特別好。
-7.  Nǐmen zhèrde cài tèbié hǎo.
-
-
-[239]
-
-G.  Combination Drill
-
-             這本書很好。這本書很便宜。           這本書又好又便宜。
-1.  Speaker: Zhèiběn shū hěn hǎo.      You: Zhèiběn shū yòu hǎo yòu piányi
-             Zhèiběn shū hěn                (This book is both good and
-             piányi.                         inexpensive.)
-             (This book is good.
-              This book is
-              inexpensive.)
-
-    你買的地圖很好。你買的地圖很便宜。        你買的地圖又好又便宜。
-2.  Nǐ mǎide dìtú hěn hǎo. Nǐ          Ni mǎide dìtú yòu hǎo yòu piányi.
-    mǎide dìtú hěn piányi.
-
-    他住的飯店很好。他住的飯店很大。          他住的飯店又好又大。
-3.  Tā zhùde fàndiàn hěn hǎo. Tā       Tā zhùde fàndiàn yòu hǎo yòu dà.
-    zhùde fàndiàn hěn dà.
-
-    那般飛機很快。那般飛機很便宜。            那般飛機又快又便宜。
-4.  Nèibān fēijī hěn kuài. Nèibān      Nèibān fēijī yòu kuài yòu piányi.
-    fēijī hěn piányi.
-
-    坐火車去很好。坐火車去很方便。            坐火車去又好又方便。
-5.  Zuò huǒchē qù hěn hǎo. Zuò         Zuò huǒchē qù yòu hǎo yòu fāngbian.
-    huǒchē qù hěn fāngbian.
-
-    這個飯館子很近。這個飯館子很便宜。         這個飯館子又近又便宜。
-6.  Zhège fànguǎnzi hěn jìn.           Zhège fànguǎnzi yòu jìn yòu piányi.
-    Zhège fànguǎnzi hěn piányi.
-
-    他買的地毯很便宜。他買的地毯很很好。       他買的地毯又便宜又好。
-7.  Tā mǎide dìtǎn hěn piányi. Tā      Tā mǎide dìtǎn yòu piányi yòu hǎo.
-    mǎide dìtǎn hěn hǎo.
-
-
-H.  Expansion Drill
-
-             這兒的肉非常好。                  這的肉非常好，別的地方吃不着。
-1.  Speaker: Zhèrde ròu fēicháng       You: Zhèrde ròu fēicháng hǎo, biéde
-             hǎo.                           dìfang chībuzháo.
-                                            (The meat here is exceptionally
-                   吃                         good. You can’t find anything
-             (cue) chī                       like it anywhere else.)
-             (The meat here is
-              exceptionally good.)
-
-    那兒的菜非常好。                       那兒的菜非常好，別的地方買不着。
-2.  Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo.            Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang
-                                       mǎibuzháo.
-    買
-    mǎi
-
-    那兒的糖非常好。                       那兒的糖非常好，別的地方買不着。
-3.  Nàrde táng fēicháng hǎo.           Nàrde táng fēicháng hǎo, biéde
-                                       dìfang mǎibuzháo.
-    買
-    mǎi
-
-    這兒的電影非常好。                     這兒的電影非常好，別的地方看不着。
-4.  Zhèrde diànyíng fēicháng hǎo.      Zhèrde diànyǐng fēicháng hǎo, biéde
-                                       dìfang kànbuzháo.
-    看
-    kàn
-
-    這兒的書非常好。                       這兒的書非常好，別的地方看不着。
-5.  Zhèrde shū fēicháng duō.           Zhèrde shū fēicháng duō, biéde
-                                       dìfang kànbuzháo.
-    看
-    kàn
-
-[240]
-
-    那兒的電視非常好。                     那兒的電視非常好，別的地方買不着。
-6.  Nàrde diànshì fēicháng hǎo.        Nàrde diànshì fēicháng hǎo, biéde
-                                       dìfang mǎibuzháo.
-    買
-    mǎi
-
-    那兒的菜非常好。                       那兒的菜非常好，別的地方吃不着。
-7.  Narde cài fēicháng hǎo.            Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo, biéde
-                                       dìfang chībuzháo.
-    吃
-    chi
-
-
-Drying rice in front of a temple in central Táiwān
-
-
-[241]
-
-UNIT 7
-
-REFERENCE LIST
-
-(in Taipei)
-
-       喂
-1.  B: Wèi.                            Hello.
-
-       張先生嗎？
-    A: Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?             Is this Mr. Zhāng?
-
-       是的。您是不是白女士？
-2.  B: Shìde. Nín shì bu shi Bái       Yes. Is this Miss White?
-       Nǚshì?
-
-       是。張先生，我有一件事想跟你打聽打聽。
-    A: Shì. Zhāng Xiānsheng, wǒ        Yes. Mr. Zhāng, I have something
-       yǒu yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn        I would like to ask you about.
-       nín dǎting dǎting.
-
-       什麽事？
-3.  B: Shénme shì?                     What is it?
-
-       聽説您那邊新來了方先生，是剛派來的；
-       他的名字我忘記了。
-    A: Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn         I have heard that you recently had
-       láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng,     a Mr. Fāng join you, who has just
-       shi gāng pàilaide;              been assigned to your office. I
-       tāde míngzi wǒ wàngji le.       have forgotten his given name.
-
-       不錯，方德銘是上個禮拜派到我們這裏來的。
-4.  B: Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi         That’s right. Fāng Démíng was sent
-       shàngge lǐbài pài dào           over here last week.
-       wǒmen zhèli láide.
-
-       怎麽？你認識他嗎。
-    B: Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma?         Why? Do you know him?
-
-       不認識。
-5.  A: Bú rènshi.                      I don’t know him.
-
-       不過聽説他也是加州大學畢業的，
-       所以想請你給我介紹介紹。
-    A: Búguò tīngshuō tā yě shi        However, I have heard that he also
-       Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède,           graduated from the University
-       suǒyi xiǎng qǐng ni gěi         of California, so I wanted to ask
-       wo jièshao jièshao.             you to introduce me to him.
-
-       沒問題。我看看...好，我們現在都有功夫。
-6.  B: Méi wèntí. Wǒ kànkan...         No problem. I’ll take a look....
-       hǎo, wǒmen xiànzài dōu          Okay, we are both free now.
-       yǒu gōngfu.
-
-       你現在竜來嗎？
-    B: Nǐ xiànzài néng lái ma?         Can you come now?
-
-       行。
-7.  A: Xíng.                           That will be fine.
-
-       我馬上到您辦公室來。
-    A: Wǒ mǎshàng dào nín bàngōngshì   I’ll come to your office right away.
-       lái.
-
-       差不多半個鐘頭就到。
-    A: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu         I’ll be there in about half an hour.
-       jiù dào.
-
-
-[242]
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-8.  jìde                  記得          to remember
-
-9.  rènde                 認得          to recognize, to know (alternate
-                                       word for rènshi)
-
-10. rènshi zì             認識字        to know how to read (literally, “to
-                                       recognize characters”)
-
-11. wàng                  忘            to forget (alternate word for wàngji,
-                                       especially in the sense of
-                                       forgetting to DO something)
-
-12. wánquán               完全          completely
-
-
-13. xiǎngqilai            想起來        to think of, to remember
-
-
-14. zuǒyòu                左右          approximately
-
-
-[243]
-
-
-VOCABULARY
-
-bìyè                      畢業           to graduate
-bú cuò                    不錯           not bad, pretty good; that’s right
-
-chàbuduō                  差不多         almost, about, approximately
-
-dǎting                    大廳           to inquire about, to ask about
-
-jìde                      記得           to remember
-
-mǎshàng                   馬上           immediately
-méi wèntí                 沒問題         (there’s) no problem
-
-pài dào                   派到           to send to
-pàilai                    派來           to send here
-
-rènde                     認得           to recognize, to know
-rènshi                    認識           to recognize, to know
-rènshi zì                 認識字         to know how to read (literally,
-                                          “to recognize characters”)
-
-tīngshuō                  聽説           to hear that
-
-wàng                      忘            to forget
-wàngji                    忘記           to forget
-wánquán                   完全           completely
-wèntí                     問題           problem, question
-
-xiǎngqilai                想起來         to think of, to remember
-
-zuǒyōu                    左右           approximately
-
-
-(introduced on C-2 tape)
-
-cōngming                  聰明           to be intelligent
-duōde duō                 多得多          much more
-kěnéng                    可能           maybe
-Shìjiè Yínháng            世界銀行        World Bank
-xiū jià                   休假           to take a vacation
-yánjiuyuàn                研究院          graduate school
-yàobushi...jiù shi...     要不是..就是..  if it’s not...then it will be...
-yònggōng                  用工           to be hardworking
-yuèchū                    月初           the beginning of the month
-yuèdǐ                     月底           the end of the month
-
-
-[244]
-
-REFERENCE NOTES
-
-       喂
-1.  B: Wèi.                            Hello.
-
-       張先生嗎？
-    A: Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?             Is this Mr. Zhāng?
-
-       是的。您是不是白女士？
-2.  B: Shìde. Nín shì bu shi Bái       Yes. Is this Miss White?
-       Nǚshì?
-
-       是。張先生，我有一件事想跟你打聽打聽。
-    A: Shì. Zhāng Xiānsheng, wǒ        Yes. Mr. Zhāng, I have something
-       yǒu yíjiàn shì xiǎng gēn        I would like to ask you about.
-       nín dǎting dǎting.
-
-Notes on Nos. 1-2
-
-Gēn nín dǎting, “ask information from you”: Note that the prepositional
-verb gēn is translated as “from.” Dǎting, “to inquire,” is less formal
-than qǐngjiào and requests information rather than advice.
-
-Objects of reduplicated verbs: Reduplicated verbs may be followed only
-by DEFINITE objects. Indefinite objects of reduplicated verbs precede those
-verbs. In the last sentence of exchange 2, the object of the reduplicated
-verb dǎting dǎting is indefinite: yíjiàn shì, “a matter” Thus the object
-is introduced in the clause wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shì which precedes the entire
-verb phrase xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting.
-
-Reduplicating a verb makes it indefinite; adding an indefinite object might
-cause confusion. The reduplicated verbs in the sentences below have definite
-objects:
-
-  我想跟您打聽打聽那件事。
-  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting       I would like to ask you about that.
-  nèijiàn shì.
-
-  我想跟您打聽打聽這件事。
-  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting       I would like to ask you about this.
-  zhèijiàn shì.
-
-  我想跟您打聽打聽他的事。
-  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting       I would like to ask you about his
-  tāde shì.                            matter (about ask him)
-
-  我想跟您打聽打聽你的那件事。
-  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting       I would like to ask you about that
-  nǐde nèijiàn shì.                    matter of yours.
-
-
-Simple verbs are used in the following sentences, which have indefinite
-objects:
-
-  我想跟您打聽一點事。
-  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting              I would like to ask you about something.
-  yìdiǎn shì.
-
-  我想跟您打聽很多事。
-  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting hěn          I would like to ask you about a lot of things.
-  duō shì.
-
-  我想跟您打聽幾件事。
-  Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting              I would like to ask you about a few things.
-  jǐjiàn shì.
-
-
-[245]
-
-       什麽事？
-3.  B: Shénme shì?                     What is it?
-
-       聽説您那邊新來了方先生，是剛派來的；
-       他的名字我忘記了。
-    A: Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn         I have heard that you recently had
-       láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng,     a Mr. Fāng join you, who has just
-       shi gāng pàilaide;              been assigned to your office. I
-       tāde míngzi wǒ wàngji le.       have forgotten his given name.
-
-Notes on No. 3
-
-Tīngshuō corresponds to the English “I hear that....”
-
-... láile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng, “there came a Mr. Fāng”: While “a” and
-“the” are used in English to distinguish between indefinite and definite,
-word order accomplishes the same distinction in Chinese. The subject “A
-Mr. Fāng” is placed AFTER the verb because the subject is indefinite. With
-an indefinite subject following the verb, information preceding the verb
-may give location, time, or other scene-setting details.
-
-  這兒新開了一個很好的飯館子。
-  Zhèr xīn kāile yige hěn              A very good restaurant opened here
-  hǎode fànguǎnzi.                     recently.
-
-  昨天來了一些日本人。
-  Zuótiān láile yìxiē Rìběn            Some Japanese came yesterday,
-  rén.
-
-  已經去了五百個人。
-  Yǐjīng qùle wǔbǎige rén.             Five hundred people have already
-                                       gone there.
-
-Verbs of appearing and verbs of disappearing (“to come,” “to discover,”
-“to happen/occur”) introduce indefinite subjects, as do the words you
-and yǒude.
-
-  外邊有幾個人找你。
-  Wàibian yǒu jige rén zhǎo nǐ.        There are some people outside who
-                                       want to see you.
-  有的人不喜歡喝茶。
-  Yǒude rén bù xǐhuan hē chá.          Some people don’t like to drink tea.
-
-Some situations may be described with either you or another verb.
-
-  昨天有一個人來找你。
-  Zuótiān yǒu yige rén lái             Yesterday there was someone here
-  zhǎo nǐ.                             looking for you.
-
-  昨天來了一個人要找你當面談談。
-  Zuótiān láile yige rén yào           Yesterday someone was here who was
-  zhǎo nǐ dāngmiàn tántan.             looking for you to talk with you
-                                       in person.
-
-Subjects occurring at the end of a sentence are indefinite, whether or not
-they are accompanied by yíge. Subjects preceding the verb in a sentence
-are definite, whether or not they are accompanied by zhèige, nèige, zhèixiē,
-nèixiē, or other specifying words.
-
-
-  Lái rén le.             來人了。       Some people have come.
-
-
-  Rén lái le.             人來了。       The people have come, (i.e., those
-                                       whom we were expecting)
-
-[246]
-
-Míngzi means “name”—of an object, a place, or a person (GIVEN NAME).
-Occasionally, míngzi is used for a person’s full name (surname and given
-name). This usage is more common in the PRC.
-
-Wàngji is a verb meaning “to forget”—used especially in reference to
-forgetting facts. Wàng, “to forget,” is more commonly used for forgetting
-to do something. The verb jìde means “to remember.”
-
-
-       不錯，方德銘是上個禮拜派到我們這裏來的。
-4.  B: Bú cuò, Fāng Démíng shi         That’s right. Fāng Démíng was sent
-       shàngge lǐbài pài dào           over here last week.
-       wǒmen zhèli láide.
-
-       怎麽？你認識他嗎。
-    B: Zěnme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma?         Why? Do you know him?
-
-Notes on No. 4
-
-Bú cuò means “not bad” in the sense of pretty good,” “pretty well,”
-“all right.”
-
-  Nǐ zěnmeyàng?           你怎麽樣？     How are things going?
-
-  Bú cuò.                 不錯          Not bad.
-
-In the first sentence of No. 4, bú cuò means “that’s right, your information
-is not wrong.”
-
-  李先生，你剛從香港回來，是嗎？
-  Lǐ Xiānsheng, ni gāng cóng           Mr. Li, you just got back from Hong
-  Xiānggǎng huílai, shì ma?            Kong, didn’t you?
-
-  不錯，我是昨天回來的。
-  Bú cuò, wǒ shi zuótiān               That’s right. I got back yesterday.
-  huílaide.
-
-Here are more examples of bú cuò:
-
-  那個飯館子菜真不錯。
-  Nèige fànguǎnzide cài zhēn           That restaurant really has pretty
-  bú cuò.                              good food.
-
-  他説中國話，説得不錯。
-  Tā shuō Zhōngguo huà, shuōde         He speaks Chinese pretty well.
-  bú cuò.
-
-In the first example, notice that an adverb precedes bú cuò: zhēn bú cuò
-
-[247]
-
-Pài dào...lái is a three-part verb: action verb (also expressing MOTION),
-prepositional verb (must take an object), and directional verb (lái, qù)
-
-  ACTION   PREPOSITIONAL               DIRECTIONAL
-   VERB        VERB        OBJECT         VERB
-
-  跑        到              山上         去
-  pǎo      dào             shānshang   qù             “to run up on
-                                                       the hill”
-
-  搬        到              這兒         來
-  bān      dào             zhèr        lái            “to move it
-                                                        into here”
-
-  拿        到              學校         去
-  ná       dào             xuéxiào     qù             “to take it to
-                                                       school”
-
-  走        到              後邊兒       來
-  zǒu      dào             hòubianr    lái            “to walk to
-                                                       the back”
-
-Zěnme, “why,” “how come,” “how is it that...,”* is a more colloquial and
-challenging word for “why” than wèishénme. Only a reason or an explanation is
-requested by wèishénme. Zěnme expresses more, emphasizing the speaker’s
-surprise or lack of understanding.
-
-*You have already learned that zènme can mean “how.”
-
-  你們的辦公室怎麽這麽小？
-  Nǐmende bàngōngshì zěnme             How is it that your office is so
-  zhème xiǎo?                          small?
-
-  他父母都說中國話，他怎麽不會説。
-  Tā fùmǔ dōu shuō Zhōngguo            Both his parents speak Chinese.
-  huà, tā zěnme bú huì                 How is it that he can’t?
-  shuō?
-
-  這麽要緊的事，我怎麽忘了做了？
-  Zhème yàojǐnde shì, wǒ               How could I have forgotten to do
-  zěnme wàngle zuò le?                 such an important thing?
-
-  你怎麽不念書呢？
-  Nǐ zěnme bú niàn shū ne?             How come you’re not studying?
-
-  你怎麽不説話？有什麽不高興的事嗎？
-  Nǐ zěnme bù shuō huà? Yǒu            How come you’re not saying anything?
-  shénme bù gāoxìngde shì ma?          Is there something you are unhappy
-                                       about?
-
-The meaning of zěnme is sometimes affected by the aspect marker used:
-
-  你怎麽來了？
-  Nǐ zěnme lái le?                     How come you are here? (i.e.,
-                                       “What are you doing here?”)
-
-  你(是)怎麽來的？
-  Nǐ (shi) zěnme láide?                How did you get here? (i.e., by
-                                       what means of transportation)
-
-[248]
-
-Rènshi the state verb means “to know” in the sense of “to be acquainted
-with,” “to be familiar with,” “to recognize.” As an action verb, rènshi
-means “to meet,” “to get acquainted with.”
-
-(STATE VERB)
-
-  你認識張國權嗎？
-  Nǐ rènshi Zhāng Guóquán ma?          Do you know Zhāng Guóquán?
-
-  你認識他嗎？
-  Nǐ rènshi ta ma?                     Do you know him?
-
-  我們不太認識。
-  Wǒmen bú tài rènshi.                 We are not too well acquainted.
-
-  我們去年還不認識。
-  Wǒmen qùnián hái bú rènshi.          We did not know each other yet last
-                                       year.
-
-(ACTION VERB)
-
-  我在美國的時候，認識了很多美國年輕人。
-  Wǒ zài Měiguode shíhou,              When I was in America, I met a lot
-  rènshile hěn duō Měiguo              of young Americans.
-  niánqīng rén.*
-
-*niánqīng, “to be young”
-
-  我是前年認識他的。
-  Wǒ shi qiánnián                      I met him the year before last.
-  rènshi tade.
-
-  那個時候我們還沒認識。
-  Nèige shíhou wǒmen hái méi           At that time we had not yet met.
-  rènshi.
-
-  他是一個很好的人，你應該認識認識。
-  Tā shi yíge hěn hǎode rén,           He is a very good person; you should
-  nǐ yīnggāi rènshi renshi.**          get to know him.
-
-**yīnggāi, “should”
-
-As a state verb, rènshi is used for “knowing” or “recognizing” Chinese
-characters.
-
-  你認識多少個中國字？
-  Nǐ rènshi duōshǎoge Zhōngguo         How many Chinese characters do you
-  zì?                                  know/recognize?
-
-  你認識這個字嗎？
-  Nǐ rènshi zhèige zì ma?              Do you recognize this character?
-
-Contrast the meanings of rènshi and zhīdao: rènshi, “to know” a person;
-zhīdao, “to know of” a person
-
-  你認識唐小姐嗎？
-  Nǐ rènshi Táng Xiǎojiě ma?           Do you know Miss Táng?
-
-  我知道她，但是我們沒見過。
-  Wǒ zhīdao ta, dànshi wǒmen           I know of her, but we haven’t met.
-  méi jiànguo.
-
-When a place is being discussed, rènshi means “to know how to get [there].”
-Zhīdao continues to mean “to know of [a place].”
-
-  你認識那個電影院嗎？
-  Nǐ rènshi nèige diànyǐngyuàn         Do you know how to get to that movie
-  ma?                                  theater?
-
-  你知道那個電影院？
-  Nǐ zhīdao nèige diànyǐngyuàn         Do you know of that movie theater?
-  ma?
-
-[249]
-
-
-       不認識。
-5.  A: Bú rènshi.                      I don’t know him.
-
-       不過聽説他也是加州大學畢業的，
-       所以想請你給我介紹介紹。
-    A: Búguò tīngshuō tā yě shi        However, I have heard that he also
-       Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède,           graduated from the University
-       suǒyi xiǎng qǐng ni gěi         of California, so I wanted to ask
-       wo jièshao jièshao.             you to introduce me to him.
-
-Note on No. 5
-
-Shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède, “graduated from the University of California”:
-The name of a school or a word describing the type of school may stand
-in front of the verb bìyè with no preceding prepositional verb, such as
-cóng, “from.”
-
-  你兒子已經大學/中學/小學畢業了嗎？
-  Nǐ érzi yǐjīng dàxué/zhōngxué/       Has your son graduated from college/
-  iǎoxué bìyè le ma?                   high school/elementary school
-                                       already?
-  他大學還沒畢業呢。
-  Tā dàxué hai méi bìyè ne.            He has not graduated from college yet.
-
-  他是臺灣大學畢業的。
-  Tā shi Táiwān Dàxué bìyède.          He graduated from Táiwān University.
-
-Bìyè may also be preceded by either zài, “at,” or cóng, “from.”
-
-  你是在哪個中學畢業的？
-  Nǐ shi zài něige zhōngxué            What high school did you graduate
-  bìyède?                              from?
-
-  我去年從德州大學畢業了。
-  Wǒ qùniān cóng Dézhōu Dàxué          I graduated last year from the
-  bìyè le.                             University of Texas.
-
-  我是七八年從北京大學畢業的。
-  Wǒ shi qībānián cóng Běijīng         I graduated from Běijīng University
-  Dàxué bìyède.                        in ’78.
-
-Bìyè, meaning “to complete a course of study,” is a compound made up of a
-verb plus a general object. For this reason, the object yè may be separated
-from the verb bì. This separation occurs most frequently in sentences
-containing the shì... de construction.
-
-  他是一九七六年畢業的。
-  Tā shi yījiǔqīliùnián bìde yè.       He graduated in 1976.
-
-
-       沒問題。我看看...好，我們現在都有功夫。
-6.  B: Méi wèntí. Wǒ kànkan...         No problem. I’ll take a look....
-       hǎo, wǒmen xiànzài dōu          Okay, we are both free now.
-       yǒu gōngfu.
-
-       你現在竜來嗎？
-    B: Nǐ xiànzài néng lái ma?         Can you come now?
-
-Note on No. 6
-
-The noun wèntí can mean “question,” “problem,” or “difficulty.”
-
-  他問了好多問題。
-  Tā wènle hǎoduō wèntí.               He asked a lot of questions.
-
-
-[250]
-
-  那是一個很大的問題。
-  Nà shi yige hěn dàde wèntí.          That’s a big problem.
-
-Ní yǒu wèntí ma? could mean either “Do you have any questions?” or “Are you
-having any problems?”
-
-
-       行。
-7.  A: Xíng.                           That will be fine.
-
-       我馬上到您辦公室來。
-    A: Wǒ mǎshàng dào nín bàngōngshì   I’ll come to your office right away.
-       lái.
-
-       差不多半個鐘頭就到。
-    A: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu         I’ll be there in about half an hour.
-       jiù dào.
-
-Notes on No. 7
-
-The adverb mǎshàng (literally, “on horseback”) means “immediately,”
-“right away.”
-
-Chàbuduō may be translated fairly literally as “does not differ much.”
-Other translations are “about,” “approximately,” “almost.”
-
-  差不多八點了。
-  Chàbuduō bādiǎn le.                  It is nearly eight o’clock.
-
-  這本書我差不多看完了。
-  Zhèběn shū wǒ chàbuduō kànwán le.    I have almost finished reading this
-                                       book.
-  他們差不多八點鐘來。
-  Tāmen chàbuduō bādiǎn zhōng lái.     They are coming at around eight o’clock.
-
-  那個學校有差不多三百個學生。
-  Nàge xuéxiào yǒu chàbuduō            That school has approximately three
-  sānbǎige xuésheng.                   hundred students.
-
- 8.  jìde                 記得          to remember
- 9.  rènde                認得          to recognize, to know (alternate word
-                                       for rènshi)
-
-10.  rènshi zì            認識字        to know how to read (literally, “to
-                                       recognize characters”)
-
-11.  wàng                 忘            to forget (alternate word for wàngji,
-                                        especially in the sense of forgetting
-                                        to DO something)
-
-12.  wánquán              完全          completely
-13.  xiángqilai           想起來        to think of, to remember
-14.  zuǒyòu               左右          approximately
-
-[251]
-
-Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
-
-The verb jìde, “to remember,” acts like a state verb.
-
-  你記得王小明嗎？
-  Nǐ jìde Wáng Xiǎo Ming ma?           Do you remember Wáng Xiǎo Ming?
-
-  記得。他是我愛人大學的同學。
-  Jìde. Tā shi wǒ àiren                I remember (him). He is my spouse’s
-  dàxuéde tóngxué.                     college classmate.
-
-  我昨天不記得他姓什麽。今天又想起來了。
-  Wǒ zuótiān bú jìde tā xìng           Yesterday I couldn’t remember what
-  shénme. Jīntiān yòu                  his name is. Today I remembered
-  xiǎngqilai le.                       it (again).
-
-Rènde, “to recognize,” “to know,” is usually interchangeable with rènshi.
-Both rènshi and rènde are most often made negative with bù.
-
-  你認得他媽？
-  Nǐ rènde ta ma?                      Do you know him?
-
-  不認得。
-  Bú rènde.                            No.
-
-  他路也不認得。
-  Tā lù yě bú rènde.                   He doesn’t even know the way.
-
-  我們去年還不認得。
-  Wǒmen qùnián hái bú rènde.           We did not know each other last year.
-
-Wàng, “to forget,” is an action verb.
-
-  我很容易把人名字忘了。
-  Wǒ hěn róngyi bǎ rén míngzi          I forget people’s names very easily,
-  wàng le.
-
-  你們都把車票拿來了嗎？
-  Nǐmen dōu bǎ chēpiào nálai           Did all of you bring your bus tickets?
-  le ma?
-
-  我忘了。
-  Wǒ wàng le.                          I forgot (mine).
-
-  我沒忘。
-  Wǒ méi wàng.                         I didn’t forget.
-
-Wánquán, “completely,” is an adverb used to modify verbs.
-
-  他寫的字完全對。
-  Tā xiěde zì wánquán duì.             The character he wrote is completely
-                                       right.
-
-  他完全不懂。
-  Tā wánquán bù dǒng.                  He doesn’t understand any part of
-                                       this.
-  我完全不知道這件事。
-  Wǒ wánquán bù zhīdào zhèijiàn        I don’t know anything about this
-  shì.                                 matter.
-
-Xiǎngqilai, “to think of,” “to remember,” is a compound verb of result.
-It is made up of xiǎng, “to think”; qǐ “to rise”; and lái, “to come."*
-As an ending showing result, -qǐlái may have either its literal meaning of
-“to come up” or more abstract meanings such as “to come to mind.”**
-
-*Xiǎngqilai is actually pronounced xiángqilai. The ending -qīlái is in the
-neutral tone; because qǐ was originally in the third tone, xiǎng changes
-to the rising tone.
-
-**English prepositions, such as “up,” are also used both literally and
-abstractly: “look up the wall” (an upward motion) and “look up the phone
-number” (no motion indicated by “up”)
-
-[252]
-
-  請把椅子辦起來。
-  Qǐng bǎ yǐzi bānqilai.               Please lift up the chair.
-
-  請你們站起來。
-  Qǐng nǐmen zhànqilai.                Please stand up.
-
-  那個字我想起來了。
-  Nèige zì wǒ xiǎngqilai le.           I remember that character.
-
-
-Zuǒyòu (literally, “left-right”) means “approximately,” “about.”
-
-  我五點左右來接你。
-  Wǒ wǔdiǎn zuǒyòu lái jiē ni.         I will come to get you about five
-                                       o’clock.
-
-  你去買點兒蘋果，好不好？
-  Nǐ qù mǎi diǎnr píngguǒ, hǎo         How about going to buy some apples?
-  bu hǎo?
-
-  要多少？
-  Yào duōshǎo?                         How many do you want?
-
-  三斤左右就夠了。
-  Sānjīn zuǒyòu jiù gòu le.            About three catties should be enough.
-
-
-[253]
-
-DRILLS
-
-A. Transformation Drill
-
-1.
-         我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。              我想跟您打聽一件事。
-Speaker: Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shì             You: Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting yíjiàn
-         xiǎng gēn nín dǎting               shì.
-         dǎting.
-         (I have something I                (I would like to ask you
-          would like to ask you              something. )
-          about.)
-
-         那件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。               我想跟您打聽打聽那件事。
-  OR     Nèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng              Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting
-         gēn nín dǎting dǎting.             nèijiàn shì.
-         (I would like to ask               (I would like to ask you about
-          you about that matter.             that matter.)
-
-    我有很多事想跟您打聽打聽。              我想跟您打聽很多事。
-2.  Wǒ yǒu hěn duō shì xiǎng gēn       Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting hěn duō shì.
-    nín dǎting dǎting.
-
-    這件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。               我想跟您打聽打聽這件事。
-3.  Zhèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín     Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting
-    dǎting dǎting.                     zhèijiàn shì.
-
-    他的事，我想跟您打聽打聽。               我想跟您打聽打聽他的事。
-4.  Tāde shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín         Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting tāde
-    dǎting dǎting.                     shì.
-
-    我有一件事想跟您打聽打聽。              我想跟您打聽一件事。
-5.  Wǒ yǒu jǐjiàn shì xiǎng gēn nín    Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting jǐjiàn shì.
-    dǎting dǎting.
-
-    你的那件事，我想跟您打聽打聽。            我想跟您打聽打聽你的那件事。
-6.  Nǐde nèijiàn shì, wǒ xiǎng gēn     Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting nǐde
-    nín dǎting dǎting.                 nèijiàn shì.
-
-
-
-B. Expansion Drill
-
-             他的名字我忘了。                   他的名字我忘了，你還記得嗎？
-1.  Speaker: Tāde míngzi wǒ wàng       You: Tāde míngzi wǒ wàng le, nǐ hái
-             le.                            jìde ma?
-             (I have forgotten his          (I have forgotten his given
-              given name.)                   name. Do you remember it?)
-
-    他的地址我忘記了。                     他的地址我忘記了，你還記得嗎？
-2.  Tāde dìzhí wǒ wàngji le.           Tāde dìzhí wǒ wàngji le, nǐ hái
-                                       jìde ma?
-
-    他什麽時候來我忘了。                   他什麽時候來我忘了，你還記得嗎？
-3.  Tā shénme shíhou lái wǒ wàng       Tā shénme shíhou lái wǒ wàng le, nī
-    le.                                hái jìde ma?
-
-    内板飛機幾點鐘到我忘記了。               内板飛機幾點鐘到我忘記了，你還記得嗎？
-4.  Nèibān fēijī jǐdiǎn zhōng dào      Nèibān fēijī jǐdiǎn zhōng dào wǒ
-    wǒ wàngji le.                      wàngji le, nǐ hái jìde ma?
-
-    他是哪年到中國去的我忘了。              他是哪年到中國去的我忘了，你還記得嗎？
-5.  Tā shi něinián dào Zhōngguo        Tā shi něinián dào Zhōngguo qùde
-    qùde wǒ wàng le.                   wǒ wàng le, ni hái jìde ma?
-
-    我們在哪裏換車我忘記了。                我們在哪裏換車我忘記了，你還記得嗎？
-6.  Wǒmen zài náli huàn chē wǒ         Wǒmen zài náli huàn chē wǒ wàngji
-    wàngji le.                         le, ni hái jìde ma?
-
-    銀行幾點鐘關門我忘了。                  銀行幾點鐘關門我忘了，你還記得嗎？
-7.  Yínháng jǐdiǎn zhōng guān mén      Yínháng jǐdiǎn zhōng guān mén wǒ
-    wǒ wàng le.                        wàng le, ni hái jìde ma?
-
-
-C. Expansion Drill
-
-             聽説他是剛派來的。                 聽説他是剛派到這裏來的。
-1.  Speaker: Tīngshuō tā shi gāng      You: Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào
-             pàilaide.                      zhèli láide.
-                                            (I have heard he was Just sent
-                   這裏                       over here.)
-             (cue) zhèli
-             (I have heard he was
-              just sent over.)
-
-    聽説他是剛派去的。                     聽説他是剛派到那裏去的。
-2.  Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàiqude.      Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào nàli
-                                       qùde.
-    那裏
-    nàli
-
-    聽説李先生是剛派來的。                  聽説李先生是剛派派臺北的。
-3.  Tīngshuō Lǐ Xiānsheng shi gāng     Tīngshuō Lǐ Xiānsheng shi gāng pài
-    pàilaide.                          dào Táiběi láide.
-
-    臺北
-    Táiběi
-
-    聽説王小姐是剛派去的。                  聽説王小姐是剛派到臺南去的。
-4.  Tīngshuō Wáng Xiǎojiě shi gāng     Tīngshuō Wáng Xiǎojiě shi gāng pài
-    pàiqude.                           dào Táinán qùde.
-
-    臺南
-    Táinán
-
-    聽説他哥哥是剛派來的。                  聽説他哥哥是剛派到臺中來的。
-5.  Tīngshuō tā gēge shi gāng          Tīngshuō tā gēge shi gāng pài dào
-    pàilaide.                          Táizhōng láide.
-
-    臺中
-    Táizhōng
-
-    聽説他是剛派去的。                     聽説他是剛派到高雄去的。
-6.  Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàiqude.      Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào
-                                       Gāoxiōng qùde.
-    高雄
-    Gāoxióng
-
-    聽説您是剛派來的。                     聽説您是剛派到這裏來的。
-7.  Tīngshuō nín shi gāng pàilaide.    Tīngshuō nín shi gāng pài dào zhèli
-                                       láide.
-    這裏
-    zhèli
-
-
-[255]
-
-D. Expansion Drill
-
-             他是加州大學畢業的。               他是一九四五年加州大學畢業的。
-1.  Speaker: Tā shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué      You: Tā shi yījiǔsìwǔnián Jiāzhōu
-             bìyède.                        Dàxué bìyède.
-                                            (In 1945 he graduated from the
-                                             University of California.)
-                   一九四五年
-             (cue) yījiusìwǔnián
-             (He graduated from the
-              University of
-              California.)
-
-    他是臺灣大學畢業的。                   他是一九五六年臺灣大學畢業的。
-2.  Tā shi Táiwān Dàxué bìyède.        Tā shi yījiǔwǔliùnián Tǎiwān Dàxué
-                                       bìyède.
-    一九五六年
-    yījiǔwǔliùnián
-
-    他是麻州大學畢業的。                   他是一九六七年麻州大學畢業的。
-3.  Tā shi Mázhōu Dàxué bìyède.        Tā shi yījiǔliùqīnián Mázhōu Dàxué
-                                       bìyède.
-    一九六七年
-    yījiǔliùqīnián
-
-    他是德州大學畢業的。                   他是一九六二年德州大學畢業的。
-4.  Tā shi Dézhōu Dàxué bìyède.        Tā shi yījiǔliùèrnián Dézhōu Dàxué
-                                       bìyède.
-    一九六二年
-    yījiǔliùèrnián
-
-    他是北京大學畢業的。                   他是一九四七年北京大學畢業的。
-5.  Tā shi Běijīng Dàxué bìyède.       Tā shi yījiǔsìqīnián Běijīng Dàxué
-                                       bìyède.
-    一九四七年
-    yījiǔsìqīnián
-
-    他是東北大學畢業的。                   他是一九三零年東北大學畢業的。
-6.  Tā shi Dōngběi Dàxué bìyède.       Tā shi yījiǔsānlíngnián Dōngběi
-                                       Dàxué bìyède.
-    一九三零年
-    yījiǔsānlíngniān
-
-    他是南京大學畢業的。                   他是一九三七年南京大學畢業的。
-7.  Tā shi Nánjīng Dàxué bìyède.       Tā shi yījiǔsānqīnián Nánjīng Dàxué
-                                       bìyède.
-    一九三七年
-    yījiǔsānqīnián
-
-
-E.  Expansion Drill
-
-             我看見過這個字。                   我看見過這個字，可是我不認識這個字。
-1.  Speaker: Wǒ kànjianguo zhèige      You: Wǒ kànjianguo zhèige zì, kěshi
-             zì.                            wǒ bú rènshi zhèige zì.
-             (I have seen this              (I have seen this character
-              character before.)             before, but I don’t recognize
-                                             it.)
-
-        OR   Wǒ zhīdao tā shi shéi.         Wǒ zhīdao tā shi shéi, kěshi wǒ
-             (I know who he is.)            bú rènshi ta.
-                                            (I know who he is, but I’m not
-                                             acquainted with him.)
-
-    我看見過張小姐。                       我看見過張小姐，可是我不認識張小姐。
-2.  Wǒ kànjianguo Zhāng Xiǎojiě.       Wǒ kànjianguo Zhāng Xiǎojiě, kěshi
-                                       wǒ bú rènshi Zhāng Xiǎojiě.
-
-    我去過那個地方。                       我去過那個地方，可是我不認識那個地方。
-3.  Wǒ qùguo nèige dìfang.             Wǒ qùguo nèige dìfang, kěshi wǒ bú
-                                       rènshi nèige dìfang.
-
-    我知道他是李科長。                     我知道他是李科長，可是我不認識李科長。
-4.  Wǒ zhīdao tā shi Lǐ Kēzhǎng.       Wǒ zhīdao tā shi Lí Kēzhǎng, kěshi
-                                       wǒ bú rènshi Lǐ Kēzhǎng.
-
-[256]
-
-    我看見過。                            我看見過，可是我不認識。
-5.  Wǒ kànjianguo.                     Wǒ kànjianguo, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi.
-
-
-    我知道他是王小姐的哥哥。                我知道他是王小姐的哥哥，可是我不認識他。
-6.  Wǒ zhīdào tā shi Wáng Xiǎojiěde    Wǒ zhidao tā shi Wáng Xiaojiéde gēge,
-    gēge.                              kěshi wǒ bú rènshi ta.
-
-
-F.  Transformation Drill
-
-             差不多半個鐘頭就到。               半個鐘頭左右就到。
-1.  Speaker: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu   You: Bànge zhōngtóu zuǒyòu jiù dào
-             jiù dào.                      (I’ll be there in about half
-             (I’ll be there in              an hour.)
-              about half an hour.)
-
-    差不多要一個鐘頭。                     要一個鐘頭左右。
-2.  Chàbuduō yào yige zhōngtóu.        Yào yige zhōngtōu zuǒyòu.
-
-    他住了差不多三天。                     他住了三天左右。
-3.  Tā zhùle chàbuduō sāntiān.         Tā zhùle sāntiān zuǒyòu.
-
-    他差不多五十嵗了。                     他五十嵗左右了。
-4.  Tā chàbuduō wǔshísuì le.           Tā wǔshísuì zuǒyòu le.
-
-    那本書差不多要十塊錢。                  那本書要十塊錢左右。
-5.  Nèiběn shū chàbuduō yào shíkuài    Nèiběn shū yào shíkuài qián zuǒyòu.
-    qián.
-
-    差不多要走四十五分鐘。                  要走四十五分鐘左右。
-6.  Chàbuduō yào zǒu sìshiwǔfēn        Yào zǒu sìshiwǔfēn zhōng zuǒyòu.
-    zhōng.
-
-    差不多三個星期。                       三個星期左右。
-7.  Chàbuduō sānge xīngqī.             Sānge xīngqī zuǒyòu.
-
-
-[257]
-
-G.  Response Drill
-
-             你現在來嗎？                     我馬上來。
-1.  Speaker: Nǐ xiànzài lái ma?        You: Wǒ mǎshàng lái.
-                                            (I’m coming right away.)
-                   馬上
-             (cue) mǎshàng
-             (Are you coming now?)
-
-    他八點鐘來嗎。                        差不多八點鐘來。
-2.  Tā bādiǎn zhōng lái ma?            Tā chàbuduō bādiǎn zhōng lái.
-
-    差不多
-    chàbuduō
-
-    他十點鐘去嗎？                        他十點鐘左右去。
-3.  Tā shídiǎn zhōng qù ma?            Tā shídiǎn zhōng zuǒyòu qù.
-
-    左右
-    zuǒyòu
-
-    你們現在走嗎？                        我們馬上走。
-4.  Nǐmen xiànzài zǒu ma?              Wǒmen mǎshàng zǒu.
-
-    馬上
-    mǎshàng
-
-    他們八號去嗎？                        他們左右八號去。
-5.  Tāmen báhào qù ma?                 Tāmen báhào zuǒyòu qù.
-
-    左右
-    zuǒyòu
-
-    他們九點鐘來嗎。                       他們差不多九點鐘來。
-6.  Tāmen jiǔdiǎn zhōng lái ma?        Tāmen chàbuduō jiǔdiǎn zhōng lái。
-
-    差不多
-    chàbuduō
-
-    你十號在紐約嗎？                      我十號左右在紐約。
-7.  Nǐ shíhào zài Niǔ Yuē ma?          Wǒ shíhào zuǒyòu zài Niù Yuē.
-
-    左右
-    zuǒyòu
-
-
-[258]
-
-UNIT 8
-
-REFERENCE LIST
-
-       喂，這是禮賓司。
-1.  B: Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī.          Hello. This is the Protocol
-                                       Department.
-       喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。
-    A: Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde     Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s
-       mìshū.                          secretary.
-
-       大使接著你們的請帖了。
-2.  A: Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende           The ambassador received your
-       qǐngtiě le.                     invitation.
-
-       很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。
-3   A: Hěn kěxī, yīnwei tā yǒu         Unfortunately, because he has a
-       shì, Báyuè jiǔ hào bù           previous engagement, he cannot
-       néng lái.                       come on August 9.
-
-       請你轉告譙部長.
-    A: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng.  Please inform Minister Qiáo.
-
-       很抱歉。
-    A: Hěn bàoqiàn.                    I’m very sorry.
-
-       很遺憾，萊登大使不能來。
-4.  B: Hěn yíhàn, Láidēng Dàshǐ        We very much regret that Ambassador
-       bù néng lái.                    Leyden cannot come.
-
-       我替你轉告一下。
-    B: Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià.        I will pass on the message for you.
-
-       馬明理我們有幾個同學星期六計劃到
-       長城去玩兒。
-5.  A: Mǎ Mínglí, wǒmen yǒu jige       Mǎ Mínglī, a few of us students are
-       tóngxué Xīngqīliù jìhua         planning to go to the Great Wall
-       dào Chángchéng qù wánr.         Saturday for an outing.
-
-       你們能不能一起去？
-    A: Nǐmen néng bu néng yìqǐ         Can you go with us?
-       qù?
-
-       真不巧。
-6.  B: Zhēn bù qiǎo.                   We really couldn’t make that.
-
-       那天我們有事，沒辦法去。
-    B: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì,          We have a previous engagement that
-       méi bànfa qù.                   day; we have no way of going.
-
-       希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。
-7.  A: Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo           I hope that late we will find an
-       jīhui jùyijù ba.                other opportunity to get together.
-
-       好啊。
-    B: Hǎo a.                          Okay.
-
-
-ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
-(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
-
-8.  dàjiā                 大家          everybody, everyone
-
-9.  jiēdào                接到          to receive (alternate form of
-                                       jiēzháo)
-
-10. tóngshì               同事          fellow worker, colleague
-
-11. yīnggāi               應該          should, ought to, must
-
-
-[259]
-
-VOCABULARY
-
-bànfa                     辦法          method, way
-bàoqiàn                   抱歉          to be sorry
-bùzhǎng                   部長          minister (of a government
-                                        organization)
-
-Chángchéng                長城          the Great Wall
-dàjiā                     大家          everybody, everyone
-jiē                       姐            to receive (mail, messages, guests,
-                                         phone calls)
-jiēdào                    接到          to receive
-jù                        聚            to assemble
-jùyijù                    聚一聚        to get together
-kěxī                      可惜          unfortunately, what a pity
-Lǐbīnsī                   禮賓司        Protocol Department (PRC)
-méi bànfa                 沒辦法        there’s no way out, it can’t
-                                        be helped
-mìshū                     秘書          secretary, executive assistant
-qiǎo                      巧            to be timely, to be opportune
-qǐngtiě (qìngtiē)         請帖          written invitation
-tì                        替            substituting for, in place of
-tóngshì                   同事          fellow worker, colleague
-tóngxué                   同學          classmate
-yíhàn                     遺憾          to regret (that something desirable
-                                       will not happen)
-yīnggāi                   應該          should, ought to, must
-zhuǎngào                  轉告          to pass on a message, to inform
-
-
-(introduced on C-2 tape)
-
-cānjiā                    參加          to participate in, to join, to attend
-dào xǐ                    道喜          to congratulate
-dìèrtiān                  第二天        the next day
-jīngjibù                  經濟部        Ministry of Economics
-jūnshì yǎnxí              軍事演習      military maneuvers
-láodòng mófàn             勞動模範       model worker
-
-nánbù                     南部          the southern part (of the island),
-                                        the south
-shàngxiào                 上校          colonel
-tīngdechūlái              聼得出來       to be able to recognize what
-                                         something is from the sound
-tóngxuéhuì                同學會        alumni association (literally,
-                                        “fellow-student group”)
-tōngzhī                   同志          (written) announcement, notification
-xièxie tāde yāoqǐng       謝謝他的邀請    to thank him for his invitation
-zhèngzhi xuéxí            政治學習       political study session
-zhǔchí jiéhūn             主持結婚       to preside at a marriage ceremony
-                                         (i.e., to give the bride away)
-zǒng jīnglǐ               總經理        general manager (chief executive
-                                        officer)
-
-(introduced, in Communication Game)
-
-dàngāo                    蛋糕          cake
-qìsi                      起司          cheese
-
-
-[261]
-
-REFERENCE NOTES
-
-       喂，這是禮賓司。
-1.  B: Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī.          Hello. This is the Protocol
-                                       Department.
-       喂，我是萊登大使的秘書。
-    A: Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde     Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s
-       mìshū.                          secretary.
-
-Notes on Ko. 1
-
-Lǐbīnsī, meaning “protocol department,” is made up of lǐ, “ceremony”;
-bīn, “honored guests”; and sī, “department.”
-
-Mìshū means “secretary” in two senses: 1) a high-ranking official
-2) a clerk-typist.
-
-
-2.  A: Dàshǐ jiēzháo nǐmende           The ambassador received your
-       qǐngtiě le.                     invitation.
-
-Notes on No. 2
-
-The verb jiē, “to receive,” may be used for receiving guests, mail,
-messages, and phone calls.
-
-Jiēzháo (jiēdao), “to receive,” is a compound verb of result. The endings
--zháo and -dào mean approximately the same thing: “to successfully obtain
-something” Jiēzháo and jiēdao occur in four ways: with le or méi (describing
-ACTUAL situations) and with -de- or -bu- (describing POTENTIAL situations)
-
-  我昨天去火車站接他，可是沒接着/接到。
-  Wǒ zuótiān qù huǒchēzhàn jiē         Yesterday I went to the train station
-  ta, kěshi méi jiēzháo/jiēdào.        to get him, but I missed him.
-
-  你早一點兒去接他，就接得着。
-  Nǐ zǎo yìdiànr qù jiē ta,            If you go a little earlier, (then)
-  jiù jiēdezháo/jiēdedào.              you can get him.
-
-  明天要是來晚了就接不着/接不到他的電話。
-  Míngtiān yàoshi láiwǎnle             If I am late tomorrow, (then) I won’t
-  jiù jiēbuzháo/jiēbudào               (be able to) receive his phone call.
-  tāde diànhuà.
-
-Qingtiě refers to a written invitation. The word is also pronounced
-qìngtiē.
-
-
-       很可惜因爲他有事，八月九號不能來。
-3   A: Hěn kěxī, yīnwei tā yǒu         Unfortunately, because he has a
-       shì, Báyuè jiǔ hào bù           previous engagement, he cannot
-       néng lái.                       come on August 9.
-
-       請你轉告譙部長.
-    A: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng.  Please inform Minister Qiáo.
-
-       很抱歉。
-    A: Hěn bàoqiàn.                    I’m very sorry.
-
-Notes on No. 3
-
-Kěxī may be used as an exclamation: Zhēn kěxī! “That’s really too bad!”
-
-Zhuǎngào means “to pass along [word of something].” Zhuǎn literally
-means “to turn” or “to transmit.” Gào means “to tell,” as in gàosu.
-
-Bàoqiàn is an adjectival verb that means “to be sorry,” “to feel
-apologetic” (e.g., for not fulfilling one’s social obligations). Literally,
-bào means “to embrace [a feeling],” “to harbor [a feeling].” Qiàn means
-“apologetic feelings,” “guilt feelings.”
-
-
-       很遺憾，萊登大使不能來。
-4.  B: Hěn yíhàn, Láidēng Dàshǐ        We very much regret that Ambassador
-       bù néng lái.                    Leyden cannot come.
-
-       我替你轉告一下。
-    B: Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià.        I will pass on the message for you.
-
-Notes on No. 4
-
-Yíhàn is a formal term used to express disappointment or regret that
-something desirable will not happen.
-
-Tì, “for,” “in place of,” is a prepositional verb meaning in place of
-another, or in another’s stead.
-
-  今天我替你教書。
-  Jīntiān wǒ tì nǐ jiāo shū.           I will teach for you today, (i.e.,
-                                       in your place)
-
-  我替你去。
-  Wǒ tì nǐ qù.                         I will go for you. (i.e., instead
-                                       of you)
-
-To make a sentence containing tì negative, place bù or méi in front of the
-prepositional verb.
-
-  我不要替你去買菜·
-  Wǒ bú yào tì ni qù mǎi cài.          I don’t want to go to buy groceries
-                                       for you.
-
-  他沒替我來講話。
-  Tā méi tì wǒ lái jiǎng huà.          He did not come to speak in my place.
-
-Both gěi and tì may be translated as “for.” Gěi, having a wider range of
-usage, would seem to overlap in some instances with tì. The more exact
-meaning of tì may be used to clarify a situation.
-
-[263]
-
-  我給你買菜。
-  Wǒ gěi ni mai cài.                   I will buy groceries for you.
-                                       (WHO PAYS? DID you VOLUNTEER ONLY
-                                        TO SHOP, OR TO PAY ALSO?)
-
-  我替你買菜。
-  Wǒ tì ni mǎi cài.                    I will buy groceries for you.
-                                       (CLARIFIED: you HAVE VOLUNTEERED ONLY
-                                       TO SHOP, NOT TO PAY.)
-
-Yíxià, “a bit,” is not translated, in No. 4. This word, adds to the action
-in the sentence a casual feeling, similar to the effect of reduplicating a
-verb. (Notice that this use of yíxià is different from previous examples,
-where the word meant “for a little while.”)
-
-
-       馬明理我們有幾個同學星期六計劃到
-       長城去玩兒。
-5.  A: Mǎ Mínglí, wǒmen yǒu jige       Mǎ Mínglī, a few of us students are
-       tóngxué Xīngqīliù jìhua         planning to go to the Great Wall
-       dào Chángchéng qù wánr.         Saturday for an outing.
-
-       你們能不能一起去？
-    A: Nǐmen néng bu néng yìqǐ         Can you go with us?
-       qù?
-
-Notes on No. 5
-
-Tongxué means “fellow student” or “graduate of the same institution.”
-“Fellow worker” or “colleague” is tóngshì.
-
-Chángchěng: Chang means “long,” and chéng is an old word for “city
-wall.” The full name of the Great Wall is Wànlǐ Chángchěng, literally
-“10,000 lǐ-long wall.”*
-
-*One lǐ is approximately one third of a mile.
-
-Néng, kéyi, and huì compared: All three of these auxiliary verbs—
-and therefore state verbs—mean “can” to some extent.
-
-The core meaning of néng is “can, “to be able to,” “to be capable of.”
-In some cases, néng may also mean “may,” “to be permitted,” “could be/
-is possible,” and “to know how to
-
-  我的頭疼了，不能看書。
-  Wǒde tóu téng, bù néng kàn           My head aches; I can’t read.
-  shū.
-
-  上課的時候，不能説話。
-  Shàng kède shíhou, bù néng           Talking is not permitted during
-  shuō huà.                            class.
-
-  芝加哥十一月就能下雪。
-  Zhījiāgē Shíyīyuè jiù néng           It can snow in November in Chicago.
-  xià xuě.                             (POSSIBILITY)
-
-  他真能説話。
-  Tā zhēn néng shuō huà.               He really knows how to talk.
-
-The core meaning of kéyi is “can,” “may,” “to be permitted to.” Kéyi may
-also mean “could be/is possible.” The permission implied by kéyi may come
-from an outside authority or may be self-imposed.
-
-[264]
-
-  你可以走了。
-  Nǐ kéyi zǒu le.                      You may leave.
-
-  從這個門進去，可以嗎？
-  Cóng zhèige mén jìnqu, kéyi          May one go in through this door?
-  ma?
-
-  那兒的飯可以吃。
-  Nàrde fàn kéyi chī.                  The food there may be eaten, (i.e.,
-                                       it is possible to eat it)
-
-  我不舒服，不可以游泳。
-  Wǒ bù shūfu, bù kéyi yóuyǒng.        I don’t feel good; I can’t go swimming.
-                                       (i.e., the speaker decides
-                                       that he should not go)
-
-The core meaning of huì is “to know how to,” “can.” Huì is often used for
-an activity that was learned, in contrast to néng for activities that “can
-be done” because of a person’s physical condition (“Can she get out of bed
-yet?” Tā néng bu néng xià chuáng?). The other main use of huì is to indicate
-possibility. Here it overlaps with both néng and kéyi in meaning “could be/
-is possible.”
-
-  你的兒子會走路了嗎？
-  Nǐde érzi huì zǒu lù le ma?          Can your son walk now?
-                                       (BABY LEARNING TO WALK)
-  你會説英文嗎？
-  Nǐ huì shuō Yīngwén ma?              Can you speak English?
-
-  明天會下雨。
-  Míngtiān huì xià yǔ.                 It might/will rain tomorrow.
-
-  他不會不來。
-  Tā bú huì bù lái.                    It is not possible that he won’t come.
-
-
-       真不巧。
-6.  B: Zhēn bù qiǎo.                   We really couldn’t make that.
-
-       那天我們有事，沒辦法去。
-    B: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì,          We have a previous engagement that
-       méi bànfa qù.                   day; we have no way of going.
-
-Notes on No. 6
-
-Bù qiǎo literally means “inopportune,” “not timely.”
-
-Méi bànfa: Bànfa means “method,” “way.” Within a sentence, méi bànfa
-is used as “there is no way to...,” “there is no way that....” Used
-independently, méi bànfa means “nothing can be done,” “it can’t be helped,”
-“there is no way out.”
-
-[265]
-
-       希望以後在找機會聚一聚吧。
-7.  A: Xīwang yǐhòu zài zhǎo           I hope that late we will find an
-       jīhui jùyijù ba.                other opportunity to get together.
-
-       好啊。
-    B: Hǎo a.                          Okay.
-
-8.  dàjiā                 大家          everybody, everyone
-9.  jiēdao                接到          to receive (alternate form for
-                                         jiēzhāo)
-10. tóngshì               同事          fellow worker, colleague
-11. yīnggāi               應該          should, ought to, must
-
-Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
-
-Literally, dàjiā means “big family.” When dàjiā is the subject of a
-sentence, dōu is often placed before the verb.
-
-  大家都知道他是誰。
-  Dàjiā dōu zhīdao tā shi shéi.        Everyone knows who he is.
-
-  謝謝大家。
-  Xièxie dàjiā.                        Thank you all.
-
-  請大家坐下來。
-  Qǐng dàjiā zuòxialai.                Would everyone please sit down.
-
-  我們大家一起去吧。
-  Wǒmen dàjiā yìqǐ qù ba.              Let’s all go together.
-
-Yīnggāi is an auxiliary verb which is followed by another verb in a
-sentence. Only bù is used to make yīnggāi negative.
-
-  不謝，這是我們應該做的事。
-  Bú xiè, zhèi shi wǒmen yīnggāi       Don’t thank us. This is something
-  zuòde shi.                           we should be doing.
-
-  這件事情很要緊，你應該馬上去辦。
-  Zhèijiàn shiqing hěn yàojin,         This is a very important thing; you
-  nǐ yīnggāi mǎshàng qù bàn.           should (go) take care of it right
-                                       away.
-  一個大學畢業的人，不應該有這樣的想法。
-  Yíge dàxué bìyède rén, bù            Someone who has graduated from
-  yīnggāi yòu zhèiyangde               college shouldn’t think this way.
-  xiǎngfa.
-
-[266]
-
-DRILLS
-
-A. Expansion Drill
-
-                                            他在外交部禮賓司工作。他的辦公室在
-             他在外交部禮賓司工作。              五樓。
-1.  Speaker: Tā zài Wàijiāobù          You: Tā zài Wàijiāobù Lǐbīnsī gōngzuò.
-             Lǐbīnsī gōngzuò.               Tāde bàngōngshì zài wǔlóu.
-                                            (He works at the Ministry of
-                   五樓                       Foreign Affairs [in] the
-             (cue) wǔlóu                     Protocol Department. His
-             (He works at the                office is on the fifth floor.)
-              Ministry of Foreign
-              Affairs [in] the
-              Protocol Department.)
-
-    他在這兒工作。                        他在這兒工作。他的辦公室在七樓。
-2.  Tā zài zhèr gōngzuò.               Tā zài zhèr gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì
-                                       zài qīlóu.
-    七樓
-    qīlóu
-
-    他在加拿大大使館工作。                  他在加拿大大使館工作。他的辦公室在樓上。
-3.  Tā zài Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn gōngzuò.  Tā zài Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn gōngzuò.
-                                       Tāde bàngōngshì zài lóushàng.
-    樓上
-    lóushàng
-
-    他在北京工作。                        他在北京工作。他的辦公室在光華路。
-4.  Tā zài Běijīng gōngzuò.            Tā zài Běijīng gōngzuò. Tāde
-                                       bàngōngshì zài Guānghuá Lù.
-    光華路
-    Guānghuá Lù
-
-    張同志在上海工作。                     張同志在上海工作。他的辦公室在南京路。
-5.  Zhāng Tóngzhì zài Shànghǎi         Zhāng Tóngzhì zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò.
-    gōngzuò.                           Tāde bàngōngshì zài Nánjīng Lù.
-
-    南京路
-    Nánjīng Lù
-
-    王女士在銀行工作。                     王女士在銀行工作。她的辦公室二樓。
-6.  Wáng Nǚshì zài yínháng gōngzuò.    Wáng Nǚshì zài yínháng gōngzuò.
-                                       Tāde bàngōngshì zài èrlóu.
-    二樓
-    èrlóu
-
-    魏少校在物管処工作。                   魏少校在物管処工作。他的辦公室在三樓。
-7.  Wèi Shàoxiào zài Wǔguānchù         Wèi Shàoxiào zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.
-    gōngzuò.                           Tāde bàngōngshì zài sānlóu.
-
-    三樓
-    sānlóu
-
-
-B. Response Drill
-
-             大使接着請帖了嗎？                 大使還沒接着請帖
-1.  Speaker: Dàshǐ jiēzháo qǐngtiě     You: Dàshǐ hái méi jiēzháo qǐngtiě.
-             le ma?                         (The ambassador has not received
-                                             the invitation yet.)
-
-             (cue) not yet
-             (Has the ambassador
-              received the invitation
-              yet?)
-
-    他們都接着請帖了嗎？                   他們沒都接着請帖。
-2.  Tāmen dōu jiēzháo qǐngtiě le       Tāmen méi dōu jiēzháo qǐngtiě.
-    ma?
-
-    not all
-
-    你們接着部長的請帖了嗎？                我們接着部長的請帖了。
-3.  Nǐmen jiēzháo Bùzhāngde qǐngtiě    Wǒmen jiēzháo Bùzhāngde qǐngtiě le.
-    le ma?
-
-    yes
-
-    他們接着大使館的請帖了嗎？              他們已經接着大使館的請帖了。
-4.  Tāmen jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde          Tāmen yǐjīng jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde
-    qǐngtiě le ma?                     qǐngtiě le.
-
-    already
-
-[267]
-
-    你們接着大使館的請帖了嗎？              我們還沒接着大使館的請帖。
-5.  Nǐmen jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde qǐngtiě  Wǒmen hai méi jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde
-    le ma?                             qǐngtiě.
-
-    not yet
-
-    他接着請帖了嗎？                      他沒接着請帖。
-6.  Tā jiēzháo qǐngtiě le ma?          Tā méi jiēzháo qǐngtiě.
-
-    no
-
-    你接着物管処請帖了嗎？                 我接着物管処請帖了。
-7.  Nǐ jiēzháo Wǔguānchùde qǐngtiě     Wǒ jiēzháo Wǔguānchùde qǐngtiě le.
-    le ma?
-
-    yes
-
-
-C. Expansion Drill
-
-             他不能來。                        很可惜，他不能來。
-1.  Speaker: Tā bù néng lái.           You: Hěn kěxī, tā bù néng lái.
-                                            (Unfortunately, he cannot
-                   可惜                       come.)
-             (cue) kěxī
-             (He cannot come.)
-
-    他學中國話學得不很好。                  很可惜，他學中國話學得不很好。
-2.  Tā xué Zhōngguo huà xuéde bù       Hěn kěxī, tā xué Zhōngguo huà xuéde
-    hěn hǎo.                           bù hěn hǎo.
-    
-    可惜
-    kěxī
-
-    他沒來。                             很遺憾，他沒來。
-3.  Tā méi lái.                        Hěn yíhàn, tā méi lái.
-
-    遺憾
-    yíhàn
-
-    他們不能都來。                        很抱歉，他們不能都來。
-4.  Tāmen bù néng dōu lái.             Hěn bàoqiàn, tāmen bù néng dōu lái.
-
-    抱歉
-    bàoqiàn
-
-    他們都不來。                          很可惜，他們都不來。
-5.  Tāmen dōu bù lái.                  Hěn kěxī, tāmen dōu bù lái.
-
-    可惜
-    kěxī
-
-    他們都不能去。                        很抱歉，他們都不能去。
-6.  Tāmen dōu bù néng qù.              Hěn bàoqiàn, tāmen dōu bù néng qù.
-
-    抱歉
-    bàoqiàn
-
-    她好沒去。                            很遺憾。她好沒去。
-7.  Tā hái méi qù.                     Hěn yíhàn, tā hái méi qù.
-
-    遺憾
-    yíhàn
-
-
-D. Expansion Drill
-
-             請你轉告張部長。                   請你替我轉告張部長。
-1.  Speaker: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Zhāng    You: Qǐng ni tì wǒ zhuǎngào Zhāng
-             Bùzhǎng.                       Bùzhǎng.
-                                            (Please inform Minister Zhāng
-                   我                        for me.)
-             (cue) wǒ
-             (Please inform
-              Minister Zhāng.)
-
-    我轉告張部長了。                       我替你轉告張部長了。
-2.  Wǒ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng le.      Wǒ tì nǐ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng le.
-
-    你
-    nǐ
-
-    他還沒轉告李科長。                     他還沒替你轉告李科長。
-3.  Tā hái méi zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng.    Tā hái méi tì nǐ zhuǎngào Lǐ
-                                       Kēzhǎng.
-    你
-    nǐ
-
-    他不能轉告李科長。                     他不能替我轉告李科長。
-4.  Tā bù néng zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng.    Tā bù néng tì wǒ zhuǎngào Lǐ
-                                       Kēzhǎng.
-    我
-    wǒ
-
-[268]
-
-    我已經轉告大使了。                     我已經替你經轉告大使了。
-5.  Wǒ yǐjīng zhuǎngào dàshǐ le.       Wǒ yǐjīng tì nǐ zhuǎngào dàshǐ le.
-
-    你
-    nǐ
-
-    我明天就轉告大使。                     我明天就替你轉告大使。
-6.  Wǒ míngtiān jiù zhuǎngào dàshǐ.    Wǒ míngtiān jiù tì nǐ zhuǎngào
-                                       dàshǐ.
-    你
-    nǐ
-
-    他是昨天轉告大使的。                   他是昨天替你轉告大使的。
-7.  Tā shi zuótiān zhuǎngào            Tā shi zuótiān tì nǐ zhuǎngào
-    dàshǐde.                           dàshǐde.
-   
-    你
-    nǐ
-
-
-E. Transformation Drill
-
-             他們明天來。                      他們明天一起來嗎？
-1.  Speaker: Tǎmen míngtiān lái.       You: Tǎmen míngtiān yìqǐ lái ma?
-             (cue) together                 (Are they coming together
-             (They are coming                tomorrow?)
-              tomorrow.)
-
-             他們昨天來了。                    他們昨天是一起來的嗎？
-      OR     Tǎmen zuótiān lái le.          Tǎmen zuótiān shi yìqǐ láide
-             (cue) together                 ma?
-             (They came yesterday.)         (Did they come together
-                                             yesterday?)
-
-    他明天走。                            他明天一個人走嗎？
-2.  Tā míngtiān zǒu.                   Tā míngtiān yíge rén zǒu ma?
-
-    alone
-
-    他昨天走了。                          他昨天是一個人走的嗎？
-3.  Tā zuótiān zǒu le.                 Tā zuótiān shi yíge rén zǒude ma?
-
-    alone
-
-    王同志明天去南京。                     王同志明天坐火車去南京嗎？
-4.  Wáng Tóngzhì míngtiān qù           Wáng Tóngzhì míngtiān zuò huǒchē qù
-    Nánjīng.                           Nánjīng ma?
-    
-    by train
-
-    王同志星期一去上海了。                  王同志星期一是坐飛機去上海的嗎？
-5.  Wáng Tóngzhì Xīngqīyī qù           Wáng Tóngzhì Xīngqīyī shi zuò fēijī
-    Shànghǎi le.                       qù Shànghǎide ma?
-   
-    by plane
-
-    他去了。                             他是一個人去的嗎？
-6.  Tā qù le.                          Tǎ shi yíge rén qùde ma?
-
-    alone
-
-[269]
-
-
-F.  Substitution Drill
-
-             那天我們有事，不能去。              那天我們有事，沒辦法去。
-1.  Speaker: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì,    You: Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi
-             bù néng qù.                    bànfa qù.
-
-             (cue) no way of going          (That day we have a previous
-             (That day we have a             engagement; we have no way
-              previous engagement;           of going.)
-              we cannot go.)       
-
-    那天我們有事，沒辦法去。                 那天我們有事，不能一起去
-2.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi         Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng yìqǐ
-    bànfa qù.                          qù.
-    
-    cannot go together  
-
-    那天我們有事，不能一起去。               那天我們有事，不能都去。
-3.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, bù néng     Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng dōu
-    yiqǐ qù.                           qù.
-    
-    not all of us can go   
-
-    那天我們有事，不能都去。                 那天我們有事，都不能去。
-4.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, bù néng     Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, dōu bù néng
-    dōu qù.                            qù.
-    
-    none of us can go   
-
-    那天我們有事，都不能去。                 那天我們有事，沒去。
-5.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, dōu bù      Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi qù.
-    néng qù.
-    
-    did not go  
-
-    那天我們有事，沒去。                    那天我們有事，沒都去。
-6.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi qù.     Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shì, méi dōu qù.
-
-    not all of us went   
-
-    那天我們有事，沒都去。
-7.  Nèitiān wǒmen yǒu shi, méi dōu
-    qù.
-
-
-GPO 689—101|/8721