Demipuppet
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FSI-Chinese-text


			
				
					
						
						
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<head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="generator" content="ABBYY FineReader 11"/><meta name="author" content="Foreign Service Institute"/><meta name="description" content="Standard Chinese"/><title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 07 SOC - Student Text and Workbook</title>
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<body><h1>STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach</h1><h2>MODULE 7: SOCIETY STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK</h2>
<p>SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</p>
<p>This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</p>
<p>Defense Language Institute</p>
<p>Foreign Language Center</p>
<p>Nonresident Training Division</p>
<p>Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006</p>
<p>Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements-whether real or apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.</p>
<p>Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not mentioned.</p>
<p>In DLIFLC publications, the words he<sub>t</sub> him<sub>t</sub> and/or his denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.</p>
<p>The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the customer does not constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC.</p>
<p>STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH</p>
<p>STUDENT TEXT MD WORKBOOK MODULE T： SOCIETY</p>
<p>Before starting Unit 1 of this module, you should have completed core modules 1 through 6 and the optional modules Personal Welfare<sub>9</sub> Restaurant, and Hotel.</p>
<p>May 1981</p>
<p>PREFACE</p>
<p>Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</p>
<p>The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a vide range of government agencies and academic institutions,</p>
<p>A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department<sup>1</sup>s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder 工工工，Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff 工工工（FSI);</p>
<p>Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS)•</p>
<p>The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 19了总 in space provided at the Forign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</p>
<p>Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr* Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia 0<sup>1</sup> Connor of the University of Texas<sub>9</sub> Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 19了了， Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development•</p>
<p>Writers for the first half of the materials vere John H.T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation vith the planning council and vith the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service 工nstitute, Mr, Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher<sup>f</sup>s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry vrote the tape scripts and the student text.</p>
<p>By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms, Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</p>
<p>iii</p>
<p>All Chinese language material was prepared or selected &quot;by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time &quot;by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues•</p>
<p>Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A, Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T.C. Liang,</p>
<p>Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype*</p>
<p>The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced &quot;by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read &quot;by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry,</p>
<p>Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</p>
<p>The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual Staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</p>
<p>Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.</p>
<p>Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G, Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials•</p><img src="0240-FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/0240-FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook-1.png" style="width:277pt;height:90pt;"/>
<p>iv</p>
<p>V</p>
<p>CONTENTS</p>
<p>Preface...............................iii</p>
<p>Introduction</p>
<p>Section 1: To the Student......................................1</p>
<p>Section 2: To the Teacher......................................3</p>
<p>List of Tapes for Module 7..........................................5</p>
<p>Objectives for the Society Module ....................................6</p>
<p>UNIT 1 Travel Plans</p>
<p>Introduction .......................... 8</p>
<p>Reference List......................... 9</p>
<p>Vocabulary...........................11</p>
<p>Reference Notes ........................ 13</p>
<p>(Verb) de shi&quot;.</p>
<p>Phrases with guanyu, ’’concerning,” ’’about&quot;</p>
<p>The directional ending -lal</p>
<p>hui, &quot;might，” ”be likelylō，” ”vill”</p>
<p>The sentence marker -de, &quot;that<sup>f</sup>s the way the situation is<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Review Dialogue........................31</p>
<p>Workbook............................3^</p>
<p>Exercise Dialogues ....................... 37</p>
<p>UNIT 2 Equality of the Sexes</p>
<p>Introduction ....................................................k2</p>
<p>Reference List.........................U3</p>
<p>Vocabulary...........................U5</p>
<p>Reference Notes ................................................紅7</p>
<p>biede, &quot;other(s)”</p>
<p>yue. • ,yuě., •, ’’the more.. .the more.. •’， yuě lai yue.,&gt; &gt;&nbsp;”more and more•••” xiang, &quot;like’<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>The adverb ,1iu, &quot;as soon/early as that<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Review Dialogue........................6k</p>
<p>Workbook............................67</p>
<p>Exercise Dialogues.......................了0</p>
<p>UNIT 3 Family Values</p>
<p>Introduction .......................... 了5</p>
<p>Reference List.........................了6</p>
<p>Vocabulary...........................78</p>
<p>Reference Notes ........................ 80</p>
<p>The verb ending -qilai: the start of an action or condition</p>
<p>conglai bu/měi, ”never <sup>1</sup></p>
<p>caiT &quot;only，&quot; before amounts</p>
<p>-zhe showing the manner of an action</p>
<p>The verb ending -dao: --successful reaching/obtaining/finding</p>
<p>--(with verbs of speech) ”of，<sup>M</sup> &quot;about”</p>
<p>—successful perceiving (kandao)</p>
<p>vi</p>
<p>The adverb zai, &quot;anymore&quot;</p>
<p>Placement of phrases vith dao, ”to，” ”up to，” &quot;until<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Review Dialogue........................100</p>
<p>Workbook............................10 為</p>
<p>Exercise Dialogues ....................... 107</p>
<p>UNIT k A Family History</p>
<p>Introduction .......................... 112</p>
<p>Reference List.........................113</p>
<p>Vocabulary...........................115</p>
<p>Reference Notes........................11 了</p>
<p>More on ne， marker of absence of change/lack of completion Terms for grandparents</p>
<p>More on indefinite pronouns (”any/no” expressions) bangzhu and bang xnang</p>
<p>Review Dialogue........................132</p>
<p>Workbook............................136</p>
<p>Exercise Dialogues ....................... 139</p>
<p>UNIT 5 Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes</p>
<p>Introduction .......................... lUU</p>
<p>Reference List.........................1^5</p>
<p>Vocabulary...........................1总了</p>
<p>Reference Notes ........................ 1^9</p>
<p>••,yě hao, &quot;.yě hao&gt; &quot;whether•••or•</p>
<p>Necessary condition marked by cai</p>
<p>Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase</p>
<p>&quot;In order to”</p>
<p>y?hou and houlai compared</p>
<p>Review Dialogue........................165</p>
<p>Workbook............................169</p>
<p>Exercise Dialogues ....................... 1了2</p>
<p>UNIT 6 Politics and Culture</p>
<p>Introduction..........................1了6</p>
<p>Reference List.........................1了7</p>
<p>Vocabulary...........................179</p>
<p>Reference Notes ........................ l8l</p>
<p>-de hua, ”if，” &quot;in case”</p>
<p>More on -guo vs. -le bū gu&amp;u &gt;&nbsp;• &gt;&nbsp;&quot;no matter..</p>
<p>Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness qu and lai expressing purpose</p>
<p>Review Dialogue........................198</p>
<p>Workbook............................202</p>
<p>Exercise Dialogues ....................... 205</p>
<p>UNIT 了 Social Problems</p>
<p>Introduction ............ • ...... ••••••• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;210</p>
<p>Reference List.........................211</p>
<p>Vocabulary...........................213</p>
<p>vii</p>
<p>Reference Notes ........................ 215</p>
<p>-duōle, ’’much more’’</p>
<p>(Ver~b) (Ver~b) kan&gt; ”try and (Verb)”</p>
<p>Not anymore,” &quot;never again&quot; lian..,dou&gt;••，”even” zhǐ yao. • ..liū. • •，&quot;provided that...&quot;</p>
<p>bu shi. • • .1 iu shi • • •，&quot;if not,. .then... ,<sup>t?</sup> &quot;either. • .or..</p>
<p>Review Dialogue........................231</p>
<p>Workbook............................23 总</p>
<p>Exercise Dialogues ....................... 23了</p>
<p>UNIT 8 Directions for the Future</p>
<p>Introduction ....................................................2h2</p>
<p>Reference List.........................2^3</p>
<p>Vocabulary...........................2^5</p>
<p>Reference Notes ................................................2总了</p>
<p>Action-Process compound verbs The directional ending -huf you, &quot;after all，” &quot;anyway” ye ~bu, <sup>t?</sup>don<sup>f</sup>t even,&quot; <sup>M</sup>won<sup>1</sup>1 even&quot;</p>
<p>Review Dialogue........................260</p>
<p>Workbook............................26h</p>
<p>Exercise Dialogues.......................26了</p>
<p>Vocabulary.............................271</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION</p>
<p>SECTION 1: TO THE STUDENT</p>
<p>With the Society module, you are taking a step up to a new level of expression in Chinese. Up till now, you have &quot;been dealing with relatively short sentences about concrete situations. In this module, you will start to encounter longer sentences and more abstract statements. The transition will take some time，&quot;but you can make it easier on yourself &quot;by developing methodical ways of approaching the new material in each unit • The following suggestions may help.</p>
<p>Keep in mind from here on in that the tvo skills you will continue to work on, production and comprehension, are no longer expected to stay at approximately the same level. It is natural for your ability to understand what others say to increase more rapidly than your ability to express your own thoughts• As you work through the Society module, &quot;bear in mind that, while you are asked to understand all the dialogues, you are required to &quot;be at&gt;le to produce only a limited part of the language you will hear. This is specified in the module objectives, the unit vocatiulary lists, and the introductions to the units •</p>
<p>Hov to Use the Book</p>
<p>Each unit of this &quot;book presents quite a &quot;bit of new informationmuch more than anyone can master in a fev days* time. This is &quot;because information has also &quot;been included simply for comparison or for your future reference. This is vhat you should master in each unit:</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The new grammar listed in the introduction for each unit.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The &quot;basic meanings of each vocabulary item. (Related meanings may &quot;be given in the reference notes for purposes of comparison, &quot;but you are not required to remember them.)</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The cultural &quot;background information discussed in some reference notes and contained in each unit<sup>1</sup>s reviev dialogue.</p>
<p>You may find it helpful to read through the reference notes three times. On the first time through, read only the notes on cultural &quot;background. The second time, go through the notes that explain new grammatical structures.</p>
<p>The third time, read only the notes on the meanings and usage of new words. For review, test yourself on the example sentences in the notes &quot;by covering the Chinese column and trying to translate the English coltann into Chinese. Check your answer immediately.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>Hov to Use the Tapes</p>
<p>Starting with Module 了，there will be only two thirty-minute tapes per unit, instead of five.</p>
<p>Tape 1 introduces the material on the Reference List, giving you a chance to learn to understand these sentences and to practice saying them. Tape 1 replaces both the C-l and P-l tapes which you used in Modules 1 through 6.</p>
<p>You vill find that the Tape 1 is denser in content and faster paced than either the C-l or P-l tapes• The numter of new vocabulary items in each unit has been increased from 20-25 to 30-35- You will also notice that the sentences have increased in length. Since you must learn to understand as well as say these sentences from a single tape, you may find that you need to rewind the tape and reviev the presentation of each sentence several times ■</p>
<p>In addition, explanations which vere formerly found on the C-l and P-l tapes are now found only in the Reference Notes.</p>
<p>Tape 2 replaces the C—2 and P-2 tapes. Each Tape 2 vill start off vith a reviev of the sentences from the Reference List. This will be followed by-three exercise dialogues. You should listen to each dialogue until you under-stand it thoroughly• The workbook which accompanies Tape 2 describes the setting of the conversation and provides you vith the new vocabulary you need to understand it. (You are not required to learn these additional vocabulary items.) The workbook also contains questions about each dialogue&gt; for which you will need to prepare answers in Chinese. Your teacher vill ask you to answer these and other questions about the conversation in class.</p>
<p>When you listen to the recorded dialogues, aim only for comprehension of the ideas. Whether or not you can repeat the sentences word for vord is not critical. Since they are in colloquial style, the dialogues sometimes contain phrasing vhich you are not expected to be able to imitate at this stage, yet with a little effort (it is expected to take repeated listenings), you will understand.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>SECTION 2: TO THE TEACHER</p>
<p>The format of the core modules from this point on differs considerably from those preceding, and teaching methods should be adapted to the requirements of this new format. Belov are a fev suggestions on hov to use this and subsequent core modules.</p>
<p>Hov to Use the Reference Notes</p>
<p>The reference notes in Society include grammatical explanations, discussions of the usage of new words, and some cultural &quot;background information.</p>
<p>They are called ”reference” notes for a reason: they are here for the student <sup>1</sup> s present and future reference. They are not intended as material for classroom study or discussion, for in these later modules，as in the first six, the &quot;bulk of classroom time should &quot;be spent in the actual use of Chinese. The thoroughness of the notes is intended to relieve you of the need to give lectures on grammar and usage and allov you to devote most of your time vith students to live practice of the language. You should familiarize yourself with the content of the notes so that when students pose questions on word usage or a new structure, you can simply refer them to the relevant note.</p>
<p>The copiousness of exasrple sentences in the notes has a double purpose. First, along with the idiomatic English translations, they shov the versatility of the vocabulary items they introduce; at this level of study, a single English translation can seldom fully do Justice to the range of nuances expressed by a Chinese vord. Second, students can use the example sentences at home for translation practice, either Chinese-English or English-Chinese, using a strip of paper to cover the target-language column and then checking their answer for immediate reinforcement.</p>
<p>Hov to Use the Exercise Dialogues</p>
<p>The three exercise dialogues in each unit (exercises 2， 3， and U) present completely different situations and characters from the unit reviev dialogue, &quot;but include the same new vocabulary and structures. They provide extra listening comprehension practice at normal conversational speed, an area vhich should receive increased attention from both student and teacher 'beginning with this module.</p>
<p>The language of many of the exercise dialogues is very colloquial and thus a change from the style of the preceding modules • At this stage, students must accustom themselves to hearing everyday Chinese» and if given ample practice, their comprehension will improve quickly. But &quot;bear in mind that students are not expected to &quot;be able to produce sentences in this colloquial style, only to understand them.</p>
<p>The taped exercises 2, 3, and U，are to &quot;be listened to outside of class as many times as is necessary for the student to ansver the questions in the workbook section. In class, the teacher should ask the questions, rephrased in Chinese, and have students answer from their notes or, preferably, from</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>memory. If students bring up questions on colloquialisms contained in the dialogues at this time, handle them quickly; avoid digressions on expressions vhich are not required for production. The point of this activity is for the students to talk--to practice saying the nev vords and structures of the unit</p>
<p>k</p>
<p>Further Classroom Activities</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use the subjects discussed in the dialogues as points of departure for class discussions in vhich the teacher takes the part of the Chinese vho wants to understand American society and the American students try to explain their ways of thinking and doing things. Depending on class size, the level of the students, and individual students<sup>f</sup> competitiveness or reticence, these conversations vill need to &quot;be more or less structured. If necessary in order to maintain the flov of ideas or to keep a small number of students from dominating the discussion, everyone can &quot;be asked to outline possible answers &quot;before coming to class, or the teacher may prepare an outline for the students.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Students can &quot;be asked to tell the story of the reviev dialogue or an exercise dialogue in their own vords. This can be done by the whole class together; if one student omits an important point in the story, another student can remind him of it or supply it himself.</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have students pick out from the reference list and the dialogues certain sentences vhich serve a particular communicative function. The Chinese material in this &quot;book is especially suited to this type of exercise because of the colloquial tone of the dialogues and the range of emotions and linguistic functions displayed vithin them. For example, the students may &quot;be asked to find a sentence that conveys enthusiasm tovard an idea, one that conveys tentativeness vhen asking a question about a delicate subject， or one that conveys a desire to &quot;be helpful. Using the sentences thus found as ta.ke-off points, the teacher can then ask the students to come up vith other sentences vith the same linguistic function, or ask them to change elements of the sentence to vary its function.</p>
<p>For example, Unit 1 of Society -presents some sentences (in the reference list and dialogues) that can be used as responses to proposals:</p>
<p>Wo kǎolu kǎolu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 think it over. (non-committal)</p>
<p>Feichang hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Great. (enthusiastic)</p>
<p>Na women shuohǎo le . . . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then ve<sup>f</sup>ve agreed • . . (decisive)</p>
<p>Jiu zhěiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s settled. (decisive)</p>
<p>Students can be asked to add to this list sentences expressing a vider range of responses to a proposal, e.g., flat rejection (Bu xing!)， scandalization (Na zěnme keyi a:)，lukevarm acceptance (Kěyǐ . . . or Yě hao)，indecisiveness (M . . , or Na，vǒ hai děi xiǎngyixiǎng or Zai shu5 ~ba)、etc. If you make up supplementary exercises, you may find it effective to &quot;base them on the communicative functions of sentences contained in each unit• A list of these functions vill &quot;be found in each unit’s introduction.</p>
<p>(U) If the teacher and students find that the nev grammar needs to &quot;be separately discussed in class, such sessions should &quot;be confined to a reviev of the essential new structures, as listed in each unit’s introduction.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>Reviev</p>
<p>The two review tapes consist simply of exercises requiring the students to translate the reference list sentences for Units 1 to U and 5 to 8, respectively. The original order of the sentences in the text has been scramlDled. The first section of each tape is translation from Chinese to English, the second from English to Chinese.</p>
<p>Because material introduced in this module is frequently repeated in subsequent lessons, regular review vill not &quot;be as important as in the earlier modules, where the situational nature of the lessons means that some vocalD-ulary introduced in order to handle one kind of situation occurs in that one module only. However, if desired, one of each unit<sup>1</sup>s exercise dialogues can be reserved for review: have students listen to only two instead of all three exercise dialogues while doing the unit, and then return to the third dialogue several units later to brush up on the vocabulary and structures.</p>
<p>TAPES FOR MODULE 了 (SOC)</p>
<p>Unit 1: SOC 1.1, SOC 1.2 Unit 2: SOC 2.1, SOC 2.2 Unit 3： SOC 3.1, SOC 3.2 Unit U: SOC U.l, SOC k.2 Unit 5: SOC 5.1， SOC 5.2 Unit 6: SOC 6.1, SOC 6.2 Unit 了： SOC 了.I, SOC 了.2 Unit 8: SOC 8.1, SOC 8.2</p>
<p>Review Tapes: SOC Reviev 1-U, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)</p>
<p>SOC Reviev 1-U, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)</p>
<p>SOC Reviev 5-8, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)</p>
<p>SOC Reviev 5-8, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)</p>
<p>SOC, Objectives</p>
<p>MODULE 了： SOCIETY</p>
<p>The Society Module (SOC) vill provide you vith the linguistic skills and cultural background information you need to visit a Chinese family, discuss some aspects of family life and society, to find out hov someone’s family fits into the pattern of traditional Chinese society, and hov it reflects the changes of modern society.</p>
<p>Before starting this module, you must take and pass the MTG Criterion Test. In addition, it is assumed that by this point you vill have already completed the optional modules Personal Welfare, Restaurant, and Hotel; vocabulary from these modules is nov considered taught.</p>
<p>The SOC Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from the first six core modules and associated resource modules is also included.</p>
<p>OBJECTIVES</p>
<p>Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able to</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Say any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists vhen cued vith its English equivalent.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ask someone about the size of his family, vhich family members live at home, and where other family members live and vhy.</p>
<p>Use the rules of Chinese etiquette in social visits: the proper times for visiting; the custom of offering refreshments to visitors and the type of response expected from the visitor; and some polite vays to end a social visit.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Discuss the status， duties, and responsibilities of sons in the traditional Chinese family.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Discuss the different relationships within the Chinese family, especially those between parents and children, and betveen mother-in-lav and daughter-in-law*</p>
<p>了. Explain why the large (extended) family was the ideal pattern in traditional Chinese society.</p>
<p>SOC, Objectives</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Use the proper- terms for referring to your own or someone else<sup>1</sup>s children, and understand the terms for addressing one’s children directly; use the terms for paternal grandparents; use the terms for the parents of one’s friend.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Understand why early marriage vas a common practice in traditional China.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Discuss the effects of the development of industry and business on traditional Chinese society.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Discuss the concept of filial obedience.</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Compare the position of women in Chinese society &quot;before and after the founding of the People<sup>1</sup>s Republic of China.</p>
<p>13. Discuss traditional marriage arrangements in China and the roles women were placed in as a result. Understand the government<sup>1</sup>s policy toward marriage after 19^9 and the actual changes that have occurred.</p>
<p>lU. Explain and defend some of your personal views on topics such as</p>
<p>equality of the sexes, the status of women, living together, marriage, parent-child relationships, care of the elderly, the effects of political and economic conditions on society, crime, and drug abuse.</p><h4>了</h4>
<p>soc</p>
<p>8</p>
<p>UNIT 1 Travel Plans</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION</p>
<p>Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The pattern (Verb) de shi,.••</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Phrases with guanyu, &quot;concerning,<sup>f?</sup> ’’about-<sup>1</sup>’</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The directional ending -lai.</p>
<p>k. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The auxiliary verb hui, ”might,” ”*be likely to,<sup>11</sup> ”vill•”</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The sentence marker -de, ”that<sup>f</sup>s the way the situation is.</p>
<p>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Offering a visitor something to drink.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Responding to an offer of something to drink.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Concluding a social visit.</p>
<p>U. Telling someone you can’t take the time to explain something but will talk about it later.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Presenting a suggestion or proposal to do something.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Responding to a suggestion or proposal to so something.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>9</p>
<p>Unit 1， Reference List</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Jīntian wo jiedao yiběn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today 工 borrowed a good</p>
<p>hao xiǎoshuS. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;novel (from someone).</p>
<p>B: Shěnme xiSoshuō, rang ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What novel is it that</p>
<p>zěnme gāoxing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes you so happy?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zheiten xiaoshu5 xiěde shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This novel is about the</p>
<p>dalude qingkuang• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation on the mainland.</p>
<p>B: Guānyū dalude? Jiě g?i wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;About the mainland? How about</p>
<p>kankan xing &quot;bu xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lending it to me to read?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Xiage xuěqi nī xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you going to do</p>
<p>yanjiū shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;research on next semester?</p>
<p>B: Hai shi lǎo wěnti: Zhong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It*s still the same old topic: the</p>
<p>guode zhěngzhi qingkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;political situation in China.</p>
<p>U. A: Zuotiān Xiao Ming gěi tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday Xiao Ming wrote a</p>
<p>nūpěngyou xiě xin, xiěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;letter to his girl friend,</p>
<p>hao chang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and it was really long!</p>
<p>B: Nianqīng rěn zǒng shi nianqīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Young people are alvays young people,</p>
<p>rěn. Wo ni&amp;nqīngde shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When I was young I was like that</p>
<p>ye shi zhěiyemg, ni waiig le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too, have you forgotten?</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Shǔjiade shihou, ni xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where do you want to go</p>
<p>dao nar qu wanrwanr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;over summer vacation?</p>
<p>B: Wo xiǎng dao YazhSu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ī^d like to go visit a few</p>
<p>jǐge guojiā qu kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;countries in Asia.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zěnme, nǐ xiǎng yanjiū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh? Do you want to do research</p>
<p>Yazh5ude věnhua chuantong? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on Asia’s cultural tradition?</p>
<p>B: Bu něng shu5 yanjiū. Vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It can't &quot;be called research. I</p>
<p>zhī shi xiǎng qu kankan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just want to go have a look at</p>
<p>nalide shěhui qingkuajig. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the social situation there.</p>
<p>了. A: Lao Wang, wo jīntiān gǎn.1uě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lao Wang, I feel awful today, hen &quot;bu shūfu.</p>
<p>B: Kuai zuoxia, wo qu gěi ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sit down and I’ll go pour you</p>
<p>dao ~běi cha lai • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a cup of tea.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>10</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ qude něige difang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What vas the political and economic</p>
<p>zhěngzhi, jīngji fan^miande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation like vhere you vent? qlngxing zěnmeyāng?</p>
<p>B: Jǐju huā shuobuqingchu， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can’t explain it clearly in just</p>
<p>you shijian vǒ zai gen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a fev sentences; vhen I have</p>
<p>ni maiunanr shuo &quot;ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time I’ll tell you all about it.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Yanjiū Zhongguo xiānzaide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To study the problems of China nov,</p>
<p>věnti yiding děi dongde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you have to understand Chinese</p>
<p>Zhongguo lishǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;history.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ shuode zhěiyidiǎn hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This point of yours is very important;</p>
<p>yaojīn, wo kǎolu kǎolu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll think it over.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ zai Zhongguo zhu liǎng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you live in China for tvo years,</p>
<p>nian, yiding hui xuěhǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>1</sup>re sure to learn Chinese</p>
<p>Zh5ngwěnde• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very veil•</p>
<p>B: Shi a, yifangmian kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, on the one hand 工 can learn</p>
<p>xuěhǎo ZhSngwěn, yifǎngmian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese veil, and on the other</p>
<p>yě kěyi duo zhīdao yidiǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hand I can find out more things</p>
<p>Zhongguode shiqing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about China.</p>
<p>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yibiān(r)...yibiSn(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing...vhile doing.••</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yimian...yimian..• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing...vhile doing...</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>11</p>
<p>VOCABULAEY</p>
<p>chang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be long</p>
<p>chuantong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tradition, traditional</p>
<p>dalu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mainland, continent</p>
<p>dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pour</p>
<p>-diǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;point</p>
<p>dongde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to understand, to grasp, to know</p>
<p>-fāngmian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(-fāngmian) aspect, side, area， respect</p>
<p>gǎnjuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feeling, sensation; to feel,</p>
<p>to perceive</p>
<p>guānyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as to， with regard to, concerning,</p>
<p>about</p>
<p>guojiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;country, state, nation; national</p>
<p>hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;might，be likely to，vill</p>
<p>jiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to borrow; to lend</p>
<p>jiědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to successfully borrow</p>
<p>-jīi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sentence; (counter for sentences or</p>
<p>utterances, often followed by hua, &quot;speech”）</p>
<p>%</p>
<p>kǎolu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consider, to think about</p>
<p>majimānr (marman) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;slowly; gradually, by and by; taking</p>
<p>one*s time; in all details</p>
<p>nianqīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be young</p>
<p>qingkuang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation, circumstances, condition,</p>
<p>state of affairs</p>
<p>qlngxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation, circumstances, condition,</p>
<p>state of affairs</p>
<p>rang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make (someone a certain way)</p>
<p>shěhui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;society, social</p>
<p>shǔjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summer vacation</p>
<p>shuōbuqīngchu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can*t explain clearly</p>
<p>wěnhua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;culture</p>
<p>xiǎoshu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fiction, novel</p>
<p>(-)xuěqī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;semester, term (of school)</p>
<p>yanjiū (yānjiu, yanjiū) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study (in detail), to do research</p>
<p>on; research</p>
<p>Yazhōu (Yǎzhou) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Asia</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>12</p>
<p>yibiān(r)...yibiān(r).•. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing...while doing...</p>
<p>yifǎngmian..., yifangmian... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on the one hand..., on the other hand;</p>
<p>for one thing.. •，for another.&quot;; doing...vhile doing... yimian(r)••.yimian(r)... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing...while doing.•.</p>
<p>zhěngzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;politics， political affairs; political</p>
<p>zǒng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;alvays; inevitably, without exception,</p>
<p>after all， in any case zuoxia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to sit down</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>13</p>
<p>Unit 1， Reference Notes</p>
<p>1. A: Jīntiān wo jiedao yiben &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today I borrowed a good</p>
<p>hǎo xiǎoshuS. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;novel (from someone).</p>
<p>B: Shěnme xiǎoshuS, rang ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What novel is it that</p>
<p>zěnme gāoxing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes you so happy?</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>.lie: &quot;to borrow&quot; [Also <sup>M</sup>to lend,&quot; see Notes on No. 2.D</p>
<p>Wo dao tūshūguǎn qu jiě shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m going to the library to borrow</p>
<p>[take out] some books.</p>
<p>For &quot;from，” use gen or xiang° for people and cong for place names like the library.</p>
<p>Wo měi dai qian, xiǎng gen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I didn’t bring any money, I want to</p>
<p>(xiang) Ningning qu jiě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go borrow some from Ningning.</p>
<p>Wo cong tushūguǎn jiěle yiběn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I &quot;borroved a Chinese history book</p>
<p>Zhōngguo lishǐ shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from the library.</p>
<p>Cong can only be followed by a person if the person is made into a place name, for example by the addition of něr (nali):</p>
<p>Wo cong tā něr jiěle wǔkuai qian. I &quot;borrowed five dollars from him.</p>
<p>For people, you may also use the common pattern věn...,1ie... , literally ’’ask.. .borrow. •.”：</p>
<p>Wo wen ta jiěle yiběn shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I borrowed a book from him.</p>
<p>Wo bu hǎo yisi wen biěrěn jiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m too embarrassed to borrow money</p>
<p>qian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from other people.</p>
<p>jiedao: The ending -deto expresses that the borrowing results in the thing being obtained. You learned -dao and the similar Běijīng -zhao in the verb jiēdao/.liēzhao， <sup>H</sup>to receive,<sup>11</sup> in the Meeting module.</p>
<p>You need to know not only what the ending -dao means, but also when to use it and when not to. This can<sup>f</sup>t be summed up in one neat formula, but you will see from the following examples that -deto is used when there vas a question of not being able to get the thing. Jiě by itself does not necessarily imply obtaining, so you can use it in situations vhen you tried to borrow something but couldn<sup>f</sup>t get it.</p>
<p>Wo gin tā jiěle yiběn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I borrowed a dictionary from him.</p>
<p>zidian.</p>
<p>°XianK is used more in vritten style.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>lb</p>
<p>Wo qu jiěguo， kěshi měi jiědao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I went and tried to borrow it，but</p>
<p>I didn<sup>f</sup>t get it.</p>
<p>A: Ni cong tushūguǎn jiědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you get that American history</p>
<p>něiben Měiguo lishi shū le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;book out of the library?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou, dou jiěchuqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No， they had all been taken out.</p>
<p>Dāgai xiā Xīngqiyi cai něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I probably won*t be able to (borrow</p>
<p>jiědao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and) get it until next Monday.</p>
<p>Jiě may have certain other directional or resultative endings. Here are examples.</p>
<p>Zai zhěr kān kěyi, bu něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You can read it here， but you can't</p>
<p>jiěchuq^u. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take it out.</p>
<p>Tā ba wode chē jiěq.u le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He borrowed my car (and took it</p>
<p>away) •</p>
<p>Tā ba něiben shū jiězou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He borrowed that book (and took it</p>
<p>away)•</p>
<p>Wo cong tā něr jiělai wukuai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I borrowed five dollars from him.</p>
<p>qian.</p>
<p>rang: &quot;to make” someone a certain way, or &quot;to cause&quot; someone to become a certain way. When used this way, rang is followed by a person and an adjectival verb. You learned rang as &quot;to let” in the Welfare module:</p>
<p>Rān^ wo kankan nǐde huzhāo， &quot;Let me see your passport.” [Rang： can also mean ’’to have,，’ <sup>,T</sup>to tell,,’ or &quot;to make&quot; someone do something•]</p>
<p>Tā shuSde hua rang wo hen shēng- What he said made me very angry -</p>
<p>qi-</p>
<p>Tā name bu kěqi rang tā pěngyou He embarrassed his friend by being hen bu hǎo yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so rude*</p>
<p>Shěnme xiaoshuo?一一rang ni zhěme gāoxing: There is a pause after the question shenme xiaoshu5， and the rest of the sentence， rang ni zhěme gāoxing， is like an afterthought. Compare these examples:</p>
<p>Zhěi shi shěnme kāfēi?--zhěme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of coffee is this? It<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>hǎo he. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so good.</p>
<p>Zhěi jiu shi nī maide chē?-一 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So this is the car you bought? It's</p>
<p>zěnme nankan! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so ugly!</p>
<p>Nǐ xǐhuan shuxuě a?~name měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You like math?--such a boring thing!</p>
<p>yisi!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>15</p>
<p>2. A: Zhěiben xiǎoshuō xiěde shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This novel is about the</p>
<p>dalude qinp：kuan^. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation on the mainland.</p>
<p>B: Guānyū dalude? Jiě gěi wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;About the mainland? How about</p>
<p>kankan xing bu xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lending it to me to read?</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>xiě: This verb which you learned as <sup>,f</sup>to write,, is also one of several ways that ”about&quot; is expressed in Chinese. When used with this meaning, xiě usually appears in the (Verb) de shi construction discussed immediately below.</p>
<p>xiěde shi: This structure, (Verb) de shi, is a major structure of Chinese, so pay extra attention! Use (Verb) de shi vhen the verb is not new information and you want to focus instead on the identity of the thing talked about. The pattern itself makes an equational sentence, that is, an</p>
<p>A EQUALS B sentence:</p>
<p>A — I I^~ I B Vī^B de<sup>—</sup> shi— B 一 Tā zTOQde shi baicai.</p>
<p>&quot;What he<sup>f</sup>s making is cabbage.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>In sentence 2A，the verb xiě is not new information because any novel must ”be vritten about” something. The object dalude qingkuang is new information which is focused on.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zai Jiāzhou Daxuě niande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is it that you study at the</p>
<p>shi shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;University of California?</p>
<p>B: Wo niande shi jīngjixuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s economics.</p>
<p>Zhěige dianyīng jiangde shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This film is about a Chinese going</p>
<p>yige Zhōngguo rěn qū Měiguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to America to visit, wande shi.</p>
<p>Gāngcāi nǐ jiaode shi shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did you order just now? Rice</p>
<p>Shi fan haishi mian? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or noodles?</p>
<p>Ni xianzai shuōde shi wo haishi Is the person you<sup>1</sup>re talking about tā? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;now me or him?</p>
<p>Ta hen xǐhuan kan shū, kěshi tā He likes to read, but all he reads kande d5u shi yixiē měi yiside are stupid novels. xiaoshuS.</p>
<p>dalu: ”continent, mainland” ZhōngRUQ dalū is &quot;mainland China,” which may also be called dalu for short just as we say <sup>,f</sup>the mainland&quot;,</p>
<p>&quot;Other vays are by using^the verb jiang, <sup>TT</sup>to talk about as in Zheiben shu~ jiǎng shěnme?, &quot;What is this book about?<sup>,f</sup>; and guanyu (see the note in this section)•<sup>_</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>16</p>
<p>qingkuang: &quot;situation, circiur.stances <sub>5</sub> state of affairs, condition’’</p>
<p>Used much more frequently in Chinese than any single one of these translations is used in English. Sometimes the Chinese language uses qingkuang when in English we would just say ”things” or &quot;the way things are.”</p>
<p>Nǐde qingkuang gēn tāde chabuduo. You and he are in about the same</p>
<p>situation.</p>
<p>Wo didide jīngji qingkuang bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ify younger brother’s financial</p>
<p>tai hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation isn’t too good.</p>
<p>Na shi sishiniān qiānde shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That was forty years ago. Now</p>
<p>xianzai qingkuang &quot;bu tong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things are different.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ něng &quot;bu něng gei wo jiang- Could you tell me about the way</p>
<p>jiang ni zai dalude qingkuang? things were for you on the mainland?</p>
<p>B: Nǐde yisi shi wo zijǐde qing- Do you mean my own situation? kuāng ma?</p>
<p>Sometimes qingkuang means the ’’picture&quot; about a place (especially an organization) ;in such cases it may not &quot;be necessary to translate it literally.</p>
<p>Tā gěi women jiěshaole tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He gave us a presentation (&quot;briefing)</p>
<p>xuěxiāode qingkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on their school. (E.g., what</p>
<p>grades, how many students and teachers, what subjects are taught, etc.)</p>
<p>Wo &quot;bu tāi shūxī Měidāsīde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m not too familiar with (the way</p>
<p>qingkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things are at) the Department of</p>
<p>American and Oceanic Affairs.</p>
<p>guanyu: &quot;with regard to, concerning<sup>11</sup> The phrase guānyu dalude means literally <sup>rr</sup>one concerning the mainland.” Guanyu is rather formal. In everyday speech, the idea of ’’about’’ is more often expressed in other ways * , &quot;but guānyu is often used in formal contexts.</p>
<p>Guanyu is a prepositional verb, which means it is followed &quot;by a noun (its object) and is related to the main verb. It is not the &quot;best &quot;behaved of prepositional verbs, however. Guanyu does not occur where you would normally expect to find a prepositional verb phrase (&quot;before the verb, e.g., dao Zh5ngguo qu) • Nor does guānyu occur in a sentence the way &quot;about<sup>,r</sup> does in English. ^bout’’ phrases in English are free to occur after the verb, e.g. , &quot;talk about Chinese history,” ’’think about your problem.” A guānyu phrase (that is, guanyu and its object) can only occur in the following places in the sentence:</p>
<p>Other ways include using the verbs jiǎng and xiě (see Notes on No. 2). For example, if I am watching a T.V. program and you walk into the room and want to ask, ’’What’s this about?” the most ’’everyday” way would te Jiǎng shěnine de? (actually an abbreviated form of Zheige jiěmu [program] shi jiang shěnme de?). It would sound stilted to use guānyu in such an informal situation. You see another example of how ’’about” is expressed in Chinese on the next page under number (3) in the little dialogue: ’，Atout what?’’ is Shěnme diānyǐng?.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>IT</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Guanyu can occur at the 'beginning of the sentence to introduce the topic about to be commented on.</p>
<p>Guānyu něijian shi, wo shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Concerning that matter, I don't</p>
<p>dou bu zhī dao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;know anything. (OR I don<sup>!</sup>t know</p>
<p>anything about that matter.)</p>
<p>Guānyū nerde qingkuang, ni gěi Would you please ask for me about wo dating dating hǎo ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the situation there?</p>
<p>Guanyu zhěige, nimen hai you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have any other questions</p>
<p>měiyou shěnme wenti? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about this?</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Guanyu can also occur in a phrase with -de which modifies a noun.</p>
<p>Xiěxie ni gāosu vo zhěme du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you for telling me so much</p>
<p>guānyū dalude qingkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about the situation on the</p>
<p>mainland.</p>
<p>Ta zhīdao hěn duo guānyu zhěi- He knows a lot (of things) about fāngmiande shiqing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this field.</p>
<p>Women zhěli měiyou duSshao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We don't have very many books about</p>
<p>guānyū Zhongguode shu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China here.</p>
<p>It also occurs in a phrase vith -de, the whole phrase acting as a noun.</p>
<p>Wo cong Xiao Zhao ner jiělai yi- I &quot;borrowed a book from Xiao Zhao, běn shū, shi guānyu Zhongguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It*s (a book) about Chinese</p>
<p>cāide， nǐ kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;food. Have a look at it.</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A guanyu phrase (guanyu + noun) is occasionally used alone as an aHre-viated sentence*</p>
<p>Wo zuotiān kanle yige dianyǐng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I saw a movie yesterday.</p>
<p>Shěnme dianyǐng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;About what?</p>
<p>Guānyu Fǎguo... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;About France.&quot;</p>
<p>Guānyu Faguode shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;About what (aspect) of France?</p>
<p>Guānyu Faguode jīngji. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;About the French econony.</p>
<p>Compare the following English and Chinese sentences. Although the parts in parentheses are optional in English, the Chinese sentences would &quot;be considered wrong without the underlined -de phrases. (For the first example you need to know xiaoxi， &quot;news•”)</p>
<p>Nǐ tīngshuo guanyu Tiětuōde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you heard (the news) about Tito?</p>
<p>xiaoxi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i.e*, that he had died)</p>
<p>Bu yāo wen wo guanyu shūxuěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't ask me (any questions) about</p>
<p>věnti, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;math,</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>18</p>
<p>jiě gei v5 kankan: &quot;lend (it) to me to read&quot; In exchange 1, jiě was translated &quot;borrow.&quot; Now you see it used for &quot;to lend. To say &quot;lend something to someone,” the gěi phrase always follows the verb jiě. * If the indirect object (person who receives) is a pronoun, gěi may be omitted:</p>
<p>Jiě wo yizhī bǐ.</p>
<p>Jiě gěi wo yizhī bǐ. I &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lend me a pen.</p>
<p>(In this extremely ccHumon sentence, the gěi is more frequently omitted.)</p>
<p>3. A: Xiage xuěqī nǐ xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you going to do</p>
<p>yanjiū shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;research on next semester?</p>
<p>B: Hai shi lǎo wěnti: Zhong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s still the same old topic:</p>
<p>guode zhěngzhi qingkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the political situation in China.</p>
<p>xueqi: <sup>M</sup>semester, term” Since xuěqī means literally just &quot;school-period/<sup>T</sup> it could conceivably apply to a scholastic term of any length, including quarters. Chinese schools, however, run on the semester system (fall-vinter and vinter-spring)•</p>
<p>Xianzai ySude Měiguo daxuě yige Some American colleges have semesters xuěqī zhi you shiěr-sange lǐbāi. which last only tvelve or thirteen</p>
<p>weeks.</p>
<p>Shāngge xuěq.ī nǐ dou nianle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What (courses) did you take last</p>
<p>shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;semester?</p>
<p>Xuěqī may also be used without the counter -ge: shangxueqi，xiaxuěqi, yi xuěqī &gt;&nbsp;etc •</p>
<p>yanjiu: ’’to do research on” a topic (usually at the graduate level or above). Sometimes may be translated as ’’to study&quot; (in depth, not just preparing for a test).</p>
<p>Ta yānjiūde shi něifāngmiande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What area does she study (OR do</p>
<p>wěnti? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;research on)?</p>
<p>Kē Jiāoshou zai jīngji fangmian- Everyone is familiar with Professor de yanjiū shi dājia hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kē<sup>1</sup>s research in the area of</p>
<p>shouxlde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;economics.</p>
<p>Tāde yanjiū gSngzuo hěn zhSng- His research work is very important. yāo.</p>
<p>Another meaning is ’’to look into, to consider, to discuss” (possibilities, opinions, questions):</p>
<p>A gei phrase before jiě would mean ’’for/’ not ’’to.’’ Example ： Tā gěi vo jiěle jǐběn shu<sub>%</sub> &quot;He borrowed a fev books for me.”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>&quot;Clhǎi, Shanghai Cishū Chubanshě,^979»</p>
<p>19</p>
<p>Zhěige wěnti women děi yanjiū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We should discuss (OR look into this)</p>
<p>yanjiu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;question.</p>
<p>zhěngzhi: ’’politics，political affairs ; political<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>Keep in mind that because of China<sup>1</sup>s political system, the word zhěngzhi has a different set of meanings than we are used to. This is a large question which we will not go into in depth here. But to give you an idea of this concept, here is the definition of zhěngzhi from a Chinese dictionary.*</p>
<p>zhěngzhi: The concentrated expression of economics. It comes into being on a particular economic base, serves the economic base, and has a tremendous influence on economic development. In a class society, economic interests are the most fundamental interests of the different classes. In order to safeguard their own interests, the classes inevitably wage intense class struggle among each other. Therefore, class struggle and handling relations between the classes becomes the main content of politics• The relations which politics must handle are the internal relations of a class, relations between the classes, relations between nationalities, and international relations. Politics is manifested in policies and activities in the areas of national life and international relations of political parties, social groups, and social forces which represent certain classes. The politics of the exploiting class has as its aim to oppress the working people and to preserve its own narrow interests. In the politics of the proletariat, bourgeois rule is overthrown with revolutionary violence under the leadership of the proletarian political party, and the dictatorship of the proletariat is established; after power has &quot;been seized, socialist revolution is carried through to the end, class struggle is properly waged, and contradictions &quot;between ourselves and the enemy as well as contradictions among the people . • • are properly handled; then the focus of struggle is progressively turned towards engaging in the cause of socialist construction and devoting major efforts to developing production, and creating the conditions needed to completely abolish classes and bring about communism.</p>
<p>Note in particular how the politicization of everyday personal relations in the PRC has resulted in zhěngzhi being used in a host of phrases such as &quot;political influence,” &quot;political relations,” &quot;political background,<sup>11</sup> &quot;political qualifications,<sup>ff</sup> etc.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>20</p>
<p>1+. A: Zuotiān Xiao Ming gěi tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday Xiao Ming wrote a</p>
<p>nupěngyou xiě xin, xiěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;letter to his girl friend,</p>
<p>hǎo chang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and it vas really long!</p>
<p>B: Nianqīng rěn zongshi nianqīng Young people are always young ren. Wo nianqingde shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people; when I was young</p>
<p>yě shi zhěiyang, nī wang le? I was like that too, have you</p>
<p>forgotten?</p>
<p>Notes on No. h</p>
<p>chang: ,,to be long’’ in physical length, or in some cases, time. The opposite of chang is duǎn, &quot;to &quot;be short.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Chāngchěng you duo chang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How long is the Great Wall?</p>
<p>You liuqiānduō gōnglǐ (chang). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s over six thousand kilometers</p>
<p>(long)•</p>
<p>Ni xiěde tai chang le, duan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You made this (piece of writing) too</p>
<p>yidiǎnr, hao &quot;bu hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long. Could you shorten it?</p>
<p>Wo hěn chang shijiān měi kanjian I haven’t seen him in a long time. ta le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Hen chang shi.H^n is the same</p>
<p>as hěn ,1i5)</p>
<p>Wo xiang nǐ zai nar zhao fangzi I’m sure it will take you a long time yiding xuyao yige hěn changde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to find a house there,</p>
<p>shijiān.</p>
<p>Tā zai zhěr g5ngzuode shijiān you How long did he work here? duo chang?</p>
<p>nianqīng: ’’to &quot;be young&quot; While the idea of &quot;being young is often relative to a particular situation, nianqīng rěn usually means people from the teens through the twenties.**</p>
<p>Ta nianqingde shihou &quot;bǐ xianzai When she was young she was even more gěng hao kan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;beautiful than now.</p>
<p>Nianqīng rěn d5u xǐhuan vanr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All young people like to have fun.</p>
<p>zǒng: ’’always, invariaTDly<sup>11</sup> Like other adverbs such as zhēn, ’’really，&quot; and hai，<sup>ff</sup>still,<sup>??</sup> zong is often followed by shi •</p>
<p>Ni zongshi wen vo věnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You alvays ask me questions.</p>
<p>°There are other words for ’’long” in other contexts. When referring to distance, use yuan: Lu hěn yuan, ’’It’s a long way.<sup>11</sup> For time, you will also need jiu: Ta zoule duo ,1iǔ le?, <sup>,f</sup>Hov long has it been since he left?’，</p>
<p><sup>0</sup>°Remem'ber that xi So is another word for &quot;yoiing<sup>11</sup>: Ta bi vo xiǎo yisui, &quot;He<sup>1</sup> s a year younger than I.” Wo xiǎode shihou usually means ”When I vas a child.<sup>n</sup> When speaking to a child， you would say Nǐ hai xiǎo for ”You’re still young.&quot;</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>21</p>
<p>Zhěi zhong shiqing zongshi rang This type of thing alvays makes one rěn hěn gāoxing, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very happy.</p>
<p>Zǒng bu, &quot;always not&quot;”’’ is one way of saying &quot;never&quot;:</p>
<p>Tā zǒng bu xǐhuan biěrěn wen tā He never likes other people to ask jiālide shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about his family,</p>
<p>Zǒng has another use, which is the one you see in exchange U: Instead of meaning literally ’’on every occasion” or &quot;at all times,<sup>ff</sup> z8ng is used to suggest that a certain state of affairs should &quot;be obviously true, regardless of other circumstances• Translations for this meaning depend upon the context; some are ”after all, surely, always, in any case, when all is said and done, inevitably, eventually•<sup>ff</sup> Other possible translations are suggested in the folloving examples.</p>
<p>Xiǎohaizi zǒng shi xiǎohai2i, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Children will &quot;be children; after they</p>
<p>dale jiu hǎo le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grov up it will be better.</p>
<p>Nǐ bu jiě wo, wo zai zhěr kan- If you won<sup>f</sup>t lend it [this book] to kan zǒng kěyi ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me, at least I can read it here,</p>
<p>can<sup>f</sup>t I?</p>
<p>Nǐ nian shū shi hǎo shi, zǒng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s great that you<sup>1</sup> re studying, but</p>
<p>bu něng bu chi fan ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after all, you can't go without</p>
<p>eating， can you?</p>
<p>Nī shi Měiguo rěn, nǐ zǒng bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>re an American, you can<sup>f</sup>t very</p>
<p>něng bu zhīdao Dězhou zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well not know where Texas is，</p>
<p>nar ba?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can you?!</p>
<p>Nǐ nazǒu wode shu, zǒng děi wen You really should ask before you wo yixia! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take one of ray books •</p>
<p>ZSng you yitian, ta hui hullaide. Someday he will surely come back.</p>
<p>Ērshige bu gou, na nǐ shuo san- If twenty isn<sup>f</sup>t enough, then thirty shige zǒng gou le ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should surely be enough, vouldn*t</p>
<p>you say?</p>
<p>A: GSnggong qichē měiyou dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There aren<sup>f</sup>t any buses that go</p>
<p>něige difangde, women děi qi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there• We<sup>f</sup>ll have to go by</p>
<p>zixlngchě qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bicycle«</p>
<p>B: ōu， qi chě duo lei..• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, but it<sup>f</sup>s so tiring to ride a</p>
<p>bicycle.</p>
<p>A: Zǒng bī zǒuzhe qu hǎoduS le. Well, it<sup>f</sup>s much better than walking!</p>
<p>Lai wan yidiǎnr zǒng bǐ bu lai It<sup>f</sup> s &quot;better to come a little late hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;than not to come at all.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>22</p>
<p>A: Guānyu nī zhěige věnti, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 don’t know much about this question zhīdaode bu du5, dagai měiyou of yours. I probably can<sup>1</sup>1 give banfa huidahao. you a good ansver.</p>
<p>B: Ni zong zhīdaode bī wSmen du5, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In any case, you knov more than we jiu qīng ni jiang jiang ba! do, so please try.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Shǔjiade shihou, nī xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where do you vant to go</p>
<p>dao nar qu yanrwanr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;over summer vacation?</p>
<p>B: Wo xiǎng dao YazhSu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>d like to go visit a fev</p>
<p>jǐge gu$jiā qu kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;countries in Asia.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 5</p>
<p>shu.1ia: ”summer vacation<sup>11</sup> In China, summer vacation starts in August and ends in September for high schools; college ends in June and starts in late August.</p>
<p>Zhěige shǔjia vo bll dao nSr qu. This summer vacation I'm not going</p>
<p>anywhere•</p>
<p>Yazhōu: &quot;Asia<sup>1</sup>, Ya comes from the transliterated vord for Asia, Yaxiya. Zhou means ”continent Many people say Yazhou.</p>
<p>guojia: &quot;country, nation, state,<sup>11</sup> literally, ’’country-family•，’ The bound word -£uo is used only in certain phrases or compound words. Cruojiā is the vord to use everywhere else. (Sometimes guo may be used alone，such as in reference to kingdoms or dukedoms of ancient China. But a modern nation is called guo.liā.)</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zěnme, ni xiang yanjiū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh? Do you vant to do research</p>
<p>Yazhōude věnhua chuantSng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on Asia<sup>1</sup>s cultural tradition?</p>
<p>B: Bu něng shu5 yanjiu. Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It can’t be called research. I</p>
<p>zhǐ shi xiǎng qu kankan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just vant to go have a look at</p>
<p>nalide shehui qingkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the social situation there.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>Zenme?: <sup>,!</sup>oh?; vhat?; really?<sup>11</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The intonation can change the implication.</p>
<p>Zěnme, nī yě dao zhěr lai le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well, you<sup>1</sup> ve come here too!</p>
<p>Zěnme? Tā bu shi Zhongguo rěn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What? He<sup>1</sup>s not Chinese? Then hov</p>
<p>Na tade Zhōngwěn zěnme zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is his Chinese so good? hSo ne?</p>
<p>A: Nī xiawu you shijiān ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have any time this afternoon?</p>
<p>B: Zenme? You shi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why? Is something happening?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>?3</p>
<p>w^nhuā: &quot;ciiiture, civilization&quot; Also &quot;education, cultural background*<sup>1</sup> as in rri^iyou wenhuacie rěn， &quot;an uncultured person&quot; or an <sup>!f</sup>uneducated person.’’</p>
<p>shehui ： &quot;society; social<sup>f!</sup> Xin shěhui and j iu shěhui are jargon for the new and oli societies (after and before the socialist transformation). ’’In society<sup>1</sup>' is more often zai shěhuishang^ less frequently zai shěhuili.</p>
<p>Xianggangde shěhui wěnti zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong sure has a lot of social</p>
<p>duo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problems. (e.g., drugs， killings)</p>
<p>了. k: Lao Wang, wo jīntiān ganjuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lao Wang,工 feel awful today, hen bu shūfu.</p>
<p>B: Kuai zuoxia， wo qu gei ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sit dovn and I<sup>f</sup>11 go get you</p>
<p>dao bēi cha lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a cup of tea.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 了</p>
<p>ganjuě: &quot;to feel; feeling’’ In 了a，ganjuě is used as a verb. Here are other examples:</p>
<p>Nǐ gǎnjuě zěnmeyajag? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How do you feel?</p>
<p>īTǐ jīntiān gǎnjuě hao yidiǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you feel better today? le ma?</p>
<p>Wo gǎnjuě tā jīntiān you dianr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I get the feeling he<sup>f</sup>s a little tm gāoxing. unhappy (OR &quot;bothered) today.</p>
<p>Suīrān wo bu fā shāo le, kěshi Although I don’t have a fever any zǒng gǎnjuě hěn lei. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more, I feel very tired all the</p>
<p>time.</p>
<p>Here is an example of gǎnjuě used as a noun:</p>
<p>Zhěi shi wode ganjuě, nīde kanfa That<sup>f</sup>s my feeling, what is your zěnmeyāng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;opinion?</p>
<p>zuoxia: ’’to sit down&quot; Also zuoxialai•</p>
<p>Qing zuoxia (lai ) tan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have a seat and let<sup>f</sup> s talk about it.</p>
<p>dao. . . lai ： Dao is <sup>n</sup>to pour”； dāolai is ’’to pour and &quot;bring here.” You have seen lai used as a directional ending &quot;before, as in naxialai，’’bring down and here,” or paolai ’’run here. There are two things to notice about the meaning of lai as a directional ending: 1) Lai can be used after verbs which tell of inovement from one place to another, like pǎo，<sup>!!</sup>to run” or na, <sup>!!</sup>to carry&quot;; OR after verbs which describe an action without movement from one place to another， such as dao， <sup>n</sup>to pour.” 2) The thing lai refers to, which is what ends up ’’here，’’ may be the subject OR the object of the sentence . For example, in Tā paolai le, ’’He ran here，’’ it is the subject tā who per forms the act ion of running and comes here. In Tā xiělai yifěng xin le， ’’He has written a letter which has come here,” it is the object xin which is</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>2h</p>
<p>written and comes here. In Yifu dou yǐjīng xǐlai le，&quot;All the clothes have already &quot;been washed and &quot;brought here,<sup>n</sup> it is the topic yīfu which were washed and &quot;brought here.</p>
<p>You vill often split lai from the verb &quot;by inserting an object like yi~bei cha, as in sentence &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In fact, in sentence 了B，dao and lai must &quot;be</p>
<p>split up; lai may not precede the object. The rules allowing lai to precede the object are complex, and here we vill just give some examples of usage,</p>
<p>Nǐ nar jiělai zhěme yiliang po Where did you &quot;borrow such a &quot;beat-up chē?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old car from?</p>
<p>Wo zui xǐhuan nǐ cong Shanghai I like the sweater you &quot;bought in mǎilaide něijieui maoyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shanghai &quot;best.</p>
<p>Wo yiding gěi ni zhaolai neiben &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1*11 &quot;be sure to find that &quot;book for</p>
<p>shū OR Wo yiding gěi ni zhao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you. neiben shū lai.</p>
<p>Nǐ shěnme shihou you shijiān, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you get the time, give me a cai丄，</p>
<p>da ge dianhua lai, women yiqǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and we<sup>f</sup>ll go see a movie together,</p>
<p>qu kan dianyǐng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Lai must follow the object.)</p>
<p>Biě^wangle mingtian yě &quot;ba nǐde Don’t forget to &quot;bring your girlfriend nupěngyou dailai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow too.</p>
<p>8. A: Nǐ qīide něige difang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What was the political and</p>
<p>zhěngzhi, jīngji fāngmiande economic situation like where qingxing zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you went?</p>
<p>B: Jǐju hua shu5~buqingchu， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can’t explain it clearly in</p>
<p>ySu shijiān wS zai gēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just a few sentences; when 工</p>
<p>ni manmānr shu5 &quot;ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have time 工*11 tell you all</p>
<p>about it.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>fāngmian: &quot;aspect; area; respect; side” This noun is used without a counter. It is a useful, sometimes overused word. You won’t have any trouble understanding how fāngmian is used, &quot;but there vill &quot;be sentences where you wouldn’t have thought to use it. When translating, it is sometimes &quot;better just to leave fangmian out of the English than to strain to use the word ’’aspect,” &quot;side,* etc.</p>
<p>Fāngmiaji has two main uses:</p>
<p>(1) &quot;aspect, respect, area, field”</p>
<p>Zhěige wěnti you liangfangmian. There are two aspects to this</p>
<p>question.</p>
<p>WSmen zai zhěifāngmian zuode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We haven<sup>1</sup>1 done enough in this area,</p>
<p>hai &quot;bu gou*</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>25</p>
<p>Yīngguo zai jīngjixuě fāngmiande A lot of research in the area of yanjiū zuode bū shǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;economics has been done in England.</p>
<p>Wo měi shide shihou xǐhuan kankan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When I don<sup>f</sup>t have anything to do I</p>
<p>wěnxuě fangmiande shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like to read books on the subject</p>
<p>of literature.</p>
<p>A: Wo kānle nī xiede yǐhou juěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After reading what you wrote, I feel</p>
<p>you yifǎngmian kěyi xiěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there<sup>f</sup> s one respect in which you</p>
<p>gěng hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can make it better.</p>
<p>B: Něifāngmian ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What respect?</p>
<p>(2) &quot;party, side，&quot; referring to a group of people</p>
<p>Niǔyuě fāngmian dāgai bu hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New York won<sup>f</sup>t have any problem with</p>
<p>you shěnme wěnti, kěshi women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this, but we should check vith</p>
<p>yīnggai he Běijīng fāngmian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Běijīng before going ahead, (meaning</p>
<p>xian shangliang yixia zai shu5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;groups of people, e.g.<sub>9</sub> offices of</p>
<p>a company.)</p>
<p>Guānyu zhěige went!, liSng fang- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The two sides have somevhat different</p>
<p>miānde kanfa you diǎn bu tong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;views on this question.</p>
<p>qingxing: In most cases interchangeable with qingkuang« In present-day Běijīng speech, at least among the younger generation, qingkuang is the more common of these two words.</p>
<p>shuobuQingchu: <sup>n</sup>can<sup>f</sup>t say/explain clearly” ShuSqīngchu is a compound verb of result. Here are other examples:</p>
<p>W5 shuobuqīngchu wěishenme tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can’t really explain vhy he got</p>
<p>shengqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;angry.</p>
<p>Bu shuoqīngchule bū xfng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It won<sup>f</sup>t do not to explain it</p>
<p>clearly.</p>
<p>Ta shuoqīngchule tade mudi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He explained his goal clearly.</p>
<p>Ni něng bu něng shuoqīngchu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can you explain clearly the differ-</p>
<p><sup>M</sup>nianqīng<sup>ff</sup> he ”xiSo” de *bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ences betveen nianqīng and xiSo?</p>
<p>tong?</p>
<p>mamaanr: Also manman. Many adjectival verbs can be doubled to make an adverb, which is used between the subject and the verb. In Běijīng speech， when you double certain adjectival verbs of one-syllable， the second one becomes first tone (no matter what its original tone) and is added. These adverbs can take the adverbial ending -de. Other examples are kuaikuair(de)， &quot;quickly，&quot; and haohaorde， ”veil， properly•”</p>
<p>Mamnan(de) or manm^ir (de) has these meanings:</p>
<p>(1) <sup>11</sup> slowly<sup>fl</sup> Don<sup>f</sup>t forget, however, that <sup>fl</sup>slowly<sup>fl</sup> can sometimes be</p>
<p>translated *by man alone.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>26</p>
<p>Tā mānmǎnrde zǒu hui jiā qu le. He slowly walked home.</p>
<p>BUT Zǒu man yidiǎnr. I</p>
<p>Man diǎnr zǒu. J &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Walk more slowly.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”gradually, bit by bit, by and by<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Nī gang lai, dui zhěrde qingkuang You just arrived and are unfamiliar bu shuxi, mānmānr nī jiu zhīdao vith the situation here, but you<sup>1</sup>11 le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;come to knov it by and by.</p>
<p>Manmānrde, tā jiu dong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gradually he began to understand.</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sentences vhich instruct someone to manmānr do this or that can often be translated as ’’take your time. . . or ’’don’t rush.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Manmānr zǒu, zānmen lāideji. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let’s take our time walking. We’ll</p>
<p>make it.</p>
<p>Bu ji, manmānr chi, vo děng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There’s no hurry, so take your time</p>
<p>nī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eating. I<sup>1</sup>11 wait for you.</p>
<p>(U) With verbs meaning ”to tell” someone about something, manmanr has more of the meaning，’in all details.’’</p>
<p>Nī zuoxia, vo manmānr gēn ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sit down and I<sup>1</sup>11 give you the whole</p>
<p>jiǎng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;story.</p>
<p>Wo hai xiang gen ni du5 tantan I<sup>f</sup>d like to talk some more vith you zhěijian shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about this.</p>
<p>Hǎode, yǐhou women marmian tan. Okay, later ve can talk all about it.</p>
<p>9. A: Yanj iū Zhongguo xianzaide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To study the problems of China nov,</p>
<p>věnti yiding děi dSngde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you have to understand Chinese</p>
<p>Zhongguo lishi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;history.</p>
<p>B: Nī shuōde zhěiyidiǎn hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This point of yours is very impor-</p>
<p>yaojǐn, vo kǎolu kǎolu■ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tant; I<sup>f</sup>11 think it over.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 9</p>
<p>dongde: ”to understand” Narrower in use than dong. You dongde the meaning of a vord, the implications or significance of an event, or the way to do something; but not a foreign language (that you dong), nor what the teacher just said (that you tīngdǒng le), nor someone else<sup>f</sup>s feelings (that you liǎojiě， vhich vill be presented in the Traveling in China module).</p>
<p>You have seen the component -de in the verbs rěnde and jide. It is only used in a handful of verbs, sometimes acting like a resultative ending. For example, you can say rěnbude，’’can’t recognize,，’ and j ībude， ’’can’t remember but you may not use dongde in the potential form; for，’can*t understand，” you just say bu dongde.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>27</p>
<p>-dian: &quot;point” （For the second example, you need to know xīnli， &quot;in one' s heart.，’)</p>
<p>D, hai you yidiSn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, there’s one more point [that</p>
<p>should be made]•</p>
<p>Zhěi shi rang rěn xīnli zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is the most upsetting point,</p>
<p>bu shūfude yidiSn.</p>
<p>Nei yidiSn women yǐjīng tanguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We<sup>f</sup>ve been over that point already, le.</p>
<p>Wo juěde tā shuode měiyidiǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think that every point of his</p>
<p>d5u dui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was right.</p>
<p>kǎolu: ，，to consider, to think over; consideration，，</p>
<p>Zhei yidiSn women yīnggāi kǎolu. We should consider this point.</p>
<p>Wo děi hǎohāor kǎolu zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have to think this matter over</p>
<p>went!. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;carefully.</p>
<p>Zhěi fāngmiande qingkuang nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you taken this aspect of the</p>
<p>kǎolule ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;matter into consideration?</p>
<p>10. A: Nǐ zai ZhSngguo zhu liǎng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you live in China for two years</p>
<p>nian, yiding hui xuěhǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>1</sup>re sure to learn Chinese</p>
<p>Zhongwěnde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very well.</p>
<p>B: Shi a, yifǎngmian kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, on the one hand I can &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;learn</p>
<p>xuěhǎo ZhSngwěn, yifǎngmian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese veil, and on the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;other</p>
<p>yě kěyi du5 zhīdao yidiSnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hand I can find out more &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things</p>
<p>Zhongguode shiqing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about China.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 10</p>
<p>hui: &quot;might，be likely to，will’<sup>1</sup> You already know hui meaning <sup>ff</sup>to know how to，can.<sup>1</sup>’ Here you see hui used in a new way, to express likelihood. As you can see from these three English translations, hui ranges in meaning from possible to probable to definite. The context may be sufficient to indicate which, but often the degree of probability is not important to the message, and there might be no single &quot;correct<sup>ff</sup> English translation. Various adverbs can be added before hui to clarify the degree of certainty, for example, yiding&gt; &quot;definitely,&quot; dagai， ”probably，” yěxǔ， &quot;perhaps，” etc.</p>
<p>Here are some examples of how hui can be used to indicate likelihood:</p>
<p>hui</p>
<p>Yǐjīng shiěrdiǎn ban le, zhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s half past twelve. Who vould</p>
<p>shihou shěi hui lai ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;come at this hour?</p>
<p>Yiding yao wo qu, tā cai hui qu. I<sup>1</sup>11 have to go or else he won<sup>f</sup>t go.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>28</p>
<p>Cai yaoshi fangde tai du5 le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you put too much food in, the</p>
<p>&quot;baobing hui po. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pancake will &quot;break•</p>
<p>Nide chenshāxi zangle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;bū yaojin, It doesn’t matter that your shirt got</p>
<p>wo hui gei nǐ xǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dirty. I，ll wash it for you.</p>
<p>~bu hui</p>
<p>Bu da hui &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s not very likely.</p>
<p>Dagai &quot;bu hui shi ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It <sup>!</sup>s probably not him.</p>
<p>Yaoshi zai Taiwan mai jiu &quot;bū hui If you &quot;buy it in Taiwan, it won’t zhěme gui le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;be so expensive.</p>
<p>Ni bū hui zhaobudao &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You won’t be unable to find it,</p>
<p>will you?</p>
<p>Ni &quot;bu yao jl le, wo &quot;bu hui chū Don<sup>?</sup>t get anxious, I won’t have an shide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;accident.</p>
<p>hui.•.ma?</p>
<p>Nǐ kan jīntiān wans hang hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think it might 'be cooler</p>
<p>liangkuai yidiǎn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tonight?</p>
<p>Tā hui qu ma? Tā hui qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Will he go? He’ll go.</p>
<p>hui bu hui</p>
<p>Mingtian ta hui bu hui lai? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Will he come tomorrow?</p>
<p>Women xiěde neifēng xin, dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They still haven’t gotten the letter</p>
<p>xianzai tāmen hai měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we vrote. Could we have vritten</p>
<p>shōudao, women hui bu hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the address vrong? xiěcuole dizhi?</p>
<p>Wo &quot;ba men kāi le, zhěiyang nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I opened the door. Will you feel</p>
<p>hui bu hui juěde tai lěng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too cold like this?</p>
<p>Nǐ kan jīntiān hui &quot;bu hui xia yǔ? Does it look to you as if it might</p>
<p>rain today?</p>
<p>nǐ hui zoucuode: So far you have seen -de used as a marker of possession or of modification, and in the shi...de construction. Here it is used in an entirely new way: at the end of a sentence, -de can mean &quot;that<sup>f</sup> s the way the situation is.&quot; Generally speaking, this -de is used in emphatic assertions or denials, especially those expressing probability, necessity, desire, etc.</p>
<p>Usage note: Unless the sentence contains shi or is understood to have an omitted shi， the majority of native Běijīng speakers seem to feel that this -de is nanfang hua, southern Chinese (e.g. , Nanjing), or a carry-over irrco Standard Chinese from southern dialects. Because of these regional connotations, you needn’t try to use it a lot; it vill be enough for you to understand this -de; in fact, you vill see that in most of the following examples, the -de is completely unnecessary.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>29</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sentences with shi in the sense of &quot;it is that.&quot;, it is a case of.. .<sup>M</sup></p>
<p>This shi may often &quot;be omitted.</p>
<p>Wo shi bu qude. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I,m not going. (More literally,</p>
<p>&quot;As for me, it is that I<sup>f</sup>m not going,)</p>
<p>Zhěige, ni shi zhīdaode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This you knov.</p>
<p>Něige rěn (shi) you wěntide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup>s something wrong with that guy.</p>
<p>A: Ni zěnme lai le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vhy axe you here?</p><h5>B: (Shi) Lǐ Xiānsheng jiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Lǐ told me to come, wo lāide.</h5>
<p>Congqiān wo cong Xianggang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the past whenever I have &quot;bought</p>
<p>mǎi shūde shihou, měici &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(mail-order) books from Hong Kong,</p>
<p>dou (shi) ji zhīpiaode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have always paid &quot;by check (lit.,</p>
<p><sup>M</sup>sent a check”）.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sentences vith an auxiliary verb &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(hui，něng, yao, yinggai, etc.)</p>
<p>Nǐ gaosu ta, tā hui shengqide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you tell him he’ll get angry.</p>
<p>Zai xiě yiliangge zhōngtou, w5 If I write for another hour or two, xiang něng xiěwande. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think I can finish writing it.</p>
<p>Nǐ zěnme měi mai a, yidian d5u How come you didn’t &quot;buy it? It<sup>1</sup> s not bū gui, nǐ yīnggāi maide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at all expensive. You should have</p>
<p>&quot;bought it.</p>
<p>Nǐ zhěme &quot;bu shūfu, jīntiande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Since you<sup>1</sup> re feeling so ill, you</p>
<p>hui nǐ &quot;bu yīnggāi qude. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shouldn’t go to today<sup>f</sup>s meeting.</p>
<p>Women zǒng you yitiān yao huf &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There vill come a day when we vill</p>
<p>dalude. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go &quot;back to the mainland.</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Others: sentences with certain adverts like yiding, with potential</p>
<p>resultative verbs, with the aspect marker -guo, etc.</p>
<p>Zhěixiě shū yiding xūyaode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These &quot;books are definitely needed.</p>
<p>Wo he kāfei conglai bu fang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I never take sugar in my coffee, tangde.</p>
<p>Mapo Doufu pingchang dou y5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mapo Beancurd usually has meat in it. roude.</p>
<p>Womende gongzuo zhēnshi tai du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We really have an awful lot of work,</p>
<p>le, zuobuwande! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We<sup>1</sup>11 never &quot;be through with it.</p>
<p>Zhěige dianyǐng wo congqian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seen this movie &quot;before,</p>
<p>kanguode•</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>Jiu yao,5Tnde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It doesn't matt or.</p>
<p>Hāode, haodr；. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All rip.ht, all rip;h1,.</p>
<p>yx fāngmian. . .yifārig?nian . • • : This has two moaninf/r;: (I) ’V)ri &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nw&lt;t</p>
<p>hand..., on the other ?ianrl...<sup>11</sup> or &quot;for ono thin^. . . , 「or ariolhor i,h i • •.，， and (2) <sup>,f</sup>doin^：. . .while doing. ••”</p>
<p>Zai Xianggang yi rān^mian nī you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In līon^; Kon^, on Ihft ono hari(J you<sup>1</sup>11</p>
<p><sub>t</sub>] i?iui he Zhongguo ron tan hua, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a oh an r；o to l,alk with Chiruw</p>
<p>yifan^mian koyi zhidao daludo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and on thn othf*r hand you r；；tn 1 f,*arn</p>
<p>qiri^kuanfr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about \Ai(： ::i tual, Lori on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;m?iǐ ri 1 and .</p>
<p>Ta yi fāngmian kan &lt;} L?ln::hi, y i- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11^* watcho:; f,f： I i s i ori whil^ i rif*;.</p>
<p>fānf/mian c?jT &lt;]ǒnf<sup>r</sup>,x I .</p>
<p>1]. yibiān(r ). . .yibiān(r ). . . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doin^. . ,w?ii lo &lt;ioir\fr<sub>t</sub> ...</p>
<p>1?_. yimian(r). , .yimiari(r). . . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doinf/. . .whi 1 a doiri^</p>
<p>Notes on Nos. 11 and 12</p>
<p>yibiān(r) • . .yibiān(r). ■ . and yimian( r ). . .yimi an (r) . . ■ : <sup>ir</sup>doīnp：. • .whi W-doin^. . • “ Both of these patterns are r;imilar to the r:of.'orid m^nnin^ nV y*i mi an, . . yi fānpTnian. ■ 二 •</p>
<p>Yibiān zuo yibiān xuo ba.<sup>1</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ii^arn by cJoin^ (1 earn nr: you ī t)!</p>
<p>Wo yibiānr ting yibiānr xi?. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I writf； as T 1 i a ton .</p>
<p>Womr-n yibiān zǒu yihiān tan， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lot<sup>1</sup>talk ar, wo walk , ok ay ?</p>
<p>hao bu hSo?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>31</p>
<p>Unit 1, Tape 1， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reviev Dialogue</p>
<p>As Tom (A) (Tangmu), a graduate student in Chinese Area Studies at</p>
<p>Georgetown University, is studying in his apartment, a knock comes at the door.</p>
<p>It is his classmate Li Ping (B), an exchange student from Hong Kong.</p>
<p>A: A! Shi ni ya! Hao jiu bu jian! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well， it’s you! I haven't seen you</p>
<p>Jīntiān zenme you shijiān chūlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in a long time! How is it you've</p>
<p>zouzou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;got time to come out for a walk today?</p>
<p>B: Yige shongtou yǐqian, wo cong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I called you an hour ago from</p>
<p>xuěxiao gei ni da dianhua, nī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;school, but you weren’t home. I</p>
<p>bu zai jiā, gāngcai vo dao zheli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just came over to this neighborhood</p>
<p>fujin mai dōngxi, jiu lai kan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do some shopping, so I stopped &quot;by</p>
<p>kan. Zhēn bu cub, ni yijing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit. It<sup>1</sup> s great that you’re</p>
<p>hui lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;back already.</p>
<p>A: Dui&quot;buqī, vo gāngcāi dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sorry. I just went over to a</p>
<p>pěngyou jiā jiě shū qu le• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friend’s house to borrow a book.</p>
<p>B: Shěnme shū? You shi guānyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What book? More about China, I</p>
<p>Zhongguode ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;bet.</p>
<p>A: Dui le, you Xiānggangde, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, there are ones from Hong</p>
<p>dalude, ye you Taivānde, dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kong, the mainland and Taiwan, all</p>
<p>shi xiaoshuor. Nǐ zuoxia kan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fiction. Sit down and have a look,</p>
<p>vo qu gei ni dao bēi cha lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 go get you a cup of tea.</p>
<p>B: Bu yao māfan, shenme hēde dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>1</sup>1 go to any trouble. Anything</p>
<p>xing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to drink is fine.</p>
<p>A: Kekoukele, juzi shuǐr°, haishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Coke， orange juice or beer? pijiu?</p>
<p>B: M， juzi shuǐ &quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Um, orange juice.</p>
<p>A: Hao, wo mashang jiu lai, yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I<sup>T</sup>11 get it right nov. Do</p>
<p>bingkuair ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you want ice cubes?</p>
<p>B: Bu yao, xiěxie. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No， thanks.</p>
<p>(Li Ping sits down and leafs through the &quot;books, and Tom returns vith</p>
<p>tvo glasses of orange juice.)</p>
<p>B: Tāngmu?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tom?</p>
<p>A: Ng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yeah?</p>
<p>B: Zhe sānge difangde shū, nī dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reading &quot;books from all three of</p>
<p>kan, ni juěde zenmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these places, vhat do you think?</p>
<p>A: Wode gǎnjuě &quot;bu shi yiju hua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can<sup>T</sup>t explain my feelings in</p>
<p>°j&lt;ekoixkěle， &quot;Coca-Cola&quot;; juzi shui(r) <sub>?</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;orange juice&quot; (Beijing usage)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>kěyi shuoqīngchude. Eng. . . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just a fev words. Him. ..let's say</p>
<p>zheme shuō ba，vo zong juěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that I’ve alvays felt that people</p>
<p>dalu rěn, Xianggang rěn, he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on the mainland, in Hong Kong and</p>
<p>Taiwan rěn dcu shi Zhongguo rěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taiwan are all Chinese, all have the</p>
<p>tāner: you yivS.ngde wenhua chuān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;same cultural trad! on , &quot;but because</p>
<p>tong, kěshi yīnwei zhěngzhide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the political situations are dit'Ter-</p>
<p>qingkuang bu tong, shěhuide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ent, the social situations are also</p>
<p>qingkuang ye jiu bu yiyang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;different.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ shu5de dui， danshi nǐ yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’re right. But if you vant to</p>
<p>dongde Zhongguo shěhui, zhǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;understand Chinese society, it’s not</p>
<p>kan shū shi bu goude. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enough Just to read books.</p>
<p>A: Ei, nǐ zhīdao ma, xianzai xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Say, you knov, students of Chin^s^</p>
<p>Zhongvěnde xuěshēng you hěn du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a lot cf opportunities to go to</p>
<p>jihui dao ZhSngguo qu. Suoyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China now. So planning lo go</p>
<p>vo j ihua zai zhěige xueqi wanle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China for a visit vhen this semes&quot;</p>
<p>de shihou， qu Zhongguo kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is over. And vhat<sup>1</sup> s more , ī<sup>1</sup> d 1 ik^.</p>
<p>Ernie, wo hai xiang zhao ge hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to find a good friend to go vith. r^er.gyou yiqī qu.</p>
<p>B: Zuotiān wo Jiědao wo rnǔqInae &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday 工 eot a letter froin m；'</p>
<p>xin, tā xiwang vo hui Xianggang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother, and she<sup>T</sup> d like me to 'jone</p>
<p>guo shǔj ia; zěnmeyang, nǐ he wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;back to Hong Kong for suiomer vac at i or .</p>
<p>yiqǐ huiqu &quot;ba. Nǐ kěyi zhu zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How about going back with me? You 「.an</p>
<p>women jiāli, ěrqiě, zai Xianggang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stay at our house; vhat<sup>1</sup>s more, in</p>
<p>yi fāngmian nǐ you j īhui he Zhōng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong, on the one hand you<sup>T</sup>II hav.、</p>
<p>guo rěn tan hua, yi fāngmian keyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a chance to talk vith Chinese ar.d wi</p>
<p>zhīdao dalu, Xianggang he Tai- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the other hand you can learn abru;t</p>
<p>wanle qingkuang, ni kan hao bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation 广' ano , : n [{on?</p>
<p>hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kong and in Taiwan. What do you</p>
<p>A: Feichang hao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Great!</p>
<p>B: Name, nǐ hai yao he nǐ iiāli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well then, you’ll still want to</p>
<p>rěn shangliang yixiar ta? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;discuss this a &quot;bit vith your parents ,</p>
<p>I suppose?</p>
<p>A: Bu bi, gei fujnǔ da dianhuade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>T</sup> s not necessary. When I call</p>
<p>shihou, gaosu tamen wode jihua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them, T<sup>T</sup>11 tell them :ny plan, and</p>
<p>j iu xing le. V/o yao yanjiū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;then everything should be all right.</p>
<p>Zhongguo shehui, fuinǔ yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T’in sure they* 11 be hap-py that I vant</p>
<p>hui gāoxingde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study Chinese society.</p>
<p>B: Měiguo nianqīng rěn dou you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Young people in America really</p>
<p>zijǐde xiangfa, zhei yidiǎnr, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;think for thenselves (-lave rneir rvr,</p>
<p>vo feichang xǐhuan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ideas). 丁 really lik^ than.</p>
<p>A: Nianqīng rěn you zi.jǐde xiangt'ǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I~t<sup>T</sup>s ^ood that people think</p>
<p>shi duide, kěshi fumǔde hua ye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for v<sup>r</sup>es, bu<sup>r</sup>, you</p>
<p>yīnggāi kǎolu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to ,：on.ii^r vha<sup>J</sup> yc\：r ■ nren^.s</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>33</p>
<p>B: M. Na women shuohao le, jin- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm, Well then we have decided,</p>
<p>nian shǔjia qu Xianggang, xian— &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This summer vacation we'll go to</p>
<p>zai hai you wuge yuěde shijiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong. We still have five months</p>
<p>kěyi zhǔnběi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to prepare.</p>
<p>A: Dui, jiu zhěme ban! Jīnnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right, that's what we'll do. This</p>
<p>xiatiān wo jiu yao dao zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;summer we will go to that country</p>
<p>difang da， rěnkou duō， lishǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with a large area， a great population,</p>
<p>you changde guojiā qu le. Hai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and a long history. Boy, this plan</p>
<p>Zhěige jihua zhēn rang wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really makes me happy. gāoxing!</p>
<p>B: Hao, jiu zhěiyang. WS yinggai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Good， it<sup>1</sup>s settled. I have to go. zou le!</p>
<p>A: Nǐ mang shenme! Hai zao ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What<sup>1</sup>s the hurry? It<sup>1</sup>s still early!</p>
<p>B: Bu zao le, huiqu hai děi nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No it isn<sup>f</sup>t. I still have to study</p>
<p>shū ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when I get back.</p>
<p>A: Na, you shijiān nǐ zai lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well then, come again when you have</p>
<p>wanr! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time!</p>
<p>B: Hao, mingtian Jian, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, see you tomorrow.</p>
<p>A: Mingtian jian! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See you tomorrow.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>3^</p>
<p>Unit 1, Tape 2 Workbook</p>
<p>Exercise 1</p>
<p>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese, Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</p>
<p>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may vant to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</p>
<p>Exercise 2</p>
<p>This exercise contains a conversation in which a Chinese mother and son, who have lived in the United States for five years, discuss the possibility of his taking a summer trip to China.</p>
<p>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you’ll probably vant to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</p>
<p>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>xīnshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;something weighing on one<sup>f</sup>s mind,</p>
<p>worry</p>
<p>zhangdk &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to grow up</p>
<p>daxuěsheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;college student</p>
<p>gěguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;various countries</p>
<p>gaozhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;senior high school</p>
<p>haohaor &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;properly, carefully, thoroughly</p>
<p>Jizhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to remember</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How does Xiao Ming<sup>1</sup> s mother know that something is on his mind?</p>
<p>Hov does she bring up the subject?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are his classmates doing over the summer?</p>
<p>3- Why does he tliink &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cu-lture rateresting?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>h. How does Xiao Ming<sup>f</sup>s mother react to his idea?</p>
<p>5. What advice does she give?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</p>
<p>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</p>
<p>Exercise 3</p>
<p>In this conversation a Chinese student studying at a university in the U.S. comes home on a Friday night and finds his American roommate engrossed in his studies.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</p>
<p>Here are the new vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:</p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td>
<p>Wode tian na!</p></td><td>
<p>Ity God!</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p>xuěshēnghui</p></td><td>
<p>student association</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p>guānxīn</p></td><td>
<p>to be concerned about</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p>jindaishī</p></td><td>
<p>modern history</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p>xiandai</p></td><td>
<p>modern</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p>pǐchā bīng</p></td><td>
<p>pizza</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p>gushū</p></td><td>
<p>ancient books</p></td></tr>
</table>
<p>Questions for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why does the Chinese student object to his roommate studying the classics?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why doesn’t the American student like to talk about politics?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What other subjects does the Chinese student feel his roommate should become familiar vith for a well-rounded education?</p>
<p>h. Does the American student agree? Why or vhy not?</p>
<p>35</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>36</p>
<p>5. What will the roommates do after the American student finishes his homework?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</p>
<p>Exercise h</p>
<p>In this exercise, an American university student visits her Chinese literature professor after class in his office.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</p>
<p>You will need the following new words and phrases:</p>
<p>Jīdong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get worked up, to be agitated</p>
<p>liushi niandai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the decade of the sixties</p>
<p>yī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as soon as</p>
<p>gaibian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;change(s)</p>
<p>liuxia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to leave</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise h</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why was Professor Tang so upset in class?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why did the student visit her professor?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What things does she bring him? Why?</p>
<p>b. What recent changes have there been in the state of Chinese literature?</p>
<p>5. What is Professor Tang<sup>1</sup>s attitude about the future?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>37</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</p>
<p>A mother and her son who immigrated to America from China five years ago</p>
<p>are talking after dinner:</p>
<p>A: Xiao Ming, nǐ zai chi yidiǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Ming, have some more to eat. a.</p>
<p>B: Mā, wo chībao le, bu xiang chi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工full，Mom. I don*t want any</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more.</p>
<p>A: Měitian nian shu niande zhěme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You study so late every day,</p>
<p>wan, zai bu du5 chi yidiǎnr, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if you keep eating so little, how</p>
<p>zěnme xing na? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will that do?</p>
<p>B: Wo zhende chibǎo le, yidiǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工*ve really had enough. I Just</p>
<p>d5u bu xiǎng chī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>!</sup>t want any more.</p>
<p>A: Haizi， nī you shěnme xīnshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Son, what do you have on your</p>
<p>Kě bu kěyi he wo tāntan? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mind? Can you talk about it</p>
<p>vith me?</p>
<p>B: Mā, ni zuoxia. Zanmen lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mom, sit down. We<sup>f</sup>ve been in</p>
<p>Měiguo siwǔnian le, laide shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America for four or five years now.</p>
<p>wo hai shi ge hāizi, xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When we came I was still a child,</p>
<p>yǐ j īng shi daren le. Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but now I<sup>f</sup>m an adult. But even</p>
<p>suīran zhǎngda le, kěshi zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;though I<sup>f</sup>ve grown up, whenever I</p>
<p>shěnme shir, haishi xiang xian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do something I still like to</p>
<p>he nin tantan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;discuss it with you first.</p>
<p>A: Hǎode, you shěnme shir, nī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, if you have something</p>
<p>jiu shuo ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you'd like to talk about, go</p>
<p>ahead.</p>
<p>B: Mā, wS you jǐge Měiguo tong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mom, I have a few American class-</p>
<p>xuě, d5u shi xuě Zhongwěnde, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mates who study Chinese. This</p>
<p>jīnnian shujia, tāmen xiǎng dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suiomer vacation, they want to go</p>
<p>Yazhou qu kankan, wo yě xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Asia, and 工*d like to go with</p>
<p>he tamen yiqǐ qū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them.</p>
<p>A: Dou shi nianqīng rěn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are they all yoiing people?</p>
<p>B: Shi a, d5u shi daxuěsheng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, they<sup>1</sup>re all college students,</p>
<p>A: Tāmen qu Yazhou, shi qū vanr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are they going to Asia for fun or</p>
<p>haishi qu yanj iū YazhSude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study the political and cultural</p>
<p>zhěngzhi, wěnhua qingxing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation in Asia?</p>
<p>B: Wo xiang, tāmen juěde YazhSu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 think they find Asian culture</p>
<p>wěnhua hěn you yisi, YazhSu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the social situation in the Asian</p>
<p>gěguo shěhuide qingkuang yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;countries very interesting, hěn you yisi.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>Unit 1</p>
<p>38</p>
<p>A: Tāmen juěde zui you yiside &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Which place do they think is the</p>
<p>difang shi nar a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;most interesting?</p>
<p>B: Dangran shi Zhongguo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China, of course!</p>
<p>A: Nī likai Zhongguo zhi you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You left China only four or five</p>
<p>siwunian, jiu xiSng huiqu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years ago， and already you vant to</p>
<p>go &quot;back again?</p>
<p>B: Wo laide shihou cai shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When I came I was only in senior</p>
<p>gāozhong&gt; dui Zhongguo wěnhua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;high, and ī understood too little</p>
<p>dongdede tai shao. Wo xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a&quot;bout Chinese culture. I think I</p>
<p>wo yinggai huīqu kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ought to go &quot;back to visit.</p>
<p>A: Zhongguode věnhua yǐj īng you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese culture already has four</p>
<p>siqianniānde lishJ， ySu yiside &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thousand years of history, and there</p>
<p>dongxi hen duo. Ni yao yanjiū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are many interesting things. I’m not</p>
<p>Zhongguo wěnhua, wo bu fǎndui• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;against your vanting to study Chinese</p>
<p>Buguo, zou yiqiān, nī yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;culture. But &quot;before you go you have</p>
<p>yao he Yěye haohaor tSn yici. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to talk it over thoroughly with Grand-</p>
<p>Ta jishinian měiyou huiqu le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pa. He hasn’t &quot;been &quot;back in several</p>
<p>y£ding you hen duo hua yao he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;decades and I’m sure he’ll have a lot</p>
<p>ni shu5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to say to you.</p>
<p>B: Wo jizhu le, yiding he Yěye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 remem'ber. I<sup>1</sup>11 make sure I</p>
<p>haohaor tanyitan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talk it over thoroughly vith Grandpa.</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Two classmates, an American (B) and a Chinese (A)， share an apartment</p>
<p>somewhere in America. The American is at home studying Sht Ji， Records of the</p>
<p>Historian, a classical history. His Chinese classmate comes in the door.</p>
<p>A: Vode tian na! Ni hai zai nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Viy God! Are you still studying?</p>
<p>shS?~Xi, he &quot;bei pi jiu xiuxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hey, how about taking a &quot;break for</p>
<p>xiuxi hǎo &quot;bu hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a &quot;beer?</p>
<p>B: Hao hSo hao, rang wo &quot;ba &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, okay, let me finish reading</p>
<p>zheiyidiǎnr kanvan xing &quot;bu xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this little &quot;bit， okay?</p>
<p>A: Hai, nī zongshi kān gǔshu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come on, you<sup>1</sup>re always reading</p>
<p>Xianzai shěhuide qingxing, nī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;classics! Don’t you ever think about</p>
<p>jiu yidiǎnr dou &quot;bu kaolu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the condition of today’s society?</p>
<p>B: Shěi shuo wo bu kaolu， xuě- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who says I don’t think about it.</p>
<p>shenghuide shi vo yě zuole &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ve done a lot with the Student</p>
<p>shao ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Association， you know!</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zhen you yisiI Zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’re something else! Just doing</p>
<p>yidiǎnr xuěsh5nghuide shi jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a little work with the Student Assoc-</p>
<p>shi guanxin shěhui le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iation means you<sup>?</sup>re concerned about</p>
<p>society!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>39</p>
<p>B: Na nǐ shuo, wo yinggai zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well then, what do you think I should</p>
<p>diǎn shěnme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do?</p>
<p>A: Dalushang you name duo rěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are so many people on the</p>
<p>nǐ zěnme bu wěnwen tamende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mainland, how come you don’t try to</p>
<p>qingxing zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;find out what their situation is like?</p>
<p>B: Wo Juěde zhěngzhi wěnti tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think that political problems are</p>
<p>mafan, wo bū xiǎng tan zhěngzhi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too much bother (tedious and involved).</p>
<p>工 don't like to talk about politics.</p>
<p>A: Wo yě měiyou yāo gēn nǐ tan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I didn<sup>f</sup>t mean I wanted to talk</p>
<p>zhěngzhide yisi. Wode yisi shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;politics with you. I mean that as</p>
<p>nǐ yanjiu Zhongguode shihou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you study China, on the one hand you</p>
<p>yifangmiān yao kankan gushu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should read the classics and study</p>
<p>yanjiuyanjiu Zhongguo chuantong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;traditional Chinese culture, but on</p>
<p>wěnhua, yifǎngmian yě kěyi kankan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the other hand you can also read</p>
<p>zhei yibainiande Zhongguo lishi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some Chinese history of the past</p>
<p>hundred years.</p>
<p>B: Zhěiyidiǎn shi duide. Zhěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>re right about that. I have</p>
<p>yixuěqi wo bū shi you Zhongguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;modern Chinese history class this</p>
<p>jindaishǐ kě ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;semester, don’t I?</p>
<p>A: Wo xiǎng chūle shang xuě yīwai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But I think that besides taking</p>
<p>nǐ hai kěyi kan yidiǎnr xiǎo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;classes, you could read some fiction,</p>
<p>shuor. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too•</p>
<p>B: Kan xiaoshuor?! Wo nar you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Read fiction?! When (lit. &quot;vhere”)</p>
<p>shijiān kān shenme xiSoshuor? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do I have time to read any fiction?</p>
<p>A: W5 zuiJin zai kan jǐbenr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lately I<sup>f</sup>ve been reading a few</p>
<p>Zhongguo jindāi xiaoshuor, fēi一 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;modern Chinese novels which are very</p>
<p>chang you yisi. Nī ruguǒ xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interesting. If you want to understand</p>
<p>dongde Zhongguo xiāndai shěhui, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;modern Chinese society, you really</p>
<p>zhēn děi duo kan diǎnrzhěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to read more of this kind of</p>
<p>zhong xiaoshuor• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fiction.</p>
<p>B: Wo zěnme kěyi hě^nǐ bī_, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How can I compare with you; you read</p>
<p>kande name kuai! E, zhěiyang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so fast! Hey, how about this: after</p>
<p>hao bu hao, ni kanwan yihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>f</sup>ve finished reading them, tell me</p>
<p>gaosu wo něiyiběn hǎo yidiǎnr, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;which book is best and then I<sup>1</sup>11 read</p>
<p>wo zai kan, xing bu xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it, okay?</p>
<p>A: Hao hao hǎo, jiu zhěiyang ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, that<sup>1</sup> s what we*11 do. Now</p>
<p>Xianzai wo bu zai mafan ni le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 leave you alone. Oh yeahwhat</p>
<p>Ei, dui le, Jxntian wǎnshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are we going to eat tonight? I<sup>1</sup>11</p>
<p>zanmen chī shěnme? Wo lai zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make something, okay? yidiǎnr, hǎo bu hǎo?</p>
<p>B: Bu 1di zuo le, suibian chi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You don't have to make anything. Why</p>
<p>diǎnr ba! Wo nianwan zhěiyi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t we just have something easy,</p>
<p>diǎnr, zanmen chuqu chī pǐcha &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After I finish reading this， how about</p>
<p>bǐng, hǎo bu hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going out and having a pizza?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>i+0</p>
<p>A: Hao! Nǐ kuai dianr nian, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay! Hurry up and read, we<sup>f</sup>ll leave</p>
<p>nianwan zanmen jiu zǒu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;right after you finish.</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise k</p>
<p>At an American university， a student (A)， who has studied in Taiwan, comes to see her professor from China, Professor Tang (B).*</p>
<p>A: Tang Xiānsheng, wo keyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Professor (Teacher) Tang, may I come</p>
<p>j inlai ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in?</p>
<p>B: Dangran, qǐng jinlai ba! You &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of course, please come in! Is</p>
<p>shi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there some matter (you want to see</p>
<p>me about) ?</p>
<p>A: Mm, jīntian shang kěde shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Um, in class today, you must have</p>
<p>nin dagai hěn bu shūfu, wǒ lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;felt very bad, so I<sup>f</sup>ve come to see you. kankan nin.</p>
<p>B: Ou! Hai dāile huār lai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! You even brought flowers!</p>
<p>Xiěxie ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you.</p>
<p>A: Měi shenme, yīnggāide. Tang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not at all, it<sup>1</sup>s only proper. Dr.</p>
<p>Xiānsheng, nin xianzaide gǎnjuě Tang, how do you feel now, better? zěnmeyāng, hǎo yidiǎnr ma?</p>
<p>B: HǎoduS le, xiěxie ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Much better, thank you,</p>
<p>A: You shěnme wo kěyi gěi nin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If there<sup>1</sup>s anything I can do for</p>
<p>zuode...nin biě kěqi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you...don<sup>f</sup>t be polite.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ qu dao liǎngbēi kāfěi lai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How about going and pouring [us] a</p>
<p>hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;couple of cups of coffee?</p>
<p>A: Wo xiǎng, Jīntiān shang kěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think that during class today</p>
<p>shihou nin tai jīdong, xianzai you got too worked up. It would be zui hao bu he kāfei. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;best if you didn’t have any coffee</p>
<p>now.</p>
<p>B: Hǎo ba, nǐ dao liǎngbēi juzi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, then get us two glasses of</p>
<p>shuǐ lai. Wo bu yāo bīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;orange Juice. I don<sup>f</sup>t want any ice.</p>
<p>A: Hāode， wo Jiu lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I<sup>1</sup>11 be right back.</p>
<p>(She gets the orange Juice out of the refrigerator in Professor Tang<sup>1</sup>s office and brings it over to his desk.)</p>
<p>Professor Tang first studied literature in the early 1930’s in Shanghai and himself belonged to several literary clubs and publications which included some of the authors he now discusses with his students.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 1</p>
<p>hi</p>
<p>A: Tang Xiānsheng, you yiju hua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dr. Tang, there’s something I want</p>
<p>wo bu zhīdao kěyi bu keyi shuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to say but I don’t know if I can.</p>
<p>B: You shěnme huā, nǐ jiu shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whatever you have to say, just say</p>
<p>ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it!</p>
<p>A: Nin měici jiang Zhongguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Every time you talk about Chinese</p>
<p>liūshi niandai wěnxuě dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;literature of the sixties you get</p>
<p>feichang jīdSng, zhěiyangr dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very agitated.° That<sup>1</sup>s &quot;bad for your</p>
<p>ninde shěntī &quot;bu hao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;health!</p>
<p>B: Wo yě zhīdao, kěshi yi tan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I know, &quot;but as soon as I talk</p>
<p>zhěi fāngmiande wěnti, zongshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about the topic it always makes</p>
<p>rang wo hěn jīdong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me very agitated.</p>
<p>A: Zhongguo wěnxuě de qingkuang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There have &quot;been &quot;big changes in the</p>
<p>zhěijǐnian youle hěn dade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;state of Chinese literature in the</p>
<p>gǎil3ian&gt; Yǒude shihou hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;past few years. Sometimes it<sup>1</sup> s &quot;been</p>
<p>yidiǎnr, youde shihou bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a little better and sometimes it</p>
<p>zěnme hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hasn<sup>f</sup>t &quot;been too good.</p>
<p>B: Zhongguode shiqing jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup> s exactly the way things are</p>
<p>zhěiyang, he zhěngzhide guānxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in China; their relationship vith</p>
<p>tai da. Wo lao le, wo měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;politics is too great. I*m too old,</p>
<p>banfǎ dong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can<sup>1</sup>t understand it any more.</p>
<p>A: Nin shi womende lǎoshī. RuguS &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But you<sup>1</sup> re our teacher. If you</p>
<p>nin &quot;bū dong, shěi dong ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don’t understand，who does?</p>
<p>B: Ěi, yihoude yanjiu, jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Sigh) In the future, research will</p>
<p>nǐmen nianqīng rěnde shi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;be the job of you young people.</p>
<p>A: Tang Xiānsheng, nin bū yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dr. Tang, don’t think that way.</p>
<p>zhěiyangr xiang, women dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All of us hope that the state of</p>
<p>xīwang yīhou Zhongguo wěnxuěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese literature will get &quot;better</p>
<p>qingxing hni hǎo yidiǎnr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the future. I got a few new &quot;books</p>
<p>Jīntian wo zai tushǔguSn jiěle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out of the library today which are</p>
<p>jǐběnr xin shu, dou shi bu cuode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all pretty good. I<sup>1</sup>11 leave them with</p>
<p>Gěi nin liuxia ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you!</p>
<p>B: Hǎo, you shijian wo kanyikan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I’ll look through them when I</p>
<p>have time*</p>
<p>A: Wǒ zǒu le, nin duo xiuxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I*m going to leave now. You get some</p>
<p>yihuīr. Zaijian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more rest. Good-bye.</p>
<p>B: Hǎo, zai jian. Xiěxie nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All right，good-bye. Thanks for</p>
<p>lai kan wo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;coming to see me.</p>
<p>A: Bu kěqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’re welcome.</p>
<p>Many authors of considerable fame and accomplishment were persecuted</p>
<p>during the Cultural Revolution* One unfortunate instance of this resulted in</p>
<p>Lan She<sup>1</sup>s suicide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>U2</p>
<p>UNIT 2 Equality of the Sexes</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The uses of biede, <sup>n</sup>other(s)<sup>ff</sup> and itngwai, <sup>11</sup> other•<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The pattern měi*.&gt;Jiu&gt;•.•</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The pattern yuě&gt; • .yue. • • • &quot;the more. • .the more....<sup>11</sup> k. The pattern yuě lai yuě&gt; • • • &quot;more and more“&quot;”</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The verb ending -xLaqu, &quot;to continue,&quot; <sup>11</sup> to go on•”</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The prepositional verb xiang &gt;&nbsp;<sup>n</sup>like.&quot;</p>
<p>了》 The adverb Jiu, <sup>n</sup>as soon/early as that•”</p>
<p>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Asking a person's views on an issue.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Being tactfully hesitant when asking about a delicate topic.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Correcting a f&amp;lse Impression given by something you said. k. Dismissing an idea or proposal.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>h3</p>
<p>Unit 2, Reference List</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zheiben Fawěn zhōukān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This French weekly is quite good!</p>
<p>xiāngdāng bu cuo!</p>
<p>B: A! Nǐ xianzai dui Fawěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! You knov a lot about French now;</p>
<p>hěn you yanjiū le，něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you can read French magazines! kan Fǎwěn zazhi le!</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nannū plngděng shi bu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is equality betveen men and women</p>
<p>Zhongguo rěnde kanfa? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a Chinese viewpoint?</p>
<p>B: Shi, kěshi něi shi Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes， but that<sup>1</sup>s a new concept of the</p>
<p>rěnde xīn guānnian, bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese, not an old one. shi lǎo guānnian.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zheipiān věnzhāng bu hǎo ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Isn<sup>f</sup>t this article any good?</p>
<p>B: Bū shi zhěige yisi. Wenzhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That vasn<sup>f</sup>t vhat I meant. The article</p>
<p>bu cub, jiu shi changle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is pretty good, it<sup>f</sup>s just that it<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>yidiǎnr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a bit long.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ hai you shěnme biěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have any other articles? věnzhāng ma?</p>
<p>h. A: Nī .jiehun yīqian yizhl d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before you got married did you</p>
<p>gēn fumǔ yiqǐ zhu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;live with your parents all along?</p>
<p>B: Bū shi, vo měi jiēhūn jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, I left home before I got</p>
<p>likai jiā dull shēnghuole &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married and lived independently for</p>
<p>qī-bā nian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seven or eight years•</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: NY kan, zhěr you yipiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Look, here<sup>f</sup>s a news article about</p>
<p>guānyu tongjūde xīnvěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;living together.&quot;</p>
<p>B: Suanle ba. Zhěizhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forget it. What’s interesting about</p>
<p>xīnvěn you shěnme yisi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that kind of nevs?</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ jiějie yīxuě fāngmiande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your sister is getting more and more</p>
<p>shū yue lai yuě duo le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medical books!</p>
<p>B: Shi a, tā zai pīnming xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, she<sup>f</sup>s studying medicine vith</p>
<p>yī ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all her energy.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>kk</p>
<p>7. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Liu Xiānshengde kě shizai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Liu<sup>f</sup>s class is really &quot;boring.</p>
<p>měi yisi.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ tīngxiaqu, mānmānr hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you keep attending it, gradually</p>
<p>you xingqude. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>f</sup> 11 &quot;become interested.</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Xiang Wang Jiaoshou zhěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There really aren<sup>f</sup>t many teachers</p>
<p>yangde lǎoshī zhěnshi &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like Professor Wang, duo.</p>
<p>B: Nī shuSdui le. RuguS &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>re right. If it weren’t for</p>
<p>shi ta bang zhu wo, wS &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the help he<sup>f</sup> s given me, I</p>
<p>zhen &quot;bu xiang xuě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wouldn<sup>f</sup>t vant to study anymore.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Sannian yīqian wǒ jiu &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I stopped depending on my parents</p>
<p>kao fumǔ shenghuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for a living three years ago.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ něng zijǐ guǎn zijǐ, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s really great that you can take</p>
<p>zhen &quot;bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;care of yourself [&quot;be your own &quot;boss^.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Tā xiěde jǐ&quot;běn xiǎo shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The novels he wrote are all</p>
<p>xianzai dou hěn liuxin^« &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very popular now.</p>
<p>B: Na dangran, xiang tǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of course. Novels written by</p>
<p>neiyang you divei you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;someone with his position and</p>
<p>zhishide rěn, xiěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;knowledge are sure to be</p>
<p>xiǎoshuS yiding you yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interesting.</p>
<p>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you bāngzhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be helpful</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you daolǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make sense</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ziyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be free; freedom</p>
<p>lii. -běizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all one<sup>f</sup>s life, lifetime</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xīnvěn Zho\ikan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nevsveek</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woman; women, womankind</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>VOCABULARY</p>
<p>bāngzhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;help; to help</p>
<p>-běizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all one<sup>1</sup>s life, lifetime</p>
<p>daoli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;principle, truth, hovs and whys ;</p>
<p>reason, argument, sense divei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;position, status</p>
<p>dull &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be independent; independence</p>
<p>funu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woman; women, womankind</p>
<p>guan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take care of; to mind, to bother</p>
<p>about</p>
<p>guānnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;concept, idea, notion</p>
<p>jiěhūn (jiēhūn) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get married</p>
<p>kao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to depend on, to rely on; to lean</p>
<p>against; to be near, to be next to</p>
<p>liuxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be common, to be popular, to be</p>
<p>prevalent</p>
<p>měi yisi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be uninteresting, to be boring;</p>
<p>to be pointless, to be meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of respect</p>
<p>nannū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;men and women, male-female</p>
<p>-pian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(counter for sheets, articles or</p>
<p>pieces of writing)</p>
<p>pingdeng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;equality; to be equal (of people)</p>
<p>pinming &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with all one’s might, for all one is</p>
<p>worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one<sup>1</sup>s life, to defy death</p>
<p>shenghuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;life; to live; livelihood</p>
<p>shizai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really; to be real</p>
<p>suan le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forget it, let<sup>1</sup>s drop the matter,</p>
<p>let it go at that; come off it, come on</p>
<p>tongjū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cohabit; cohabitation</p>
<p>věnzhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;article, essay; prose (writing) style</p>
<p>xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be like, to resemble; like;</p>
<p>such as</p>
<p>xiāngdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite, pretty, considerably</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>h6</p>
<p>-xiaqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(resultative ending which indicates</p>
<p>continuing an action) xingqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interest</p>
<p>xīnvěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nevs</p>
<p>Xīnvěn ZhŌTakān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nevsveek</p>
<p>xuě yī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study medicine</p>
<p>yi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medical science, medicine (used</p>
<p>in phrases like xuě yi) yixuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medical science， medicine</p>
<p>yizhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all along, continuously, all the time</p>
<p>(up until a certain point)</p>
<p>you bāngzhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be helpful</p>
<p>you daolǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make sense</p>
<p>you xingqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be interested</p>
<p>you yanjiū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have done research on; to know</p>
<p>a lot about</p>
<p>yuě,..yuě,,. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the more*..the more...</p>
<p>yuě lai yue... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more and more - -• , increasingly...</p>
<p>zhīshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;knowledge</p>
<p>zhoukān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;weekly publication, weekly</p>
<p>magazine, a &quot;weekly&quot; ziyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freedom; to be free</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>Unit 2 <sub>a</sub> Reference Notes</p>
<p>1. A: Zhěiben Fawěn zhoukān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This French weekly is quite good!</p>
<p>xiāngdāng bu cuo!</p>
<p>B: A! Nī xianzai dui Fǎwěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! You know a lot about French now;</p>
<p>hěn you yanj iū le， něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you can read French magazines!</p>
<p>kan Fawěn zazhi leJ</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>zhoukān: &quot;weekly publication, weekly magazine” One of the meanings for zh5u is ”veek•” (Other meanings include ’’cycle，circuit.’’） Kān is a word element meaning ’’to print, to publish” or ’’a periodical, a publication.”</p>
<p>Notice that this is a different word from the falling-tone kan ’’to read.’’</p>
<p>Some other words using these syllables (which you will often hear, but need not learn now) are:</p>
<p>zhōumo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;weekend</p>
<p>zhōubāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;weekly publication, weekly</p>
<p>zhōukān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;weekly publication</p>
<p>yuěkān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;monthly publication</p>
<p>baokān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;newspapers and magazines</p>
<p>qīkān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;periodicals</p>
<p>kānwu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;publications</p>
<p>xiāngdāng: &quot;quite, pretty,” as in &quot;quite a lot’’ or ’’pretty good.<sup>M</sup> This word is not quite as positive as zhēn &quot;really, truly,&quot; but more so than hai， &quot;fairly，rather<sup>11</sup> (which will be presented in Unit U).</p>
<p>Tā chaode cai xiāngdāng hao chī. He cooks pretty well.</p>
<p>Zhěige zhSnlǎnguān xiāngdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This exhibition hall is quite good,</p>
<p>bū cuo.</p>
<p>you yanjiū: &quot;to have done research on, to know a lot about, to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'</p>
<p>expert on, to be knowledgeable about.&quot; You have often seen you used with a noun, such as mlng, &quot;name，&quot; or qian^ &quot;money，&quot; to form a phrase which acts like an adjectival verb. You ming is <sup>ff</sup>to be famous，&quot; you qian is &quot;to be rich.<sup>M</sup> You yān.jiū is just such a phrase.</p>
<p>As shown in sentence IB, to say &quot;knowledgeable ABOTJT<sup>M</sup> something, use the prepositional verb dui，,’towards, with regard to,,’ as in:</p>
<p>dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;............you yanjiū</p>
<p>(with regard</p>
<p>to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[a subject of study] have research)</p>
<p>’’to know a lot about (something)<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>b8</p>
<p>le: The marker le_ is used twice in the sentence above to show a new situation. This person’s French seems to have improved because NOW he knows a lot about French and can read magazines.</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>2. A: Nannu pingdeng shi bu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is equality between men and women</p>
<p>Zh5ngguo rěnde kanfa? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a Chinese viewpoint?</p>
<p>B: Shi, kěshi něi shi Zhongguo Yes, but that * s a new concept of the rěnde xin guānnian, bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese， not an old one.</p>
<p>shi lǎo guānnian.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>nannu: <sup>M</sup>male and female,<sup>M</sup> used only for humans.°</p>
<p>Nannūde shiqing zui nan shuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Matters between men and women are the</p>
<p>hardest to judge.</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>Women xuěxiao nannū xuěshēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are both men and women students</p>
<p>dou you. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at our school-</p>
<p>Naji and nu may modify nouns referring to people, e.g. , nuxuěshēnR,</p>
<p>&quot;woman student, ’’ nutongzhi， &quot;woman comrade • ’’</p>
<p>A: Chen Yingmlng dao nǎr qu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where did Chen Yingmlng go?</p>
<p>B: Tā he yige tongxuě chūqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He went out with a classmate.</p>
<p>A: Shi nāntongxuě shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Was it a male classmate or a female nutongxuě? classmate?</p>
<p>Nānde and nude are sometimes used for <sup>,,</sup>man<sup>M</sup> and &quot;woman,<sup>M</sup> but when used to refer to an individual (e.g., neige nande) they are rather impolite. When used for <sup>M</sup>men<sup>M</sup> and ”vomen<sup>M</sup> in general or to distinguish between the sexes， they are, however, acceptable.</p>
<p>A: Wǒ mǎi zhěizhǒng xing bu xing? Should I buy this kind?</p>
<p>B: Bu xing, zhěi shi nande yongde. No, this is for men’s use.</p>
<p>A: Gāngcai you yige rěn da dian- Just now someone telephoned for you.</p>
<p>hua lai zhao ni.</p>
<p>B: Shi nānde shi nude? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Was it a man or a woman?</p>
<p>nannū pingdeng: <sup>M</sup>equality of the sexes，’’ literally ”man-voman equality.<sup>M</sup> The marriage law of May 1，1950, established a policy in the PRC which has</p>
<p>•For animals, ’’male” is g5ng (de) and &quot;female” is mǔ(de), e.g., gōngniū,</p>
<p>”bull,&quot; mǔniu, ”cov.&quot;</p>
<p>Tāde gou shi gSngde haishi mǔde? Is his dog a male or a female?</p>
<p>You rěn shuo kāi dao yǐhou bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some people say that after an opera-</p>
<p>yīnggāi chi gongjī, yīnggāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tion one shouldn<sup>f</sup>t eat rooster;</p>
<p>chi mǔjī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one should eat hen.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>1+9</p>
<p>remained basically the same up to the present day. It forbade &quot;bigamy, polygamy, and the traditional practice of adopting a young girl for the purpose of later marrying her to one’s son. It also fixed a minimum age for marriage, urged the acceptance of remarriage of vidovs, allowed divorce &quot;by mutual consent, and gave women the choice not to take their hus&quot;band<sup>f</sup>s surname at marriage. Today, although traditional attitudes toward vomen and marriage persist especially in rural China, official policy has made some tangible inroads tovard the goal of equality. Most importantly, men and woman are regarded as equal under the law. They receive the same schooling. They must receive equal compensation for equal work. (It is expected, however, that vomen doing heavy physical vork are not as strong or productive as men, and so their pay vill &quot;be correspondingly lover.) In addition, the leadership of communes, production teams, and unions must include special women personnel who represent the interests of women in matters of politics, finance, work, and personal relations.</p>
<p>pingdeng: This vord is &quot;both a noun and a vert): &quot;to &quot;be equal; equality”</p>
<p>Congqian zai ZhSngguo nannū &quot;bu Formerly men and vomen were unequal pingdeng, xianzai &quot;bu tong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in China, Now it is different.</p>
<p>Měiguo^rěn gēn Zhongguo rěn dui Americans and Chinese don<sup>f</sup>t have nānnu pingdengde guānnian &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all that similar an idea of</p>
<p>tai yiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;equality of the sexes.</p>
<p>guānnian: <sup>f</sup>Vay of thought， concept; sense (of)， mentality (of)” This is a vay of thinking about the larger issues of life, the way &quot;things&quot;</p>
<p>(values, responsibilities， and so on) should &quot;be. One guānnian is only part of a whole system of attitudes, thoughts and &quot;beliefs. In given contexts, you can sometimes translate it as an &quot;idea&quot; held &quot;by a person or group (&quot;but it does not mean <sup>n</sup>idea<sup>n</sup> as in <sup>ff</sup>I have a good idea<sup>n</sup> [this would &quot;be zhuyiH ) • In a society, vays of thinking come and go; people have a mixture of xin guānnian, <sup>u</sup>nev vays of thought，new ideas，” and lao guānnian，<sup>n</sup>old ways of thought，old ideas.<sup>n</sup> Ways of thinking which are no longer current are called ,1iu guānnian, &quot;outmoded ways of thinking.<sup>n</sup> For instance, equality of the sexes is a xin guānnian; the idea that arranged marriages are superior to marriages of free choice is a lǎo guannian; the idea of child &quot;brides as acceptable and practical is a ,1iu ^uanniaru—Some guānnian are considered ”correct” and ”good” &quot;by the majority, and some are considered &quot;incorrect,, and &quot;&quot;bad•” Jiāting p^iānnian,</p>
<p>&quot;a sense of family，” is usually considered good.° &quot;Bad” concepts have names too [for example, siyǒu guānnian, <sup>n</sup>sense of personal ownership,,]. People are sometimes criticized &quot;because their such-and-such guānnian is too weak or too strong, and they are told accordingly either to strengthen it or get rid of it.</p>
<p>Měiguo rěnde guānnian gēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sometimes the American way of thinking</p>
<p>ZhSngguo rěnde guānnian yǒude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the Chinese way is the same,</p>
<p>yiyang, youde &quot;bu yiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sometimes not.</p>
<p>°〇ther ”good” concepts containing words that haven<sup>T</sup>t teen presented yet are daode guānnian, &quot;sense of morality,&quot; zǔzhi guānnian, &quot;sense of organization,&quot; and zhengce ffliānnian, &quot;sense of official policy•”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>SO</p>
<p>Nǐ ksln ba，zai guo jǐnian nian- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You watch，in a few more years，it</p>
<p>qīngrěn yīnggāi wanlian wǎnhūn° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will have become an accepted idea</p>
<p>jiu hui biancheng ° yizhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that young people should get in-</p>
<p>guānnian, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;volved late and marry late.</p>
<p>3. A: Zhe ip i an věnzhāng bň. hao ma? Isn<sup>f</sup>t this article any good?</p>
<p>B: Bu shi zhěige yisi * Wěnzhāng That wasn’t what I meant. The article bu cub, jiu shi changle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is pretty good，it<sup>f</sup> s just that it <sup>r</sup>s</p>
<p>yidiǎnr, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a bit long.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ hai you shěnme biěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have any other articles?</p>
<p>wenzhang ma?</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>-piān: This is a counter. First, -pian is the counter for whole short pieces of writing, such as articles or essays. Second, -piān can count single sheets of paper with writing or printing on them (compare yizhāng zhǐ vhich is a sheet of paper without regard to what is on it). Third, --piān(r) by itself means a leaf of a book; that is, yipiān(r) equals both sides of one page.</p>
<p>věnzhāng: (1) <sup>n</sup>a writing, literary composition, article， essay”</p>
<p>(counter: -pian);⑵，’prose style，’’ as in</p>
<p>Tāde wěnzhāng bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His (prose) writing is very good.</p>
<p>Bu shi zheige yisi: &quot;That wasn’t vhat I meant,” or more literally,</p>
<p>’’Not that meaning (the one you just said).’’</p>
<p>.1iīi shi...: Jiu here means ’’merely，only, just.’’</p>
<p>changle yidiǎnr: ’,a little bit too long.’’ The marker le_ following an adjectival verb, such as ’’to be long” can mean either: 1) new situation, the article is now a bit long, or 2) excessive degree, the article is a bit too long. You’ve seen the second meaning in sentences such as Tai hǎo le，</p>
<p>&quot;That’s wonderful”. Sentence 3B tells you that the speaker feels the article is overly long.</p>
<p>biěde: &quot;other， others” Distinguish in Chinese between biěde， &quot;others in general,” and lingvrai，’<sup>f</sup>another” or ’’the other.” Use biěde vhen you are not specifying &quot;which others.” Use lingvrai + Number + Counter when you refer to a certain other” or certain ’’others. Contrast this pair of sentences ：</p>
<p>°vanlian vǎnhun: &quot;late involvement and late marriage<sup>11</sup> This refers to waiting until young people are in their late twenties &quot;before they &quot;becoine romantically involved or think of marriage•</p>
<p><sup>P</sup>&quot;biancheng: &quot;to change into” (SOC Unit 3)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>51</p>
<p>Nǐ hai yāo kan biěde ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you like to look at some other</p>
<p>ones? (UNSPECIFIED OTHERS)</p>
<p>Nǐ hai yāo kān lingvai yige ma? Would you like to see the other one,</p>
<p>too? (A CERTAIN ONE—&quot;THE” OTHER)</p>
<p>Contrast also:</p>
<p>Zheiběnr zidiǎn bu hǎo, vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This dictionary is no good. I want</p>
<p>yao lingwai yiběnr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the other one. (A CERTAIN OTHER</p>
<p>ONE--e,g,y the other one vhich the sales clerk showed you)</p>
<p>Zheiběnr zidiǎn bu hǎo, vo yao This dictionary is no good. I want biěde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;another. (UNSPECIFIED—e.g., you</p>
<p>don<sup>?</sup>t knov whether the store has any others， but you would like to see some)</p>
<p>Other examples:</p>
<p>Tāmen liangge rěn, yige shi vo Of those two, one is my older brother, gēge， lingwai yige shi vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the other is my friend. (A</p>
<p>pěngyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CERTAIN OTHER—&quot;THE” OTHER)</p>
<p>Women zhěixiē rěn libiānr, chule Of those of us here, only I am going wo dao Xianggang qu yǐwai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Hong Kong; all the others are</p>
<p>biěde rěn d5u dao Taiwan qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to Taiwan. (UNSPECIFIED--</p>
<p>MY AND ALL OTHERS IN THE GROUP)</p>
<p>Zuotiān laide rěn, vo zhǐ rěnshi Of the people who came yesterday, I Tang Huiyīng, lingwai sānge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only know Tang Huiyīng. I don't</p>
<p>rěn wo d5u bu rěnshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;know any of the other three.</p>
<p>(CERTAIN OTHERS—&quot;THE” OTHER ONES)</p>
<p>If you do not specify the set of things you are talking about, biěde tends to mean any others in the whole world:</p>
<p>Women zhi you zhěiyiběn, měiyou We only have this one volume. We biěde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don't have any others•</p>
<p>Women xuyao biěde shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We need (an)other book(s).</p>
<p>This last sentence can mean either 1) the content of the book(s) is bad and you want to change to another book entirely, or 2) you need other books to supplement the one you are using.</p>
<p>hai. .,biěde: Now that you have seen how to say <sup>n</sup>other<sup>n</sup> in Chinese, you should note that the words lingwai and biěde are often used in combination with certain adverbs meaning additionally<sup>1</sup> or <sup>?t</sup>again&quot;: hai，zai，and you. For now, concentrate on hai• As used in sentence 3B, it means literally &quot;in addition to what has come before?’</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>Tā hai yāo biěde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He wants more of them.</p>
<p>Tā hai zuole biěde cai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He made other dishes as well.</p>
<p>Ni hai zhīdao biěde hao fanguǎnr Do you know any other good restaurants? ma?</p>
<p>shěnme: &quot;any” The meaning of shěnme is changed from ”what<sup>1</sup>’ to ’’any’’ by the question word ma at the end of the sentence. (Without ma, the sentence would mean, ”What other articles do you have?”）</p>
<p>Ni yao shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you want?</p>
<p>Ni yao shěnme ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you want anything?</p>
<p>Ni d5u zhīdao shěnme hao fan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What good restaurants do you know? guanr?</p>
<p>Ni zhīdao shěnme hao fan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you know of any good restaurants? guanr ma?</p>
<p>k. A: Nǐ jiehūn yīqian yizhi dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before you got married did you</p>
<p>gen fumu yiqǐ zhu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;live vith your parents all along?</p>
<p>B: Bu shi, vo měi jiēhūn jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, I left home before I got married</p>
<p>likai jiā dull shēnghuole &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and lived independently for seven</p>
<p>qī-bā nian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or eight years.</p>
<p>Notes on No* k</p>
<p>jiěhūn: &quot;to get married&quot; Also pronounced jiēhūn. Jiěhūn is a process verb, not a state verb. It is often seen with an aspect marker such as le， or negated vith měi*</p>
<p>Tāmen jiěhūnle měiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have they gotten married yet? (This</p>
<p>is the equivalent of ”Are they married?<sup>11</sup>)</p>
<p>Tāmen měi jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They have not gotten married. (Equi</p>
<p>valent to &quot;They are not married」’）</p>
<p>Tāmen bu jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They are not going to get married.</p>
<p>Ni jiěhūn duo jiu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have long have you been married?</p>
<p>Jiěhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning ”to knot marriage,<sup>f</sup>' Jiě and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as -de or -guo,</p>
<p>Ni shi shenme shihou jiěde hūn? When did you get married? or Ni shi shenme shihou jiěhūnde?</p>
<p>Liu Xiānsheng jiěguo sānci hūn. Mr. Liū has been married three times.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>53</p>
<p>To say &quot;get married TO SOMEONE<sup>11</sup> use the pattern gēn. . .jiěhūn or he. . •jiěhūn.</p>
<p>Tǎ gēn shěi jiěhūn le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To whom did he get married?</p>
<p>yizhi: ”all along, continuously, always<sup>n</sup> You have seen yizh£， ’’straight，’<sup>1</sup> used to refer to direction, as in yizhi zou. Here yizhi is used to refer to time.</p>
<p>Women yizhi zai zhěli gongzuo. We<sup>1</sup>ve always worked here.</p>
<p>Tā yizhi zai Taida nian shu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He studied all along at Taiwan</p>
<p>University*</p>
<p>Yizhl can be used with reference to a phrase telling of a period of time (sannian, &quot;three years，’’ or jiěhūn yǐq,ian, ’’before getting married”）to say <sup>?l</sup>all during (that time).<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Yǔ yizhi xiale sāntiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It rained for three days straight•</p>
<p>Often the time phrase and yizhi are followed by dou.</p>
<p>Tā wǔtiān yizhi dou měi xiuxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He didn’t rest for five days on end.</p>
<p>vo měi jiēhūn jiu likai jia.&gt;.: This might look like ”1 didn’t get married and left home,’<sup>1</sup> but is actually &quot;when I wasn’t yet married, I already left home.<sup>11</sup> The order of events is made explicit by měi... (hadnH yet...) and jiu... (already,••)•</p>
<p>Tā měi xuě siwǔge yuě Yīngwěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before he had studied even three</p>
<p>jiu shuōde bu cuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or four months of English, he</p>
<p>could speak it pretty well#</p>
<p>Ta bing měi hao jiu lai shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She came back to work before</p>
<p>ban le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she had recovered from her illness.</p>
<p>Wo gaosu nǐ měi jǐtiān, nī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I told you just a few days ago</p>
<p>you wang le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and you<sup>f</sup>ve forgotten again.</p>
<p>Měi duō jiu, tā jiu shuizhao le. He fell asleep before long.</p>
<p>Yǔ xiale měi duo jiu jiu ting le. It hadn’t rained long when it</p>
<p>stopped.</p>
<p>dull: <sup>?l</sup>to be independent<sub>5</sub> to be on one<sup>1</sup> s own; independence,<sup>11</sup> literally &quot;singly stand.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Měiguo shi yīqīqīliunian dulide. America became independent in 1 了了6，</p>
<p>Zui jin jǐniān you jǐge xīn dulide There have been several newly inde-guojiā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pendent countries in the last</p>
<p>few years.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>h.</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>Neige haizi hěn xǐhuan dull &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That child really likes to be inde-</p>
<p>shēnghuo, tā zai zhSngxuěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pendent. He started to work vhen</p>
<p>shihou yǐjing kāishǐ gongzuo le. he was in high school.</p>
<p>Tā zheme da, jīngji hai měiyou He<sup>?</sup>s so old and still not econom-dull. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ically independent.</p>
<p>shēnghu$: ”to live; life; livelihood&quot; Shēng- is stressed and -huo is unstressed or neutral tone. A zai phrase may come either &quot;before or after the ver&quot;b shenghuo.</p>
<p>Xiongmao cha&quot;budu5 dou shenghuo Almost all panda &quot;bears live in zai gāoshanshang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the high mountains.</p>
<p>Tā zai shēnghuoshang dui wo hěn She takes good care of me in my zhaogu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daily life.</p>
<p>Tā xiao shihou shenghuo qingxing When he vas a child, he lived in hěn &quot;bu hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very &quot;bad circumstances.</p>
<p>5. A: Ni kan, zhěr you yipiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Look, here’s a nevs article on</p>
<p>guanyu tongjude xīnvěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;living together.&quot;</p>
<p>B: Suanle t&gt;a. Zhěizhǒng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forget it. What<sup>?</sup> s interesting about</p>
<p>xīnvěn you shenme yisi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that kind of nevs?</p>
<p>Notes on No. 5</p>
<p>tongjǔ: &quot;to live together, to cohabit&quot; Jū is a literary word for <sup>,f</sup>to live.^—Although some dictionaries define tongju simply as &quot;to live together，” giving examples such as an uncle and nephew living together, tňngjū almost always implies sexual relations. It may even be used to describe romances of shorter durations, whether or not a household was set up. You<sup>f</sup>11 notice that in some dialogues in this unit, the speakers prefer the phrase nannu ton^ū in order to be explicit.</p>
<p>xīnvěn: ，’nevs” This is the word for ’’nevs” as in ’’the evening news，” &quot;the nevs in the paper today,&quot; &quot;official nevs.&quot; It is not the word for nevs between friends, unless one is joking about the importance of what is about to be said. [The word for news between people is xiaoxi，’’tidings/’（MBD，</p>
<p>Unit 5) which has a second meaning of ’’official news. U</p>
<p>Nǐ kan dianshi xīnvěn le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you see the television news?</p>
<p>Jīntiān &quot;baoshangde xīnvěn hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The news in the paper today is very</p>
<p>you yisi, yīnggāi hǎohāor &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interesting; you should read it</p>
<p>kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;carefully.</p>
<p>°According to those pandas who answered our surveys.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>55</p>
<p>A: Jīntian tā gaosu wǒ yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today she told me some real news.</p>
<p>xinwen, shuō Xiǎo Wang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She said that Xiǎo Wang and Xiǎo</p>
<p>he Xiǎo Lǐ &quot;Shiyī<sup>11</sup> jiēhūn. Lǐ are getting married on October 1</p>
<p>(National Day).</p>
<p>B: Zhende? Zhěi zhēn shi ge da Really? Boy, that really is_ big nevs. xīnvěn.</p>
<p>suan le: &quot;Forget it.&quot; Suan is the verb <sup>l?</sup>to calculate, to figure, to compute.<sup>11</sup> The idiom suan le is translated as &quot;let it be,<sup>11</sup> &quot;let it pass,<sup>11</sup> <sup>!l</sup>drop the matter,’<sup>1</sup> &quot;let it go at that,</p>
<p>Suan le, bu yao zai wen tā le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forget it，don*t ask him about it</p>
<p>any more.</p>
<p>Rang tā zijǐ ban, jiu suan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let him do it himself, and the heck</p>
<p>with it.</p>
<p>A: Zanmen chūqu chī fan ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How about going out to eat?</p>
<p>B: W5 jiu xiǎng zai jiāli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I just vant to eat a little bit</p>
<p>suibian chī yidiǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at home and leave it at that,</p>
<p>suan le.</p>
<p>Dou gěi ni, suan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Go ahead and take them all.</p>
<p>Nǐ yao qu jiu qu, bu qu jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you vant to go, then go. If you</p>
<p>suan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don’t vant to go, then forget it.</p>
<p>6. A: Nǐ jiějie yīxuě fangmiande Your sister is getting more and more shū yuě lai yuě duo le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medical books I</p>
<p>B: Shi a，tā zai piming xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, she<sup>f</sup>s studying medicine with all</p>
<p>yī ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her energy.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>nǐ ,1iě.1ie yīxuě fangmiande shu: ”your sister<sup>f</sup>s medical &quot;books” To say just <sup>T?</sup>your sister<sup>f</sup>s books&quot; you put a -de on jiějie: Ni jiě,1iede shu. But -de is not used after jiě.lie in 6A. This is &quot;because of the modifying phrase yixuě fāngmiande，vhich ends in -de. To have tvo -de phrases in a row before a noun is often considered stylistically bad; the way to get around it is to keep only the last ~de. Other examples:</p>
<p>Běijīng [-de] zui hǎo -de fanguǎnr</p>
<p>Zh5u Xiānsheng [-de] taitai -de pěngyou</p>
<p>yue lai yuě du5 le: ”more and more...<sup>?l</sup> The pattern yuě. • *yuě. • • is used to express the idea <sup>?l</sup>the more.. .the more...<sup>11</sup> Fill in the blanks with verbs (state or action).</p>
<p>yue duo _yue hao</p>
<p>&quot;the more the better<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>56</p>
<p>[yue kan__yue bu dong</p>
<p><sup>ff</sup>the more one reads, the more confused one gets”</p>
<p>Pěngyou yuě duo yuě hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The more friends you have, the better.</p>
<p>Ditū yue da yuě qingchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The larger a map is， the clearer</p>
<p>it is.</p>
<p>Ta bu xǐhuan qīng ke, juěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She doesn <sup>r</sup>t like to invite guests;</p>
<p>kěren yue duō yuě mafan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she feels that the more guests</p>
<p>there are, the more trouble it is.</p>
<p>Wǒ yue xiang yuě pa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The more I thought about it， the more</p>
<p>frightened I got.</p>
<p>Tā yue shuo yuě shengqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The more he talked, the madder he</p>
<p>got.</p>
<p>Neipiān věnzhāng xiěde hěn bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The article is very unclear. The</p>
<p>qīngchu, nǐ yue kan yuě bu dong, more you read it, the less you</p>
<p>understand.</p>
<p>When the verb lai is used in the first blank of this pattern, the whole phrase expresses the idea of ^increasingly. . .<sup>,r</sup> or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and . . .-er<sup>,f</sup>:</p>
<p>yue laī | yue ^5o <sup>fT</sup>to become taller and taller&quot;</p>
<p>Huang Taitaide nuěr yuě lai yue Mrs. Huang<sup>f</sup> s daughter is getting piaoliang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prettier all the time.</p>
<p>Dongxi yue lai yuě gui le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Things are getting more and more</p>
<p>expensive.</p>
<p>zai: Zai is the marker of ongoing action vhich you learned in the Meeting module, Unit 2: Tā xianzai zai kāi hui， &quot;She is attending a meeting nov.<sup>M</sup> Note that zai is used in sentence 6B even though the action of studying is not necessarily going on at this very second, but only at intervals. She might not be studying right vhen this sentence is said, but she still is going to medical school. Likewise, if you are in the middle of a novel, you can say Wo zai kan yiběn xiǎoshu5 even if you have put it aside for a day or tvo.</p>
<p>zai...ne: Sentences vith zai， the marker of ongoing action， often end in ne, the marker of absence of change or lack of completion. (See Unit 2 of the Transportation module and Unit U of this module.)</p>
<p>pinming: &quot;exerting the utmost strength, vith all one’s might, for all one is worth， desperately, like mad” PTnming means literally &quot;to risk one’s life<sup>M</sup> or <sup>Tl</sup>to defy death.<sup>M</sup> One translation vhich capttires the spirit of pīnming is <sup>M</sup>knocking oneself out.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>57</p>
<p>Shiqing tāi du5， tā pīnmingde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>?</sup>s too much to do. She<sup>f</sup>s working</p>
<p>zuō yě zuotuwan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like mad and still won<sup>f</sup>t &quot;be a.'ble</p>
<p>to finish.</p>
<p>Xiǎohair yi kan jian lǎoshǔ* jiu As soon as the child saw the rat，he pinming pǎo hui jia qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ran like mad for home.</p>
<p>了. A: Liū Xiānshengde kě shizai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Liū<sup>f</sup>s class is really &quot;boring, měi yisi.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ tingxiaqu^ manmānr hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you keep attending it, gradually</p>
<p>you xingqude. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>1</sup>11 &quot;become interested.</p>
<p>Notes On No. 了</p>
<p>shizai: ”really，indeed, honestly; to &quot;be true, to &quot;be real” This is an adjectival verb which is most often used as an advert) meaning ’’really, actually •”</p>
<p>Tā shizai yonggong°°, meitiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is really industrious; every</p>
<p>wǎnshang nian hao J?ge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;night he studies several hours</p>
<p>zh5ngt6u Yīngwěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of English•</p>
<p>Wo shizai &quot;bu zhīdao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I really (OR honestly) don<sup>f</sup>t know,</p>
<p>WS shizai gaosu nī &quot;ba, vo &quot;bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 tell you the truth: I don<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>xiSng qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vant to go*</p>
<p>Yaoshi nǐ shizai měi &quot;banfa, na If you really can<sup>1</sup>1 do it, then Jiu suan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just forget it.</p>
<p>Shizai can also &quot;be used in speaking of people; when so used it carries the connotation of dependability.</p>
<p>Ta zhěige rěn hěn shizai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is very sincere and dependable.</p>
<p>měi yisi: This phrase, meaning literally <sup>f?</sup>has no meaning,<sup>M</sup> has an abundance of uses: (1) uninteresting， &quot;boring; (2) pointless, meaningless; (3) to &quot;be a drag; (U) without value, not worthy of respect， cheap.</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zheiben shu zhen měi yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This &quot;book is really &quot;boring,</p>
<p>Wǒ kan nǐ &quot;bū &quot;bi qū něige difang, I don<sup>f</sup>t think you need to go there.</p>
<p>měi shenme yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s not particularly fun (interesting)</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jīntiān kai hui, shěnme dou měi We didn’t get anything done at today<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>zuo, zhen měi yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meeting. How pointless.</p>
<p>Tā &quot;bu dong, zai Jiǎng ye měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He doesn*t understand. It<sup>f</sup>s pointless</p>
<p>yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to try to explain it any more.</p>
<p><sup>v</sup>lǎoshS: ^rat“ (LIC 2) •°yongg5ng: &quot;to &quot;be industrious&quot; (SOC 3)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>8</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>Tā bu zai, zanmen qu yě měi yisi, Since he’s not there, it would be</p>
<p>shěnme d5u bu něng zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pointless for us to go. We wouldn’t</p>
<p>be able to do anything.</p>
<p>(3) Tā zai Měiguo, tā āiren zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He’s in America and his love is in</p>
<p>Děguo， zhēn měi yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Germany. What a drag!</p>
<p>(U) Zai tā běihou° shu5 zhěiyangrde Talking like that behind her back huā, zhēn měi yisi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is really low.</p>
<p>tingxiaqu: &quot;to go on listening&quot; You’ve seen the action verb ting，</p>
<p>’’to listen” and the directional ending -xiaqu ’’to go down” before. Here xiaqu is not used as a directional ending, but rather a resultative ending &quot;to continue, to go on.’’ As a resultative verb, tīngxiaqu may take de_ and bu as middle syllables to make verbs vhich say &quot;can and cannot.<sup>M</sup></p>
<p>Zhěiben shu tai měi yisi, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This book is too boring. I can<sup>1</sup>1</p>
<p>kajibuxiaqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;read on.</p>
<p>Nǐ shuSde dui, jiangxiaqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s right. Go on (speaking).</p>
<p>A: Gaosu wo, houlai zenme le? Tell me, vhat happens later?</p>
<p>B: Gaosu ni měi yisi. Nǐ kan- It vould be no fun to tell you. Go xiaqu jiu hui zhīdao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on reading and you<sup>1</sup>11 find out.</p>
<p>Shuōxiaqu a， women d5u ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Go on talking. We all love to</p>
<p>ting. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;listen.</p>
<p>Ni zhěiyang děngxiaqu zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How can you go on waiting like this?</p>
<p>xing ne?</p>
<p>you xingqu: &quot;to be interested” Use the prepositional verb dui to say what you are interested in.</p>
<p>Wo dui něijian shi yidiǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have no interest at all in that</p>
<p>xingqu ye měiyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;matter.</p>
<p>Ni dui shěnmeyangrde shū zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of books are you most</p>
<p>you xingqu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interested in?</p>
<p>8. A: Xiang Wang Jiaoshou zhěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There really aren't many teachers</p>
<p>yangde lǎoshī zhěnshi bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like Professor Wang. du5*</p>
<p>B: Ni shuSdui le. Ruguo bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’re right. If it veren<sup>f</sup>t for</p>
<p>shi tā bāngzhu vo, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the help he<sup>f</sup>s given me， I</p>
<p>zhēn bu xiang xuě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vouldn<sup>f</sup>t want to study anymore.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>xiang: &quot;to be similar to, to resemble&quot; Xiang may be used as a full &quot;beihou&quot; &quot;behind the back&quot;</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>59</p>
<p>verb or as a prepositional verb. Here it is a full verb:</p>
<p>Tā xiang fuqin, bū xiang mǔqin. He resembles his father, not his</p>
<p>mother.</p>
<p>As a prepositional ver&quot;b, xiang is used in making comparisons. Notice the similarity of the word order between comparison sentences with xiang and those with you and gēn.</p>
<p>Tā xiang tā gege name congming. She's as intelligent as her brother.</p>
<p>Nǐ you tā name gāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>re as tall as he is.</p>
<p>Nǐ gēn tā yiyang gāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>re the same height as he.</p>
<p>Comparison sentences with xiang must have either yiyang， zhěme (zenme), or name before the main verb. Xiang makes rather imprecise comparisons; its original meaning is，after all, resemTDle<sup>11</sup> or ’’like，’’ not exact equality.*</p>
<p>Nǐ xiang wo zhěme na kuaizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You hold chopsticks like 工 do.</p>
<p>Xiang huar name haokān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(I*t，s) as &quot;beautiful as a painting.</p>
<p>Zhěiliǎngtiānde tiānqi xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The weather the past couple of days</p>
<p>chūntian name shūfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has been as nice as spring.</p>
<p>Tāde yǎnjing xiang haishuǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her eyes are as blue as sea water,</p>
<p>yiyang lan.</p>
<p>The negative comes &quot;before the prepositional verb xiang.</p>
<p>Tā bū xiang ta měimei name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>f</sup>s not as intelligent as his</p>
<p>cōngming. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little sister.</p>
<p>Něi shihou shenghuo bu xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Life was not as good then as it</p>
<p>xianzai zhěme hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is now.</p>
<p>Xiang.••zhěiyang: Zhěiyang(r) or něiyang(r) are sometimes used after a noun or pronoun in phrases vith xiang<sub>a</sub> for example:</p>
<p>xiang tā zhěiyangde rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people like him (lit., &quot;like him this</p>
<p>kind of people<sup>11</sup>)</p>
<p>xiang Wang Jiāoshou zhěiyangde teachers like Professor Wang (lit., lǎoshī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;’’like Professor Wang this kind of</p>
<p>teachers’，）</p>
<p>You, as used in the second example above, can be thought of as meaning &quot;comes up to (a certain level).’’ Gēn, which is usually used with yiyang as in the example just cited, connotes exact comparison, so when your sentence compares concrete, measurable qualities like height or weight, it is usually better to use ...gēn.•.yiyang.••• For example, Nǐ gēn tā yiyanR gāo states explicitly that you are the same height as he, so it would be inappropriate to use xiang there.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>60</p>
<p>In such sentences, the zhěiyang(r) or něiyang(r) are hard to translate into smooth English. It is usually best to leave those words out of the translation.</p>
<p>Meitiān d5u xiang jīntiān zhěi- If every day were like today, we yang Jiu shūfu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;would have it easy.</p>
<p>Běijīng kao yā zhěiyangde cai, It would be too expensive to eat tiāntiān chī tai gui le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dishes like Běijīng roast duck</p>
<p>every day.</p>
<p>9. A: Sannian yīqian vo jiu bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I stopped depending on my parents</p>
<p>kao fumǔ shenghuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for a living three years ago.</p>
<p>B: Ni něng zijǐ guan zijǐ, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s really great that you can take</p>
<p>zhēn bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;care of yourself (be your own boss).</p>
<p>Notes on No* 9</p>
<p>jiu: The adverb jiu is often used after expressions of time, and stresses that the time when the event happens is comparatively prompt, soon, or early. The English translations may vary; this use of jiu has the flavor of &quot;as soon as that&quot; or &quot;as early as that,&quot; but it can also be conveyed in English simply by putting extra stress on the time expression. For example, &quot;He<sup>1</sup>s coming TODAY!&quot; (Ta jīntian jiu lai le?). When used this way, jiu is always unstressed or neutral tone.</p>
<p>As in sentence 9A, new-situation le^ is often (but not always) used at the end of a sentence in connection with the adverb jiu.</p>
<p>Nǐde yīfu yihuǐr Jiu xǐhao le. Your clothes will be all washed in</p>
<p>Just a while (that soon).</p>
<p>Mingtian vo Jiu you gōngfu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工*11 have time to go tomorrow</p>
<p>kěyi qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(that soon).</p>
<p>Nǐ zai děng yihuīr, yidiǎn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wait a while longer, there will</p>
<p>zhSng Jiu you dixia huochē le. he a subway train at one o'clock</p>
<p>(that soon).</p>
<p>Jīntiān zaoshang wo wǔdian zh5ng I got up at five this morning (that jiu qilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;early).</p>
<p>kao: This verb has several commonly used meanings: (l) to lean against， to lay back on, (2) to depend/rely on, and (3) to be near/next to.</p>
<p>Biě kao cheměn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>f</sup>t lean against the door of the</p>
<p>car.</p>
<p>Wode Yīngwěn bu hao, xiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My English isn’t good. When 工 write</p>
<p>wěnzhāng wanquan kao zidiǎn• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;essays,工 depend completely on a</p>
<p>dictionary.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>6l</p>
<p>Tā zongshi kao zai chuāngshang* He<sup>1</sup> s always laying &quot;back in &quot;bed kan shǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reading.</p>
<p>Mai<sup>1</sup> ami shi yige kao haide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Miami is a city on the sea.</p>
<p>chěngshi.</p>
<p>guan: ’’to tend/take care of/look after/manage/run/&quot;be in charge of'<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Nǐmen liangge chūqu wanr, shěi If you two go out (for fun), guan haizi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who<sup>1</sup>11 look after the kids?</p>
<p>Lǐ Xuěměi guan jiā guande hao. Lǐ Xuěměi runs the house very well.</p>
<p>Liu Xiānsheng shi guan kao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Liu is in charge of testing,</p>
<p>shide.°</p>
<p>Another meaning is ’’to care, to &quot;bother about, to concern oneself with.’，</p>
<p>Tā bu xǐhuan guǎn biěrěnde shi. He doesn’t like to mind others <sup>1</sup></p>
<p>&quot;business.</p>
<p>Wo yao zuo shěnme, wo zijǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I know what I want to do, would</p>
<p>zhīdao, nǐ shao guan wode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you please not interfere with</p>
<p>shi, hǎo &quot;bu hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;my affairs so much! (IMPOLITE)</p>
<p>Wo bu guǎn， suibian nī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don*t care. Whatever you like.</p>
<p>The ending -zhao, &quot;succeed (in connecting with or touching),’’ can also &quot;be used with guǎn. Guanlpuzhao means ’’can &quot;be no concern of..., to &quot;be none of one<sup>f</sup>s &quot;business.’，</p>
<p>Zhěi shi women zijǐde shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is our own affair; it<sup>f</sup>s none</p>
<p>nǐmen guǎn&quot;buzhao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of your &quot;business.</p>
<p>The colloquial Guǎn ta (ne)! expresses &quot;brusqoie dismissal: &quot;Who cares about him!” or &quot;Who cares about that!”</p>
<p>A: Nǐ jīntiān wǎnshang ruguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you don<sup>f</sup>t go tonight he<sup>f</sup>ll be bu qu, tā hui hěn &quot;bu gāoxing. very unhappy•</p>
<p>B: Guan ta ne! Wo yāo nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who gives a damn about him! I<sup>f</sup>ve got shū, měi shijiān qu. to study; I don’t have time to go.</p>
<p>zijǐ.. .zijǐ: &quot;oneself” Use the pronoun wo for &quot;I，me, my, mine，&quot; &quot;but use ziji or vo ziji for ’’myself.<sup>M</sup> Depending on the context, zijǐ can mean ’’myself, yourself, him/herself, ourselves, themselves.<sup>fl</sup> Sometimes zijǐ is used twice in the same clause, as in sentence 9B.</p>
<p>Wo bu xǐhuan wo zijǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t like myself, (as said</p>
<p>&quot;by a confused teenager)</p>
<p>&quot;chuang&quot;: <sup>??</sup>bed<sup>ft</sup></p>
<p>° kaoshi: <sup>M</sup>test, exam; testing’，</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>62</p>
<p>Nǐ bu xiSo le, yīnggāi zhīdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup> re not a child anymore; you</p>
<p>zijǐ zhaogu* zijǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should knov hov to take care</p>
<p>of yourself.</p>
<p>Nī bū yao zijǐ gěi zijī zhao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DonH go asking for trouble</p>
<p>mafan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for yourself.</p>
<p>Tā zhěiyangr zuo, zijǐ pian°° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By doing this, he<sup>f</sup>s only fooling</p>
<p>zijǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;himself.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Tā xiěde jīběn xiǎoshuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The novels he wrote are all very</p>
<p>xianzai dou hěn liuxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;popular nov.</p>
<p>B: Na dangran, xiang tā neiyang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of course. Novels written by</p>
<p>you divei ySu zhishide rěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;someone vith his position and</p>
<p>xiěde xiaoshuS yiding y5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;knowledge are sure to be inter-</p>
<p>yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;esting.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you bāxigzhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be helpful</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you daolǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make sense</p>
<p>Notes on Nos* 10 through 12</p>
<p>liuxing: ’’to be popular, prevalent, current, widespread, common.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>This is an adjectival verb. Make it negative with bu.</p>
<p>Zhěizhǒng hua xianzai hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This kind of talk is very popular</p>
<p>liuxing, kěshi v5 xiǎng zhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these days, but I don<sup>f</sup>t think</p>
<p>hua bu tai dux. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>f</sup>s very true.</p>
<p>Xianzai chuān duan qunzi bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It <sup>f</sup>s not popular to wear long skirts</p>
<p>liuxing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anymore.</p>
<p>You can also use liuxing vith a phrase following it to mean <sup>fl</sup>to be popular to</p>
<p>(do something).<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Xianzai liuxing chuān chang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is popular to vear long</p>
<p>qunzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;skirts nov.</p>
<p>Zai hěn duō difang, yue lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In a lot of places, it is getting</p>
<p>yuě liuxing nannu tongjū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more and more common for men and</p>
<p>vomen to live together.</p>
<p>Liuxing is also used in compound nouns, such as liuxlnKbing, &quot;epidemic,&quot;</p>
<p>Zhe yige xingqī ySu liuxing- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This past veek there has been an</p>
<p>bing, nǐmen jiāde hāizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;epidemic; it vould be best if</p>
<p>zui hǎo biě chū men. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your children didn’t go out.</p>
<p>*zhaogu: ”to take care of, to care for” (Society, Unit 5)</p>
<p>° pi an: ’’to fool, to deceive”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>63</p>
<p>divei: &quot;position，place or status (in an organization or society)<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Tāde divei hěn gāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has a very high position.</p>
<p>Nī cai gōngzuole shijinian jiu Having vorked only ten or so years， youle jīntiānde divei hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it wasn<sup>f</sup>t easy to get the position</p>
<p>bu rongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you have today.</p>
<p>Tāmen yao you dulide jīngji he They want independent economic and shěhui diwei. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;social status.</p>
<p>you zhi shi: ’’to be knowledgeable,<sup>ff</sup> literally ’’to have knowledge<sup>11</sup> you daoli: <sup>,f</sup>to make sense/<sup>1</sup> literally <sup>n</sup>to have reason” you bāngzhu: ”to be helpful,” literally &quot;to have help”</p>
<p>Here you see three more examples of how you,，，to exist, to have，’’ and a noun can be used to make an adjectival verb. Sometimes the meaning of the resulting phrase is more than Just the sum of its parts. You xingqu is ”to be interested (in something)，’’ vhile you yisi is ”to be interesting.<sup>11</sup> Here are some of the others you have already learned.</p>
<p>you guānxi to be related to ySu mfng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be famous</p>
<p>you yanj iǔ to &quot;be expert &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you y5ng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be useful</p>
<p>13. ziyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be free; freedom</p>
<p>Ik. -běizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all one*s life， lifetime</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xīnvěn Zhoukān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nevsveek</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woman; women, womankind Notes on Nos. 13 through 16</p>
<p>-beizi: This word is usually used vith yi-，as in</p>
<p>Wo gongzuole y£běizi, xiSjizai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve vorked all my life and am now</p>
<p>liushisui le, kěyi xiuxi xiuxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sixty years old. I can take a</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little rest now.</p>
<p>Jiěhūn shi yibeizide shi, děi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Marriage is a lifetime thing; you</p>
<p>hǎohāor xiǎngxiang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should think it over carefully.</p>
<p>w &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w</p>
<p>funu: In Tai van, a funu is generally a married woman, but in PRC usage the word has no connotations about marital status. Funu is also used in a collective sense, ”women<sup>11</sup> or &quot;womankind.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>6h</p>
<p>Unit 2, Tape 1<sub>%</sub> Reviev Dialogue</p>
<p>At the entrance to Lauinger Library at Georgetown University, Lǐ Ping</p>
<p>(B) encounters Tom (A).</p>
<p>B: Ěi! Tāngmǔ, nǐ hSo a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hey! Hi，Tom!</p>
<p>A: Nǐ hǎo, Lī Ping! Lai kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hi，Lǐ Ping. Did you come here to</p>
<p>shū ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do some reading?</p>
<p>B: Chile vǎnfan, chūlai zǒuzou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After dinner I went out for a walk</p>
<p>dao tushūguǎn kankan xīn daode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and came to the library to read</p>
<p>zazhi • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;through some of the new magazines.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zui xǐhuande Yīngwěn zazhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What<sup>1</sup>s your favorite English</p>
<p>shi shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;magazine?</p>
<p>B: Ng, Xīnvěn Zhoukān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Um, Nevsveek •</p>
<p>A: Weishenme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why?</p>
<p>B: Xīnvěn Zhōukan hěn hǎo, dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nevsveek is very good. It<sup>1</sup> s a</p>
<p>xuě Yīngwěn hěn you &quot;bāngzhu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;big help in learning English.</p>
<p>A: Dui, kan zhěige zazhi, yifāng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. When you read it，you can</p>
<p>miaji kěyi xuě Yīngwěn, yifang- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;study English at the same time you</p>
<p>mi an kěyi zhīdao Měiguo shěhuide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;learn about conditions in American</p>
<p>qingkuang, shi bu cu5. Zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;society; it is_ good. Are there any</p>
<p>xīngqī you shěnme ySu yiside &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interesting articles in it this week? wěnzhāng ma?</p>
<p>B: You, ySu yipiān guanyu nannu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, there <sup>f</sup>s an article about</p>
<p>pingdengde wěnzhāng hěn you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;equality of the sexes that<sup>1</sup> s very</p>
<p>yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interesting.</p>
<p>A: Ou, <sup>,f</sup>nannu pingdeng<sup>11</sup>.. .wSde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, &quot;equality of the sexes”.. .1^</p>
<p>nupěngyou dui zhěige timu* hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;girl friend is an expert on the sub-</p>
<p>ySu yanjiū. Zěnme? Nī ye dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ject. Don’t tell me~are you in-</p>
<p>zhěige wěnti you xingqu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;terested in that issue too?</p>
<p>B: You, wo you xingqu, ěrqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes,工 am， and I*d also like to</p>
<p>xiang zhīdao nǐmende kanfa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;know your views on it. Can I ask a</p>
<p>Wo kěyi wen jǐge wěnti ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;few questions?</p>
<p>A: Dangran, qīng wen &quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sure. What would you like to know?</p>
<p>B: Zheipiān wěnzhāng shu5, zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The article says that in a lot of</p>
<p>hěn duo difang yue lai yuě liu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;places cohabitation is getting</p>
<p>xing nānnu tongjū le. E， dui- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more and more common. Uh, excuse</p>
<p>”subject， topic” (see Unit 5)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>6</p>
<p>buqi••• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me•••</p>
<p>A: Měi shenme, nǐ shuoxiaqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not at all， go on.</p>
<p>B: Zheipiān wěnzhāng hai shuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It also said in the article that</p>
<p>zhěizhǒng shi he fiinude diwei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this is related to the status of</p>
<p>you guānxi. Zhěi yidiSn wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;women. I really don<sup>f</sup>t understand</p>
<p>zhěnshi bu dong le. Zhongguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that point. The traditional Chinese</p>
<p>rěnde chuantong guannian shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;idea is that a woman should not live</p>
<p>funu měiyou jiehūn, bīi yīnggāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vith her boyfriend before they get</p>
<p>he tāde nanpěngyou zhu zai yiqǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married.</p>
<p>A; Womende guānnian bu tai y£- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have a somewhat different con-</p>
<p>yang. Yixiē funu, těbiě shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cept. Some women, especially vomen</p>
<p>zhīshi funu, tāmen bu yao kao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;intellectuals, don<sup>f</sup>t want to depend on</p>
<p>xiānsheng shenghuo, tāmen yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;their husbands in order to live; they</p>
<p>you dulide jīngji he shěhui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;want to have independent economic and</p>
<p>diwei. Xiang wode nupěngyou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;social status. Like my girlfriend--</p>
<p>tā jiu you zhěiyangde kanfa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that<sup>1</sup>s the way her view is. But</p>
<p>Erqiě w5 xiǎng, tongjūde went! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;also，工 think that living together</p>
<p>he hěn duō shiqing you guānxi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has to do vith a lot of things. It<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>bīi zhǐ shi fiinude diwei věnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not just a question of the status of</p>
<p>women•</p>
<p>B: Ruguo kěyi tande hua, nǐ gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If it<sup>1</sup> s all right to talk about it，</p>
<p>wo jiSngjiang zěnmeyāng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;would you tell me more?</p>
<p>A: Hao, zhěiyangr ba, w5 gSi ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, how about this. I’ll tell you</p>
<p>tantan wode shi, ni jiu zhīdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about situation, and then you<sup>1</sup>11</p>
<p>women zěnme xiSng le. Wode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;know the way we think. Ity girlfriend</p>
<p>nupěngyou, tǎ shi xuě yīde. Xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is studying medicine. Studying</p>
<p>yī bu shi yljian rongyide shir. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medicine isn<sup>f</sup>t the easiest thing.</p>
<p>Tā hai yao zai daxuě xuěxl &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She still has six more years of</p>
<p>liuniān• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;university.</p>
<p>B: Na nǐmen shěnme shihou Jiēhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then when are you getting married? ne?</p>
<p>A: Xianzai women hai bu xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We don’t want to get married just</p>
<p>jiěhūn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yet.</p>
<p>B: Weishenme? Nǐmen juěde Jiele &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why not? You think that once you</p>
<p>hūn, youle haizi hui hěn mafan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get married and have children it’ll</p>
<p>shi bu shi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be a lot of trouble<sub>y</sub> rigjrt?</p>
<p>A: Bū shi zhěige yisi. Jiushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s not the point. Even if we</p>
<p>women Jiehūnle, yě bu yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get married, ve won<sup>f</sup>t necessarily</p>
<p>mashang yao haizi. Zhongyaode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have children right away The impor-</p>
<p>shi women zhěi yiběizi yao zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tant thing is that we haven<sup>1</sup>1 even</p>
<p>shěnme, hai měiyou hǎohāor xiǎng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thought out well what we want to do</p>
<p>guo ne, yinggai xiān xiǎng něige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in our lives. We should think about</p>
<p>°The reason Lī Ping is &quot;being so careful here is that he knows Tom and his</p>
<p>girlfriend are living together.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>66</p>
<p>venti. Erqiě women dou yuanyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that problem first. What’s more， we</p>
<p>zai jiēhūn yīqian qīngchǔde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each want to have a clear idea of</p>
<p>zhīdao zijǐ xǐhuande něige rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of what kind of person the other is</p>
<p>shi yige shěnmeyangrde rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;before we get married. And that</p>
<p>Zhěi yě xuyao shijiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;takes time.</p>
<p>B: Kěshi you rěn hui juěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But some people vill think you are</p>
<p>nīmen zhěiyang zuo shi yīnwei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing this because you feel that liv-</p>
<p>nīmen juěde tongjū bī jiēhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ing together is freer than marriage, ziyou.</p>
<p>A: You rěn zhěme shuō, kěshi w5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some people say that, but I don*t</p>
<p>xiang tāmen měi dong womende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;think they have understood what our</p>
<p>ziyou shi shěnme. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freedom is.</p>
<p>B: Shi shenme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is it， then?</p>
<p>A: Měiguo rěn juěde zijī kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Americans feel that to be able to</p>
<p>jihua zijǐde shenghuo shi zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plan their own life is the most impor-</p>
<p>zhongyaode ziyou. Ruguo Měiguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tant freedom. If America didn <sup>f</sup>t have</p>
<p>měiyou zhěizhǒng ziyou, ji这 bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that kind of freedom, there wouldn’t</p>
<p>hui you name du5 rěn xiǎng lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be so many people who want to come</p>
<p>Měiguo le, nǐ shu5 wo shuSde dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;here. Don’t you think I<sup>f</sup>in right? bu dui?</p>
<p>B: Nǐ shuōde you diǎnr daoli. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup>s something to what you say.</p>
<p>Ou . . . Wo hai wangle wen ni, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh ... I forgot to ask you something</p>
<p>jīnnian xiatiān, nǐde nupěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;else: Will your girlfriend be able to</p>
<p>něng pěi ni dao Xianggang qu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;come with you to Hong Kong this summer?</p>
<p>A: Bu xing. Tā jihua dao Děguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No. She<sup>f</sup>s planning to go to school</p>
<p>qu nian shū. Shǔjiade shihou tǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Germany. During summer vacation</p>
<p>yao z'kl Děguo zhu sānge yuě, na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she<sup>f</sup>s going to live in Germany for</p>
<p>dui tāde Děwěn yiding hěn you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three months. I<sup>f</sup>m sure that will</p>
<p>bāngzhu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;help her German a lot.</p>
<p>B: Dui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s right•</p>
<p>A: Zěnmeyāng, ni dui Xīnvěn Zh5u- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So what about it, do you have any</p>
<p>kan zheipiān wěnzhāng hai you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;other opinions about that article in</p>
<p>shěnme biěde kanfa ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nevsveek?</p>
<p>B: Kanfa you. Zhěige timu hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, I have other opinions about</p>
<p>da, women yǐhou manman zai tan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it. But it<sup>1</sup> s a big topic. Ve can</p>
<p>talk all about it later.</p>
<p>A: Hao, yǐhou zai tan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, we<sup>f</sup>ll talk about it later.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>6 了</p>
<p>Unit 2， Tape 2 Workbook</p>
<p>Exercise 1</p>
<p>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English，followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your answer.</p>
<p>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</p>
<p>Exercise 2</p>
<p>This exercise ia a conversation in which a young man in Běijīng talks vith a middle-aged man about a problem.</p>
<p>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you<sup>1</sup>11 probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions &quot;below as you listen a second time.</p>
<p>Here are the new words and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>hushu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to talk nonsense; drivel</p>
<p>xiangbuchū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;car^t think up, can<sup>f</sup>t come up vith</p>
<p>Xiao Lin tamen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Lin and the others</p>
<p>shēnqǐng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to apply for</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Propose a reason why Xiao Mlngzi is no longer in school. (Hint:</p>
<p>What are his other friends doing? What is the policy emphasis in China on careers for youth?)</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is Xiao Mingzi looking for a Job? Why or why not?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of Job does his middle-aged friend suggest?</p>
<p>U. To whom must Xiao Mingzi apply before he goes out to take pictures?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>68</p>
<p>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</p>
<p>Exercise 3</p>
<p>In this conversation a grandmother and her granddaughter discuss sexual equality and changes in morality in new China.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</p>
<p>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>Na hai yong shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That goes without saying</p>
<p>duo hSo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How great that is!</p>
<p>qiguai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be strange</p>
<p>Zhōngguo Cgngnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China Youth (a periodical)</p>
<p>houlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;afterwards</p>
<p>daodě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;morality, morals, ethics</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What was the status of women before liberation?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did the granddaughter read about in the latest issue of China Youth?</p>
<p>3- What is her grandmother<sup>1</sup>s reaction?</p>
<p>U. What things does a <sup>M</sup>sense of morality<sup>11</sup> probably include for the grandmother?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to ta a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to li to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you hav prepared.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>Exercise “</p>
<p>In this exercise， as a mother and son finish dinner, they discuss his future.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</p>
<p>You will need the following new words and phrases:</p>
<p>shuSshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Master<sup>f</sup>s degree</p>
<p>boshl &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ph.D.</p>
<p>zhaobudko &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be unable to find</p>
<p>Zhōngxuěshēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;High School Student (a periodical)</p>
<p>gaozhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;senior high school</p>
<p>fāda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be developed</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise U</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is Xiǎo Lin<sup>f</sup>s mother<sup>1</sup>s major concern about his future?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why doesn<sup>f</sup>t he want to go to college anymore?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who does Xiao Lin use as an example of why a college education is useless?</p>
<p>k. What is his mother<sup>1</sup>s position on the advantages of college education in Hong Kong?</p>
<p>5. Does Xiao Lln<sup>f</sup>s mother act as an advisor or does she expect her son to obey her wishes on this matter?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself，you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>70</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Conversation between a middle—aged man (A) and a young man (B) in Běijīng.</p>
<p>A: Xiǎo Mingzi, jīntiān zěnme you Xiǎo Mingzi, hov is it that you shijiān zai jiā? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have time to be at home today?</p>
<p>B: Zěnme měi shijiān? Likai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How would I not have time? Since</p>
<p>xuěxiao yīhou, shijiān duo duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I left school, ī<sup>f</sup>ve had lots more</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time.</p>
<p>A: Biě hushu5• Nǐ you gSngzub &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cut it out. Do you have a Job</p>
<p>le meiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yet?</p>
<p>B: You gongzuo! Yǒule gōngzuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have a job! If I had a job would</p>
<p>hāi zai zhěr zuozhe! Nǐ zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I still be sitting here! You<sup>f</sup>re</p>
<p>you yisi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;something else!</p>
<p>A: Ao! W5 zhīdao le, nī hai měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! I see, you still don<sup>f</sup>t have</p>
<p>gōngzuo na! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a job!</p>
<p>B: Ng. Lǎoshi*° shu5 wo kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uh-huh. teachers said I can</p>
<p>děngyiděng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wait a vhile.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zhěiyang děngxiaqu zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How will it do for you to go on</p>
<p>xing ne? Yitian měi gōngzuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;waiting like this? Every day you</p>
<p>yitiān jiu děi kao fīimǔ a. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don*t have a job, you have to</p>
<p>depend on your parents.</p>
<p>B: Hai, vǒ yě zhidao, zhěiyang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Sigh), I know that it von<sup>f</sup>t do</p>
<p>xiS.qu &quot;bu xing, kěshi wo shizai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go on like this, but I really</p>
<p>xiangbuchu shenme hǎo banfa ya! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can’t think of any good solution!</p>
<p>Nī shuo w8 zěnme ban? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you think I should do?</p>
<p>A: Nī hui shenme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you know how to do?</p>
<p>B: Wo shenme dou bu hui. Xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>f</sup>t know how to do anything.</p>
<p>XiSo Lin tamen hui zuo zhuōzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Like Xiao Lin and the others，who can</p>
<p>yīzi shenmede, yě dou you gong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make tables, chairs, and so on, all</p>
<p>zub le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have jobs already.</p>
<p>A: Ei, nī hui bu hui zhao xiang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Say, can you take photographs?</p>
<p>B: Bu hui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No.</p>
<p>•Work is assigned, so getting a job is not a matter of personal initiative. Work assignment is done by the work assignment committee of the city district <sub>5</sub> under coordination of the cityvide office.</p>
<p>••Teachers， while not directly involved in the assignment of work, can be influential in the process. There is a group of teachers in each high school or university vho make specific recommendations to city offices which decide whether a student finds work in the city or is sent to the country.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>71</p>
<p>A: Nǐ dui zhao xiang you měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are you interested in photography? xingqu?</p>
<p>B: You a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sure!</p>
<p>A: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhěiyang ba! Wo you yige Riběn How about this: I have a Japanese</p>
<p>zhaoxiangjī, wo jiao ni zěnmeyang camera. I<sup>1</sup>11 teach you how to -take</p>
<p>zhao xiang, nǐ jiu kěyi you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pictures， and then you can have a</p>
<p>gōngzuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;job.</p>
<p>B: Suan le ba, hui zhao xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come on! How can I have a job by</p>
<p>zěnme hui you gōngzuo ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;knowing how to take pictures!</p>
<p>A: Hai, nǐ zhen &quot;bu cōngming. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tsk，you<sup>f</sup>re really not on the ball.</p>
<p>Měitiān dou you bu shǎo rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Every day there are lots of people</p>
<p>lai Běijīng, shěi bu xiang zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who come to Běijīng; who doesn<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>Tian<sup>f</sup>ānměn qian zhao zhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;want to get their picture taken in</p>
<p>xiang! Nǐ zai zhǎo liǎngge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;front of Tiān<sup>f</sup>ānměn! If you find a</p>
<p>tongxuě, you guǎn zhaoxiangde, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;couple of classmates, and have one</p>
<p>you guǎn shou qiande, bu ji\i &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in charge of taking the pictures and</p>
<p>xing le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one in charge of collecting the money,</p>
<p>then you<sup>1</sup> re all set, right?</p>
<p>B: Nin shuōde you daolǐ, jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What you say makes sense; that<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>zěnme ban! Dui le, yao chūqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just what I<sup>T</sup>11 do! Oh yes--if you</p>
<p>zhao xiang, hai xūyao shēnqǐng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;want to go out and take pictures，</p>
<p>ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you have to apply, too, don't you?</p>
<p>A: Na rongyi. Mingtiān, nf q\i &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s easy. Tomorrow, go see</p>
<p>zhao lǎoshī , tamen hui &quot;bangzhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your teachers. They<sup>f</sup> 11 help you do</p>
<p>ni bande. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it.</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Conversation between a grandmother (B) and her granddaughter (A) in</p>
<p>Běijīng.</p>
<p>A: Nǎinai, nin shu5, xīn ZhSngguo, Grandma，don<sup>T</sup>t you think that in</p>
<p>nannu pingděng, funude diwei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;new China，with equality of the sexes,</p>
<p>gāoduō le, dui bu dui? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the status of women is much higher?</p>
<p>B: Na hai yong shuo. Women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That goes without saying. When we</p>
<p>nianqīngde shihou, funū zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;were young, women didn’t have much</p>
<p>jiāli, zai shěhuishang d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;status in the family or in society,</p>
<p>meiyou shenme diwei, zhǐ you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Only a very few girls had a chance</p>
<p>hen shǎode nūhāizi you Jīhui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study. It wasn’t like the way</p>
<p>nian shū. Bu xiang nǐmen, gen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it is for you, who study and work</p>
<p>nanhaizi yiyang, nian shū, zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just the same as boys. How great</p>
<p>shi, duo hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that is!</p>
<p>A: Nǎinai, na nǐ shuo, tongjǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then what do you think, Grandma,</p>
<p>zhěijian shir shi bu shi dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is cohabitation a bad thing for</p>
<p>funu bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;women?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>72</p>
<p>B: Ni zěnme yuě shuo yuě qiguai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What <sup>f</sup>s with these odd topics</p>
<p>le? Zai xīn Zhōngguo nǎr you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you*re bringing up? Where is there</p>
<p>tongjūde shir? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;such a thing as cohabitation in new</p>
<p>China?</p>
<p>A: Zěnme měiyou? Wo gāngcai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There isn’t， huh? Well in the</p>
<p>kande Zhōngguo Qīngnianshang jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China Youth that I just read there's</p>
<p>you yipiān wěnzhāng, zhěipiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an article that said there was a</p>
<p>wěnzhāng shuo, you yige nanhaizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;young man who was living with a</p>
<p>he yige nuhaizi tongjū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;young woman -</p>
<p>B: Tamen wěishěnme bu jiēhūn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why didn<sup>f</sup>t they get married?</p>
<p>A: Něige nande xiang shang daxuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The man wanted to go to college.</p>
<p>B: Ou, dui le， jiēle hūn jiu bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, right， you can<sup>f</sup>t go to college</p>
<p>něng shang daxuě le. Na houlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after you<sup>1</sup> re married. So what hap-</p>
<p>ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pened afterwards?</p>
<p>A: Houlai, něige nande zhēn shāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Afterwards, the man really went to</p>
<p>daxuě le* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;college.</p>
<p>B: Nianwanle shū tamen jiēhūn le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And after he finished school they</p>
<p>ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;got married, I suppose?</p>
<p>A: Měiyou. Nianwan shū, něige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No. After he finished school, the</p>
<p>nande xiang, něi nuhaizi měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;guy thought， she didn’t have any</p>
<p>diwei, yě měi qian, tamen jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;status or any money, so they should</p>
<p>suan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;call it quits.</p>
<p>B: Suan le?! Na shi shenme hua! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Call it quits! What kind of</p>
<p>Tā hai you měiyou yidianr daodě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thing is that to say! Didn<sup>f</sup>t he</p>
<p>guannian! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have any sense of morality!</p>
<p>A: Daodě guānnian?I Hňg，xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sense of morality?I Ha, that<sup>r</sup>s Just</p>
<p>shehuishang jiu you zhěizhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the sort of thing that society is full</p>
<p>shir! Nin shuo zhěi shi wěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of these days 1 Why do you think that</p>
<p>shenme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is?!</p>
<p>B: Ai! Zhěi shijīnian qiqiguai- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Sigh) The last decade or so there</p>
<p>guaide xīnwěn zhēn du5! Shenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sure has been a lot of strange news!</p>
<p>shihou cāi něng hao yidianr ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When will it get better?</p>
<p>A: Shěi zhīdao! Wo xiang kuai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think it will be soon! It<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>le! Kuai hao yidianr le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to get better soon!</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</p>
<p>In Hong Kong, a mother (A) and son &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(B) have just finished dinner.</p>
<p>A: Xiǎo Lin, chile fan bu yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Lin, don<sup>f</sup>t study any more</p>
<p>nian shū le, xiūxi xiuxi ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after dinner, just relax a bit!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p>
<p>73</p>
<p>B: Hao. Nin yao he cha ma? Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you want to drink some tea?</p>
<p>qīi dao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'll go pour it.</p>
<p>A: Deng yixia, rang wo kankan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wait a second, let me see, is</p>
<p>nǐde maoyī shi bu shi po le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your sweater torn? Tomorrow I'll</p>
<p>Mingtiān wo děi qīi gěi ni mai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to go buy you a new one. jian xīnde.</p>
<p>B: Mā, wo bu yao xīnde, zhěijian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mom, I don<sup>f</sup>t want a new one. I</p>
<p>hai kěyi chuān ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can still wear this one.</p>
<p>A: Tiān lěng le, nī xūyao yijian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The weather<sup>f</sup>s getting cold, you</p>
<p>xīn maoyi, wo hui gěi ni yīibei- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;need a new sweater. I<sup>f</sup> 11 get one</p>
<p>hao. Mingnian nī shang daxuěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ready for you. Next year when you</p>
<p>shihou, wo hui du5 gěi ni yīibei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go to college I'll get a few more</p>
<p>jǐjian xīn yīfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;new things ready for you to wear.</p>
<p>B: Bu yong le, wo bu xiang shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You don't need to, I don<sup>f</sup>t want</p>
<p>daxuě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go to college anymore.</p>
<p>A: Weishěnme? Nǐ bu shi yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why not? Don<sup>f</sup>t you want to study</p>
<p>xuě yi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medicine?</p>
<p>B: Bu shǎo rěn shu5 bu shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A lot of people say that you can</p>
<p>daxuě yě kěyi gSngzuo, yě yiyang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work and live just the same without</p>
<p>kěyi shēnghuo. Wěishěnme yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to college. Why is it necessary</p>
<p>yao shang daxuě ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go to college?</p>
<p>A: Zhěizhong hua xianzai hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This kind of talk is very popular</p>
<p>liuxing, kěshi wo xiang zhě hua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these days, but 工 don*t think it<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>bu tai dui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very true,</p>
<p>B: Weishěnme? Yǒude rěn zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why not? Some people study like</p>
<p>daxuěli pīnming nian shū, xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mad at a university, like Mr. Zh5u</p>
<p>women jiā duimiande Zh5u Xian- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who lives across from us; he's such</p>
<p>sheng, dui shuxuě name you yan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an expert in mathematics, he’s got</p>
<p>jiū， dele shuoshi， boshi, hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a Master<sup>f</sup>s degree and a Ph.D., and</p>
<p>bu shi zhaobudao gōngzuo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;isn<sup>f</sup>t he still unable to find a job!</p>
<p>A: Zh5u Xianshengde qingxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Zh5u<sup>f</sup> s situation is different</p>
<p>gen biěrěn bu tong, suiran tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from other people<sup>1</sup>s. Although he</p>
<p>xiāngdāng you zhīshi, kěshi tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is quite knowledgeable, he won<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>bu xihuande gSngzuo tā jiu bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;taJte a job he doesn<sup>f</sup>t like. So of</p>
<p>zuo, na dāngran bu rongyi zhǎo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;course it isn<sup>f</sup>t easy for him to find</p>
<p>dao gōngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a job.</p>
<p>B: Dui le, tā bu xǐhuan zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. He doesn<sup>f</sup>t like to be a</p>
<p>laoshi, tā jiu xǐhuan xiě wen- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teacher，he <sub>t</sub>1ust likes to write</p>
<p>zhāng， zai ZhSngxueshēng zh5u- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;articles. I<sup>f</sup>ve even seen his</p>
<p>kānshang wo hai kanjianguo tāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;articles in the weekly High School</p>
<p>wěnzhāng ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Student ?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 2</p><h6>lb</h6>
<p>A: Tāde wěnzhāng hao bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are his articles good?</p>
<p>B: Hǎo, kěshi bu rongyi dong, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, but they're not easy to</p>
<p>zhSngxuěshěng kan zhěiyangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;understand. They<sup>1</sup> re too hard for</p>
<p>wěnzhāng tai nan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;high school students to read.</p>
<p>A: Suoyi, nī bu něng shuo Zh5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So you can’t say that Mr. Zh5u*s</p>
<p>Xianshengde qingxing Jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation is everyone <sup>f</sup>s situation,</p>
<p>dajiāde qingxing. Wo xiang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think you might say this: someone</p>
<p>kěyi zhěiyang shuo: nianguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who has had a lot of education doesn't</p>
<p>hen duo shūde rěn bu yiding you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;necessarily get a very good Job. But</p>
<p>hen haode gSngzuo. Keshi duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;getting more education will certainly</p>
<p>nian yidianr shǔ dui zhao gong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be helpful in looking for a job. zuo yiding you bāngzhu.</p>
<p>B: Keshi, wǒde jīge tongxuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But several classmates of mine</p>
<p>Rāozhongy měiyou nianwan jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;started working before they had fin-</p>
<p>zuo shi le, xianzai tamende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ished high school, and now they don* t</p>
<p>shēnghuo dou bu yong kao fīimǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to depend on their parents to</p>
<p>le, tamen d5u dull le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;support them; they<sup>1</sup> re all independent.</p>
<p>A: Danshi wo xiǎng, shehui haishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But I think that society still</p>
<p>xuyao you zhīshide rěn, shehui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;needs knowledgeable people. The more</p>
<p>yuě fada yuě xūyao you zhīshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;developed society is， the more it</p>
<p>Nǐ shuo dui bu dui? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;needs knowledge. Don<sup>f</sup>t you think so?</p>
<p>B: Dui! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right!</p>
<p>A: Name hǎo le, nǐ nian daxuěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All right then， what about the</p>
<p>shi zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;matter of your going to college?</p>
<p>B: Mm ... wo zai xiǎngyixiǎng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm . • . I<sup>1</sup>11 think it over some</p>
<p>more.</p>
<p>A: Hǎo, women mingtiān zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, we’ll talk more about it</p>
<p>tantan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow•</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>UNIT 3 Family Values</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>T</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The vert ending -qilai showing the start of an action or condition.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The pattern (měi)you shenme (Adjectival Verl)),</p>
<p>3 • Conglai &quot;bu/měi<sub>t</sub> &quot;never •&quot;</p>
<p>h. The advert cai, <sup>11</sup> only,<sup>11</sup> &quot;before amounts.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The marker -zhe showing the manner of an action.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The ver&quot;b ending -dao for (1) successful reaching/o&quot;btaining/finding,</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;of,&quot; &quot;about” (with certain verbs)»</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;successful perceiving (e.g.， kandao, <sup>n</sup>to see&quot;).</p>
<p>了. The advert zai, ”anymore.&quot;</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Placement of phrases with the prepositional verb dāo<sub>%</sub> ’’to,’’ ’’up to，’’ ’’until.”</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The use of suoy8ude&gt; ’’all.”</p>
<p>Functioned. Language Contained in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Narrating a &quot;brief story about a person.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressing approval and disapproval of someone<sup>1</sup> s attitude or way of thinking.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressing puzzlement at a situation*</p>
<p>U. Stressing how understeindal) 1 e a situation is.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>76</p>
<p>Unit 3, Reference List</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Ni jiějie xianzai zěnme dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How is it that your older sister has</p>
<p>zhěngzhi wěnti rexīnqilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;become so interested and enthu-</p>
<p>le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;siastic about political questions</p>
<p>now?</p>
<p>B: Zhěi měiyou shenme qiguai， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup>s nothing strange about that,</p>
<p>ta jīnnian kaishi xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she started studying political</p>
<p>zhěngzhixuě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;science this year.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Ni zěnme &quot;bu chi le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why aren't you eating?</p>
<p>B: Wǒde wěi hen nānshou, chī~bu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ify stomach is uncomfortable，工 can’t</p>
<p>xiaqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eat anymore.</p>
<p>A: Na wo gěi ni nong dianr tang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1*11 go get you some soup then. lai.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Wo qu zhǎo Xiǎo Lan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to</p>
<p>liāo tiānr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a chat.</p>
<p>B: Ni &quot;biě qu le, tā yitiān dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't go，she works hard all day long</p>
<p>van yon^5ng, mei shijiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and doesn't have the time to chat</p>
<p>pěi ni liāo tiānr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with you.</p>
<p>U. A: Wang jia Xiǎo Lan conglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hasn't the Wang family's Xiǎo Lan</p>
<p>měiyou nanpěngyou ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ever had a &quot;boy friend?</p>
<p>B: Tā cai shijiǔsui, mangzhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She's only nineteen years old, &quot;busy</p>
<p>nian shū, hai měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studying, and hasn't thought of</p>
<p>xieLngdao zhěixie shir ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these things yet 1</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Wǒde xiǎo nuěr liangsānsuide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;youngest daughter cried a lot</p>
<p>shihou chang kū, xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when she was two or three years</p>
<p>zhangda le, &quot;bu zai kū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old, &quot;but now she has grown up</p>
<p>and doesn't cry anymore.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zuo fumǔde bu yinggāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those who are parents shouldn’t</p>
<p>zhong nan q.īng nu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;regard males as superior to</p>
<p>females.</p>
<p>B: Dui. Zuo haizide yě yinggāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. And those who are children</p>
<p>xiaosh\in fumu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should show filial obedience to</p>
<p>their parents.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>77</p>
<p>了. A: Nī didi bāitian zai jia ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is your younger brother at home</p>
<p>during the day?</p>
<p>B: Bu zai, ni děng dao vanshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No， vait until the evening and then</p>
<p>zai da dianhua lai ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;call him.</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: ZhSngguo rěn conglāi bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Didn’t the Chinese ever stress</p>
<p>jiang nannii pingděng ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;equality betveen men and vomen?</p>
<p>B: Shuodao nannu pingděng, na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As for equality of the sexes, that<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>shi zui.lin JishlniāncLe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a nev concept of the last fev</p>
<p>xīn guannian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;decades•</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Da .liatln^ you shenme hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What<sup>f</sup>s good about large families?</p>
<p>B: Zenme bu hǎo? Rěn duo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What could be bad about them? After</p>
<p>zhuan qiande rěn yě duo ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all, if there are more people,</p>
<p>there are also more people earning money!</p>
<p>A: Yaoshi suoyoude ren dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If everyone thought the way you do,</p>
<p>xiang nin zhěiyang xiang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vho knovs hov many hundreds of</p>
<p>Zhongguo xianzai bū zhīdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;millions of people there vould be</p>
<p>you duSshao rěn le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in China nov!</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ zhěici hui guo kandao nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you see the people in your</p>
<p>lǎojiāde rěn le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hometown on this visit back</p>
<p>to your country?</p>
<p>B: Kandao le. Tamen sheng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. They<sup>1</sup>re living pretty veil,</p>
<p>huode bu cuo<sub>4</sub> vo laojia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and my hometown has become quite</p>
<p>yě biancheng yige hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a &quot;bustling place, rěnaode difangr le.</p>
<p>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you yong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be useful</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heiyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(darkness of) night, nighttime</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;xīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>78</p>
<p>VOCABULARY</p>
<p>bāitian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daytime</p>
<p>Man &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to change, to become different</p>
<p>bianchěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to turn into, to become</p>
<p>cāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only (before an amount)</p>
<p>-chěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;into</p>
<p>chībuxiaau &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cannot eat (cannot get down)</p>
<p>conglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ever (up till now), always</p>
<p>(up till now) conglāi bu/měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never</p>
<p>-dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(resultative ending used for per</p>
<p>ception by one of the senses: jiandao, kandao， tingdao, etc.)</p>
<p>-dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(resultative ending used to indicate</p>
<p>reaching: xiǎn^dao, shuōdao， tan-dao，etc. , often translated as &quot;about&quot;)</p>
<p>děng dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wait until; when, by the time</p>
<p>hěiyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(darkness of) night, nighttime</p>
<p>jiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to stress, to pay attention to,</p>
<p>to be particular about jiāting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family</p>
<p>kandao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to see</p>
<p>ku &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cry</p>
<p>liao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to chat</p>
<p>liao tian(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to chat</p>
<p>ma &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(marker of obviousness of reasoning)</p>
<p>nānshou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,</p>
<p>to feel unhappy</p>
<p>nong (něng) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do; to fool with; to get</p>
<p>nonglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get and bring</p>
<p>qiguai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be strange, to be odd, to be</p>
<p>surprising</p>
<p>-qilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(resultative ending which indicates</p>
<p>starting)</p>
<p>rexīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be enthusiastic and interested;</p>
<p>to be warmhearted; to be earnest rexīnqilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to become enthusiastic and interested</p>
<p>shuōdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to speak of; as for</p>
<p>suoyoude.••dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>79</p>
<p>xiǎngdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to think of</p>
<p>xiāoshun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be filial; filial obedience</p>
<p>-xiaqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;down (directional ending used for</p>
<p>eating or drinking down)</p>
<p>xin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart; mind</p>
<p>-yi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hundred million</p>
<p>yi tiān dao van &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all day long</p>
<p>yonggong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be industrious, to be hardworking</p>
<p>(in one<sup>f</sup>s studies)</p>
<p>you yong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be useful</p>
<p>zhǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to grow</p>
<p>zhǎngda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sub>w</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to grov up</p>
<p>zhong nan qīng nu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to regard males as superior to females</p>
<p>zhuan qiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to earn money, to make money</p>
<p>zuiJin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;recently; soon</p>
<p>zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be, to act as</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>80</p>
<p>Unit 3, Reference Notes</p>
<p>1. A: Nǐ jiějie xianzai zěnme dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How is that your older sister has</p>
<p>zhěngzhi wěnti rexīnqilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;become so interested and enthu-</p>
<p>le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;siastic about political questions</p>
<p>now?</p>
<p>B: Zhěi měiyou shenme qiguai， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup>s nothing strange about that,</p>
<p>tā jīnnian kāishǐ xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she started studying political</p>
<p>zhěngzhixuě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;science this year.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>rexin: &quot;to be enthusiastic and interested; to be warmhearted, to be earnest”There are two meanings for this adjectival verb. It can be used to describe a positive feeling toward a cause or issue, or to describe warm feelings toward other people.</p>
<p>Like many adjectival verbs, rexīn may be used either as a main verb or as an adverb (that is， modifying another verb).</p>
<p>As main verb</p>
<p>Ta dui xuě Zhongwěn hěn rěxin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>f</sup>s very enthusiastic about studying</p>
<p>Chinese.</p>
<p>Ta dui rěn hěn rěxīn, shenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He*s very warmhearted towards</p>
<p>shihou d5u xǐhuan bang rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people. He always likes to help</p>
<p>mang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people out.</p>
<p>As an adverb</p>
<p>Ta hěn rexīn yanjiū dalude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She studies the mainland situa-</p>
<p>qingkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tion very enthusiastically.</p>
<p>Hǎo haizi， nǐ zěnme rexīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Good child. It *s good that you<sup>1</sup>re</p>
<p>bāngzhu biěrěn, hěn hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so eager to help others.</p>
<p>-qilai: As a verb by itself, qǐlai means ”to rise up.<sup>M</sup> As part of a compound verb, -qilai has several different functions. First, it can be a directional or resultative ending meaning &quot;go up, rise up (physically)<sup>n</sup>:</p>
<p>Ta zhanqilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He stood up.</p>
<p>Tā tiaoqilai le.° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She jumped up.</p>
<p>Zhěige zhuōzi women tāibuqilai, We can^t lift this table up. nǐ lai bāngbang mang hǎo bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come and help us， okay?</p>
<p>hǎo?</p>
<p>°tiao, &quot;to jump, to leap，’</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>81</p>
<p>In addition to meaning literally ’’to go up/’ -qilai can be used to tell something about the aspect of the verb: to shov the start of the action or condition.<sup>11</sup> In the example in the Reference List above, -qilai indicates that older sister<sup>f</sup>s enthusiasm has nevly started up. Other examples:</p>
<p>(WITH AN ACTION VERB)</p>
<p>Haizi kǔqilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The child began (has begun) to cry,</p>
<p>(WITH AW ADJECTIVAL VERB)</p>
<p>Tianqi rěqilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The veather has vanned up.</p>
<p>As vith many other compound verbs，the object of the verb may be inserted betveen the tvo parts of the verb ending:</p>
<p>Bu zhīdao věishenme, tā xianzai I don<sup>f</sup>t knov vhy, but he has started hēqi jiǔ lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to drink nov.</p>
<p>Wo liuge yue měi xiangguo Jiā， I haven <sup>f</sup>t thought of home for kěshi jīntiān xiǎngqi jiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;six months, but today I started</p>
<p>lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to feel homesick.</p>
<p>Another function of the ending -qilai is to make generalized statements which are sometimes translated using <sup>T</sup>Vhen •. .ing，<sup>ff</sup> or &quot;when it comes to .. .ing<sup>ff</sup>:</p>
<p>Zhěige yǐzide yangzi hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This kind of chair is very</p>
<p>hao kan, kěshi zuoqilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attractive, but when you sit</p>
<p>bu shǔfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in it， it<sup>f</sup>s uncomfortable.</p>
<p>Tā shuoqi Zhongwěn lai zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It sounds terrible when he speaks</p>
<p>nantīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese.</p>
<p>Zuoqi shi lai, tā bǐ shěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When it comes to vorking, he</p>
<p>dou kuai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is faster than anyone else.</p>
<p>Shuōqilai rongyi, zuoqi lai nan. It<sup>f</sup>s easy to talk about，but hard to</p>
<p>do.</p>
<p>When -qilai is used this vay vith verbs of perception, the additional meaning of <sup>11</sup> it seems<sup>11</sup> is communicated:</p>
<p>Kanqilai tā zhīdao zhěijian shi. It looks as if he knovs about</p>
<p>this matter*</p>
<p>Tā kanqilai hěn nianqīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He looks very young.</p>
<p>Tīngqilai hěn you daolī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It sounds reasonable.</p>
<p>-Qilai is also used in several idiomatic expressions vhere its meaning is harder to pinpoint，e.g., xiǎngqilai, <sup>ff</sup>to think of，to remember,<sup>11</sup> vhere -qilai seems to indicate the coming ”up” into consciousness of an idea.</p>
<p>Wo xiǎngqilai le, tā xing Mai. Nov I remem'ber, his surname is</p>
<p>Mai.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>82</p>
<p>qiguai: <sup>n</sup>to be strange, to be surprising, to be odd”</p>
<p>Zhēn qiguai, tā tiāntiān lai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov strange. He comes every day.</p>
<p>jīntian zěnme měi lai ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov is it he didn<sup>f</sup>t come today?</p>
<p>Neige shihou, shenme qiguaide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Back then, there vere all kinds</p>
<p>shi dou you, biě shuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of strange things; don’t talk</p>
<p>about it any more.</p>
<p>Tāmende guānxi vǒ juěde hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I find their relationship very</p>
<p>qiguai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;strange.</p>
<p>In colloquial style, the verb qiguai is also used to mean &quot;to find it strange that. . . , can’t understand (vhy) .7., can<sup>f</sup>t imagine (how)... ,<sup>!f</sup> e.g.，</p>
<p>Wo zhēn qiguai ta věishenme yao I really can<sup>f</sup>t understand vhy he zěnme zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vanted (OR wants ) to do that.</p>
<p>Wo zhēn qiguai zhěijian shi tā I really can<sup>f</sup>t imagine hov he can zěnme kěyi bandedao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(OR could) do it.</p>
<p>Zhei měiyou shenme qiguai: &quot;There’s nothing strange about that.” You shenme is used before an adjectival verb, as in</p>
<p>Na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you shenme hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>f,</sup>What<sup>f</sup> s so good about that?”</p>
<p>Na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;měiyou shenme hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”There’s nothing good about that.”</p>
<p>Gaosu ta you shenme bu dui? &quot;What<sup>f</sup> s wrong vith telling him?&quot;</p>
<p>A: Tā dui ZhSngguode qingkuang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He knovs so much about China! zhidaode bu shǎoI</p>
<p>B: Na you shenme qiguai, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What<sup>f</sup> s strange about that, he lived zai Zhongguo zhuguo shinian. in China for ten years!</p>
<p>2, A: Nǐ zěnme bu chi le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why aren<sup>f</sup>t you eating?</p>
<p>B: Wǒde vei hěn nanshou, chibu- My stomach is uncomfortable,工 can’t xiaqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eat anymore•</p>
<p>A: Na wo gěi ni nong dianr tang I<sup>f</sup>11 go get you some soup then, lai.</p>
<p>Notes on No* 2</p>
<p>nanshou: &quot;to feel uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy，” literally ,&quot;to find something hard to &quot;bear” This adjectival vert can &quot;be used to describe physical aches and pains, or emotional ones.</p>
<p>Zai fěijīshang zuole ershige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Twenty hours on an airplane. Hov</p>
<p>xiǎo shi, tai nanshou le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uncomforta'ble!</p>
<p>Zhēn rang rěn nanshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It really makes one feel &quot;bad-</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>83</p>
<p>Zanmen dou shi zuo yīshěngde, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We<sup>1</sup> re both in medicine; seeing sick</p>
<p>kanjian tingren° měi yao chī, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people without medicine to take</p>
<p>zhen nanshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was really upsetting.</p>
<p>To make it clear you are talking about sadness and not a physical pain, you can use the phrase xīnli hěn nanshou (xīn, No. 13 on this reference list, &quot;being the equivalent of either the heart or mind in such instances).</p>
<p>TTngdaole zhěiyangrde hua, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He was very sad after hearing</p>
<p>xīnli hěn nanshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that kind of talk.</p>
<p>chi'buxiaqu: ”unable to eat (it all) up，，Here you see an example of -xiaq^ used for its meaning as a directional ending. While in English we might say <sup>11</sup> eat it UP,” the Chinese, more analytically, say ”eat it dovn.<sup>11</sup> Using the vert he_, ”to drink,&quot; you can also say hexiaqu, &quot;to drink dovn.<sup>11</sup> The meaning of chixiaqu and hexiagu might &quot;be &quot;better conveyed as ’’to take in” or ’’to get down food or drink; you use these verbs when you want to stress getting food or drink down into the stomach, rather than just the action of eating.</p>
<p>As a resultative ver&quot;b, chixiaqu and hēxiaqu may take -de- or -bu- as a middle syllable for the additional meaning of &quot;can’<sup>1</sup> or <sup>tf</sup>cannot.<sup>ft</sup> In chide-xiaqu/chī'buxiaciu and hedexiaqu/hē'biaxiaqu, the syllables -xia and -qu are still somewhat stressed (you can still hear their falling tones)， whereas they are unstressed and often neutral tone in the words chixiaqu and hēxiaqu.</p>
<p>chīdexiaqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;able to eat it down</p>
<p>chrbnxiaqu._unable to eat it dovn</p>
<p>měi chixiaqu didn<sup>f</sup>t eat it down chixiaqu le_ate it dovn_</p>
<p>Wo chide tai *bao le, chi&quot;btixiaqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m too full, I canH eat any more, le.</p>
<p>Zhěige yao chixiaqu Jiu hui hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>11 feel &quot;better after you take</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this medicine.</p>
<p>A: Zhěige yao zhēn kǔ, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This medicine is really &quot;bitter. 工 hetnxiaqu. can<sup>f</sup>t get it down.</p>
<p>B: Měiyou guānxi, kuai diǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sure you can. Just drink it down hēxiaqu Jiu kěyi le. real fast.</p>
<p>nong: This is a very common ver&quot;b vith several especially useful meanings. First of all it means &quot;to do, to make，’ in a &quot;broad, vague sense:</p>
<p>Zanmen kāishǐ nong fan, hǎo &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let<sup>f</sup>s start to make dinner, okay? hǎo?</p>
<p>Tā &quot;bu zhīdao zěnme nongle hǎoduS &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Somehow he made himself a lot of</p>
<p>qian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money.</p>
<p>°~bingren: ’’sick person, patient<sup>1</sup>’</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>8h</p>
<p>Wo xiǎng nǐ bu bi guan zhěijian I don’t think you should try to take shi, nongde bu hǎo dou shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;charge of this. If you handled it</p>
<p>nǐde cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;badly it would &quot;be all your fault.</p>
<p>Shiqing yuě nong yuě da, zhēn bu This matter is getting blown up</p>
<p>zhīdao zěnme ban cāi hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bigger and bigger. I really don<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>know what to do.</p>
<p>Tǎ zheme shu5 nongde wo zhēn bu His saying that really embarrassed hǎo yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me.</p>
<p>Nong can mean ”to play with, to fool with, to monkey vith<sup>11</sup>:</p>
<p>Biě nong wǒde &quot;biao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don <sup>f</sup>t fool vith my vat ch.</p>
<p>Nong can be followed by another verb which shows the result of some action, e.g., nongzang, ”to make (something) dirty<sup>11</sup>; nongpo， &quot;to break something&quot; (lit. , <sup>n</sup>to make [something] break<sup>11</sup>); nongsǐ, ”to kill<sup>11</sup> (lit. , <sup>fl</sup>to make 匸some-thing] die<sup>11</sup>). Examples :</p>
<p>Shi shěi ba wode yusan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who was it who broke my umbrella?</p>
<p>nonghuai le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(literally, <sup>fl</sup>made it so that it</p>
<p>broke”）</p>
<p>Wo qu ba zSofan nonghao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ī<sup>f</sup>11 go get breakfast ready.</p>
<p>Zheige wěnti hěn yaojǐn, dei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This question is very important,</p>
<p>nongqingchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we must get it clear.</p>
<p>Biě nongzangle nǐde yīfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>r</sup>t get your clothes dirty.</p>
<p>Nǐ nongcub le ba, tā qunian cai You<sup>1</sup>re mistaken， I think. He didn’t cong dalu chǔlai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave the mainland until last year.</p>
<p>Zhěige wěnti, nǐ zuotiān gěi wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday you explained this question</p>
<p>jiangguo le, jīntiān wo you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to me, but today I can’t understand</p>
<p>nongbudong le, nǐ kě bu kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it again. Could you explain it to</p>
<p>zai gěi wo jiǎng yici? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me once again?</p>
<p>nonglai: <sup>fl</sup>to get and bring (here)<sup>11</sup> Compare the use of the directional ending -lai in nonglai to its use in Wo gěi ni dao bēi cha lai， which you learned in Unit 1.</p>
<p>Nǐ cong nǎr nonglaide? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where did you get this from?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>3. A: Wo qu zhǎo Xiǎo Lan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I,m going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to</p>
<p>liao tianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a chat.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ biě qu le, tā yitiān dao Don<sup>f</sup>t go， she works hard all day long van yonggōnp：, měi shijian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and doesn<sup>f</sup>t have the time to chat</p>
<p>pěi ni liao tianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vith you.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>liao tian(r): ” to chat<sup>11</sup> Liao means ” to chat,，，and tiān(r) acts as its object^ Tiān(r)~may also be omitted.</p>
<p>Women liaole yige zhSngtou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We chatted for an hour.</p>
<p>Nǐ shenme shihou you gSngfu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you have time, we<sup>1</sup>11 go find</p>
<p>women zhǎo ge difang liaoliao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a place and chat a while,</p>
<p>tiānr.</p>
<p>Nǐ ~biě qu le: ’’don’t go<sup>lf</sup> The English translation here can’t really &quot;be adequate without getting cumbersome* The one syllable le_tells you that not going is a change from what was earlier expected. To show the meaning of the marker le_ for new situation, the translation might be <sup>,f</sup>Change your plans and don<sup>f</sup>t go.<sup>fl</sup></p>
<p>yitian dao van: ”all day long” The syllable 江（&quot;one”） is sometimes used to mean &quot;the whole, the entire/<sup>1</sup> Yitiān dao van can &quot;be literally translated as <sup>fl</sup>the whole day until late,<sup>lf</sup> but is also often used to mean &quot;all the time, always. You can use the whole phrase as you would a time-when word (e.g., .jintian)，or you can split it up vith a verb, as in yitian mang dao van, &quot;busy the whole day until late,<sup>fl</sup> or <sup>lf</sup>busy all day long.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Tā yitian dao wan dou zai mang. He<sup>1</sup> s busy all day long*</p>
<p>Tā yitiān dao wǎn shuo tāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She<sup>f</sup>s always saying from morning</p>
<p>qian bu gou yong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to night that she doesn’t have</p>
<p>enough money *</p>
<p>yonggSng: &quot;to be diligent, to be hardworking<sup>11</sup> in one<sup>1</sup> s studies</p>
<p>Nǐ bu yonggong jiu bu rang ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you don<sup>f</sup>t work hard, I won<sup>f</sup>t let</p>
<p>nian daxuě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you go to college.</p>
<p>Women zhěrde xuěsheng d5u hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All our students here axe very</p>
<p>yonggong• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hardworking.</p>
<p>pěi: ”to accompany; to keep somebody company<sup>11</sup> In the Transportation module, you saw the verb pěi meaning^<sup>fl</sup>to accompany, to go along with<sup>1</sup>，in the sentence Ta qǐng vo pěi ta yiqǐ qu liixing^ &quot;She asked me to accompany her on her trip.Here you see pěi used in another sense, &quot;to keep someone company.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Mingtiān wo yao pěi wo mǔqin qu Tomorrow I<sup>f</sup>m going along with my kaji bing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother to see the doctor.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>86</p>
<p>Měi rěn pěi wo qu, wo jiu &quot;bu qu If no one goes along with me, I le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;won<sup>f</sup>t go.</p>
<p>Women lai pěipei nǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We’ll keep you company.</p>
<p>Lao rěn changchang xǐhuan you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Older people often like to have</p>
<p>rěn pěizhe ta shu5 hua. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;someone to keep them company and</p>
<p>talk with them.</p>
<p>U. A: Wang jiā Xiǎo Lan conglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hasn’t the Wang family<sup>f</sup>s Xiǎo Lan</p>
<p>měiyou nanpěngyou ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ever had a &quot;boyfriend?</p>
<p>B: Tā cai shijiǔsui, mangzhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She<sup>f</sup>s only nineteen years old，&quot;busy</p>
<p>nian shu，hāi měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studying, and hasn’t thought of</p>
<p>xiǎngdao zhěixie shir ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these things yet!</p>
<p>Notes on No. U</p>
<p>conglai: &quot;ever (up till now), always (up till now)” Conglai means that something remains the same or unchanged from the past up to now. It is almost always followed &quot;by an advert--jiū^ dou, or the negatives tu or měi • The two most common combinations are conglai ~bu and conglai měi. Bu and měi， of course， have different uses; roughly speaking, conglai ~bū means &quot;(habitually) never (do X)” and conglai měi means &quot;have never (done X in the past).’’ With conglai měi，the ver&quot;b of the sentence usually takes the aspect marker -guo (experience at any previous time).</p>
<p>Tā conglai &quot;bu dao wo jiā lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She never comes to my house.</p>
<p>Tā conglai měi dao wo jiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She has never &quot;been to my house</p>
<p>laiguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(&quot;before).</p>
<p>Wo conglai měiyou xiǎngdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I never imagined that there were</p>
<p>xianzai hai you zhěiyangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still families and parents like</p>
<p>jiāting, zhěiyangde fumǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this these days.</p>
<p>cai: In the Transportation Module, you saw the advert cāi used to mean &quot;then and only then&quot; or &quot;not until then. It was used to talk about something that happened later than expected, for example, Ta shi zuotiān cai laide， &quot;He didn<sup>f</sup>t get here until yesterday.<sup>ff</sup> In sentence “B，you see cai (still an advert) used to mean &quot;only” a certain amount.</p>
<p>Cai means <sup>ff</sup>only<sup>ff</sup> in the sense of &quot;as little as, <sup>ff</sup>so little.&quot; It stresses that the amount is less than expected, less than normal, etc.</p>
<p>You already know two other adverts which mean &quot;only”： zhǐ and jiu. Cai is used with the meaning &quot;only” strictly &quot;before amounts, while zhǐ and jiu are also used for &quot;only” in the sense of &quot;no other way<sup>?f</sup> or &quot;no others&quot;:</p>
<p>Zhǐ/Jiu něng zěnme zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(We) can only do it this way.</p>
<p>Women jǐge rěn, zhǐ/jiu you wo I am the only one of us who can speak hui shu5 Faguo hua. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;French.</p>
<p>(Cai may not &quot;be used in such sentences.)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>87</p>
<p>(That is，it could have been, should have been, or might later become more.)</p>
<p>Ta cai xuěle sānniān, jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He’s only studied three years and</p>
<p>shuōde name hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;speaks so veil. (AS LITTLE AS</p>
<p>THREE YEARS)</p>
<p>Tā yigong cai kanle sānpian věn- He only read three articles zhāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;altogether- (SO FEW)</p>
<p>Although adverbs normally come only before a verb, cai may stand directly before an amount:</p>
<p>Cāi wuge rěn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Only five people? (SO FEW?)</p>
<p>A: Tāde fangzi yinian cāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His house costs only three hundred</p>
<p>sānbai kuai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dollars a year- (SO LITTLE!)</p>
<p>B: Cai zenme yidianr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is that all? (SO LITTLE?)</p>
<p>Sentence UB illustrates that vhen speaking about a person’s age, cai should be used for ’’only” rather than jiu. It is also much better to use cai for ’’only’’ when speaking about the time of day, the date, etc.:</p>
<p>Cai yidiǎn zh5ng, hai laideji. It*s only one o*clock, ve can still</p>
<p>make it.</p>
<p>Jīntiān cai shisānhao, hai zao Today is only the thirteenth (of the nel &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;month). It’s still earlyI</p>
<p>Cai is not used in sentences meaning the speaker imposes a restriction on an amount. This includes suggestions, instructions, commands, wishes, or sentences expressing intention. In these sentences, use jiu or zh?， e.g.:</p>
<p>Nǐ .jiu gěi ta yidianr ba, ’’Just give him a little&quot;; Wo zh? yao chi y^vǎn fan, &quot;I only vant to eat one bovl of rice•”</p>
<p>mangzhe nian shu: ’’to be busy studying’’ Mang here is not the state verb &quot;to be busy,&quot; but an action verb, ’’to busily engage in (something).</p>
<p>Here are other examples:</p>
<p>Nǐ zai mang shenme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you busy vith?</p>
<p>Wo mangle yitiān le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have been busily working all day.</p>
<p>Tā yitiān dao van mang zheige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is busy with all sorts of things</p>
<p>mang něige. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all day long.</p>
<p>-zhe: In sentence UB， you see the marker -zhe used in a sentence vith word order like that of one in the Directions module: Zǒuzhe qu kěyi ma?</p>
<p>’’Can you get there by walking?&quot; -Zhe is the marker of DURATION. It may be attached to an action or process verb. The combination action verb plus -zhe refers to the duration of the action, that is, the action has started and is continuing, e.g., Tā pǎozhe ne, ’’He is running.<sup>M</sup> The combination process verb plus -zhe refers to the duration of the nev state entered into through the process (remember that ’’process” here means a change from one state to</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>88</p>
<p>another), for example, Tā ~bingzhe ne, <sup>n</sup>He is ill ,<sup>ff</sup> or Men kāizhe ne， <sup>n</sup>The door is open.</p>
<p>Often you see the combination verb plus -zhe followed by another verb, as in mangzhe nian shū. In this case, the verb plus -zhe describes the means or manner of the following verb.</p>
<p>Women zǒuzhe qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let’s go on foot.</p>
<p>Tā pǎozhe xia lou qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He went running downstairs.</p>
<p>Ta kāizhe che lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He came driving a car.</p>
<p>Tā nazhe dongxi shang chē le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Carrying the things, he &quot;boarded the</p>
<p>&quot;bus.</p>
<p>Tā zhei jǐtiān mangzhe kāi hui. The last few days he has been &quot;busy</p>
<p>with meetings.</p>
<p>Tā jizhe zǒu, &quot;bǎ yaoshi wang zai He was in a hurry to leave, and jiali le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;left the keys at home.</p>
<p>Women zǒuzhe liāo tiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We talked while walking.</p>
<p>xiǎngdao: <sup>ff</sup>to think of&quot; -Dao here is not the prepositional verb <sup>f,</sup>to<sup>n</sup> &quot;but the ending for compound verbs of result which you have so far seen in jiedao, <sup>n</sup>to successfully &quot;borrow&quot; and shuodao, <sup>n</sup>to talk about. The verb ending -dao means <sup>,f</sup>to successfully reach/ottain/find.<sup>ff</sup> In the compound ver&quot;b xiǎngdao, the verb xiǎng expresses the action of thinking about it, and -dao says that your thought &quot;reached to<sup>ff</sup> the idea--came into your head.</p>
<p>Another verb like xiǎng in referring to mental activity is kaolū, ”to consider，&quot; which you learned in Unit 1, and just as vith xiǎng, you can use -dao vith kǎolu. Here are examples of xiǎngdao and kǎoludao• Notice the different translations possible for měi xiǎngdao and xiǎng~budao.</p>
<p>Wo hai xiǎngdao lingvai yidiǎn. I<sup>f</sup>ve thought of another point.</p>
<p>Wo xiǎng dagai jiu nǐ yige rěn I thought you would protatly be the lai, shěi xiǎngdao nǐmen dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only one coming. Who would have</p>
<p>lai le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thought all of you would come!</p>
<p>Wo měi xiǎngdao hui you zhei- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I didn’t expect this kind of situa-</p>
<p>zhǒng qingkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tion. (Lit. , <sup>,f</sup>I didn<sup>f</sup>t think there</p>
<p>would be this kind of situation.<sup>fT</sup>)</p>
<p>Xiangtudao tamen hui zenme kuai I was surprised they got married so jiēhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;soon.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ měi kǎoludao zhěi yidiǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You didn’t consider that point, did</p>
<p>ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you?</p>
<p>B: Zěnme kǎoludedao name du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How could I take so many things into</p>
<p>shiqing! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;consideration!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>89</p>
<p>5. A: Wode xiao nuěr liangsānsuide My youngest daughter cried a lot shihou chang ku, xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when she vas two or three years</p>
<p>zhǎngda le, bū zai kū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old, but now she has grown up</p>
<p>and doesnft cry anymore.</p>
<p>Notes on No. $</p>
<p>xiao nuěr: Not &quot;little daughter，<sup>n</sup> as you might have thought, but &quot;youngest daughter.<sup>tT</sup> Xiǎo and da^ are used, respectively, for the <sup>n</sup>y°ungest<sup>11</sup> and &quot;oldest” of brothers and sisters. The ones in between, if there are any, are numbered. For example, a mother would refer to her four sons, starting with the eldest, as her da ěrzi, er ěrzi, sān ěrzi, and xiǎo ěrzi.</p>
<p>zhǎngda: <sup>n</sup>to grov up<sup>Tf</sup> This is a compound verb of result made of zhǎng ”to grov” and da &quot;to be big.&quot;</p>
<p>Nǐ zhǎngdale xiǎng zuo shenme? What do you want to do when you</p>
<p>grow up?</p>
<p>Sānge yue bu jian, zhěige haizi It<sup>f</sup>s been just three months since I zhǎngdale bu shao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;last saw this youngster and he has</p>
<p>grown quite a bit.</p>
<p>bū zai kū le: ”doesVt cry anymore” Zai is the adverb which you learned meaning &quot;again•” Here it means <sup>ff</sup>anymore,&quot; referring to the continuing of a situation.</p>
<p>Wo tai lei le, měiyou banfa zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too tired. I can<sup>f</sup>七 write any</p>
<p>xiě le• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more•</p>
<p>Wo &quot;bu něng zai chī le, zai chī I can<sup>f</sup>t eat any more. If I eat more jiu bu shūfu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I won<sup>,</sup>t feel well.</p>
<p>Bu yao zai xiǎng zheixiē shiqing Stop thinking about these things. le.</p>
<p>Bu yao zai shu5 le, hao bu hǎo? Don<sup>f</sup>t talk about it anymore, okay?</p>
<p>Yǐhou wo bu zai name man le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future， I won’t be so slow</p>
<p>anymore•</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>90</p>
<p>6. A: Zuo fumǔde bu yinggāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those who are parents shouldn’t</p>
<p>zhong nan qīng nu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;regard males as superior to</p>
<p>females.</p>
<p>B: Dui. Zuo haizide yě yinggāi Right. And those who are children xiaoshun fumǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should show filial obedience to</p>
<p>their parents.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>zuo: ”to be, to act as” As you are well aware， there are times when you C£Ln<sup>f</sup>t use shi to translate English <sup>ft</sup>to be.<sup>11</sup> One of these is when <sup>n</sup>to be<sup>ft</sup> means that a person takes on a certain role， position， or occupation. An example is &quot;to be president&quot; as in <sup>ft</sup>I want to be president&quot; or &quot;He was president for eight years.<sup>tf</sup> In such cases you use the same verb <sup>ft</sup>to do<sup>ft</sup>，zuo:</p>
<p>Wo xiǎode shihou changchang xiǎng When I was young I often thought jianglāi yao zuo yige yīsheng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I wanted to be a doctor when</p>
<p>kěshi xianzai zhīdao zuo yīsheng I grew up， but now I know that tai nan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>1</sup>s too hard to be a doctor.</p>
<p>Tā congqian zuoguo Jīngji Buzhǎng. He was once the Minister of Finance.</p>
<p>(You could also say Tā congqian shi Jingji Buzhǎng.)</p>
<p>Zhei shi wo diylci zuo zhǔrěn° This is the first time I am to be qing ke, xīnli h§n jǐnzhāng.°° host and have guests over. I<sup>f</sup>m</p>
<p>nervous.</p>
<p>Phrases like zuo fumǔde and zuo haizide in the reference list sentence are used to talk about categories of people as defined by a certain role, position, occupation, etc.</p>
<p>Zhěizhong shiqing, zuo fumǔde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those in the position of parents</p>
<p>yinggāi xiān xiǎngdao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should foresee things like this.</p>
<p>Kandao xuěshengde ZhSngwěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When we see that our students have</p>
<p>xuěde name hǎo, women zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;learned their Chinese so well, it</p>
<p>lǎoshide zhēn gāoxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;makes us teachers very happy.</p>
<p>zhong nan qing nu: ”to treat men as important and women as unimportant ,<sup>Tt</sup> Zhong is the verb to be heavy,&quot; with the additional meaning, in literary style, of <sup>ft</sup>to stress，to put importance on•” Qing is the verb &quot;to be light (in weight), vith an extended meaning in literary Chinese of <sup>Tt</sup>to regard lightly, to attach little importance to.</p>
<p>In the traditional Chinese family, a son had a starring role. One reason was that sons assured the family^ continuity, something which every man felt was his duty to his ancestors. In addition, the son usually became the family representative after the father<sup>1</sup>s death or retirement. A daughter， on the other hand，was expected to leave the family and &quot;become part of her</p>
<p>。zhǔrěn，<sup>TT</sup>host, master<sup>11</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ǐnzhānp：, <sup>ff</sup>to be nervous , to be tense<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>91</p>
<p>husband<sup>T</sup>s household, so her importance vas considerably less than that of a son. A voman vas alvays subject to a man^s authority: a daughter had to obey her father, a vife had to obey her husband, and a vidow had to o&quot;bey her son.° Of course, individual vomen, by their strength, intelligence, and personality, vere able to exert great influence on the family, but this was often accomplished indirectly.</p>
<p>xiaoshun: This can be used either as a ver&quot;b with an object，&quot;to &quot;be filial tovard (someone) ,<sup>TT</sup> as in the Reference List sentence above，or as an adjectival verb meaning <sup>TT</sup>to be filial&quot;:</p>
<p>Zhěige haizi hěn xiaoshun. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This child is very filial.</p>
<p>In traditional society, filial obedience was regarded as the primary virtue in life and the source of all other virtues. It consisted of respect for one’s parents and ancestors, obedience in all cases to one * s parents * vill, consideration and care for their daily welfare, continuation of the family line, and avoidance of any actions which would shame the good name and reputation of the family. But more than formal adherence to rules of good conduct, filial obedience vas also an attitude of warmth, founded in the deep love of son and daughter for their parents. And although its origin and center is the relationship of child to parents, this important concept extended outside the family to govern all other relationships in the life of a Chinese, It was said that if a son was not filial to his parents, he would probably not fulfill the duties of a good huslDand, a faithful friend, or a loyal citizen.</p>
<p>了. A: Nǐ didi baitiān zai jiā ma? Is your younger &quot;brother at home</p>
<p>during the day?</p>
<p>B: Bu zai, nǐ děng dao vanshang No, wait until the evening and then zai dǎ dianhua lai &quot;ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;call him.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 了</p>
<p>&quot;baitiān: &quot;daytime; during daylight,&quot; literally &quot;white-day&quot; In the sense of &quot;daylightthe opposite of ~baitiān is hēiye， ”dark of night,&quot; literally, &quot;&quot;black-night.<sup>n</sup> In the sense of daytime, working hours,&quot; the opposite of baitiān is vanshang, ”evening， night•”</p>
<p>Tā &quot;baitiān zuo shi, wǎnshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She works during the day and</p>
<p>nian shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studies at night.</p>
<p>děng dao: ”wait until” Here you see the prepositional verb dao &quot;to, up to” used after another vert. (Contrast this with xiǎngdao ”to think of” vhere -dao is used as a ver&quot;b ending showing result and is written as part of the vert). ) You now know two meanings for the prepositional verb dao, one having to do with location and the other with time:</p>
<p>°This is from an old saying called the San Cong, &quot;the Three Follows，” i.e., the three paths to &quot;be followed. The saying is usually quoted in its original classical style: Zai jiā cong fu, chu ,1ia con^ fu, fu sǐ cong zǐ, &quot;When at home obey your father, when married obey your husband, when your husband dies obey your son.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>92</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;location: <sup>T</sup>，to, up to&quot;</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time: ”until”</p>
<p>What is the difference between putting your dao phrase after the verb or before it?</p>
<p>Dao phrase after verb</p>
<p>If the dao phrase tells where or at what time you end up as a result of the action, then it comes after the verb:</p>
<p>Wo zou dao shūfang waibian, ting- I walked up to the door of the study jian tamen zai libian shu5 hua. and heard them inside talking.</p>
<p>Wo yījīng kan dao diyibailingyī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>ve already read up to page 101. yě le.</p>
<p>Wo zuotiān vanshang kan shū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Last night I read until past three</p>
<p>kan dao sāndianduS zhong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;o<sup>1</sup> clock (in the morning).</p>
<p>In sentences which show that something changes location, lai <sup>Tf</sup>to this place&quot; or qu <sup>TT</sup>to that place&quot; will usually come at the end of the whole clause:</p>
<p>MAIN VERB dao TIME OR PLACE lai OR qū~</p>
<p>Ta zou dao wo qianmian qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He walked in front of me.</p>
<p>^Lng ba neijiben shū na dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Please bring those books here.</p>
<p>zhěli lai.</p>
<p>Dao phrase before the verb</p>
<p>a. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Put the dao phrase before lai or when they are the main verb of the sentence:</p>
<p>Tā dao Chongqing qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has gone to Chongqing.</p>
<p>Tā yao dao wo zher lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is coming to my place.</p>
<p>b. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If another verb phrase follows the dao phrase, may sometimes be omitted, making the dao phrase appear to modify the second verb phrase:</p>
<p>A: Women dao nar chi fan? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where shall we go to eat?</p>
<p>B: Dao fanting chī fan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We’ll go to the dining room to eat.</p>
<p>(Literally, these mean <sup>Tf</sup>To where shall we eat?&quot; and &quot;We<sup>T</sup>11 to the dining room eat.”）</p>
<p>c. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A dao phrase may come before the verb if the phrase shows that a point is reached prior to the action or condition:</p>
<p>°Ze, &quot;page&quot;</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>93</p>
<p>Dao xiawu zai tan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let<sup>f</sup>s vait until the afternoon and</p>
<p>then talk. (Contrast tan dao xiawu, &quot;talk until the afternoon.)</p>
<p>8. A: ZhSngguo rěn conglai bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Didn’t the Chinese ever stress</p>
<p>jiǎng nannu pingděng ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;equality betveen men and vomen?</p>
<p>B: Shuōdao nannu pingděng, na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As for equality of the sexes, that<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>shi zui,1in jǐshiniande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a new concept of the last few</p>
<p>xin guannian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;decades.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>c$nglāi ~bu: &quot;never, never does...<sup>11</sup> Earlier in this unit (No. h ), you saw the phrase conglai měi ’’have never, had never&quot;.” C$n^lai itself means &quot;at any time in the past up until nov.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Wo conglai bu xiǎng zaoshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I never feel like studying in the</p>
<p>nian shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;morning.</p>
<p>Whether you choose c$nglai ~bu or conglai měi depends on vhat kind of verb you are using and hov it is normally negated. To summarize vhat you learned back in the Biographic Information module, STATE verbs (which include adjectival verbs and auxiliary verts) are alvays negated with bīi. PROCESS verbs are alvays negated with měi vhen referring to an actual state of affairs. ACTION verts can be negated with bu or měi depending on the meaning. While there are grammar rules for choosing tu or měi to negate your verb, there are also semantic reasons for choosing one or the other: Are you generalizing about something habitual or speaking of a specific instance?</p>
<p>STATE VERBS (Use bu.)</p>
<p>Wǒde qian conglai dou tu gou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have never had enough money.</p>
<p>Tā conglai bu xiǎng zuo zhei- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He never wants/has never vanted to do</p>
<p>yangde gongzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this kind of work.</p>
<p>Wo conglai bu xihuan qu Nitt &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I never like/have never liked going</p>
<p>Yuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to New York.</p>
<p>PROCESS VERBS (Use mei.)</p>
<p>Tā c$nglai měi jiēguo hūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She has never gotten married.</p>
<p>Tā conglai měi &quot;bingguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has never gotten sick.</p>
<p>Zheige dianshi conglāi měi huai- This television has never broken, guo.</p>
<p>ACTION VERBS (Bu and měi make a difference in meaning.)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>9^</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo conglai měi kanguo zhěi- I have never read a book like this.</p>
<p>yangrde shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(PAST EXPERIENCE)</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo cōnglai bu kan zheiyangrde I never read (present) this kind of</p>
<p>shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;book OR I never used to read this</p>
<p>kind of book. (HABITUAL)</p>
<p>Conglai vs• congqiaxi: Con^qian, &quot;the past，’’ is a noun, a time word.</p>
<p>It may, for example, be the object of the prepositional verb zai， e.g., Zai cňngqian you rěn zenme zuo» <sup>TT</sup>In the past, some people did it that way.<sup>TT</sup> Conglāi may also be used as a moveable adverb, in which case it can &quot;be translated ”in the past, before, formerly”： Wo c$ngqiaji (OR Cňngqian vǒ) měiyou chē, xianzai you le, ”Before I didn’t have a car, but now I do.</p>
<p>Conglii，<sup>T,</sup>alvays(in the past)，from the beginning，” is not a noun; it cannot， for example, be the object of the prepositional verb zai. It is used adverbially, always &quot;betveen the subject and the verb. Both congqi&amp;i měi and conglāi měi may sometimes be translated as ”never，” but cňnglai měi makes a stronger statement.</p>
<p>Wo congq.ian měi chīguo Zhongguo I haven’t eaten Chinese food before. cai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(There wasn’t one time when I ate</p>
<p>Chinese food.)</p>
<p>Wo conglāi měi chīguo Zhongguo 工 have never eaten Chinese food cai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(from the very &quot;beginning).</p>
<p>jiǎng: ’’to be particular about, to stress, to pay attention to<sup>TT</sup> [Also jiǎngjiu.J</p>
<p>Zheige rěn hěn jiǎng chi, hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This person is fastidious about</p>
<p>jiǎng chuān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what he eats and what he wears.</p>
<p>Tāmen jiā tai jiǎng guīju.° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Their family is overly particular</p>
<p>Women Xiǎo Lan yīnggai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about manners. Our Xiǎo Lan</p>
<p>xiǎoxin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should be careful.</p>
<p>shuodao: &quot;to speak of; as for&quot; In this unit, you have seen dao used as a resultative ending ’’to sucessfully reach/obtain/find,<sup>Tl</sup> as in xiǎngdao ,</p>
<p>”to think of.&quot; You also saw it as a prepositional verb in děng dao, <sup>!,</sup>wait until.&quot; Here you see another example of -dao as a resultative ending. IsTnen -dao is used with verbs of speech，such as shuo, tan or jiǎng, they are translated as <sup>T</sup>’to speak of<sup>TT</sup> or <sup>T</sup>’to talk about.&quot; (In this meaning, -dao is not interchangeable with -zhao.)</p>
<p>Women gāngcai hai shuodao nǐ, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We were talking about you just</p>
<p>nǐ jiu lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;now, and here you are!</p>
<p>Jīntiān nǐ gen ta jiǎngdao wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you talk about me with him</p>
<p>měiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today?</p>
<p>Wo changchang xiǎngdao wǒde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I often think of my child,</p>
<p>haizi.</p>
<p>°guT<sub>(</sub>1u: &quot;manners” (see Unit h)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>95</p>
<p>Notice that in sentence 8B，shuōdao is used at the &quot;beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic，as we use ’Vhen it comes to’’ or ’’speaking of<sup>!f</sup> in English. Here are some other examples.</p>
<p>Shuodao jiěhǔnde shi， wo hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When it comes to the marriage, I</p>
<p>děi xiǎngyixiǎng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to think it over some more.</p>
<p>Tandao Zhongguo wěnhua, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When it comes to Chinese culture,</p>
<p>tā &quot;bǐ wo zhidaode du5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he knows a lot more than 工 do,</p>
<p>ShuSdao Li Xiānsheng, wo jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Speaking of Mr. Lǐ, it occurs to me</p>
<p>xiǎngqilai le，hǎo jiǔ měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that we haven<sup>f</sup>t &quot;been to see him in</p>
<p>qu kan ta le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite a while.</p>
<p>zui.iin: ”recently，lately; recent, last” Zui.jin may &quot;be used as a time vord, coming either before or after the subject, but always before the verb.</p>
<p>Zuijin, women gōngsi you paile Recently, our company sent another yige rěn qu Xianggang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person to Hong Kong.</p>
<p>Wo zuijin tai mang, měi shijiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;been very &quot;busy lately, and</p>
<p>gēn ta shuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;haven<sup>f</sup>t had time to tell him.</p>
<p>In sentence 8B ( . ..na shi zui.lin .jishiniande xin guannian) ^ zui,1 in is used as an adjective modifying a Nuniber-Counter-Noun. Other examples:</p>
<p>Zuijin yige yuě, tā dou měiyou She hasn<sup>f</sup>t written for the last month, lai xin.</p>
<p>Tā shi zui jin jǐtiān cai laide. She just arrived within the last few</p>
<p>days.</p>
<p>Besides referring to the near past，zui<sub>t</sub>1in can also refer to the near future一 &quot;soon&quot;:</p>
<p>Ta zui jin yao chū guo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He vill &quot;be going abroad soon.</p>
<p>To make it clear you are talking about the future rather than the past, use zui,jin in combination with auxiliary ver&quot;bs like yao, xiǎng, dǎsuan，zhǔn~bei， jihuk，etc.</p>
<p>9. A: Da ,1iāting ySu shenme hǎo? What<sup>f</sup> s good a&quot;bout large families?</p>
<p>B: Zěnme &quot;bu hǎo? Rěn duo<sub>%</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What could &quot;be &quot;bad a&quot;bout them? After</p>
<p>zhuan qiande rěn yě duo ma! all, if there are more people</p>
<p>there are also more people earning money!</p>
<p>A: Yaoshi suoyoude rěn d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If everyone thought they vay you do，</p>
<p>xiang nin zhěiyang xiǎng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who knows how many hundreds of</p>
<p>Zhōngguo xiajizai &quot;bu zhīdao millions of people there would &quot;be you duSshao 么 rěn le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in China now!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>96</p>
<p>Notes on No. 9</p>
<p>da .liating: &quot;large family; extended family&quot; The phrases da ^iāting and xiǎo jiating, literally &quot;large family” and ”small family,&quot; are often used in a specific sense. In traditional Chinese society, da .jiāting referred not merely to the number of people in the family, but to the number of generations living together. Although opinions on this vary greatly, you need at least three generations living together to be considered a da jiāting■-an &quot;extended family”--and each generation must be several people &quot;deep•” Ideally, such a family contained a father and mother, all their sons and their wives, their sons<sup>f</sup> sons and their wives, and all their children, extending to about the fourth generation. A classic example of a da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like the Jia family in</p>
<p>the novel Dream of the Red Chamber, might include over 130 people all living in households within one complex of houses and courtyards.</p>
<p>Do not misuse .listing, which refers to the family as an entity, for jiā rěn or .jialide rěn, which refer to the people in the family. This mistake is easy to make because both ideas can be expressed in English by the word &quot;family”：</p>
<p>Wo dao Niǔ Yuě qu kan wo jiā rěn I<sup>f</sup>m going to New York to see my (OR wo jialide rěn). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family.</p>
<p>zěnme bu hao: ”Hov could they be bad?&quot; or, more idiomatically，<sup>tf</sup>What could be bad about them?<sup>,f</sup> Use zěnme to make a rhetorical question disagreeing with someone else<sup>f</sup>s position.</p>
<p>A: Bu dui, bu dui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s not right, that’s not right.</p>
<p>B: Zěnme bū dui! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you mean it<sup>f</sup>s wrong!</p>
<p>A: Women bu kěyi zhěiyangr zuo. We can’t do it this way.</p>
<p>B: Zěnme bu kěyi?! Zhěi měiyou Why not?! There<sup>1</sup>s nothing wrong with shenme bu kěyide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it.</p>
<p>ma: This little marker is sometimes used at the end of a sentence to imply that the reasoning behind the statement is obvious. It can be translated as &quot;you know<sup>1</sup>’ or &quot;after all，&quot; or by a tone of voice conveying that one thinks one<sup>1</sup>s statement is self-evident. (For the following example, you need to know dao la<sub>t</sub>11, &quot;to take out [lit.，<sup>f</sup>dump<sup>f</sup> 1 the garbage.&quot;)</p>
<p>Husband: Weishenme zong děi wo Why do I always have to do the</p>
<p>zuo fan ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cooking?</p>
<p>Wife: Nannu pingděng ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Equality of the sexes!</p>
<p>H: Na hao, yīhou nǐ guan dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, then from now on, you take care</p>
<p>lāji. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of taking out the garbage.</p>
<p>W： Weishenme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why?</p>
<p>H: Nannu pingděng ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Equality of the sexes!</p>
<p>suoyoude: &quot;all” This is the word for &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;used to modify nouns. (The</p>
<p>adverb d5u is used to modify verbs.) Suoyoude is mostly used with nouns at the front of the sentence (that is，subjects or objects in topic position).</p>
<p>In sentences with suoyoude， d5u is almost always used, too.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>97</p>
<p>Suoyoude cai dou hěn hǎo chi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All the food is delicious.</p>
<p>Suoyoude cai wo dou chīwān le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I finished all the food.</p>
<p>Suoyoude can be used with the bǎ construction, in which case dou goes before the main verb, not before the prepositional verb ba.</p>
<p>WS bǎ suoyoude cai dou chīwan le. I finished all the food.</p>
<p>Suoyoude can also be used without a noun folloving it, as long as the context makes it clear what things suoyoude refers to:</p>
<p>Wo xǐhuan gongyuān, Huāshěngdun I like parks. I<sup>f</sup>ve been to all the suoyoude wo d5u qīiguo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ones in Washington.</p>
<p>Here are some more example sentences vith suoyoude• Notice that the -de is sometimes omitted.</p>
<p>Suoyoude kāfěitīng wo dou quguo. I<sup>f</sup>ve been to all the coffeehouses.</p>
<p>Ruguo wo you qian wo jiu yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If 工 had money, I<sup>f</sup>d like to buy</p>
<p>mǎi suǒyou zhěixie Han-Ying &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all of these Chinese-English</p>
<p>zidiǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dictionaries.</p>
<p>Tā daoguo Meiguo suSyǒu(de) you He has been to all the interesting yiside difang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;places in the U.S.</p>
<p>yi: ’’hundred million” After qian, ”1000，” and van, ”10，000，” the next single syllable to represent a higher nturiber in Chinese is yi, &quot;100,000,000&quot;’</p>
<p>1,000 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yiqiān</p>
<p>10，000 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yiwan</p>
<p>100，000 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shiwan</p>
<p>1,000,000 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yibǎi wan (&quot;one million”）</p>
<p>10，000，000 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yiqian wan</p>
<p>100，000，000 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ylyi</p>
<p>1，000，000，000 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shiyi (”one billion<sup>11</sup>)</p>
<p>10. A: Nǐ zhěici hui guo kandao nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you see the people in your</p>
<p>lǎojiāde rěn le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hometown on this visit back</p>
<p>to your country?</p>
<p>B: Kandao le. Tamen shēng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, they*re living pretty well, and</p>
<p>huode bu cuo, wo lǎojiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;my hometown has become quite a</p>
<p>yě bianchěng yige hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bustling place, rěnaode difangr le.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 10</p>
<p>kandao: <sup>,f</sup>to see, to perceive by sight” This is another example of the ending -dao used as part of a compound verb of result. You have now seen -dao meaning (1) ”to successfully reach/obtain/find<sup>u</sup> and (2) <sup>n</sup>about•<sup>n</sup> With verbs~</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>98</p>
<p>of perception, the meaning of -dao can be thought of as ’’sucessfully reach<sup>1</sup>’ by means of the senses, or &quot;to successfully perceive.&quot; Another instance of this is tingdao，，to hear, to perceive by listening-<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Běijīng speakers prefer kanjian and tīngjian in many contexts, but kandao and tingdao are used by all speakers of Standard Chinese.</p>
<p>bian: ’’to change, to become different, to transform, to alter&quot;</p>
<p>Zhěige rěn zhēnde bian le, yǐqian This fellow has really changed, he tā bu shi zhěiyangrde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wasn’t this way before.</p>
<p>Zhěijian maoyī xǐle jǐci， bian After this sweater was washed a few yansě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;times, it changed color.</p>
<p>Jǐnian bu jian, ta yǐjīng bian I hadn’t seen him for &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a few years;</p>
<p>lao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he had aged a lot. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(refers to his</p>
<p>appearance)</p>
<p>You can also use bian in the pattern bian—de--STATE VERB, as &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in:</p>
<p>Cong qunian dao xianzai， tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has become a lot healthier</p>
<p>biande jiankangduS le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;since last year.</p>
<p>Wo shijǐnian měi jiajidao ta, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I haven’t seen him in over ten years.</p>
<p>bu zhīdao tā biande zěnme- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I wonder what he is like now?</p>
<p>yang le?</p>
<p>-chěng: ’’become，’<sup>T</sup> ’’into’’ This is used with a number of verbs to form a compound: gǎichěng, &quot;to change (one thing) into (another)’’； fanyichěng,</p>
<p>’’to translate into”； zuochěng, ’’to make into”； zhǎngchěng， ’’to grow into.</p>
<p>Wo ba tāde chenshān gaichěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I took his shirt and altered it</p>
<p>yijian xiǎohaizide yīfu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;into an article of clothing for</p>
<p>a child.</p>
<p>Qīng ni bǎ zhěipiān wěnzhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Please translate this article into</p>
<p>fānyichěng Riwěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Japanese.</p>
<p>Zhěige haizi yǐjīng zhǎngchěng This child has already grown into daren le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an adult.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you yong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be useful</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hēiyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(darkness of) night， nighttime</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;xīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart; mind Notes on Nos. 12 and 13</p>
<p>heive: This is mostly used in sentences where baitiān, &quot;(light of) day, daytime, is contrasted with its opposite (see the first exchange of the review dialogue for this unit). The normal word for ”nighttime” is vanshang.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>99</p>
<p>xin: The abstract concept &quot;heart,or, in many contexts, <sup>fl</sup>mind<sup>ff</sup>:</p>
<p>Tā(de) xīn hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has a good heart (i.e. , he is</p>
<p>kind).</p>
<p>Tā zuole zhěijian shi， xīnli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He felt very bad after he did</p>
<p>hěn nanguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that.</p>
<p>Tā xievanle zhěipiān xiǎoshuo, He vas very happy after he finished xīnli hěn gāoxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;writing this short story.</p>
<p>Tā xīnli xiǎngde he tā zuode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He acts differently than he</p>
<p>bu yiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thinks•</p>
<p>(For the organ ’’heart/<sup>1</sup> use xinzang, literally, <sup>ff</sup>heart-organ.<sup>ff</sup>)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>100</p>
<p>Unit 3， Review &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dialogue</p>
<p>On the flight from Washington to Hong Kong (via New York and Anchorage),</p>
<p>Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) are chatting.</p>
<p>A: Zai feijishang zuole zhěme yi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How do you feel after &quot;being on a</p>
<p>tiān, gǎnjuě zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plane all day like this?</p>
<p>B: Zhēn bu shūfu, měici zuo fei- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t feel well at all. Every</p>
<p>ji d5u xiang shēng ting yiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time 工 take a plane it’s like getting</p>
<p>Tetiie shi zai feijishang huanle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ill. Especially with the time change</p>
<p>shijiān, &quot;baitian &quot;bianchengle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on the plane, daylight turning into</p>
<p>heiyě, hēiyě &quot;bianchengle &quot;bai- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;night and night turning back into</p>
<p>tian, tai nānshou le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daylight, how uncomforta'ble!</p>
<p>A: Dui le, bu shūfude shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right; You should have some ice</p>
<p>yinggāi he dianr &quot;bingshuir. Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;water when you don’t feel well. I’ll</p>
<p>qu gěi ni nong diǎnr &quot;bingshuir &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go get you some ice water, okay? lai, hao &quot;bu hǎo?</p>
<p>B: Hao shi hao,* kěshi wo shizai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well, okay, &quot;but 工 really couldn’t</p>
<p>hetiuxiaqu le. . . . Suan le &quot;ba, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;drink any. . . . Forget it, let’s</p>
<p>women liaoliao tiānr, yěxǔ hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just chat and maybe it’ll get a</p>
<p>hao yidianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little &quot;better.</p>
<p>A: Zai guo jǐge zhSngtou nǐ jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just another few hours and you<sup>1</sup>11</p>
<p>dao jiā le, xiang jiā ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be home. Are you homesick?</p>
<p>B: Xiang. Zai Měiguo liǎngnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. The whole two years 工 was in</p>
<p>le, yitiān mang dao wan, měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America, I vas &quot;busy all day long and</p>
<p>xiǎngguo jiā, kěshi xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never got homesick, &quot;but now here I</p>
<p>xiǎngqi jiā lai le. Nǐ shuo qi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;am feeling homesick. Don’t you think</p>
<p>guai &quot;bu qiguai? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that<sup>1</sup> s strange?</p>
<p>A: Na měiyou shenme qiguai. Hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There’s nothing strange about that.</p>
<p>ma, zong yao you dianr jiātlng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;People are people! They have to</p>
<p>guannian. Tetiě shi Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a sense of attachment to their</p>
<p>rěn; ZhSngguo rěn shi jiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family. Especially Chinese people;</p>
<p>xiaoshunde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Chinese put a lot of importance</p>
<p>on filial obedience.</p>
<p>B: Wo juěde zuo fumǔ shi hěn &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 think that it’s very difficult</p>
<p>rongyide^ haizi yinggāi xiaoshun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be parents, so children ought to</p>
<p>fumǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;be filial toward their parents.</p>
<p>A: Zheige xiangfa shi nǐ fumǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did your parents teach you that</p>
<p>jiāo nide ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;way of thinking?</p>
<p>B: Bu shi, shi shehui jiāo wode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, society taught it to me. My</p>
<p>•hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi.*. means literally, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>n</sup>as for &quot;being all right, it is all</p>
<p>right，&quot;but…” This means ”It i£ okay, &quot;but…” or in more idiomatic English,</p>
<p>”Well, okay, &quot;but.&quot;”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>101</p>
<p>Wo mǔqin conglāi bu he vo tan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother never talks to me about filial</p>
<p>xiaoshun. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;obedience.</p>
<p>A: Zhende? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Really?</p>
<p>B: Zhēnde. Wo diyici zhuan qian- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Really. The first time I made</p>
<p>de shihou, cai shiwǔsui. Hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money I was only fifteen. When I</p>
<p>dao jiāli， jiu bǎ kǒudaili suǒ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;got home, I gave all the money I had</p>
<p>youde qian d5u gěi wo mǔqin le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in my pocket to my mother, and I</p>
<p>hai shu5 vo yǐhou yao xiaoshun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;said that in the future I must be</p>
<p>mama. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;filial toward her.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ mama zěnme shu5? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did she say?</p>
<p>B: Tā ku le. Tā shu5 vǒ něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She cried. She said that if I</p>
<p>dull, něng zai shehui shang zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;could be independent and be a useful</p>
<p>ge you yongde rěn jiu shi zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person in society that would be the</p>
<p>hǎode xiaoshun. Wo gěi tāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;best way to show filial obedience,</p>
<p>qian, tā d5u gěi wo maicheng shǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She used all the money I gave her to</p>
<p>Yǐhou, vo jiu gěng yonggong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;buy books for me. After that， I</p>
<p>vorked even harder•</p>
<p>A: Zhēn shi yivěi hǎo mama. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She's really a good mother.</p>
<p>B: Shi. . . . Wo xiě xin gěi tā, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, she is, • . . She was very</p>
<p>gaosu ta vǒ yao he yivěi Měi guo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;happy when I vrote her telling her</p>
<p>pěngyou yiqǐ hullai guo shǔjia， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that I was going to come back with</p>
<p>tā hěn gaoxing. Tā hěn huanying &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an American friend for the summer</p>
<p>ni lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vacation. She's very glad to have</p>
<p>you at (velcomes you to) our house.</p>
<p>C: Duibuqi, liǎngwěi xiānsěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Excuse me， vhat would you tvo gen-</p>
<p>nimen yao he dian sěnme?* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tlemen like to drink?</p>
<p>B: Wo bu da shūfu, bu yao shenme. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not feeling too well, I don*t</p>
<p>vant anything.</p><h4>C: Ou, bū da sūfu, yibei zě cā， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, you don't feel veil? Hov about</h4>
<p>hao bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a cup of hot tea?</p>
<p>B: Haode, xiěxie ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All right, thank you.</p>
<p>A: Wo lai yiping pijiǔ. Nimen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>d like a beer. Do you have Heine-</p>
<p>yǒu měiyou Heineken? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ken?</p>
<p>C: You. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes.</p>
<p>A: Xiěxie. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you.</p>
<p>C: Bu kěqi. Zěivěi xiansen, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup> re velcome. Sir, if you want</p>
<p>hai yao sěnme, qǐng gaosu vǒ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anything else, please let me knov.</p>
<p>*We have altered the spelling to shov &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the stewardess*s non-standard pronunciation.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>102</p>
<p>B: Hǎode, xiěxie ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All right. Thank you.</p>
<p>A: Women shuo dao nar le? Dui le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nov, where were we? Oh yes: Is</p>
<p>nimen jiāli chūle ni fumǔ he zumǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there anyone else in your family &quot;be-</p>
<p>yīvai hai you shenme rěn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sides your parents and your grand-</p>
<p>mother?</p>
<p>B: Nǐ wangle, vo hai you yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>ve forgotten that I also have a</p>
<p>meimei, zai yinhang zuo shide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;younger sister vho vorks in a bank.</p>
<p>A: Ou, dui le, ni gēn vo shuoguo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, of course. You told me &quot;before,</p>
<p>vo zěnme vangle ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov could I have forgotten!</p>
<p>B: Shu5dao vo iněimei, jiū xiǎngdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mentioning my sister reminds me of</p>
<p>wo mǔqin. Nǐ zhīdao zai Zh5ng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;my mother again. You know, in China</p>
<p>guo, zhong nan qīng nude guannian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people still have the concept that</p>
<p>haishi youde- Kěshi vo meimei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;men are superior to women. But after</p>
<p>shi likāi daxuě yǐhou you zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;my sister graduated from college, she</p>
<p>Yīngguo nianle liǎngnian shū cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studied for tvo more years in England</p>
<p>zuo shide. Zhěi yě yao ganxie* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;before she started working. That vas</p>
<p>wo muqin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;also thanks to my mother.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ meimei xianzai zhi zuo shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Does your sister just vork nov, or</p>
<p>haishi yě nian diǎnr shū? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;does she also take some classes?</p>
<p>B: Ta zhl zuo shi. Buguo tā hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She’s Just vorking，&quot;but she studies</p>
<p>rěxīn yanjiu dalude qingxing<sub>s</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the mainland situation very enthu-</p>
<p>chang kan hěn du5 guānyu dalude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;siastically. She reads a lot of &quot;books</p>
<p>shū. Tā chang shuo, <sup>Tt</sup>Wo shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about the mainland. She often says,</p>
<p>ZhSngguo rěn, dalushang you shi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;I’m Chinese, and there are one</p>
<p>yi Zhōngguo rěn, wo zěnme kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;billion Chinese on the mainland. How</p>
<p>bu zhidao tāmende shēnghuo, g5ng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can I &quot;be ignorant of the vay they</p>
<p>zuo, he xuěxide qingkuang ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;live, vork， and study?”</p>
<p>A: Tāde hua hěn you daolǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What she says is quite right.</p>
<p>B: Tā you hěn du5 dalu laide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She has a lot of friends from the</p>
<p>pěngyou; nǐ he tā tantan, yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mainland; you’ll find it very inter-</p>
<p>hui juěde hěn you yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;esting to talk vith her.</p>
<p>A: Tā dui dalude qingxing zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Does your mother have anything to</p>
<p>rěxīn, ni mǔqin you shenme kanfa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;say about her enthusiastic interest</p>
<p>ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the situation on the mainland?</p>
<p>B: Ta chang shuo: <sup>T,</sup>Haizi zhǎng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She often says, &quot;When children grov</p>
<p>dale, tāmen yao zou shenme lu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up, they should decide for themselves</p>
<p>yinggāi zijǐ kǎolu.<sup>Tt</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vhat road they vant to take.”</p>
<p>A: Zhēn hǎo, shizai shi tai hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup> s great! That<sup>1</sup> s really</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vonderful.</p>
<p>*ganxie, ”to be grateful/thankful to”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>103</p>
<p>B: Deng dao nǐ jiajidao tade shihou， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you meet her I<sup>f</sup>m sure you<sup>1</sup>11</p>
<p>nǐ yiding hui xǐhuan ta， yě hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like her， and our home， too, xihuan vomen jiade.</p>
<p>A: Yiding! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m sure I vill, too!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>lOU</p>
<p>Unit 3， Tape 2 Workbook</p>
<p>Exercise 1</p>
<p>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your answer.</p>
<p>All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</p>
<p>Exercise 2</p>
<p>This exercise is a conversation betveen a Chinese student and an American student in their dormitory room somewhere in the the U.S.</p>
<p>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you<sup>1</sup>11 probably vant to revlnd the tape and answer the questions belov as you listen a second time.</p>
<p>Here are the nev words you vill need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>Kekoukělě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Coca Cola</p>
<p>-ban &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(counter for a class of students)</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>nūsheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;coeds, vomen students</p>
<p>zao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a long time ago</p>
<p>diao yǎnlěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cry (lit. , ’’fall tears&quot;)</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is the Chinese student<sup>1</sup>s girlfriend studying? Why is he worried about her?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What vas the traditional Chinese attitude tovard educating vomen?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How did the Chinese student first meet his girlfriend?</p>
<p>U. Why do you suppose she vould let herself cry in the library?</p>
<p>What vas her boyfriend’s reaction?</p>
<p>5. Hov vas she able to come to college?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>105</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</p>
<p>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese-</p>
<p>Exercise 3</p>
<p>In this conversation a mother and son in Běijīng talk after a day of work.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look &quot;below and answer the questions.</p>
<p>Here are the new words you will need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>kělian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be pitiful</p>
<p>sǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to die</p>
<p>*bū fangxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to worry</p>
<p>rizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;days</p>
<p>jingshen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;energy, spirits</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill *be a*ble to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is Wang Li<sup>1</sup>s problem?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How does the son propose to help her?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What problem does the mother see with this proposal? What does the son volunteer to do?</p>
<p>U. What is the mother<sup>1</sup>s reaction to her son<sup>1</sup>s suggestion?</p>
<p>5. What two other things vould lift Wang Li<sup>f</sup>s spirits?</p>
<p>After you have prepared your answers, you may want to look at the translation for the conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>106</p>
<p>Exercise ^</p>
<p>In this conversation, a husband and wife talk in their home in Běijīng.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</p>
<p>You will need the following new words:</p>
<p>迈nghai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a province in Western China)</p>
<p>bingrěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sick person, patient</p>
<p>fanzhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyway, in any case</p>
<p>chěngli rěn yě hao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whether it<sup>!</sup>s city people or country</p>
<p>xiāngxia rěn yě hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people</p>
<p>yīyuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hospital</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise h</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can give them orally in class-</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why was Xiuyun late coming home?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why did she get medicine for her husband? For what reason does she insist he teLke the medicine?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did they see in Qinghai ten years ago? h. What are their professions?</p>
<p>5. What kind of situation does the husband hope China will never have again?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to teLke a look at the translation for this conversation- You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>10 了</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Conversation &quot;between an American student and a Chinese student in</p>
<p>their college dormitory in America.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zěnme yige rěn zai zhěli? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov come you<sup>1</sup>re all alone here?</p>
<p>Nǐde nupěngyou ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where<sup>1</sup>s your girlfriend?</p>
<p>B: Zai tushūguan nian tāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She’s in the library studying her</p>
<p>jīngjixuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;economics.</p>
<p>A: Tā zhēn yonggSng! Zhěme hǎode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She really vorks hard! The veather</p>
<p>tianqi， hāi zai pīnming nian shū! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is so nice, and she<sup>1</sup>s still knocking</p>
<p>herself out studying.</p>
<p>B: Shi a! Gāngcai, wo qu gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>f</sup> s right! Just nov, I vent to</p>
<p>ta songle yidiǎn Kekoukěle, vǒ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take her a Coke, and I told her she</p>
<p>gēn ta shu5， zhěiyang nianxiaqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vas going to get sick if she kept on</p>
<p>shi yao shēng &quot;bingde, kěshi tā bīi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studying like this, but she vouldn<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>ting, haishi zai nar nian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;listen. She just vent on studying.</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>A: Vǒ xiǎng nǐde nupěngyou you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think your girlfriend is a little</p>
<p>diǎnr tebiě, women banlide jǐge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unusual. Several of the women students</p>
<p>nūsheng zao jiu pǎo dao hǎi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in our class took off for the &quot;beach a</p>
<p>biānr qu vanr le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long time ago.</p>
<p>B: Zhě he tāde jiāting you guānxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It has to do with her family.</p>
<p>A: Zěnme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you mean?</p>
<p>B: Tāde fumǔ you zhong nan qīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her parents have the old idea of</p>
<p>nude lǎo guannian. Tāmen xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;regarding men as superior to vomen.</p>
<p>ěrzi shi zijǐde， nuěr zhǎngdale &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They think that a son is theirs, &quot;but</p>
<p>zong yao jiēhunde, jiele hūn jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a daughter gets married sooner or</p>
<p>shi &quot;biěrěn jiāde rěn le, nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;later vhen she grovs up, and after</p>
<p>shū you shenme yong? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she<sup>1</sup> s married she &quot;belongs to another</p>
<p>family, so vhat use is it for her to get an education?</p>
<p>A: Vǒ conglai měiyou xiǎngdao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I never imagined that there vere</p>
<p>xianzai hai you zhěiyangde jiā- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still families and parents like</p>
<p>ting, zhěiyangde fumǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that these days -</p>
<p>B: Zhe měiyou shenme qiguai, &quot;bǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup> s nothing so strange about</p>
<p>lǎo guannian &quot;bianchěng xīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that; it’s not an easy thing to</p>
<p>guannian &quot;bu shi yijian rongyide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;change one<sup>1</sup> s old ideas into nev ideas. shi.</p>
<p>A: Na, nǐde nupěngyou you xiong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then, does your girl friend have</p>
<p>di jiěmei ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any brothers and sisters?</p>
<p>B: You, jiu you yige gēge. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, just one older &quot;brother.</p>
<p>A: Tā nian shū niande hao &quot;bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov does he do in school?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>108</p>
<p>B: Mamahuhū, wo xiang tā &quot;bu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just so-so, I don't think he's a</p>
<p>yige hěn yonggōngde xueshēng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very hard worker.</p>
<p>A: Nī renshi ta? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You know him?</p>
<p>B: Renshi. Wo he tāmen shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. We were classmates in high</p>
<p>zhSngxuě tongxuě, tā gěge zhīdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;school• Her &quot;brother knew that after</p>
<p>tā nianwanle zhōngxuě jiu kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he finished high school he could go</p>
<p>shang daxuě, kěshi tā fumǔ &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to college, &quot;but her parents wouldn<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>rang meimei nian daxuě. Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;let her go. I used to see her alone</p>
<p>kandao tā changchang yige ren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the library, crying, and 工 asked</p>
<p>z各i tushǔguǎn diao yǎnlei, jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her why. Gradually, I found out</p>
<p>wen ta weishenme, manmande, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about her situation, jiu zhīdao tāde qingxing le.</p>
<p>A: 0, shi zhěiyang! Na tā shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, so that<sup>f</sup> s the story! So then,</p>
<p>zěnme lai daxuě nian shūde ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how was it that she came to college?</p>
<p>B: Wo fumǔ &quot;bāngzhu ta. Qunian, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My parents helped her out. Also，</p>
<p>ta zijǐ yě zhuanle diǎn qian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;last year she earned some money on</p>
<p>Wo mǔqin shu5 zheige haizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her own. My mother said she wanted</p>
<p>zenme xiǎng nian shu, women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so &quot;badly to study, that we should</p>
<p>du5 &quot;bāngzhu ta yidianr, rang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;help her out and let her do it prop-</p>
<p>ta hǎohao nian shǔ &quot;ba! Zhěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;erly! This way she can just study</p>
<p>yang tā jiu &quot;bū zuo shi, zhǐ nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;without having to work, shū le.</p>
<p>A: Shi zhěiyang! Women qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, is that so! Let<sup>f</sup> s go see her，</p>
<p>kankan ta, rang ta xiūxi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and make her take a &quot;break, xiuxi.</p>
<p>B: Hǎo, zou! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Good, let<sup>f</sup>s go!</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</p>
<p>In Běijīng, a mother and son talk after a day of work.</p>
<p>A: Mā, nin dao nǎr qu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where have you &quot;been, Mom?</p>
<p>B: Zai Lǎo Wang jia zuole yihuǐr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I was over at Lǎo Wang<sup>f</sup>s for a</p>
<p>while.</p>
<p>A: Wang Lide qingkuang hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is Wang Li<sup>f</sup>s situation &quot;better now? yidianr ma?</p>
<p>B: Hǎo yidianr, &quot;bu kū le, kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Somewhat &quot;better. She isn’t crying</p>
<p>haishi yitiān dao wan měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anymore, &quot;but she still doesn<sup>f</sup>t say a</p>
<p>yiju hua, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thing all day long.</p>
<p>A: Zhēn rang rěn nānshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It really makes one feel &quot;bad.</p>
<p>B: Kě &quot;bu shi ma, shizai shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Doesn’t it，though? It<sup>f</sup>s really</p>
<p>kSlian, Wang Li fuqin sile cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pitiful: first Wang Li<sup>f</sup>s father</p>
<p>SOC， Unit 3</p>
<p>109</p>
<p>bannian mǔqin you sǐ le. Bai- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dies, and then less than half a year</p>
<p>tian hǎo yidianr, dajia kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;later her mother dies, too. During</p>
<p>qu pěipei ta. Wǎnshang, nu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the daytime it<sup>1</sup>s not so bad, every-</p>
<p>hāizi yige rěn zai jiāli， zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;body goes and keeps her company. But</p>
<p>rang rěn bu fan^xin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the evening the girl is alone at</p>
<p>home. It really makes one worry.</p>
<p>A: Mā, wo xiǎngdao yige hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mom, ī<sup>f</sup>ve thought of a good way</p>
<p>banfa, rang Wang Li ban dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(to solve the problem). Have Wang</p>
<p>zanmen jiā lai ba! Nin gen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Li move to our house! If you can</p>
<p>ta liaoliao tiānr, yěxǔ hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chat vith her, maybe that vill help, hao yidianr.</p>
<p>B: Mm, zhěige banfa hǎo shi hǎo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That is_ a good idea, but our place</p>
<p>kěshi zanmen jiā jiu zhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only has these two small rooms.</p>
<p>liǎngjiān xiǎo wūzi, vǒ bǎ nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where vould I put you? fang zai nǎr ne?</p>
<p>A: Wo xiǎng Wang Li bānlai yǐhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think 工 could go live at the</p>
<p>vo kěyi zai Wang jiā zhu jǐtiān, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wang<sup>1</sup> s house. When Wang Li<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>děng Wang Lide qingkuang hǎo yi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;condition is a little better, I<sup>1</sup>11</p>
<p>diǎnr, vǒ zai bānhuilai ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;move back here 1</p>
<p>B: Hǎo haizi, nǐ zheme rěxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Good boy. It<sup>1</sup> s good that</p>
<p>bāngzhu biěrěn, hěn hǎo. • • • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>1</sup> re so eager to help others. , • •</p>
<p>Wang Li hěn xiaoshun, zheixiē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wang Li is very filial, and she<sup>1</sup>11</p>
<p>rizi，tā hui changchang xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;miss her parents a lot during this</p>
<p>tāde fumu, duo he tā tantan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time. If ve talk vith her a lot,</p>
<p>manmānrde, tā hui hǎo yidianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gradually, she<sup>1</sup>11 get better.</p>
<p>A: Wo zai qu zhǎozhao tā cong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 go call on some of her former</p>
<p>qiande tongxuě, rang tamen dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;classmates and have them come talk</p>
<p>lai he ta tantan, pěi ta chūqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vith her and go out for walks with</p>
<p>zǒuzou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her.</p>
<p>B: Dui le, děngdao tā shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. When she starts vork, every-</p>
<p>ban le，jiu hǎo le. Rěn mangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thing vill be all right. When a per-</p>
<p>shihou .līngshěn hui hǎo yixiē. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;son is busy, their spirits improve.</p>
<p>A: Dui. Na zanmen xianzai jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. Well, let’s go get her</p>
<p>qu jiē ta ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;right nov!</p>
<p>B: Děngyiděng, bǎ wūzi sh5ushi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wait. Let<sup>1</sup>s straighten up the room</p>
<p>hǎo zai qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;before ve go.</p>
<p>A: Wo gēn nin yikuair shōushi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 straighten it up vith you.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>110</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</p>
<p>A husband and vife talk in Běijīng.</p>
<p>A: Xiuyun, nǐ huilai le. Jīntiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hi Xiuyun, you’re back. How come</p>
<p>zěnme zenme wan? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>1</sup>re so late tonight?</p>
<p>B: Xiale bānr, wo you qu mǎi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After work I vent to buy some</p>
<p>diǎnr yao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medicine.</p>
<p>A: Wǒ xiǎng vǒ yǐjīng hǎo le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think I’ve already recovered,</p>
<p>hai mǎi shenme yao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you buying medicine for?</p>
<p>B: Nǐ cai yitiān bu fa shāo，jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your fever has only been crone for</p>
<p>shu5 hao le? Kuai yidianr bǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one day and you say you<sup>T</sup>ve recovered?</p>
<p>zhěi liǎngzhong yao d5u chī- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come on and take these two medicines. xiaqu.</p>
<p>A: Wǒ nǎr xuyao zěnme duo yao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As if I needed all this medicine!</p>
<p>B: Zhěizhong ganmao bu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This kind of cold doesn’t get</p>
<p>yitiān liǎngtiān jiu hui hǎode, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better in just a day or two.</p>
<p>nǐ yiding děi bǎ zhěi jǐzhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You have to take all of these</p>
<p>yao d5u chile. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medicines.</p>
<p>A: Hao hǎo hǎo, wǒ chī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, okay, I'll take them.</p>
<p>B: Wǒ gěi ni dao bēi rěshuǐ lai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1*11 get you a cup of hot water,</p>
<p>xianzai jiu chī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and you take them right now.</p>
<p>A: Ei°, shuSdao chī yao, wǒ jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Say, speaking of taking medicine</p>
<p>xiǎngqilai le， nǐ hai jide shi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reminds me， do you remember what we</p>
<p>niaji qiaji, zanmen zai Qinghai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saw out in the country of Qinghǎi</p>
<p>xiāngxia kanjiande neijian shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ten years ago? ma?</p>
<p>B: Zenme bū jide, zanmen dou shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How could I forget. We<sup>T</sup>re both</p>
<p>zuo yīshěngde, kanjian bingren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doctors; seeing sick people without</p>
<p>měi yao chī, zhēn nanshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medicine to take was really upsetting.</p>
<p>A: Keshi, hai you rěn shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But you know what some people say?</p>
<p>zhěizhong qingxing měi guānxi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They say that this sort of situation</p>
<p>fanzheng ZhSngguo rěn duo, zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doesn’t matter, that there are plenty</p>
<p>shi &quot;bu jiǎng daolǐ! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Chinese anyway. Hov crazy!</p>
<p>B; Hai! Něige shihou, shenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Sigh). Back then, there vere all</p>
<p>qiguaide shir d5u you, &quot;biě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sorts of strange things ; don’t talk</p>
<p>shu5 le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about it any more.</p>
<p>A: Keyi &quot;bu shuo, kěshi &quot;bū hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We don<sup>f</sup>t have to tal<sub>s</sub>\ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it, &quot;but</p>
<p>vang. ZhSngguo you jǐyi rěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we won' t forge* it. :: are sev-</p>
<p>chengli rěn yě hǎo, xiāngxia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eral hundred millior： poor-ie in China.</p>
<p>Ei is an interjection vhich tells that the speaker just thought of something.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 3</p>
<p>111</p>
<p>rěn yě hǎo, you bing bu něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether it<sup>1</sup> s people in the city or</p>
<p>kan yīsheng, you bing měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people in the country, we CEin<sup>f</sup>t have</p>
<p>yao chide shi， zai ye &quot;bu něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any more situations where people are</p>
<p>you le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sick and yet unable to see a doctor</p>
<p>or get medicine.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ shuōde dui. Hao le, hǎo le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>re right. Okay, your illness</p>
<p>nǐde bing cai hǎo yidianr, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is only a little better, after you</p>
<p>chile yao zao dianr xiuxi ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take your medicine go to bed early.</p>
<p>A: Vo xiān bǎ yao chile, děng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'll take the medicine nov, but</p>
<p>yihuǐr, vo hai děi chūqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have to go out again in a while,</p>
<p>yitang, yiyuanli hai you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I still have a few things 工 have</p>
<p>jǐjian shi děi ban, wo qil kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take care of at the hospital,</p>
<p>yixia jiu hui lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll be back right after 工 go take</p>
<p>a look there.</p>
<p>B: Zao dianr huilai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t come back too late.<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>112</p>
<p>UNIT i+</p>
<p>A Family History</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;More on ne, marker of absence of change/lack of completion,</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The adverb duo (duo), &quot;how.••!&quot;</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;More on indefinite pronouns (<sup>ff</sup>any/no<sup>ft</sup> expressions).</p>
<p>U. Review of you (Noun) phrases.</p>
<p>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressing worries or reservations about doing something.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reassuring someone that they need not worry.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Asking for clarification of the meaning of what someone just said. U. Commenting on other<sup>1</sup>s good fortune.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>113</p>
<p>Unit U<sub>%</sub> Reference List</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ zhěme zǎo jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your father got up so early!</p>
<p>qǐlai le!</p>
<p>B: Ta nian.li da le, měitian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He,s getting on in years, and</p>
<p>shuide zǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he goes to bed early.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Xiǎo Wajigde yeye you he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Wang<sup>f</sup>s grandfather is</p>
<p>něixie xiǎo pěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talking vith those kids</p>
<p>liao tiānr ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;again!</p>
<p>B: Tā rěn hěn hǎo，hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He * s a very good person， and</p>
<p>xǐhuan haizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he likes children a lot.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zhěi liǎngnian nǐ nǎinai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Has your grandmother<sup>1</sup> s health been</p>
<p>shēntǐ hao ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good the past couple of years?</p>
<p>B: Hai hǎo, you shihou hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fairly good; sometimes she</p>
<p>něng qǐlai shSushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can still get up and straighten</p>
<p>shoushi wūzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up the room.</p>
<p>U. A: Zhāng jiade ěrxifu h§n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Zhang family’s daughter-</p>
<p>you gui.ju, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in-law is a proper young voman•</p>
<p>B: Shi a，Zhāng jia nǎinai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes，the Zhang family <sup>f</sup>s grand-</p>
<p>zhēn you fuq.i. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother is really blessed with</p>
<p>good fortune•</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Guoqu, ZhSngguo ren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the past how difficult it</p>
<p>chū guo nian shu duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was for Chinese to go abroad</p>
<p>nanJ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study!</p>
<p>B: Xianzai hao le, zou dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now it <sup>f</sup>s better, no matter where</p>
<p>nar yě měi rěn kanbuq.1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they go，no one looks dovn on</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them anymore.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Rěn.1ia dou juěde Xiǎo Wang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone feels Xiǎo Wang is a very</p>
<p>shi ge hěn you lǐmaode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well-mannered child• haizi.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>lli+</p>
<p>了. A: Zhei yxjiā ren dou nianguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This whole family has had</p>
<p>bīi shǎo shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite a good education.</p>
<p>B: Tingshu5 tāmende sūnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I understand that their grandsons</p>
<p>sūnnu xianzai dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and granddaughters are (all)</p>
<p>nian Si Shū ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studying the Four Books now!</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Tāmen Jiā guoqǐi shi you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Their family used to be rich.</p>
<p>qian rěn, you bu shǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They had quite a lot of</p>
<p>caichǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;property.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ shu5de cāichǎn shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The property you're talking</p>
<p>tǔdi ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about is land， isn't it?</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ zhīixialai ba, yě kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stay (live) here and you can help</p>
<p>gěi women bang dianr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;us a bit. mang.</p>
<p>B: Wo baitiān you kě, zhǐ hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have classes during the day;</p>
<p>wǎnshang zuo dianr shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can only work at night.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Wǒ mǔqin zong dānxin wǒ gege &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My mother is always worried</p>
<p>zai waibianr chī kǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that my older brother is having</p>
<p>a rough time away from home.</p>
<p>B: Tāmen jǐge xiǎo pěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His bunch of friends help</p>
<p>huxiāng bang mang, bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each other out. They don't</p>
<p>hui chī kǔde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have such a rough time.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit b</p>
<p>VOCABULARY</p>
<p>baba &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;father, dad, papa</p>
<p>bang mang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to help; help</p>
<p>bu shǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be quite a lot， to be much,</p>
<p>to be many</p>
<p>caichǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;property</p>
<p>chi kǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to suffer, to undergo hardship</p>
<p>dānxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be worried, to be uneasy</p>
<p>duo (duō) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how...!</p>
<p>ěrxifu(r) (ěrxifer) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-law</p>
<p>fuqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;blessings, good fortune</p>
<p>guīju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rules of proper behavior, social</p>
<p>etiquette, manners; rule (of a community or organization), established practice, custom guoqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the past</p>
<p>hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fairly, passably</p>
<p>huxiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mutually</p>
<p>-jiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(counter for families)</p>
<p>kanbuqǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to look down on, to scorn, to despise</p>
<p>lǐmao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manners, politeness</p>
<p>nǎinai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandmother (on father<sup>f</sup>s side)</p>
<p>niānji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;age</p>
<p>qǐlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get up (in several senses)</p>
<p>rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person; body; self</p>
<p>rěnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people; they; he, she;工</p>
<p>shēntǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;body; health</p>
<p>shōushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to straighten up; to get one’s</p>
<p>things ready</p>
<p>Si Shū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Four Books (Daxuě， Zh5ngy5ng， Lunyǔ,</p>
<p>Mengzǐ)</p>
<p>sūnnii &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;granddaughter (through one<sup>f</sup>s son)</p>
<p>sūnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandson (through one<sup>f</sup>s son)</p>
<p>tǔdi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;land</p>
<p>xiǎo pěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little friend; kids</p>
<p>115</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>yěye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandfather (on the father<sup>1</sup>s side)</p>
<p>you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;also</p>
<p>you guiju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have manners，to be proper</p>
<p>you lǐmao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be well mannered, to &quot;be polite</p>
<p>you qian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be rich</p>
<p>zhǐ hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can only, to have to，to be forced to</p>
<p>zhuxialai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to move and stay (in a place)，to</p>
<p>settle down</p>
<p>116</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>11 了</p>
<p>Unit h, Reference Notes</p>
<p>1. A: Nǐ baba zhěme zǎo jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your father got up so early, qǐlai le.</p>
<p>B: Tā nian.li da le, měitiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He *s getting on in years, and</p>
<p>shuide zǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he goes to bed early.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>zheme zǎo jiu qǐlai le: The adverb jit is used to stress the earliness (zheme zǎo) of father<sup>1</sup> s getting up. On this use of &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;review Unit 2，Notes</p>
<p>on No. 9. Here are more examples:</p>
<p>Tā wǔdiǎn zhSng jiu qīlai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He got up at five (that early).</p>
<p>Wǒ mǎshang iiu lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工*11 be there in a minute.</p>
<p>Bu jiu, tā Jiu likāi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shortly afterwards, he left.</p>
<p>qǐlai: &quot;to get up,<sup>n</sup> from a bed or just &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from a sitting position. In</p>
<p>an abstract sense it means &quot;to arise，” e.g., &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;to arise and revolt&quot; Cqǐlai £emin£] •</p>
<p>Nǐ tiāntiān shenme shihou qǐlai? When do you get up every day?</p>
<p>Ta nian.ji da le: Literally，”As for him, the age is now big.<sup>rf</sup> Le^ is used here to indicate change of state, as it often is in sentences telling a person’s age (Ta sanshi sui le).</p>
<p>You should learn the folloving typical examples of hov to use niānji:</p>
<p>Tā (you) duo da niānji le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How old is he? (USED ONLY OF ADULTS)</p>
<p>Tā niānji da le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He*s advanced in years.</p>
<p>Tā nianji bu xiǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She<sup>?</sup>s not young any more.</p>
<p>Use Nin duo da nian.ji le? to ask an adult<sup>1</sup> s age. To ask a child<sup>1</sup> s age，though, say Nǐ duo da le? or Nǐ you duo da? or Nǐ <sub>t</sub>jǐsui (le)?</p>
<p>The Chinese are not secretive about their age the way many Westerners are. It is not considered impolite to ask someone<sup>f</sup>s age, even women and old people. As in the West, old people are often proud of their age and glad to let you know it.</p>
<p>Měitian shuide zǎo: Literally, ’’every day goes to bed early.&quot; Měitian is needed in Chinese to express the idea of &quot;habitual&quot; which in English is conveyed simply &quot;by the present tense of &quot;goes.<sup>M</sup> Without měitiān, the Chinese sentence might refer to one particular instance only. For example, it might mean that grandfather vent to bed early the night before.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>118</p>
<p>shui，which you may know from the Welfare module，means &quot;to sleep,<sup>11</sup> tut also &quot;to go to ted, to retire.&quot; It is like many verbs in Chinese which can indicate either the continuing performance of an action (sleeping) or the start of an action (trying to sleep, i.e. <sub>5</sub> going to bed). In the folloving examples, the pair of translations show the am'biguity. In real conversation, of course， the ambiguity rarely causes problems &quot;because the listener interprets one way or the other according to the context:</p>
<p>{Has he gone to &quot;bed?</p>
<p>Did he sleep (and then get up)?</p>
<p>{Has it started to rain?</p>
<p>Did it rain (and then stop)?</p>
<p>fHas the tell gone off?</p>
<p>Dianling xiangle* ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;</p>
<p>I Did the tell ring (and then stop)?</p>
<p>To remove this am'biguity, you can use more specific phrasing. For example <sub>s</sub> the aspect marker ne_ specifies absence of change, lack of completion，and so rules out the second translation for each of the atove three sentences:</p>
<p>Ta shui ne，&quot;He is sleeping，” Xia yǔ ne, ”It<sup>f</sup>s raining，” Dianling xiǎng ne, &quot;The &quot;bell is ringing.&quot; To &quot;be even more specific you could use -zhe，the marker of duration (usually used in combination with ne): Tā shui zhe ne, Xiazhe yǔ ne，Dianling xiǎngzhe ne. Or you could use the marker zai for ongoing action: Ta zai shui, ’’He is (in the midst of) sleeping，’’ etc. To &quot;be the most specific of all, you can use zai，-zhe，and ne_ all in the same sentence: Ta zai shuizhe ne, etc.</p>
<p>Shui can also &quot;be used to mean &quot;to lie down,” regardless of whether the person sleeps or not. (The meaning &quot;lie down<sup>1</sup>’ for shui is only accepted some speakers; others always use the verti tǎng, &quot;to lie down，&quot; which you learned in the Welfare module.)</p>
<p>Ta shui zai dishang kan dianshi. He lies on the floor and watches</p>
<p>television.</p>
<p>Nǐ kan tā shui dao zhuozishang Look at him lying on the tatle! lai le；</p>
<p>shuide zao is another example of a manner expression following a ver&quot;b plus -de，a structure which was introduced tack in the Transport at ion module (Nǐ kāide tai kuai le, &quot;You are driving too fast”）. Shuide van means either &quot;to go to &quot;bed late’<sup>1</sup> or &quot;to sleep late,</p>
<p>°xiǎng: ，’to sound, to make a sound”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>119</p>
<p>2. A: Xiǎo Wangde yěye you he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Wang<sup>f</sup>s grandfather is</p>
<p>neixie xiǎo pěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talking with those kids</p>
<p>liāo tiānr ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;again!</p>
<p>B: Tā rěn hěn hǎo, hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>f</sup>s a very good person, and</p>
<p>xǐhuan haizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he likes children a lot.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>yěye: ’’grandfather,’’ only for the father <sup>f</sup>s father. Back in the Biographic Information module you learned zǔfu for ”paternal grandfather.<sup>n</sup> Yěye is the same person, but is the word you would use when addressing him directly or vhen talking about him informally. See the diagram under nǎinai below (Notes on No. 3). [One's mother's father is lǎoyě or vaigong.3</p>
<p>Xiǎo pěngyou, ’’little friends，&quot; is a warm term for young children. It may be used either to address children directly or to talk about them in the third person. The host of a children's television show, for example, would address the young viewers as xiǎo pěngyou(men)• You may someday need to use this word to address a young child whom you don't know, for example, one that you meet on the street. And, of course, xiǎo pěngyou is also used in its literal sense to refer to the &quot;young friends’’ of a child.</p>
<p>Xiǎo pěngyou! Tiān hēi le, kuai Little boy/girl, it<sup>1</sup>s getting dark hui jiā qu ba.<sup>f</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out. You<sup>1</sup> d better go back home.</p>
<p>Neixiē xiǎo pěngyou dou zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those kids are playing outdoors•</p>
<p>waitou vanr ne.</p>
<p>liao tianr ne: Ne, which you first learned in the sentence Hai měi ne, is the marker which emphasizes ABSENCE OF CHANGE or LACK OF COMPLETION• (it is, in a way, the opposite of le, which marks CHANGED SITUATION or COMPLETION -) In what specific situations can or should you use ne? We can note two kinds of meaning for sentences in which absence-of-change ne^ often appears:</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Continued State， e.g.,</p>
<p>Hai you ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is still some more.</p>
<p>Hai měiyou ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not yet.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ongoing Action, e.g.，</p>
<p>Tā chī fan ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>1</sup>s eating.</p>
<p>Nǎinai zuo fan ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma is cooking.</p>
<p>Remember also that ne^ is often used in sentences which contain -zhe， the marker of DURATION (something like continued state)，or zai，the marker of ONGOING ACTION.</p>
<p>Tā shui jiao ne. (NO CHANGE) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</p>
<p>Tā shuizhe ne. (DURATION + NO CHANGE) / He is sleeping.</p><h4>Tā zai shui ne. (ONGOING + NO CHANGE) J</h4>
<p>SOC, Unit 1+</p>
<p>120</p>
<p>There is a famous nursery rhyme which contains two ongoing-action sentences that end in atsence-of-change ne_. In one of its many versions, the rhyme goes like this (just read and enjoy; ignore the words you don't know):</p>
<p>Xiǎo haozir &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A little mouse</p>
<p>Shang dengtair &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Went up the lampstand</p>
<p>T5u you he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To steal oil to drink</p>
<p>Xiatulai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But he couldn’t get down</p>
<p>Jiao Yěye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He called Grandpa</p>
<p>Yěye za suan ne_ ^(ONGOING ACTION) But Grandpa was crushing garlic</p>
<p>Jiao Nǎinai ，He called Grandma</p>
<p>Nǎinai zhǔ fan ne &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But Grandma was cooking</p>
<p>Jiao Niūer &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He called Granddaughter</p>
<p>Bao mao lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who &quot;brought the cat</p>
<p>Zēr! Za! Děi zhao le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Squeak! Scratch! Got him!</p>
<p>rěn: Besides the meaning of &quot;man, person，<sup>11</sup> rěn can also &quot;be used to refer more specifically to someone<sup>f</sup>s (1) character, (2) mental state of &quot;being, or (3) physical self.</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;character</p>
<p>Tā rěn hěn rěxīn, changchang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is a very warmhearted person,</p>
<p>&quot;bāngzhu &quot;biěrěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He often helps others -</p>
<p>Tā rěn zuo shi hǎo you xiǎoxīn. He does things well and carefully.</p>
<p>Tā rěn zhēn &quot;bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is a very nice person.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mental state</p>
<p>Tā heduo le, rěn ySu diǎnr &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He had too much to drink and is tai qīngchu. a little foggy.</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;physical self</p>
<p>Nǐ rěn hǎo diǎnr le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are you better today? (i.e., your</p>
<p>health)</p>
<p>A: Cao Yǔshěng &quot;bū shi shu5 wǔ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Didn<sup>f</sup>t Cāo Yǔshēng say there would</p>
<p>diǎn zhong kai hui ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;be a meeting at five o<sup>f</sup> clock?</p>
<p>B: Shi a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>f</sup>s right!</p>
<p>A: Tā rěn ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So where is he?</p>
<p>Tā gāngcai hai zai zhěr, zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He was just here a minute ago, how</p>
<p>yihuǐr rěn bu jian le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;could he have disappeared so fast?</p>
<p>Ren lǎo xin bu lǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(saying) The person is old, &quot;but</p>
<p>his heart is not old, (<sup>lf</sup>young at heart”）</p>
<p>SOC, Unit b</p>
<p>(Northern)</p>
<p>(Southern)</p><img src="0240-FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/0240-FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook-2.png" style="width:316pt;height:163pt;"/>
<p>shēntǐ: &quot;body&quot; OR &quot;health’ Tāde shēntǐ zhēn bang.°</p>
<p>He is in great shape.</p>
<p>■bang， <sup>n</sup>to be great/fantastic/terrific<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>121</p>
<p>Ren yi zǒu， cha jiu liang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(saying) As soon as the person has</p>
<p>left， the tea gets cold. (describes someone who forgets a friendship no sooner than he has left—often used to describe Americans)</p>
<p>3. A: Zhěi liǎngniān nǐ nǎinai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Has your grandmother<sup>1</sup>s health been</p>
<p>shēntǐ hǎo ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good the past couple of years?</p>
<p>B: Hai hǎo, you shihou hāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fairly good; sometimes she</p>
<p>něng qǐlai shōushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can still get up and straighten</p>
<p>shoushi vuzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up the room.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>zhei liǎngnian: &quot;the last couple of years&quot; Zhěi before an amount of time often means &quot;the last&quot; or ’’the past.&quot; Liǎng does not necessarily mean exactly &quot;two&quot; but can mean &quot;a couplean indefinite small number.</p>
<p>Guo liǎngtiān women jiu qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We are going there in a couple of</p>
<p>days.</p>
<p>nǎinai: &quot;paternal grandmother&quot; For &quot;grandma and grandpa，&quot; the Chinese order is almost always yěye nǎinai. [A maternal grandmother is called lǎolao or waipo.U Here is a tree showing what to call grandparents in Chinese. The top two rows are conversational terms used either to address grandparents directly or refer to them. The third row shows the more formal words which you learned in BIO; these are not used in addressing one<sup>f</sup>s grandparents directly. (The labels &quot;Northern&quot; and &quot;Southern，&quot; are generalizations; many more terms exist， but these are widely encountered.)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>122</p>
<p>Biě zongshi pīnming nian shū, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>f</sup>t always be knocking yourself</p>
<p>děi du5 zhuyi shēntǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out studying; you should look after</p>
<p>your health more.</p>
<p>hai hǎo: ’’fairly good” You first learned the adverb hai as meaning ”still•” When used &quot;before a state ver&quot;b, hāi can also mean that the quality expressed *by that verb may still *be said to apply, although just &quot;barely.</p>
<p>Often it may *be translated as airly, passably”：</p>
<p>Zheige dianyǐng hai *bu cuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The movie was fairly good. Although</p>
<p>suīran chang yidiǎn, kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it was a little long, it was</p>
<p>dui wode ZhSngvěn you bāngzhu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good for my Chinese.</p>
<p>Sometimes, however, you will need to find other translations:</p>
<p>Neige fanguǎnr hai kěyi, you jǐge That restaurant isn’t too &quot;bad. They cai nǐ kěyi shishi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a few dishes you might try.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zuijin zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How have you been lately?</p>
<p>B: Hai mamahūhū, jiu shi mang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enh，all right，just a little *busy. yidianr.</p>
<p>A: ZhSngguo you yiqiānniānde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China has one thousand years of</p>
<p>lishǐ.•. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;history..•</p>
<p>B: A, nǐ shuo shenme? Yiqiān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What? How<sup>1</sup>s that? One thousand</p>
<p>nian?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years?!</p>
<p>A: ōu, &quot;bū shi, sanqiānnian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, I mean three thousand years.</p>
<p>B: Na hai cha*budu5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup> s more like it.</p>
<p>shSushi : ’’to straighten up’’</p>
<p>Nǐ yinggāi *ba nǐde wuzi shSushi You ought to straighten up your room, shoushi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Le indicates <sup>f,</sup>It<sup>1</sup> s gotten to that</p>
<p>point •<sup>ff</sup>)</p>
<p>Wǒ xiānsheng zongshi shuo wǒ wuzi My husband always says I don<sup>f</sup>t keep shSushide *bu ganjing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;my room neat.</p>
<p>Zhěijian shi yi kāishǐ jiu zuode This thing was handled poorly right bu hǎo, xianzai měi banfa sh5u- from the start. Now there <sup>1</sup> s no shi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;way it can be remedied.</p>
<p>ShSushi xingli means <sup>f</sup>’to pack one’s baggage,</p>
<p>h. A: Zhāng jiāde ěrxifu hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Zhāng family<sup>f</sup>s daughter-</p>
<p>you guī^u. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in-law is a proper young voman.</p>
<p>B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, the Zhāng family<sup>f</sup>s grand-</p>
<p>zhen you fuqi • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother is really blessed with</p>
<p>good fortune.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit u</p>
<p>123</p>
<p>Notes on No. ^</p>
<p>Zhang <sub>t</sub>]iā: ”the Zhāng family&quot; In Běijīng pronunciation, the jiā is unstressed and often neutral tone, like a suffix: Zhāngjia.</p>
<p>ěrxifu: <sup>!t</sup>daughter-in-law<sup>!!</sup> In Běijīng, this word is often pronounced ěrxifur or ěrxifer (note the vowel change).</p>
<p>guiju: A definite standard， regulation, or custom which forms part of the conduct of a group of people (e.g.， a community, a company, a gang, etc.)</p>
<p>Zhao Zhōngguode lǎo guīju, qing It is an old Chinese custom that kěde shihou kěren yinggāi xiān when you have guests, the guests kāishi chī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should start eating first.</p>
<p>Zai qu neige guojiā yiqiān, zui Before going to that country it would hao wo něng zhīdao yixiē nerde best if I could find out about some guiju. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of their customs.</p>
<p>Jǔnrěn you hěn du5 těbiěde guiju. Military people have a lot of special</p>
<p>regulations.</p>
<p>Zhe shi womende guīju. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s the way we do things here.</p>
<p>Zhěme duo guīju! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All this formality!</p>
<p>You guīju， as you see in exchange 紅，means ”to have manners, to be proper (in &quot;benavior).<sup>n</sup> Mei guīju is ”to be &quot;badly behaved，” said, for example, of a child. (Bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;may be used to imply unfaithfulness of a wife.)</p>
<p>Zhāng Taitai jiāo haizi jiāode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mrs. Zhāng teaches her children well,</p>
<p>hao, tāde haizi d5u hěn you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they are all very well-behaved, guīju.</p>
<p>Xiao Sānr! Biě zhěiyangr, Ke- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cut it out, Xiao Sānr, What will the</p>
<p>ren kanjian nǐ zenme měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;guests think when they see you mis-</p>
<p>guīju, zenme hǎo yisi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;behaving so?</p>
<p>fūgi: This is a traditional Chinese concept: the destiny to enjoy happiness in life. It is different from the Western idea of luck Cwhich is closer to Chinese yunq.iH • Luck refers to chance occurrences like winning a lottery, while fuqi refers to one's whole life situation. Some people have more fūqi and some less. In practice, fuqi is measured &quot;by a person<sup>T</sup>s wealth, prestige, and especially his or her family situation. In traditional China, for a man to have a lot of sons was reason to say he had fuqi. In exchange 厶，the grandmother is said to have fuqi because her daughter-in-law is a very proper or well-behaved woman.</p>
<p>Tā zhēn you fūqi, &quot;budan you yige He is really blessed with good for-hǎo jiāting, you you yige hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tune. Not only does he have a nice</p>
<p>gōngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family, but a good job, too.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>12h</p>
<p>Nǐ fuqi zhēn hao, da ěrzi ji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You are really blessed with good for-</p>
<p>qian, xiao nuěr song huār! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tune. Your oldest son sent you</p>
<p>money and your little girl gave you flowers!</p>
<p>PauRhters-in-lav: The relationship betveen the husband<sup>f</sup>s wife and his mother is different in traditional China from in the Vest. A wife, after all, is considered to become a member of her husband<sup>1</sup> s family, so she is supposed to regard her mother-in-law as her new mother, and show her the same filial obedience. The husband<sup>f</sup>s mother, for her part, tries to find for her son a young woman who will obey and get along with her, who will vork hard for the family and around the house.</p>
<p>5- A: Guoqu, Zhongguo rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the past how difficult it</p>
<p>chū guo nian shū duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was for Chinese to go abroad</p>
<p>nan-<sup>1</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study!</p>
<p>B: Xianzai hǎo le, zou dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now it<sup>f</sup>s better, no matter vhere</p>
<p>nǎr yě měi rěn kanbuqǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they go， no one looks down on</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them anymore.</p>
<p>Notes on No. ^</p>
<p>guoqu: <sup>ff</sup>the past<sup>ff</sup> Distinguish this noun from the verb ”to pass 广 which in Běijīng has a neutral-tone gu: guoqu. Since it is a time word, the noun guoqu may go either before the subject or between the subject and verb. Most commonly it is placed at the very beginning of the sentence, before the subject:</p>
<p>Guoqu, tā zai Xiānggangde shihou, In the past, when he was in Hong tā jiāo shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kong, he taught school-</p>
<p>Guoqu, tā bāngguo vo hěn duo mang. In the past he has been a great help</p>
<p>to me.</p>
<p>Guoqu may also be used to modify a noun phrase:</p>
<p>Na dou shi guoqude shi le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those are all things of the past!</p>
<p>duo nan: <sup>n</sup>how difficult•&quot;* Duo, in Běijīng often pronounced duo，is used before a state verb to express a high degree, like <sup>ff</sup>hov<sup>tf</sup> in English:</p>
<p>Jīntiān tianqi du5 hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How nice the weather is today.</p>
<p>Nǐ bu zhīdao zai zhěr mai dian- You don<sup>f</sup>t know how hard it is to buy yǐng piao you duo nan! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a movie ticket here!</p>
<p>Duo piaoliangde haizi a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What a beautiful child!</p>
<p>Tā zěnme kěyi zhěme shuo? Duo How can he say such a thing? How rang rěn shengqi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;infuriating!</p>
<p>Nǐ kan tā duo xǐhuan nian shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Look at how he loves to study.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit U</p>
<p>125</p>
<p>zǒu dao nǎr ye měi rěn kan~buqǐ: Nar here is used as an indefinite pronoun, &quot;anywhere, no matter where.<sup>11</sup> You learned about indefinite pronouns in the Meeting module, where you had the sentence Mingtiān xiavu shenme shihou dou kěyi. A question word, such as shěi， shenme, něige or nǎr followed by the adverb dou before the verb expresses the idea of any.<sup>11</sup> When the verb has bu or mei before it，the pattern expresses the ideas of ”nobody，nothing, neither，nowhere，<sup>11</sup> etc •</p>
<p>Shěi dou keyi qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Anyone may go.</p>
<p>Shěi d5u bu kěyi qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No one may go.</p>
<p>Shenme dou kěyi yong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You may use anything.</p>
<p>Shenme d5u bu kěyi yong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You may not use anything.</p>
<p>Něige dou yiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any of them vould &quot;be the same.</p>
<p>Něige dou bu qīngchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;None of them is clear.</p>
<p>Nar d5u keyi qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You can go anywhere.</p>
<p>Nar d5u měi zhěr hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No place is as good as here.</p>
<p>When bu or měi is used before the verb, the advert 垣 can &quot;be used in place of dou:</p>
<p>Shěi ye bu kěyi qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No one can go.</p>
<p>Shenme yě bu kěyi yong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You may not use anything.</p>
<p>Něige yě &quot;bu qīngchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;None of them is clear.</p>
<p>Nǎr yě měi zhěr hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No place is as good as here.</p>
<p>The ”any/no<sup>1</sup>，expression may be the subject or object of the sentence，or as in exchange 5，it may be the object of a prepositional vert):</p>
<p>Mai gěi shěi dou kěyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup> s okay to sell it to anyone.</p>
<p>Mai gěi shěi dou bu kěyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s not okay to sell it to any-Mai gěi shěi yě &quot;bu kěyi. J one.</p>
<p>Fang zai nǎr d5u yiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s the same vherever you put it.</p>
<p>Fang zai nǎr dou bu yiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s different every place you put it.</p>
<p>Dao něige youju qu ji d5u kěyi. It would &quot;be all right to go to any</p>
<p>post office to mail it.</p>
<p>Gēn shěi shuo dou (OR yě) mei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It doesn<sup>f</sup>t matter who you tell it to.</p>
<p>guānxi•</p>
<p>kanbuqǐ: A resultative compound verb meaning &quot;to look dovn on，to scorn, to despise.<sup>n</sup> Unlike other resultative ver&quot;b compounds, this one occurs only with -de- or -bu-. (Měi kanqǐ and kanqǐ le are very rare.)</p>
<p>Biě kanlDuqi zhěixie xiǎo shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't look dovn on these little</p>
<p>matters.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit b</p>
<p>126</p>
<p>Wǒ zui kanlDuqǐ zhěiyangde rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I despise this kind of person most.</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>Bu yinggāi kantuqi funu, nanrěn Don’t look down on women. Anything něng zuode shi, nurěn yě něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a man can do a woman can do.</p>
<p>zuo.</p>
<p>The positive form kandeq.ǐ means to treat someone or something seriously &quot;because you &quot;believe them/it to &quot;be capable，important, vorthy, etc. It may &quot;be translated as &quot;to think a lot of,&quot; &quot;to think highly of，’：</p>
<p>Wǒ kandeqǐ ni cai rang nǐ guǎn It <sup>f</sup>s only because I think a lot of zhěijian shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you that I<sup>f</sup>m letting you have</p>
<p>charge of this matter.</p>
<p>Nǐ yaoshi xiǎng rang &quot;bieren kan- If you want to have others think deqi ni, ni děi &quot;bī &quot;biěrěn zuo- highly of you, you have to do de hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;better than they.</p>
<p>6. A: Rěn<sub>t</sub>jia dou juěde Xiǎo Wang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone feels Xiǎo Wang is a very</p>
<p>shi ge hěn you lǐmaode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well-mannered child,</p>
<p>haizi.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>rěnjia: This pronoun has a few different meanings. As used in exchange 6 it means &quot;everyone, people (in general)， they&quot;:</p>
<p>Rěnjia dou shuo něige difang hěn People say that place is very pretty. hǎo kan.</p>
<p>It can also mean &quot;other people&quot; or &quot;someone else&quot;:</p>
<p>Zheitenr shū dagai kěyi jiě gěi I can protalDly lend you this &quot;book, nī, &quot;buguo shi rěnjiade, wo dei &quot;but it<sup>f</sup>s someone else<sup>1</sup> s. I have xiān wěnwen. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to ask them first.</p>
<p>Besides referring to unspecified people, rěnjia can also refer to specific people. Most often it refers to a specific third party, ’’he,&quot; ’’she,” or &quot;they&quot;:</p>
<p>Ren jia &quot;bu jiě, suan le &quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If he doesn<sup>f</sup>t want to lend it，then</p>
<p>just forget it!</p>
<p>A: Ni nuěr you haizi le meiyou? Has your daughter had any children yet?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou--rěn jia &quot;bu yao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No--she doesn’t want any!</p>
<p>Wǒ gěi rěnjia, rěn jia &quot;bū yao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 tried to give it to her, &quot;but she</p>
<p>Zenme &quot;ban? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;didn<sup>f</sup>t want it • What can you do?</p>
<p>Nǐ kan rěnjia Xiǎo Hua xuěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Look at how well Xiǎo Hua does in her</p>
<p>duo hǎo, nǐ ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studies，tut you!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>12 了</p>
<p>Ren.iia may also refer to the speaker, in other words, <sup>n</sup>I.<sup>tf</sup> In such a case, the speaker is being intentionally playful, witty, or cute:</p>
<p>Nǐ yao zěnme du5?! Gěi rěnjia You want so much?! Come on, give vidianr ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me a little!</p>
<p>Renjia bu xǐhuan zhěizhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t like this kind of movie!</p>
<p>dianyīng! Wěishěnme yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why do I have to go see it? yao qu kan?</p>
<p>Renjia deng nī yige zhSngtou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve &quot;been waiting for you for an hour.</p>
<p>Jīntiān shi Xingqītiān, rang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today<sup>1</sup>s Sunday, Let me sleep a little</p>
<p>renjia du5 shui yihuǐr mal &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;later!</p>
<p>1 ǐmao: &quot;manners , etiquette/’ the expression in speech and &quot;behavior of modesty and respectfulness. This includes politeness of speech, saying the right things at the right times, table manners， and so on, HLǏ is &quot;ritual.&quot; Mao is ’’appearance.*’]</p>
<p>Congqian zai ZhSngguo līmao hen Etiquette used to &quot;be very important yaojin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in China.</p>
<p>You lǐmao means <sup>t!</sup>to be veil—mannered，<sup>n</sup> měiyou lǐmao <sup>fl</sup>to &quot;be ill-mannered.<sup>If</sup></p>
<p>7- A: Zhěi yi.jia rěn dou nianguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This whole family has had</p>
<p>&quot;bu shao shǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite a good education,</p>
<p>B: TīngshuS tamende sunzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I understand that their grandsons</p>
<p>sūnnū xiaxizai dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and granddaughters are (all)</p>
<p>n: an Si Shū ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studying the Four Books now!</p>
<p>Notes on No. 了</p>
<p>Zhei yi.jiā rěn: &quot;this family&quot; You already knov that jia can &quot;be used as a noun meaning &quot;family/<sup>1</sup> for example, vomen_J_iā_, &quot;our family.<sup>n</sup> But .jiā can also be used as a counter. It may be used alone or with the noun rěn following . The translation is still &quot;family.<sup>If</sup></p>
<p>Nei yijiā， rěnrěn dou gongzuo, Everyone in that family vorks.</p>
<p>yitiān dao van měi rěn zai jiā. There<sup>1</sup>s no one home all day long.</p>
<p>Cong zhěi sānjiā rěnde qingxing, From the situations of these three nǐ kěyi zhīdao yixiē guānyū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;families, you can learn something</p>
<p>Zh5ngguo rěnde shēnghuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about the life of the Chinese.</p>
<p>nianguo bu shǎo shū: Literally, &quot;studied a lot of &quot;books.<sup>11</sup> This is the GENERAL OBJECT shū vhich you first learned &quot;back in the Biographic Information module. It doesn<sup>f</sup>t really mean &quot;books ,<sup>!t</sup> but anything at all vhich is studied. Nian shū just means ”to study, to be in school,<sup>n</sup> so ve translate nianguo ~bu shǎo shū as ”to be very veil educated&quot; or ”to have a good education•”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit k</p>
<p>128</p>
<p>Sūnzi，’’grandson，’’ and sūnnu，’’granddaughter” include only the children of one’s son. [The children of one<sup>f</sup>s daughter are called vaisūnzi and vai-sūnnū.H Sūnnu may also have an -r_ ending: sūnnur (the real Běijīng pronunciation of -nur is kind of tricky; ask a native Běijīng speaker to say sūnnǔr for you).</p>
<p>Si Shū: <sup>,f</sup>the Four Books,” which are Daxuě，<sup>!,</sup>The Great Learning，，； Zhong-y5ng， &quot;The Doctrine of the Mean”； Lun^ǔ, &quot;The Analects of Confucius”； and Mengzǐ, ” Mencius.” Daxuě and Zhongy5ng axe chapters from Lǐ Ji，’’The Book of Rites，’’ vhich were raised to the status of separate &quot;books <sup>f</sup> by the Southern Song Dynasty philosopher Zhū XI. After the Song Dynasty, philosophers of the Idealist school looked upon the Four Books as the classics of Confucianism. Many older Chinese you meet today studied the Four Books vhen they vere children.</p>
<p>8. A: Tāmen jiā guoqu shi you qiaji Their family used to be rich.</p>
<p>rěn, you bu shǎo caichǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They had quite a lot of property.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ shuode caichǎn shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The property you're talking</p>
<p>tǔdi ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about is land, isn<sup>f</sup>t it?</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>you qiān: ’’to be rich,&quot; literally, ”to have money. You have nov seen quite a few phrases built around the state verb you:</p>
<p>you yisi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be interesting, to be fun</p>
<p>you bāngzhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be helpful</p>
<p>you daolǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be reasonable，to be logical</p>
<p>you xingqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be interested</p>
<p>you yanjiū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be expert</p>
<p>Like other state verbs (such as hao, <sup>n</sup>to be good，” ai, ”to love，” hui，</p>
<p>&quot;to be able to, to know how to，”），you can be modified by adverbs such as hen, &quot;very<sup>11</sup>; fēichang, <sup>f</sup>Very，extremely”； zhen，”really”； tai，&quot;too”； etc.</p>
<p>Tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you qian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>ff</sup>He is very rich.<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>Neiběn shǔ zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;That book is really interesting.<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Lī Ping &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;měi xingqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>ff</sup>Lī Ping is the least interested.<sup>fl</sup></p>
<p>Zenine shuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shizai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;měiyou daolǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;To say that is really unreasonable.</p>
<p>You，of course, differs from all other state verbs in that it is made negative with měi instead of bu. Bu may nevertheless modify an adverb preceding y5u:</p>
<p>Tā bu tai you qian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He isn<sup>f</sup>t too rich.</p>
<p>You cannot use měi in this sentence because the negation goes with tai， not with yǒu&gt; In fact, switching around the order of negative and adverb results in a big difference in meaning:</p>
<p>Bu tai you yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not too interesting.</p>
<p>Tai meiyou yisi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So boring!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>129</p>
<p>you qian ren: &quot;wealthy people&quot; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is a sort of compound noun, so -de is not used.</p>
<p>9. A: Nī zhuxialai &quot;ba, yě kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stay (live) here and you can help</p>
<p>gei women bang dianr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;us a &quot;bit. māng.</p>
<p>B: Wo &quot;baitian you kě, zhǐ hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have classes during the day;</p>
<p>wanshang zuo diǎnr shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can only work at night.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 9</p>
<p>zhuxialai: ’’to stay; to settle down” in a place, Zhu can either mean &quot;to live, to reside” or just &quot;to stay” temporarily in a place. The ending -xialai adds the meaning of coming to rest, not going away.</p>
<p>Gang lāide shihou &quot;bu zhīdao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you first get here you don<sup>T</sup>t zhuxialai yīhou cai zhīdao know, it<sup>1</sup>s only after you<sup>T</sup>ve lived věishěnme měi rěn xǐhuan dao here for a while that you realize zheige difang lai. why nobody likes to come here.</p>
<p>A: Wo^xianzai qu zhǎo yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m going to go look for a hotel now. luguǎn qu.</p>
<p>B: Měi guānxi, nī jiu zai wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That <sup>T</sup>s all right, why don<sup>T</sup>t you just</p>
<p>jia zhuxi alai &quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stay at my house?</p>
<p>bang mang: <sup>TT</sup>to help; help&quot; You first saw this in the Welfare module, Unit 6. Then in Unit 2 of this module, you learned bāngzhu. Both are very common. Bāngzhu is a little more formal than bang mang, which is purely conversational.</p>
<p>Bāng mang is a verb-object phrase (literally, <sup>??</sup>help-busy,<sup>n</sup>--”help me in my lDusy-ness<sup>,T</sup>). For example, you can say</p>
<p>Bang wo yi dianr māng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Help me a little •</p>
<p>Wo zai Měiguode shihou, ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He helped me a lot when I was in</p>
<p>&quot;bangle wo &quot;bu shao mang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America.</p>
<p>Bāngzhu, however， is just a vert. The word order is therefore simpler with ~bangzhu than with bǎn^mang.</p>
<p>Tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;bāngzhu wo.</p>
<p>BUT &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wǒde mang.</p>
<p>or Tā gěi wo &quot;bang mang.</p>
<p>’’He helps me.</p>
<p>You can see that vhen bānp; mang is used, the person helped is expressed either</p>
<p>(1) in a phrase modifying mang or (2) in a prepositional phrase vith gei•</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>130</p>
<p>zhǐ hǎo: &quot;can only, have no choice but to<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>Xia zhěme dade yǔ, vomen zhǐ hǎo Since it<sup>f</sup>s raining so hard, ve have bu qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;no choice but not to go.</p>
<p>Da jiā d5u bu yuanyi pěi wo qu, Nobody wants to go with me. All I wo zhǐ hǎo yige rěn qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can do is go by myself.</p>
<p>O^you yuě lai yuě gui, hěn du5 With gasoline getting more and more rěn zhǐ hǎo zuo gonggong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;expensive, many people have no</p>
<p>qichē le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;choice but to take the bus.</p>
<p>10. A: Wo mǔqin zong danxin vo gēge My mother is always worried</p>
<p>zai waibianr chi kǔ&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that my older brother is having</p>
<p>a rough time away from home.</p>
<p>B: Tāmen jǐge xiaopěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His bunch of friends help</p>
<p>huxiang bang mang, bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each other out. They don’t</p>
<p>hui chi kǔde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have such a rough time.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 10</p>
<p>danxin: ’’to be worried (that)”</p>
<p>Yǐjīng shiyīdiǎn le, Xiao Ping &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s eleven o’clock already and Xiao</p>
<p>hāi měi hualai, tade fumǔ hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ping hasn*t gotten back home yet.</p>
<p>dānxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His parents are very worried.</p>
<p>Nǐ bu bi danxin, haizi dale, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You don’t need to worry. When the</p>
<p>ta zijǐ hui dǒngde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;child grows up he*11 understand.</p>
<p>Wo dānxīn tade xuěxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m worried about his studies.</p>
<p>Wo dānxīn wo nǎinaide shentǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m worried about my grandmother<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>health.</p>
<p>Wo dānxīn tā you shěnme wěnti, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m worried that he has some problem.</p>
<p>Tā dānxīn tā zuobuhǎo něijian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>f</sup>s worried he won <sup>f</sup>t be able to do</p>
<p>shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it well.</p>
<p>zai vaibianr: Literally, <sup>,f</sup>on the outside,&quot; a common way of saying <sup>ff</sup>avay from home” or &quot;away from one<sup>1</sup> s hometown.” The Chinese have an expression (in literary style), Zai ,1iā qiān ri hǎo, chū vai yi shi nan, &quot;At home one thousand days are good, but when one is on the outside (away from one<sup>f</sup>s hometown) even one moment is difficult.”</p>
<p>chi kǔ: <sup>,f</sup>to have a rough time, to suffer hardships<sup>ff</sup> Kǔ，&quot;&quot;bitter,<sup>ff</sup> vhen referring to life or an experience, means &quot;hardship, suffering, pain.”</p>
<p>Tā chile bu shao kǔ cai cong da- He went through some rough times xuě &quot;biyě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;before he graduated from college.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit b</p>
<p>°2hanzhēng<sub>a</sub> &quot;var”</p>
<p>131</p>
<p>Měiyou chiguo zhanzhēngde° ku， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you haven<sup>1</sup>1 experienced the suffer-</p>
<p>jiu &quot;bu zhīdao jintiānde shēng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ing of var, you don^t knov that our</p>
<p>huo laide &quot;bu rongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;life today didn’t come easily•</p>
<p>Neng chi ku means &quot;to &quot;be able to take hardships，” ” to have fortitude -<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>ZhSngguo hen duo rěnde kanfa shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In China many people think that young</p>
<p>nianqīng rěn yīnggāi něng chī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people ought to &quot;be able to taJce</p>
<p>kǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hardship.</p>
<p>Tā neige rěn hěn něng chī ku, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He can take a lot of hardship. Don^t</p>
<p>&quot;bū yong dānxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vorry.</p>
<p>hīixiān^： &quot;mutually，reciprocally, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with each other” This is an adverb, so it must go after the subject (if there is one) and before the verb.</p>
<p>Women kěyi huxiāng xuěxi. Nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We can learn from each other. You</p>
<p>jiāo vo Yingwěn, vǒ jiāo ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teach me English and I<sup>f</sup>11 teach you</p>
<p>Zhongwěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit b</p>
<p>132</p>
<p>Unit U, Reviev Dialogue</p>
<p>Early in the morning the day after &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Li Ping (B) and Tom (A) arrive in</p>
<p>Hong Kong, Lī Ping's grandmother (C) is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;straightening up the living room,</p>
<p>when Lǐ Ping walks in.</p>
<p>B: Nainai, nin zhēn zao. Wo mā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>T</sup>re up so early, Grandma,</p>
<p>ne? * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where<sup>f</sup> s Mom?</p>
<p>C: Tā ya, chūqu mǎi cai le. Erzi Oh, she went out to &quot;buy some</p>
<p>hui lai le, zong yao duo mǎi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;groceries. When a son comes &quot;back,</p>
<p>diǎnr cai mal Nǐde pěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you’ve always got to &quot;buy some extra</p>
<p>ne? Tā hai měiyou qǐlai &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;food. Where’s your friend? He<sup>T</sup>s</p>
<p>not up yet, is he?</p>
<p>B: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Qǐlai le, xǐ lian ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, he <sup>T</sup>s up. He <sup>T</sup>s washing his</p>
<p>face •</p>
<p>C: Xiao Ping a，nǐde pěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Ping, what<sup>T</sup>s your friend<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>jiao shěnme mingzi, wo you wang name? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forgotten it again,</p>
<p>le.</p>
<p>B: Jiao &quot;Tāngmǔ.” &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;Tom.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>C: 5，&quot;Tāngmǐi，” hāi hǎo ji. Nǐ he Hm，”Tom，” that’s fairly easy to tā shu5, daole zanmen jiā, jiu remem'ber. You tell him that in our shi yijiā rěn, shěnme shir dou house he<sup>f</sup>s just part of the family biě kěqi. Tā yi kěqi, wo jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and he shouldn’t &quot;be polite about</p>
<p>bu zhīdao zěnme &quot;ban hǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anything. Once he starts in with the</p>
<p>politeness, I won<sup>T</sup>t know what to do.</p>
<p>B: Women huilai yǐqian zai Tāngmu Before we came &quot;back we stayed at</p>
<p>jia zhule liǎngtian, tā baba &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Torn<sup>1</sup> s house for a couple of days.</p>
<p>māma dui wo hěn hǎo. Tangmu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His parents were very nice to me.</p>
<p>rěn yě hěn hǎo, zai Měiguode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tom is also a very good person; when</p>
<p>shihou, tā gěi wo &quot;bu shao bang- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we were in America, he helped me a</p>
<p>zhu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lot.</p>
<p>C: 0, zheiyang hǎo, nianqīng rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm. That's good. Young people</p>
<p>yīnggāi huxiāng &quot;bang māng. Ai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ought to help each other out. (Sigh)</p>
<p>Jide nī yěye zai Ri'běn něi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I remem'ber when your grandfather was</p>
<p>shihou，pinming nian shū, renjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Japan, he studied like crazy, &quot;but</p>
<p>Ri'běn rěn hai shi kanlDuqi ya, nar &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;those Japanese still looked down on</p>
<p>you shěnme Ri'běn pěngyou. Zhǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him. He didn’t have any Japanese</p>
<p>hǎo jige <sup>7</sup>ih5ngguo xuěsheng zhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friends to speak of. The Chinese</p>
<p>zai yiqǐ. Ai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;students just had to live together.</p>
<p>(Sigh)</p>
<p>B: Nainai, guoqude shi jiu &quot;biě qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma, don<sup>f</sup>t go thinking a&quot;bout</p>
<p>xiǎng ta le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things from &quot;bygone days anymore.</p>
<p>Questions ending in ne often ask the vherealDouts of someone or something,</p>
<p>hence the translation &quot;Where<sup>1</sup> s Mom?<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>133</p>
<p>C: Xianzai hǎodeduō le, nǐ zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These days , it<sup>1</sup> s much &quot;better. I</p>
<p>vaitianr nian shū, vǒ &quot;bu name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don’t worry so much about you out</p>
<p>danxin le. ... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there studying.</p>
<p>(Tom enters.)</p>
<p>A: Lǐ Nainai*，nin zao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Good morning, Grandma Lǐ!</p>
<p>C: Zǎo， Tāngmu, zuole yitiān fēijī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Good morning, Tom. After a day on</p>
<p>bu duo shui yihuǐr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the airplane don’t you vant to get</p>
<p>some more sleep?</p>
<p>A: Shuigou le. Lǐ Nainai, nin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, I<sup>f</sup>ve gotten enough sleep.</p>
<p>zuozhe &quot;ba，women &quot;bang nin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma Lǐ, you sit down, ve’ll</p>
<p>shōushi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;straighten up for you.</p>
<p>C: Duo you lǐmaode haizi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What a veil-mannered child!</p>
<p>A: Lǐ Nainai, nin he ěrzi, ěrxifur &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma Lǐ, you<sup>1</sup> re so fortunate to</p>
<p>zhu zai yiqǐ, sunzi, sūnnū yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;live with your son and daughter-in-</p>
<p>chang lai, ninde fūqi zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lav, and to have your grandson and</p>
<p>hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandaughter come often.</p>
<p>C: Shěi shuō bū shi ne? Wo chang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s for sure. I often say that</p>
<p>shuō, women jiāde fūqi dou shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the good fortune of our family vas</p>
<p>vǒ na xiaoshunde ěrxifur &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all &quot;brought to us &quot;by that filial</p>
<p>dailaide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-lav of mine.</p>
<p>B: Wo nainai you gāi°° shuō women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Here goes Grandma telling our family</p>
<p>jiāde lishǐ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;history again.</p>
<p>A: Lǐ Nainai, zhěixiē shir nxn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma Lx，could you tell me about</p>
<p>gěi vǒ jiǎngjiang xing &quot;bu xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these things?</p>
<p>C: Hǎo va. Shuōqilai hua jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sure! It’s a long story. Xiao</p>
<p>chang le. °°° Wo he Xiao Ping &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ping’s grandfather and I are &quot;both</p>
<p>yěye dou shi Shenyang rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from Shenyang (Mukden). When the</p>
<p>Riben rěn laile yīhou, caichǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Japanese came, ve couldn’t bother vith</p>
<p>ya, tǔdi ya, dou bu něng guan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our property or land any more; ve</p>
<p>le, likāi jiā pǎo daole Nanfāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;left our home and fled to the South..</p>
<p>Xiǎo Ping balDa zai Shanghai nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Ping<sup>?</sup>s father didn’t meet our</p>
<p>shū cai rěnshile women zheige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-lav until he vas</p>
<p>ěrxifu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to school in Shanghai.</p>
<p>°Tom knows that this vay of addressing Grandma is proper for a</p>
<p>friend of her grandson. He intentionally calls her Lǐ Nainai as soon as</p>
<p>he sees her in order to establish the relationship.</p>
<p>°°gāi: &quot;vill probably&quot;</p>
<p>°More literally, &quot;When it comes &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to telling it， the talk is long.&quot; °<sup>00</sup>°Notice that grandma<sup>f</sup>s phrasing shows that the woman is first a</p>
<p>daughter-in-lav, then a vife.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit k</p>
<p>13h</p>
<p>A: Nei shihou nuhaizi shang da- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Were there many women who went</p>
<p>xuěde du5 &quot;bu du5? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to college in those days?</p>
<p>C: Měiyou xianzai zhěme du5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not as many as there are now. My</p>
<p>Women ěrxifu jiā xiangdāng you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-law's family was quite</p>
<p>qian, ěrqiě yidajiā rěn you qī- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rich， and there were seventy or</p>
<p>tāshigě, zai SūzhSu shěi d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eighty people in that one big family,</p>
<p>zhīdao tāmen jiā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone in Sūzh5u knew them.</p>
<p>A: Zheiyangrde jiāting' guiju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A family like that must have had a</p>
<p>yiding bu shǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;strict code of behavior.</p>
<p>C: Shěi shuō &quot;bu shi ne! Tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You bet they did! Their young</p>
<p>jiāde xiaojie &quot;bu něng zai wai- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ladies couldn't go to school outside</p>
<p>bianr nian shū, zhi něng qǐng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the home: they could only hire a</p>
<p>lǎoshl dao jiāli jiāo diǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teacher to come to the house and</p>
<p>Si Shū shenmede. Xiǎo Ping &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teach them a little of the Four Books</p>
<p>mǔqin juěde yige funu yao zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and so forth. Xiǎo Ping’s mother</p>
<p>shěhuishang dull, yiding děi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;felt that if a woman wanted to &quot;be</p>
<p>chūqu nian shū. Jiu zheiyang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;independent in society, she had to</p>
<p>tā cai pǎo dao Shanghai nian shū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave home to study. That's why she</p>
<p>qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ran away to Shanghai to go to school.</p>
<p>A: Zai něi shihou, zhen bu rongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That must have been really hard</p>
<p>&quot;back then.</p>
<p>C: Zai daxuěde shihou, Xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When they were in college, Xiǎo</p>
<p>Pingde fumǔ shi hěn hǎode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ping's parents were very good</p>
<p>pěngyou, kěshi zěnme tan ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friends, but what were we to do?</p>
<p>Women shěnme dou měiyou le, yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We didn’t have a thing left, and we</p>
<p>měiyou qian, zijǐde ěrzi zenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;didn't have any money - How could</p>
<p>něng he zheiyangr yiwei xiaojie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our (own) son marry a young lady like</p>
<p>jiēhūn ne? Xiǎo Ping mā bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that? But Xiǎo Ping's mother didn’t</p>
<p>name xiǎng. * . • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;think so. • • •</p>
<p>A: Tā zěnme xiǎng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did she think?</p>
<p>C: Tā shu5 tā yao zhǎo yige zijǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She said she wanted to find a person</p>
<p>xǐhuande rěn jiēhūn, diwei he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she herself liked to get married to，</p>
<p>qian d5u bu zhongyao, Ai，tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and that status and money weren't</p>
<p>chile duSshao ku cai likaile &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;important. (Sigh) What she went</p>
<p>neige da jiāting. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;through to leave that big family.</p>
<p>A: Na, nǐmen zěnme dao Xianggang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well then, how did you come to</p>
<p>lai le ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong?</p>
<p>C: Tāmen zai YTngguo nianwan shū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When they finished school in</p>
<p>jiu lai Xianggang zuo shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;England they came to Hong Kong to</p>
<p>yiniān yǐhou you bǎ women jiē- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work; a year later they &quot;brought us</p>
<p>. lai le， zheiyangr yijiā rěn cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out, and then our whole family set-</p>
<p>zai Xianggang zhuxialai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tied here. Now that I'm getting on</p>
<p>Xianzai wo niānji da le， jiāli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in years, Xiǎo Ping’s mother takes</p>
<p>da shir xiǎo shir dou shi Xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;care of all the big and small matters</p>
<p>SOC, Unit b</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>3</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>Ping mǔqin guan. Nī shuo vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;here at home. So vhen you say I<sup>f</sup>m</p>
<p>fuqi hāo， zhēn shi yidiǎnr ye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;blessed with good fortune， you<sup>f</sup>re</p>
<p>bū cuo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;absolutely right.</p>
<p>B: Nainai, vo mā kuāi huilai le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma, Mom will be home soon,</p>
<p>ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;won<sup>f</sup>t she?</p>
<p>C: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuai huilai le, women qu ba &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. Let<sup>1</sup>s go get breakfast</p>
<p>zǎofan nonghǎo ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ready,</p>
<p>A, B: Hao, zSu ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, let<sup>f</sup>s go.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit U</p>
<p>136</p>
<p>Unit U， Tape 2 Workbook</p>
<p>Exercise 1</p>
<p>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English， followed &quot;by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</p>
<p>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</p>
<p>Exercise 2</p>
<p>This exercise is a conversation between two neighbors who meet in their courtyard in Běijīng.</p>
<p>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you<sup>1</sup>11 protatly vant to rewind the tape and answer the questions &quot;below as you listen a second time.</p>
<p>Here are the new words and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>Dajiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;Older Sister，” a familiar way of</p>
<p>addressing a woman about one<sup>T</sup> s own age or older</p>
<p>shang &quot;bānde shang &quot;ban, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They<sup>1</sup> re either at the office or</p>
<p>shang xuěde shang xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at school; some are at the office</p>
<p>and others at school</p>
<p>zuobuliao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unable to do</p>
<p>yi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as soon as</p>
<p>gai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;build，to construct</p>
<p>zhengfǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government</p>
<p>gāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will &quot;be able to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why does Older Sister Lin do all of her own housework?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does she think of her daughter-in-law?</p>
<p>SOC<sub>5</sub> Unit b</p>
<p>137</p>
<p>3. What can you infer about what housing is like in Older Sister Lin<sup>1</sup>s neighborhood?</p>
<p>U. From this conversation you can see that a daughter-in-lav is very important in the Chinese family. Make a list of her responsibilities.</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself<sub>5</sub> you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</p>
<p>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</p>
<p>Exercise 3</p>
<p>In this conversation a Chinese man invites his girlfriend over for dinner.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through， look below and answer the questions.</p>
<p>Here are the new vords and phrases you vill need to understand this</p>
<p>conversation:</p>
<p>pa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be afraid</p>
<p>shǒuchāode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;handwritten</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why is Xiǎo Lan hesitant to go to her boyfriend<sup>1</sup>s home for dinner?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why does Xiǎo Lan think large families are difficult?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where vould the couple live if they got married? Why must they wait for a place of their own to live?</p>
<p>k. What does Xiǎo Lan think of bringing to her boyfriend<sup>1</sup>s home that evening? Why?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers vhich you have prepared.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>138</p>
<p>Exercise h</p>
<p>In this exercise a grandmother talks with her granddaughter.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</p>
<p>You will need the following new words and phrases :</p>
<p>quānjia rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the whole family</p>
<p>xingkui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fortunately, luckily</p>
<p>guo rizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to live; to get along</p>
<p>rizi bu hǎo guo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hard to get along</p>
<p>qiāo men &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to knock at the door</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise U</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does Grandma think of the new generation of daughters-in-law?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How does Grandma remember her own experience as a newlyved?</p>
<p>3- What is the difference between &quot;standards of conduct<sup>Tt</sup> and &quot;manners&quot;?</p>
<p>U. Why does Grandma reprimand Xiǎo Yun? Do you think she was justified?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit k</p>
<p>139</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</p>
<p>In Beijing, tvo old neighbors meet in their courtyard.</p>
<p>A: Lin Dajie, xī yifu na! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Older Sister Lin, doing your</p>
<p>laundry?</p>
<p>B: Bu xī zěnme ban, shang bānde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If I didn<sup>f</sup>t do it what would we do;</p>
<p>shang ban, shang xuěde shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;everyone is either at the office or</p>
<p>xuě, jiālide shir hai bu shi dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at school， don，t I have to do all</p>
<p>děi vo zuo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the house work in the end!</p>
<p>A: Haizimen d5u mang, you nin zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your children are all busy, but</p>
<p>jiā, gěi tamen bang bu shao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>1</sup> re at home helping them out a</p>
<p>mangr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lot.</p>
<p>B: Ai, niānji da le, zuobuliao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Sigh)，I’m getting old, I can’t</p>
<p>duoshao shir le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do very much any more!</p>
<p>A: Wo kan, nin ěrxifur zai jiade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I see that when your daughter-in-</p>
<p>shihour, yě bang nin zuo bu shao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;law is home she helps you do a lot</p>
<p>shi a. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of things too.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ shuode yidianr yě bu cuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>re absolutely right. That</p>
<p>vo neige ěrxifur bǐ wo ěrzi hǎo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-law of mine is much,</p>
<p>duo le, dao jiā, you zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better than my son. As soon as she</p>
<p>fan, you xī yifu, you shōushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gets to the house, she cooks and wūzi, ai! Kěxi vo bu něng shěnme washes and straightens up the room,</p>
<p>shir dou kao ta ya. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Sigh)，it<sup>1</sup> s too bad I can<sup>f</sup>t depend</p>
<p>on her for everything.</p>
<p>A: Weishěmne ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why not?</p>
<p>B: Renjia du5 mang! Yige yuě cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She’s so busy! She can only come</p>
<p>něng hui jiā ylci. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;home once a month.</p>
<p>A: Na tā bu něng zai nin jiāli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well, can’t she move in with you? zhuxialai ma?</p>
<p>B: Bu xing a! Wǔzi tai xiǎo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That wouldn’t do! The house is too</p>
<p>Ěrxifur huilaile, rang ta zhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;small! If my daughter-in-law came</p>
<p>zai nar? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;back, where would I have her stay?</p>
<p>A: Shi a! Yaoshi you fangzi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes! If you had enough housing,</p>
<p>yij iā rěn zhu zai ylkuair, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how nice it would be to have the</p>
<p>huxiāng bāngmangr, na you du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whole family living together and</p>
<p>hao! Dui le, ting wo nuěr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;helping each other. Oh yes--I hear</p>
<p>shuo, tāmen xuěxiao neibiānr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from my daughter that a lot of new</p>
<p>^aile hao duo xīn fangzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;buildings have been built over by</p>
<p>their school.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>Unit b</p>
<p>lUo</p>
<p>B: Fangzi věnti shi ge da shir, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The housing problem is a big thing;</p>
<p>zhengfǔ &quot;bu hui &quot;bu guan. Youle the government vouldn<sup>?</sup>t ignore it. xīn fangzi, zanmen jiu hǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After ve get some nev housing [in</p>
<p>this area] ve <sup>?</sup>11 be all right.</p>
<p>A: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kě bu shi ma! Daole neige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s for sure! When that time</p>
<p>shihour, nin jiu bū yong dānxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;comes you von<sup>?</sup>t have to vorry any</p>
<p>le. Nin gen nin ěrxifur yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more. ī<sup>f</sup>m sure you and your daugh-</p>
<p>něng bǎ zheige jiā nongde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ter-in-lav will be able to make a</p>
<p>shūshufufude• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very comfortable home.</p>
<p>B: Shi a! Na jiu hǎo le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes I Then everything vill be all</p>
<p>rightJ</p>
<p>A: Hao, Lin Dajiě, bu zǎo le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All right, Older Sister Lin, it<sup>?</sup>s</p>
<p>vǒ yě gāi hui jiā zuo fan qu getting late, and I should really le. You shijiān zai liao a. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be going back home to fix dinner.</p>
<p>We <sup>?</sup>11 chat some more when we have time.</p>
<p>B: Měi shir jiu lai zuozuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stop in sometime when you're</p>
<p>Man zou a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not busy. Take care!</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</p>
<p>In Běijīng, a 2l-year-old man (M) talks with his 23-year-old woman friend</p>
<p>(F). They have been close friends for a vhile.</p>
<p>M: Xiao Lan, jīntiān vǒ baba zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Lan, my father is home today,</p>
<p>jiā, vǎnshang dao women jiā chī why don’t you have dinner at our fan ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;house tonight?</p>
<p>F: Wo bu qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ī<sup>f</sup>m not going.</p>
<p>M: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Weishěnxne? Wo baba rěn hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why? My father<sup>f</sup>s a very good per-</p>
<p>hǎo, nǐ bu bi dānxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;son you don<sup>f</sup>t have to worry.</p>
<p>F: Wo mā shu5 ... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My* mother said . • •</p>
<p>M: Nǐ mā shuo shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did your mother say?</p>
<p>F: Wo ma shuo: n? jiā rěn duo, n? My* mother said that you have a &quot;big yěye, nainai hāi zai, xiSngdi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family. Your grandparents are still</p>
<p>jiěměi hǎojǐgě, jiāli guīju yě alive, you have so many brothers and bu shao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;qule yǐhou chī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sisters, and your family has such a</p>
<p>kǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;strict code of behavior, that she vas</p>
<p>afraid I would have a rough time after I went [i.e., after I married you and vent to live with your family].</p>
<p>* shūshufufude, &quot;very coInfortable<sup>,,</sup> *°yě gai , &quot;really should”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>lUl</p>
<p>M: Hai, nǐ xiāngde tai duo le, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh come on, you<sup>1</sup> re thinking too</p>
<p>nainai guoqu zuo ěrxifude shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;much. Back when my grandmother was</p>
<p>chīguo hěn duo kǔ, suoyǐ tā dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a daughter-in-law she had quite a</p>
<p>wo mama těbiě hao, ni xiǎng wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rough time, so she's particularly</p>
<p>nainai, wo mama tāmen zěnme hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good to my mother • Really, how could</p>
<p>rang ni chī kǔ ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;my grandmother and mother give you</p>
<p>a hard time!</p>
<p>F: Xianzai dāngran hāi hao, yīhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of course it<sup>1</sup> s okay now, &quot;but hov</p>
<p>ne? Yidajiā rěn zhu zai yikuair, a&quot;bout later on? When a large family</p>
<p>shijiān changle zong shi hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lives together, it always gets dif-</p>
<p>mafande. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ficult after a while.</p>
<p>M: Zhěi yidian wo yě xiangdaole, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I've thought of that too. When</p>
<p>nianji dale, xiǎngfa youde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people get older， their way of think-</p>
<p>shihou he nianqīng rěn &quot;bu tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ing is sometimes kind of different</p>
<p>yiyang, yǐhou youle fangzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from young people. Afterwards when we</p>
<p>women bānchulai jiu xing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get a place 匸of our own] ve'11 move</p>
<p>out, and then it vill &quot;be all right.</p>
<p>F: Shěnme shihour cai něng you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And when will we &quot;be able to get a</p>
<p>fangzi ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;place to live?</p>
<p>M: Biě ji, wo xiǎng &quot;bu hui děng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't worry, I don't think we'll</p>
<p>hěn chang shijiānde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to wait too long.</p>
<p>F: Ēng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm.</p>
<p>M: Name, jīntiān wanshang dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then, how about going to our house</p>
<p>women jiā qu, hǎo ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tonight?</p>
<p>F: Mm . . . Jīntiān wanshang dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm . • • Who's going to &quot;be there</p>
<p>you shěi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tonight?</p>
<p>M: Zhi you wo &quot;balDa, mama, he vo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just my father, mother， and I.</p>
<p>xiSngdi jiěměi d5u &quot;bu zai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;None of my &quot;brothers and sisters will</p>
<p>&quot;be there.</p>
<p>F: Na, yěye, nainai ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What about your grandparents?</p>
<p>M: Yěye nainai he chade shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They<sup>1</sup>11 come out and sit for a while</p>
<p>guolai zuo yixiar, ranhou jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when we have tea，and then they<sup>1</sup>11</p>
<p>hui tāmen wūzi xiūxi qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go &quot;back to their room to rest.</p>
<p>F: Touyici qu, wo dai dianr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What should I &quot;bring, since this is</p>
<p>shěnme hao a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;W first visit?</p>
<p>M: Shěnme d5u Tdu yao dai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't &quot;bring anything at all.</p>
<p>&quot;^Fanszi here refers to any type of housing, including an apartment or just~</p>
<p>a room. The housing situation in Běijīng is so tight that this couple will</p>
<p>protatly have to wait months to get one room.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>lh2</p>
<p>F: Ka zěnme xing? TīngshuS nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How can I do that? I hear your</p>
<p>yěyede zi xiěde hěn hǎo a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandfather is very good at writing</p>
<p>characters?</p>
<p>M: Shi a， zěnme la? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s right. Why?</p>
<p>F: Wo &quot;balia you yltao shǒuchāode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My father has a handwritten copy of</p>
<p>Si Shū, song gěi nǐ yěye hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Four Books. How about if I</p>
<p>&quot;bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;give it to your grandfather?</p>
<p>M: Na tai hǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That vould &quot;be great.</p>
<p>F: Vǒ hui jiā shōushi yixiar jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>?</sup>m going to go home now to straighten</p>
<p>lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up a Mt and then I'll be right there.</p>
<p>M: Děng yihuǐr wo lai jiē ni a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'll come and get you in a while!</p>
<p>B: Ei! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay!</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise ^</p>
<p>Conversation &quot;between a grandmother &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and granddaughter in Běijīng.</p>
<p>A: Xiao Yun na! Bādiǎn &quot;ban le， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Yun! It<sup>f</sup>s half past eight,</p>
<p>hāi &quot;bu qǐlai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aren<sup>?</sup>t you getting up!</p>
<p>B: Nainai， jīntiān shi Xingqītian, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma, today's Sunday. Let me</p>
<p>rang renjia duo shui yihuǐr ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sleep a little later!</p>
<p>A: Xianzaide nianqīng rěn zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Young people today are so fortunate.</p>
<p>you fuqi, shui dao &quot;badiSn &quot;ban hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They sleep until eight-thirty and</p>
<p>&quot;bu xiǎng qǐ. Women zuo ěrxifu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still don’t want to get up. When we</p>
<p>de shihou, wǔdian zh5ng jiu děi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;were daughters-in-law, we had to get</p>
<p>qǐlai, zuo quan.jia rěnde zaofan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up at five o<sup>?</sup> clock and make &quot;breakfast</p>
<p>le, nǎr něng shui dao &quot;badian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for the whole family. Who could</p>
<p>ban?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sleep until eight-thirty!</p>
<p>B: Na dou shi guoqude shir le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those are all things of the past!</p>
<p>A: Shi a. Guoqude shi， zhēn shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. The things of the past are</p>
<p>měi &quot;banfar shuō. Wo gēn ni yeye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really sad to recall. When I married</p>
<p>jiēhunde shihou, nǐ yěye jiā hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your grandfather, his family was rich</p>
<p>you qiān, yě you &quot;bu shǎo tudi， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and had a lot of land- Our family</p>
<p>woinen Jiāli měi shemne caichǎn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;didn't have much property. When I</p>
<p>daole renjia jiali， yidajia rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arrived in his household, everyone</p>
<p>dou kanzhe wo zheige xīn lāide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in that huge family stared at me, the</p>
<p>ěrxifu. Zěnme &quot;ban ne? Wo zhī- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;new daughter-in-law. What could I</p>
<p>hǎo zuole zheiyangr zuo něi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do? Just keep slaving away. I didn't</p>
<p>yangr&quot;, yitiān dao wan měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stop the whole day long. (Sigh)</p>
<p>tingde shihcu. Ai! XingkuT nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s a good thing your grandfather</p>
<p>°zuole zheiyangr zuo neiyangr: <sup>n</sup>After &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;having done this thing, do that thing,&quot;</p>
<p>i.e., &quot;do one task after another.”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit h</p>
<p>•Hai，’’still&quot; is used in rhetorical questions; here it implies ’’The answer to your question is so obvious, why are you still asking?” Shěnme, here in the neutral tone, means ”vhy，what for” rather than &quot;vhat.”</p>
<p>°°Hai bu shi is used in rhetorical questions; literally, it means，&quot;Is it not still (a case of.&quot;)，” or in more colloquial English, &quot;Could it be anything but....<sup>11</sup> Here, it is best translated as <sup>?f</sup>of course.<sup>?f</sup></p>
<p><sup>O</sup>°°hǎo nǎinai: A rather theatrical, humorously cajoling form of address, &quot;dear grandma.<sup>11</sup> The girl uses this term in order to get her grandmother to do her the favor of answering the front door.</p>
<p>1U3</p>
<p>yěye shi ge hao rěn, wǒde rizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was a good man; that<sup>1</sup> s the only thing</p>
<p>cai hao guo yidianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that made life a little easier.</p>
<p>B: Xianzai bu tong le, xiaaizai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Things are different now. Now</p>
<p>nianqīng rěn Jiehūn yīhou bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;young people don<sup>f</sup>t have to worry</p>
<p>yong zai dānxīn zhěixiē le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about that sort of thing after they</p>
<p>get married.</p>
<p>A: Kěshi guīju hāishi děi you a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But you still have to have stan-</p>
<p>Děi you lǐmao, jiali lǎorěn d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dards of conduct! You have to have</p>
<p>qīlai le, nǐ hāi shui zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manners. If the old people in the</p>
<p>chuajigshang, na zěnme xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family are up and you<sup>1</sup> re still in bed</p>
<p>sleeping, is that any way to act?</p>
<p>B: Hao le, hao le，nainai, wo mǎ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, okay, grandma. I<sup>f</sup> 11 get up</p>
<p>shang jiu qǐlai le. Nī ting, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;right away. Listen, who<sup>f</sup>s knocking</p>
<p>shěi zai qiao men na?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the door?!</p>
<p>A: Hai wen shenme?* Hai bu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You have to ask? It<sup>f</sup>s your friend,</p>
<p>nīde pěngyou lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of course•</p>
<p>B: Laojia, lāojia， hao nainai,°°° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, please, please, vould you go get</p>
<p>nin qu kai men ba, wo kuai ba &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the door, dear grandma? I<sup>f</sup> 11 straighten</p>
<p>wūzi shōushi yixiar. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the room real quickly.</p>
<p>A: Hao hao hao, wo jiu qu, kuai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I<sup>1</sup>11 get it right away. You</p>
<p>shSushi ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hurry and straighten up.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>UNIT 5</p>
<p>Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION</p>
<p>Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The pattern yě hǎo， ... ye hao， ’’whether. • .or.&quot;</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The adverb cai marking necessary condition.</p>
<p>3- Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase. b. Wěile&gt; <sup>ft</sup>in order to,</p>
<p>5. Comparison of two words for ’’afterwards，’’ yǐhou and houlai •</p>
<p>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inquiring about customs in the culture.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressing that you don<sup>T</sup>t understand something and asking another<sup>1</sup>s interpretation of it.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressing that you don<sup>T</sup>t see the value of something and asking another<sup>r</sup> s point of view on it•</p>
<p>h. Expressing partial agreement, specifying one<sup>1</sup>s reservations.</p>
<p>Ihh</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>1&quot;5</p>
<p>Unit Reference List</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zhěi liǎngniān, nǐmende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What has your income &quot;been like</p>
<p>shōurū zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the past couple of years?</p>
<p>B: Zhěi liǎngniān, nongyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The past couple of years, agricul-</p>
<p>shēngchǎn qingkuāng bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tural production conditions have</p>
<p>cuo, shōurū yě hai hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;been pretty good, and our income</p>
<p>has &quot;been all right, too.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Tāde shu5fǎ vǒ měi ting- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I didn’t understand the way he said</p>
<p>dong, nǐ tīngmingbai_ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that. Did you understand it? le ma?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou, wo yě měi tīngmingbai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, I didn<sup>f</sup>t understand it either,</p>
<p>ěrqiě zheige timu yě tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Moreover this topic is too hard, nan le.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Xuě pīnyīn ye hao, &quot;bū xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether you study romanization</p>
<p>pīnyīn yě hǎo, ZhSngguo zi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or not, you*11 always have to</p>
<p>zong děi xue. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;study Chinese characters.</p>
<p>B: Shi a, zheiyang Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes，this is the only way Chinese</p>
<p>wěnhua cai něng Ipǎochixiaqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;culture can continue to &quot;be</p>
<p>preserved.</p>
<p>U. A: Jioli laodongli duo, shěnghuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If a family has more manpower,</p>
<p>ye jiu hui hSo yidiǎnr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;then it follows that life will &quot;be</p>
<p>a little &quot;better.</p>
<p>B: Kěshi xianzai rěnkǒu du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But now it<sup>1</sup> s not necessarily an</p>
<p>bu yiding you shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;advantage to have a lot of</p>
<p>hSochu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people•</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zai nar xiě zide neige rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is that person writing over there</p>
<p>shi bu shi ta zhangfu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her husband?</p>
<p>B: Zheng shi ta! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s him all right!</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Gōngshāngyě fāda you shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What benefit is there in having a</p>
<p>haochu? Nali d5u name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flourishing industry and commerce?</p>
<p>zang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s so dirty everywhere!</p>
<p>B: Zhěi yidian wo &quot;bū tongyi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>f</sup>t agree vith that. There are</p>
<p>gSngshangyě fada you &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of &quot;benefits to having a</p>
<p>shǎo haochū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flourishing industry and commerce.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>lh6</p>
<p>7. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Tā věishěnme zǎohūn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why did she get married early?</p>
<p>B: Qunian tā fuqin le，měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Last year her father died and there</p>
<p>rěn zhaoffli ta, zhǐ hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vas no one to take care of her.</p>
<p>jiehūn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All she could do vas get married.</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Duoshu rěn dou xǐhuan ziyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Most people like freedom.</p>
<p>B: K!eshi, bu shi hěn duo rěn něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But not many people can obtain</p>
<p>dědao ziyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freedom.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Weile něng huxiāng zhaogu， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All three generations live together</p>
<p>tāmen yijiā sandai zhu zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so that they can take care of each</p>
<p>yiqǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;other.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: TīngshuS congqian, nǐmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve heard that in the past you had</p>
<p>zhěli you hěn duo you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of interesting customs here, yiside fēngsu.</p>
<p>B: Shi a. Houlai gSngshangyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. Later, vhen industry and</p>
<p>fādā le, fēngsu yě gaibian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;commerce developed, customs</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;changed, too.</p>
<p>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;laodong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to labor; labor</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;laoli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;labor force, labor</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gongye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;industry</p>
<p>lk. shāngyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;business, commerce</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dadu5shu(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the great majority</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;huo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to live; to become alive; to survive;</p>
<p>to be live/alive/living; to be movable/moving</p>
<p>17. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;xīguSn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;habit, custom, usual practice; to be</p>
<p>accustomed to， to be used to</p>
<p>18. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to heed, to obey (someone’s orders)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>VOCABULARY</p>
<p>baochi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to keep, to preserve, to maintain</p>
<p>cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only in that case, only under this</p>
<p>condition</p>
<p>daduōshu(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the great majority</p>
<p>-dai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;generation (counter); era, (histor</p>
<p>ical) period dě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get</p>
<p>dědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get</p>
<p>du5shu(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the majority of， most of</p>
<p>fādā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be (highly) developed, to be</p>
<p>flourishing, to be prosperous fēngsu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;custom(s)</p>
<p>gaibian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to change</p>
<p>gōngyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;industry</p>
<p>gSngshāngye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;industry and commerce</p>
<p>haochu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;benefit, advantage</p>
<p>houlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;later, afterwards</p>
<p>huo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to live; to become alive; to survive;</p>
<p>to be live/alive/living; to be movable/moving</p>
<p>laodong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to labor</p>
<p>laodongli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;labor force, labor; able-bodied persor</p>
<p>laoli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;labor force, labor</p>
<p>mingbai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to understand, to be clear on, to</p>
<p>comprehend; to be clear, to be obvious</p>
<p>nongye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;agriculture</p>
<p>shāngyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;commerce， business</p>
<p>shēngchǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to produce; production</p>
<p>shōuru &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;income, earnings</p>
<p>shuSfa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;way of saying a thing; statement,</p>
<p>version, argument sǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to die</p>
<p>timu (tlmu) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;topic， subject; title; (test)</p>
<p>question, problem</p>
<p>ting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to heed, to obey (someone<sup>1</sup>s orders)</p>
<p>tongyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to agree, to consent; agreement,</p>
<p>consent</p>
<p>weile &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in order to; for the purpose of;</p>
<p>for the sake of</p>
<p>1“T</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>1U8</p>
<p>xiguan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;habit, custom, usual practice; to</p>
<p>be accustomed to, to be used to</p>
<p>...yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whether...or... ; both.•.and.••</p>
<p>yě jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;accordingly, correspondingly， so</p>
<p>you hǎochū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be beneficial, to be good (for)</p>
<p>zǎohūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;early marriage; child marriage; to</p>
<p>marry as a child, to marry early zhangfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;husband</p>
<p>zhaogu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take of; care</p>
<p>zhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just, precisely, right</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>1U9</p>
<p>Unit 彡，Reference Notes</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zhěi liǎngniān, nīmende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What has your income been like</p>
<p>shōuru zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the past couple of years?</p>
<p>B: Zhei liǎngniān, nongye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These past couple of years agricul-</p>
<p>shēngchǎn qingkuāng &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tural production conditions have</p>
<p>cuo, shouru yě hai hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;been pretty good, and income is</p>
<p>all right, too.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>zheiliangnian: See Unit U, Notes on No. 3.</p>
<p>shouru: ’’income，earnings” While in English you say ’’income” is ’’large” or ”small，” in Chinese you say &quot;much” (duo) or &quot;little” (shao)•</p>
<p>Tāde sh5uru bu shao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her income isn’t small. (lit.， &quot;little”）</p>
<p>Tade shouru bu tai du5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His income isn’t very high.</p>
<p>shēngchǎn: &quot;to produce (agricultural or industrial products), to mami-facture (industrial products); production, operation (of a plant)’，</p>
<p>Nǐmen d5u shēngchǎn shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What (all) do you produce?</p>
<p>You rěn shuo xiangxiade shēngchǎn Some people say that production and he shěnghuo qingkuāng hǎo yi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;living conditions in the country-</p>
<p>diSn le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;side have gotten somewhat better.</p>
<p>A: Wo zhǎo Lǐ Guoqiang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m looking for Li Guoqiang.</p>
<p>B: Duibuqǐ, xianzai shi shēng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m sorry, it <sup>f</sup>s production time now.</p>
<p>chan shijiān, bu něng zhǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You can<sup>f</sup>t visit people, rěn-</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Tade shuSfǎ wo měi ting- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I didn’t understand the way he said</p>
<p>dong, nǐ tīngmingbai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that. Did you understand it? le ma?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou, wo yě měi tīngmingbai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, I didn<sup>f</sup>t understand it either.</p>
<p>ěrqiě zheige timu yě tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Moreover, this topic is too hard, nan le.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>mfngbai: ，’to be clear on, to understand,，，literally, ’’&quot;bright-white，，</p>
<p>This is an adjectival verb which may or may not be followed by an object:</p>
<p>Xianzai wo mingbai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now I see.</p>
<p>Wo mngbai nǐde yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I understand what you mean.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>150</p>
<p>Gāngcai nī you gei vǒ jiǎngle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nov that you've just explained it to</p>
<p>yici, vǒ tiijiao mingbai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me again, I understand it better.</p>
<p>Mingbai can also be used to mean ”t〇 be clear, to be obvious,<sup>TT</sup> as in:</p>
<p>Zhěijian shiqing hen mingbai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This matter is very clear/obvious.</p>
<p>tīngmingbai: ”to hear and understand&quot; This is a compound verb of result vith an adjectival verb, mingbai indicating the result• As just stated, mingbai can mean either，’to understand’ or ”to be clear，” but tīngmingbai means only &quot;to understand by listening,&quot; NOT &quot;to hear clearly.<sup>tf</sup> Use tīngqīng-chu to !nean <sup>ff</sup>to hear clearly.<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>Zuotiānde ke vo vidianr dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I couldn’t understand a thing in</p>
<p>tingoioir.ingbai . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yesterday<sup>f</sup> s class .</p>
<p>Gāngcai laoshi shu5de vo měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I didn<sup>f</sup>t hear (clearly) vhat the</p>
<p>tīngqingchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teacher just said.</p>
<p>Another verb of perception vhich can take mingbai to shov the result is kan，</p>
<p>&quot;to see, to read.<sup>M</sup></p>
<p>Nǐ kan měi kanmingbai zheige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you understand the (test) question</p>
<p>timu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(when you read it)?</p>
<p>As a compound verb of result, tingminglpai can take the syllables -de- and -bu- to add the meaning of &quot;can” and ”can’t.” (For the following example you need to knov waivěn， ”foreign language,<sup>M</sup> and bu guan， ”n〇 matter.”)</p>
<p>Gang xuě yizhcng vaiwěnde shihou<sub>?</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you’re just tieginning to study bu guan tingdemingtiai tingbu- a foreign language, it<sup>1</sup> s good for mingbai, duo ting dui nǐ yiding you to listen a lot whether you you hacchu. understand or not.</p>
<p>timu： This noun has three commonly used meanings: (l) &quot;topic, subject (2) <sup>fT</sup>tit.le and (2) &quot;question, problem” (e.g. , on a test or in an exercise).</p>
<p>VJomen Jīntiān &quot;nuan yige tāri huade Today let<sup>1</sup> s change the topic of con— timu, tanyitan shěnghuo fang- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;versation and chat about things</p>
<p>• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;miande shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from daily life.</p>
<p>Zheiben shūde timu shi Zhongguo- The title of this book is Chinese de Shehui.” &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Society.</p>
<p>Zuotiān kaoshide timu name duo, There were so many problems on yes— vo zhēn bu zhīdao xiān zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;terday <sup>r</sup>s test, I didn’t know vhich</p>
<p>neige hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do first.</p>
<p>Zheiyangde timu wo zai gāozhong° ī did this sort of problems vhen I de shihou dSu zucguo, xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vas in senior high school, but</p>
<p>d5u wangle. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nov I have forgotten all about them.</p>
<p>°gāozh5ng, &quot;senior high，” short for gāoji zhongxuě</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>151</p>
<p>3. A: Xuě pinyin yě hǎo, bu xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether you study romanization</p>
<p>pīnyīn yě hǎo，Zhōngguo zi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or not，you<sup>1</sup>11 always have to</p>
<p>zong děi xuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;study Chinese characters.</p>
<p>B: Shi a, zheiyang Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, this is the only way Chinese</p>
<p>wěnhua cai něng bǎochixiaqu. culture can continue to be</p>
<p>preserved.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>...yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo: This pattern can mean either (1) &quot;whether.•.or.••<sup>n</sup> or (2) &quot;both...and.••.”</p>
<p>Ni qu yě hao, bu qu yě hao, wo Whether or not you are going, I’m yiding qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going for sure.</p>
<p>Ta ting yě hǎo, bu ting yě hao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether he listens or not, there<sup>1</sup>U</p>
<p>zong you yitiān ta hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be a day when he understands. mlngbaide.</p>
<p>Tā lai yě hǎo, bu lāi yě hǎo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not he comes, let’s</p>
<p>zanmen xian chī fan ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;start eating.</p>
<p>Nǐ qu yě hǎo, huoshi wo qu yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether you go or I go, somebody has</p>
<p>hǎo, zong děi you yige rěn qu. to go.</p>
<p>In the review dialogue, you will see an example of the second meaning, &quot;both&quot;, and...<sup>ff</sup>:</p>
<p>Buguo wS xiǎng, dalu yě hǎo，Tai- But I think that both the mainland wan yě hSo， Jǐshinian lai dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and Taiwan have undergone big</p>
<p>youle hěn dade gaibian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;changes in the past few decades•</p>
<p>ZhSngguo rěn yě h5o, Měiguo rěn Chinese people and American people yě hǎo, dou yīnggāi baochi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should both preserve their cultural</p>
<p>tamende wěnhua chuantong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heritage.</p>
<p>cai: You've already seen cai in talking about TIME (&quot;not until&quot;) as in Ta zuotian cai laide<sub>t</sub> &quot;He didn't come until yesterday.&quot; Here you see another use of cai，&quot;not unless.<sup>11</sup> It points out a NECESSARY CONDITION.</p>
<p>Zheijikn shi, ta guǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cāi xfng.</p>
<p>As for this &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(if) he takes &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only in that case</p>
<p>matter, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;care of it, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will it be okay.</p>
<p>&quot;It won't be okay unless he takes care of this matter.<sup>11</sup> Here are other examples:</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>152</p>
<p>Shige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cai gou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;No fever them ten is enough•<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Zheiyang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cai hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;’’Only in this vay is it good.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Pianyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vǒ cai mǎi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;’’工 vor^t &quot;buy it unless it<sup>f</sup> s cheap.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Nǐ qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vo cai qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”1 von<sup>r</sup>t go unless you do.”</p>
<p>Zhěitao pan zi van &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don’t use this set of dishes</p>
<p>you kěren lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vǒ cai yong. unless 工 have guests.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>~bǎochi: <sup>M</sup>to keep, to preserve, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to maintain<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Yaoshi nǐ něng baochi měitiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you can keep on memorizing four</p>
<p>ji° sige xīn zi, yinian kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nev characters a day, you<sup>1</sup>11 be</p>
<p>ji yiqiān du5 ge zi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;able to memorize over a thousand</p>
<p>a year.</p>
<p>Zh5ngguo shěhui hěn du5 difang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are a lot of places in Chinese</p>
<p>dou &quot;baochizhe lǎode fēngsu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;society vhich are still holding on</p>
<p>xiguan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to old customs and ha&quot;bits .</p>
<p>h. A: Jiāli laodongli duo, shěnghuo If a family has more manpover,</p>
<p>yě jiu hui hao yidiǎnr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;then it follows that life vill &quot;be</p>
<p>a little &quot;better.</p>
<p>B: Kěshi xianzai rěnkǒu du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But nov it <sup>f</sup>s not necessarily an</p>
<p>&quot;bu yiding you shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;advantage to have a lot of</p>
<p>haochu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people.</p>
<p>Notes on No. b</p>
<p>laodongli: ”vork force,” literally ’’labor-pover”</p>
<p>Funū zai nongcūn shi xiangdāng In rural areas, vomen are a very zhongyaode laodongli. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;important source of labor-</p>
<p>Laodongli may also &quot;be used to refer to able-bodied individuals vho do manual labor:</p>
<p>A: Tāmen jiā you jǐge laodongli? Hov many able-bodied persons are there</p>
<p>in their family?</p>
<p>B: You sige &quot;ban laodongli. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are four and a half, (The half</p>
<p>may &quot;be a child or an older person vho cannot do as much vork-)</p>
<p>-li ~by itself means &quot;pover” or <sup>fl</sup>ability,<sup>11</sup> and is used in combinations:</p>
<p>něngli ability &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rěnli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manpover</p>
<p>dianli electric pover &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tīngli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hearing ability</p>
<p>huoli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;firepover; thermal &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shuili &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vater pover, hydraulic</p>
<p>dongli motivating pover, force, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pover</p>
<p>impetus， driving force</p>
<p>°Ji，”to rememlDer,<sup>fl</sup> can also mean <sup>M</sup>to commit to memory.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>153</p>
<p>yě ,1iu: ’’accordingly，’’ literally ’’also then<sup>11</sup> Other translations for this are ’’correspondingly,’’ &quot;so.&quot; The tone of jiu is often neutral.</p>
<p>Tǎ dui wo hěn &quot;bu kěqi，wo yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He was very rude to me, so I</p>
<p>jiu Idu gēn tā shuo hua le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;won<sup>f</sup>t talk with him anymore.</p>
<p>Wo jiao ta bu yao bang wo xī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I told him not to help me wash the</p>
<p>wan, tā yiding yao xǐ, wo yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dishes, but he insisted, so I let</p>
<p>jiu rang ta xǐ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him wash them.</p>
<p>Wo shi liǎngniān yǐqian xuěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I studied Chinese two years ago, &quot;but</p>
<p>ZhSngwěn kěshi yizhi měi jīhui I never had the chance to speak it, shu5， yě jiu wang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so I forgot it.</p>
<p>Wo xiǎng qu, kěshi měi biěrěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I wanted to go， but nobody else did,</p>
<p>yao qu, yě jiu suan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so I said the heck with it.</p>
<p>Wo gang xuě Zhongwěnde shihou, When I first started studying Chinese， hen zhuyi fāyīn, shijiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I payed a lot of attention to pro—</p>
<p>changle yě jiu bu guan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nunciation， but as time went on, I</p>
<p>stopped paying attention to it.</p>
<p>haochu: &quot;benefit， advantage” You may also hear hǎochu (Neutral-tone -chu) • The phrase you hǎochu means &quot;to be advantageous, to be beneficial.&quot;</p>
<p>Nǐ tiantian dou he jiǔ you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What good does it do you to drink</p>
<p>shěnme hǎochu! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;every day!</p>
<p>Use the pattern dui• • «yǒu hǎochu for <sup>ff</sup>to be good for..., to be of benefit to.••&quot;:</p>
<p>A: You rěn shuō he pijiu dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some people say that it is good for</p>
<p>shentl you hǎochu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the health (body) to drink beer.</p>
<p>B: Bu yiding ba, wo you xuěyā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not necessarily! I have high blood</p>
<p>gāo, dui wo mei shenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pressure. It’s not good for me. hǎochu.</p>
<p>Women yikuair nian shū dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It would be advantageous to both of</p>
<p>liǎngge rěn dou you hǎochu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;us to study together.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>h</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zai nar xiě zide neige rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is that person writing over there</p>
<p>shi &quot;bu shi tā zhangfu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her husband?</p>
<p>B: Zheng shi tā! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup> s him all right!</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>zai nar xiě zide neige rěn: ,,the person writing over there&quot; Notice once again that the preferred word order is to put the specifier-n-umber-counter &quot;between the modifying phrase and the noun.</p>
<p>Specifier-Number-Modifyins phrase_Counter_Noun</p>
<p>xie zide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;neige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rěn</p>
<p>hěn hao kande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;něi sānge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nuhair</p>
<p>It is also possible to put the neige or zheige at the head of the phrase (nei^e xiě zide rěn) &quot;but especially in longer phrases it sounds &quot;better to keep neige or zheige close to the noun, as in the Reference List sentence above.</p>
<p>zheng: &quot;just, right, exactly, precisely&quot; Like other adverbs, zheng is placed in front of a verb.</p>
<p>Wo zhěng yao zhao nǐ shāngliang I was just looking for you to talk zhěijian shiqing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about this matter.</p>
<p>Ni chuān zheige yānsě zhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This color is just right for you</p>
<p>hěshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(to wear).</p>
<p>Wo yao kande zhěng shi zheiben This is just the &quot;book I want shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to read.</p>
<p>Zuotiān lai kaji nǐde zhěng shi This is precisely the person who zheige rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;came to see you yesterday.</p>
<p>Zheng shi yinwei zheige, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>T</sup> s precisely why he left, cai zou le.</p>
<p>Jiu shi is more colloquial than zheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shi. For 5B, you could also say Jiu shi tā?</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: GSngshāngye fāda you shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What &quot;benefit is there in having a</p>
<p>haochu? Mali dou name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flourishing industry and commerce?</p>
<p>zāng! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s so dirty everywhere!</p>
<p>B: Zhěi yidian wo &quot;bu tongyi， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>f</sup>t agree with that. There are</p>
<p>gSngshāngye fada you &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of &quot;benefits to having a</p>
<p>shǎo hǎochu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flourishing industry and commerce.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>155</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>gSngshāngye: &quot;industry and commerce&quot; This is a compound of gon^e &quot;industry and shāngyě， &quot;commerce.&quot; GSngyě and nongyě can also combine as gSngnongye, as in gongnongye shēngchǎn, &quot;industrial and agricultural produc-ǐioň•”</p>
<p>fāda: <sup>n</sup>to be developed, to be veil-developed; to &quot;be prosperous, to be flourishing’’ This is an adjectival verb, that is, it describes a state or condition. A literal translation of the Reference List sentence above might be: ’’(For) industry-coinmerce to be flourishing, there is vhat benefit?&quot; In addition to describing industry, fāda can &quot;be used to describe a person<sup>1</sup> s muscular build or a developed country•</p>
<p>Zheige guojiā hěn fāda. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This country is very prosperous.</p>
<p>Tāmen narde věnhua hěn fada. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The culture there is very developed.</p>
<p>Don’t confuse the state verb fāda vith the action verb fāzhǎn, vhich can take an object, e.g.<sub>9</sub> fāzhǎn nongye, &quot;to develop agricultureT^</p>
<p>nali d5u..•: &quot;everywhere” Here you see another example of a question word (here nali &quot;vhere&quot;) used to mean ’’every•••’’ or ’’any&quot;.’’ In order to get such a meaning, you must use nali (or shěi，shěnme，etc.) &quot;before dou or yě. Notice that the question vord can come in various places in the sentence.</p>
<p>Q: Tā xiatiān xiǎng qu shěnme Where is he going this summer? difang?</p>
<p>B: Ta shěnme di fang dou &quot;bu qu. He is not going anywhere.</p>
<p>Q: Shěi yko qu neilDiānr kāi hui? Who is going to the meeting there?</p>
<p>A: Shěi dou qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everybody is going.</p>
<p>Zěnme zuo dōu &quot;bu xing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any vay you do it，it Just doesn’t</p>
<p>vork.</p>
<p>tongyi: ’’to agree, to consent; agreement, consent’’ As a verb, the meaning of tongyi is the same as in English. But there is a difference in hov you say WHO it is you agree with. In Chinese, you don’t agree with a person; you agree vith an idea, opinion, statement, etc. In sentence 6B, the object zhěi yidian is up front in the sentence. Notice the placement of the object in the sentences belov.</p>
<p>Tāde xiǎngfa nǐ tongyi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you agree with his opinion?</p>
<p>Wo tongyi tāde kanfa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I agree with him (his ideas)•</p>
<p>CAUTION: Often speakers of English vant to say gēn&gt; • .tōngyi &quot;because ve say ’’agree vith&quot;.’’ in English, but there is no such form in Chinese. Instead, use the last example above. Tongyi may also &quot;be directly followed &quot;by a clause, as in</p>
<p>Ta &quot;bu tongyi tāmen jiēhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He doesn<sup>f</sup>t approve of (OR von<sup>f</sup>t agree</p>
<p>to) their getting married.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>156</p>
<p>As a noun, tongyi means &quot;agreement<sup>ff</sup> or ”consent.</p>
<p>Women xūyao tamende tongyi cai We need their consent &quot;before we can něng zuo zhěijian shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do this.</p>
<p>7. A: Tā weishěniīie zǎohūn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why did she get married early?</p>
<p>B: Qunian tā fuqin si_ le, měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Last year her father died and there</p>
<p>rěn zhaogu ta, zhǐ hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was no one to take care of her, so</p>
<p>jiēhūn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all she could do was get married.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 了</p>
<p>This exchange illustrates that old ways of thinking persist in China today. Although in urban areas an increasing number of women are self-sufficient ,great variations in social and economic conditions are starkly obvious in a comparison of city and country life.</p>
<p>zǎohūn: ’’early marriage” This can refer to two different things，sometimes causing confusion.</p>
<p>First, it refers to the Chinese practice of marrying a young girl off long before she was an adult in order to &quot;bring some money into her parents<sup>f</sup> home and to add to the number of able-bodied vorkers in her in-lavs<sup>f</sup> home.</p>
<p>Her ’’husltand’’ vas also very young--as young as twelve to fourteen years old, and often younger than she.</p>
<p>Second, these days zǎohūn can simply mean marrying at a somewhat younger age than is normally expected. This is the meaning in exchange 了.</p>
<p>Ērshisisui jiēhūn zěnme něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov can you say getting married at</p>
<p>shuō shi zǎohūn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;twenty-four is early marriage?</p>
<p>ZhSngguo guoqu daduoshu rěn dōu In the past most people in China zǎohūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married at an early age.</p>
<p>sǐ: ’’to die’’ This is a process verb, like bing ’’to become ill, to get sick,&quot; and therefore corresponds to the English &quot;to become dead<sup>n</sup> rather than &quot;to be dead.&quot; Si_ is a process verb; it describes an instantaneous change of state. In English one can say of a person with a terminal illness that he ’’is dying，’’ but this cannot be translated directly into Chinese. Rather, one must say Tā kuai (yao) sǐ le， &quot;He is about to die,” or Tā huobnliao duo jiǔ le，’’He •won’t live much longer，<sup>,f</sup> or Tā huobuchang le, &quot;He hasn<sup>f</sup>t long to live.</p>
<p>TTngshuō Lao Liūde fuqin sǐ le. I heard that Lao Liū<sup>f</sup>s father has</p>
<p>died.</p>
<p>The verb si_ is not usually negated with bu, but rather with měi or hai měi (even when it corresponds to English ’’to be dead”）.</p>
<p>Nei shihou, tā fuqin mei si, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At that time, his father was alive,</p>
<p>kěyi changchāng zhaogu ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and was able to take care of him.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>157</p>
<p>Sǐ can be used directly before a noun as an adjective meaning ’’dead.” Shi side may be used to mean <sup>M</sup>is dead -<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Zhěi shi yitiao sǐ yu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is a dead fish.</p>
<p>Zhěitiāo yu shi side. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This fish is a dead one OR This</p>
<p>fish is dead.</p>
<p>Sǐ may be considered blunt and uncouth or inauspicious when used for people.</p>
<p>To be respectful, use guoqu le, ’’passed away,<sup>M</sup> or qush玍 le, ’’left the world.<sup>11</sup> Sometimes you can avoid saying sǐ_ &quot;by using hai zai or hai hu6zhe, <sup>M</sup>still living，” e.g.，Nei shihou ta yěye hai zai/hai huozhe, <sup>,T</sup>At that time, his grandfather was still living. (See Notes on No. 15.)</p>
<p>In some parts of traditional China, the usage of si_ was affected by superstition. This is especially true in Taiwan. Even today, during the lunar New Year holidays, some traditionalists take pains to avoid uttering sī，’’to die,” lest they be plagued by bad luck and death in the clan for the next twelve months. In Taiwan，the superstition extends to the similar-sounding word si， &quot;four.<sup>11</sup> Some hospitals have no fourth floor; silou, &quot;fourth floor,<sup>11</sup> could too easily become sǐlou, &quot;death floor,<sup>11</sup> in rapid speech. For a similar reason, some motorists refuse to drive cars with license plates bearing the number h. And if money is given as a wedding present, the figure must not contain the number h, or the donor vould be guilty of wishing death on the couple.</p>
<p>zhaogu: &quot;to look after, to take care of; care&quot; You zhaogu can mean &quot;to be veil taken care of, to receive good treatment.<sup>M</sup> (For the first example, you need to know that youěryuan means &quot;kindergarten.<sup>M</sup>)</p>
<p>Haizimen zai Jiāli &quot;bǐ zai youěr- The children get &quot;better care at home yuanli you zhaogu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;than they would at kindergarten.</p>
<p>Ta yige rěn zai jiā, měiyou zhao- With his &quot;being all alone at home，it gu bai xing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;von^ do for him to &quot;be without care.</p>
<p>Ta bingde hěn lihai, xūyko těbiě- He is very ill and needs special caxe. (de) zhaogu.</p>
<p>Tade haizi dui tā h§n hao, tade His children are very good to him; shěnghuo you zhelogu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his daily needs are well taken caxe</p>
<p>of.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>8</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>1</p>
<p>8. A: Duoshu rěn dōu xǐhuan ziyou. Most people like freedom.</p>
<p>B: Kěshi, &quot;bū shi hěn duo rěn něng But not many people can obtain dědao ziyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freedom.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>duoshu(r): &quot;majority, most，” literally, &quot;the larger nuniber” Daduoshu(r) is ”the great majority.<sup>?t</sup> In many instances, there isn’t much difference in meaning &quot;between duSshu and daduoshu. Duo shu can &quot;be used to modify a noun, as in duoshudǎng^ &quot;the majority party, or duoshu minzu^ &quot;majority nationalities •” [The opposite of duoshīi is shǎoshu, &quot;minority.” See Traveling in China module, Unit 1.J</p>
<p>~bū shi: &quot;it is not the case that” To translate the subject &quot;not many people” into Chinese, you need to use a verb (shi or you)• You can’t put tu directly before hěn duo rěn. Other examples:</p>
<p>Neige difang, ~bu shi nǐ xiǎng qīi You can*t go there any time you vant. jiu kěyi qīi(de), nǐ děi xiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You need to get approval first.</p>
<p>dědao tongyi.</p>
<p>Bū shi vǒ &quot;bu yuanyi gēn ni jiē- It *s not that I don’t vant to marry hūn, shi vǒ fumǔ &quot;bīi tongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you; it *s that my parents don’t</p>
<p>approve•</p>
<p>dě: &quot;to get, to receive&quot; De_ is much more limited than English <sup>n</sup>to get.<sup>n</sup> Use de_ only for passively receiving a prize, a degree，a grade, and the like. (For these examples, you need to knov kaoshi，&quot;test&quot;; y5u, &quot;excellent<sup>??</sup> [used in mainland schools like the grade <sup>?t</sup>A<sup>n</sup> in the U.S.]; fen, &quot;points&quot;; jiǎng，<sup>?t</sup>pri ze<sup>n</sup>; shuoshi，&quot;Master * s degree.<sup>11</sup>)</p>
<p>Zuotiānde kǎoshi vǒ dele ge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I got an <sup>n</sup>A” on yesterday*s test.</p>
<p>•”</p>
<p>Ta dele yi&quot;bǎi fēn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He got 100 (points).</p>
<p>Shěi dě jiǎng le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Vho won the prize?</p>
<p>Tā shi něinian děde shuoshi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What year did he receive his Master<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>degree?</p>
<p>De is also used for &quot;contracting” &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;diseases. ( 3h the second example, lanvěiyan is &quot;appendicitis,<sup>n</sup>)</p>
<p>Tā dě bing le, &quot;bu něng qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He came down vith something and</p>
<p>cannot go.</p>
<p>Tā dele lanvěiyan, děi mǎshang He got appendicitis and had to &quot;be kāi dao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;operated on immediately.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>159</p>
<p>dědao: &quot;to receive, to get, to gain, to obtain” Add the ending -dao to the verb de_ to get the meaning of successful obtaining (cf • jiědao，&quot;to successfully &quot;borrow,<sup>lf</sup> in Unit 1).</p>
<p>Tā dědao huzhao yīhou mǎshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He left immediately after getting</p>
<p>jiu zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his passport.</p>
<p>Ta gen ta jiehūn, jiu shi xiǎng He only married her to get her dědao tāde qian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money.</p>
<p>Hěn du5 rěn debudao ziyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Many people are unable to obtain</p>
<p>freedom.</p>
<p>Tā cong zhěli debudao shenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He won<sup>f</sup>t &quot;be able to gain anything</p>
<p>hǎochu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from this.</p>
<p>’’To get<sup>1</sup>’ in English often means to actively seek to obtain a thing. In those cases, do not use dě(dao). Use such verbs as na/nadao/nalai， zhSo/zhǎodao/ zhǎolai，nongdao/nonglai，or a more specific verb such as mǎi, yao (’’to ask for ), jie; and qing(lai) or .jiao(lai) for &quot;getting” people.</p>
<p>9. Weile něng huxiāng zhaogu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All three generations live together</p>
<p>tāmen yijia sandai zhu zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so that they can take care of each</p>
<p>yiqǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;other.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 9</p>
<p>weile: <sup>ff</sup>in order to<sub>5</sub> for the purpose of; for the sake of<sup>11</sup> A phrase with weile may come at the very front of the sentence or after the subject.</p>
<p>Tā weile yao dao Zhōngguo qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Because he wants to go to China to</p>
<p>gSngzuo, suoyi xianzai zai xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work, he is studying Chinese now. ZhSngwěn ne.</p>
<p>Weile kan dianying, ta měi qti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He didn<sup>f</sup>t go to class so he could go</p>
<p>shang kě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see a movie.</p>
<p>Weile may also come after shi:</p>
<p>Zhěijiaji shi dōu shi weile ta. This was done all for him.</p>
<p>This prepositional verb covers a range of meanings falling ■under the categories of (1) &quot;benefit, (2) purpose, or (3) motive. It is sometimes hard to pinpoint exactly which of these meanings is the one expressed &quot;by a particular sentence.</p>
<p>Benefit, sake</p>
<p>Wo weile ta cai laide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I came only for his sake.</p>
<p>Wo wanquan shi weile ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am (doing this) entirely for your</p>
<p>sake.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>160</p>
<p>Purpose， goal</p>
<p>Weile qian, tā shenme dōu zuode- For money, he is liable to do anything, chūlai.</p>
<p>Weile mǎi zhěi*běn shū, ta qule He vent to six &quot;bookstores in order liuge shūdian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get this &quot;book.</p>
<p>Nǐ pǎo zhěme yuǎnde lu， jiu shi You came all this vay just to get weile nā zhěizhāng piao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that ticket?</p>
<p>Weile baochi nianqīng, tā yong She washes vith (cov’s) milk to niunǎi xǐzǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;preserve her youth.</p>
<p>Weile yao is a common combination vhich often means the same as veile:</p>
<p>Weile yao qu kan pěngyou, jin- In order to go visit a friend, I tiān vo dei zǎo yidiǎnr xia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to leave vork a little early</p>
<p>ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today.</p>
<p>Weile yao nian shū, vo zheige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm not going out this Sunday so</p>
<p>XTngqītiān bu chūqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that I can study.</p>
<p>Weile bu yao tai lei, vo měitiān In order not to get too tired, I dōu zuo chē shang ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take the &quot;bus to vork every day.</p>
<p>Weile něng dull shěnghuo, tā hěn In order to live independently, she zǎo jiu likāi fumǔ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;left her parents very early.</p>
<p>Motive or reason for some act^ thought<sub>a</sub> or feeling</p>
<p>^Jeile zhěijian shi, vo juěde hěn I feel very em'barrassed a&quot;bout bu hao yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(&quot;because of) this matter.</p>
<p>Weile zhěijian shi, tā yiyě d5u He couldn’t get to sleep all night shuituzhao jiao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on account of this matter.</p>
<p>Wo jiu shi věi(le) zhěijian shi I have come precisely because of lāide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this matter.</p>
<p>Jiu vei(le) zhěme yidiǎnr shi， You got angry over such a small nǐ jiu shengqi la? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thing?</p>
<p>Even though you vill find that veile is sometimes idiomatically translated as ’’because,&quot; as in these last examples, it is still not completely a synonym of yinvei. When you want to say &quot;because,” you should use yinvěi• When you vant to say ’’for the sake of” or ’’for the purpose of,” use veile•</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>161</p>
<p>10. A: Tīngshuo congqian, nǐmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heard that in the past you had</p>
<p>zhěli you hěn duo you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of interesting customs here,</p>
<p>yiside fengsu,</p>
<p>B: Shi a. Houlai gSngshāngye Yes. Later, when industry and fādale, fēngsu yě gaibian le. commerce developed, customs</p>
<p>changed, too.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 10</p>
<p>fēngsu: ”custom” The definition of fēngsu in a Chinese dictionary reads: the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc.， adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society.<sup>11</sup> Compare this with xi^uan: &quot;behavior, tendency or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly.<sup>11</sup> Notice that xfguan may refer to the practices or habits of either an individual or a community, whereas fēngsu refers only to those of a community.</p>
<p>Guoqu ZhSngguo you zaohūnde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the past China had the custom</p>
<p>fēngsu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of early (child) marriage•</p>
<p>houlai: ’’afterwards, later’’ Both houlai and yxhou are time nouns which can be translated as ’’afterwards，，or &quot;later.<sup>11</sup> But there are differences between them:</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Differences in patterns: Yǐhou can either follov another element (trans-lated as &quot;after. or it can be used by itself.</p>
<p>Tā laile yīhou, women jiu zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After he came，we left.</p>
<p>Yǐhou ta měiyou zai laiguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Afterwards, he never came back again.</p>
<p>Houlai can only be used by itself.</p>
<p>Houlai ta jiu shui jiao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Afterwards he went to sleep.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Differences in meaning; Both jr^hou and houlai may be used to refer to the past. For example，either yǐhou or houlai may &quot;be used in the sentence Kaishǐde shihou ta bu zhīdao zěnme ban<sub>%</sub> kěshi houlai/yǐhou xlangchule yfge hao banfa&gt; <sup>fl</sup>In the beginning, he didn<sup>f</sup>t know what to do，but later he thought up a good way.<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>But if you want to say &quot;afterwards” or ’’later<sup>11</sup> referring to the future, you can only use yǐhou. When it refers to the future time, y^hou can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:</p>
<p>Yihoude shiqing, děng yīhou zai Let <sup>f</sup>s vait until the future to see shuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about future matters.</p>
<p>Yǐhou nǐ you kong, qJng chang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future when you have time,</p>
<p>lai van. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;please come over more often.</p>
<p>Wo yǐhou zai gaosu ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 tell you later on.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>162</p>
<p>Tāde haizi shuSle，yǐhou tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His child said that someday, he wants</p>
<p>yao gēn yige Ri'běn rěn jiēhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to marry a Japanese.</p>
<p>Usage Note: Yǐhou has the literal meaning of &quot;after that. It implies that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, a sort of time &quot;boundary. Yǐhou refers to the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). It is often translated as &quot;since,</p>
<p>Tā zhǐ xiěle yi&quot;běn shu, yǐhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He only wrote one book, and hasn<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>zai měi xiěguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;written any since (if he is still</p>
<p>alive) OR He wrote only one book, and after that never vrote another. (if he is dead)</p>
<p>gaibian: &quot;to change; change&quot;</p>
<p>Wo &quot;bu mingbai tā věishěnme haishi 工 don<sup>f</sup>t understand vhy he still can’t &quot;bu něng gai&quot;bian tāde guānnian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;change his ideas (vay of thinking).</p>
<p>Bian_, vhich you learned in Unit 3，can be used only as a ver&quot;b, not as a noun. Bian and gǎi~bian may &quot;be interchangeable in a small niamber of contexts, &quot;but there is an essential difference &quot;betveen them: Bian is a process verb, &quot;to become different ,<sup>t!</sup> and ^ǎi~bian is an action plus process, <sup>t!</sup>to alter in such a vay as to &quot;become different. ' This can cause English-speaking students confusion &quot;because the English verb &quot;change” covers both these meanings. Here are some examples:</p>
<p>Tade xiǎngfa bian le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His vay of thinking changed (became</p>
<p>different).</p>
<p>Women yīnggāi gaibian zheige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We should change this state of</p>
<p>qingkuāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;affairs (alter this state of affairs</p>
<p>so that it becomes different).</p>
<p>Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary</p>
<p>laodong: The verb &quot;to do physical labor, to labor, to vork&quot; or the noun &quot;physical labor, manual labor.”</p>
<p>shēngchǎn laodong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;productive labor</p>
<p>laodong shSuru &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;income from vork</p>
<p>huo: &quot;to live&quot; Huo， shěnghuo， and zhu may all be translated as &quot;to live&quot; &quot;but actually have different meanings. Huo basically refers to the &quot;body<sup>f</sup>s having life or treath, and is the opposite of s?. Shěnghuo emphasizes 」day-to-day living; it is used mostly vhen describing the needs or quality of daily life. Zhu is used to talk about residence in a particular place, either as one<sup>f</sup>s home, or temporarily (zhu luguǎn， ”to stay at a hotel,” and zhu yuan, &quot;to stay in the hospital&quot;).</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>163</p>
<p>Yu zai shuili cai něng huo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fish can live only in water.</p>
<p>Neige difangde rěn kěyi huo dao The people there live to be very hěn lao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old.</p>
<p>Tā huode hěn chang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He had a long life.</p>
<p>Tā dagai huobuchang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He probably won<sup>1</sup>t live much longer.</p>
<p>Huo often means &quot;to live” in the sense of &quot;to survive”：</p>
<p>Ta jin yīyuande shihou, shěi d5u When he went into the hospital, no one xiǎng ta bu něng huo le, kěshi thought he could live (survive)，but tā you huole yinian cai sǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he lived another year before he died.</p>
<p>Huo can modify a noun directly, for example, huň yu, &quot;live fish,’<sup>1</sup> huo rěn, &quot;living person.” But to say, &quot;Is he alive?” you must use huo vith the ending -zhe: Ta huozhe ma?</p>
<p>Huo can also mean &quot;movable, moving，” as in: huozi，&quot;movable type<sup>11</sup>; huoye，”loose-leaf ” Chuoyě<sub>t</sub>H5zi is ”loose-leaf binder<sup>fT</sup>U; huoshuī, ”flowing water.<sup>ft</sup></p>
<p>xiguan: As a noun, this means &quot;habit&quot; or，in a more general sense, &quot;custom, usual practice.<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>Tang zai chuangshang&quot; kan shū shi It<sup>1</sup> s a bad habit to read in bed. yige bu hǎode xiguan.</p>
<p>Wo you zǎo qīde xiguan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m an early riser. (Lit.，”1 have</p>
<p>the habit of getting up early.’,）</p>
<p>Tai tai bu xīhuan tā xiānsheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The vife doesn<sup>f</sup>t like her husband<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>banye yīhou cai hui jiāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;habit of not coming home until</p>
<p>xiguan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after midnight.</p>
<p>Zheige juzi bu zhīdao wěishenme I don’t know vhy this sentence is said zěnme shu5， zhěi jiu shi wSmen- this way. It<sup>f</sup>s just the way we say de xiguan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it.</p>
<p>As a verb, xiguan means ” to get /be used to, to become/be accustomed to”：</p>
<p>Jīntiān shi wo diyītiān dai yān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today is my first day wearing</p>
<p>jing, wo hai měi xiguan. Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;glasses and I’m not used to them</p>
<p>xīwang hěn kuai jiu kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yet. I hope I can get used to</p>
<p>xiguan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them quickly.</p>
<p>Wo hěn bu xiguan chī zhěrde fan. I<sup>?</sup>m not at all used to the food here.</p>
<p>Wo yījīng xiguan zhěme zuo le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m already used to doing it this way.</p>
<p>hěn nan gai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s very hard to change.</p>
<p>°chuang, ’’bed&quot;</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>16k</p>
<p>ting: This vord, vhich you already knov as <sup>n</sup>to listen，” can also mean <sup>n</sup>to heed, to obey<sup>n</sup> someone's suggestions， directions， or orders.</p>
<p>Tā shuode you daolǐ, nǐ yīnggāi What he says makes sense• You should ting tāde hua. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;listen to him (do as he says).</p>
<p>Wo gaosu tā yīnggāi zheiyang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I told him he should do this, but</p>
<p>zuo, tā bu ting- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he vouldn <sup>f</sup>t listen-</p>
<p>Hao ba, ting nǐde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I’ll do as you say. (nǐde is</p>
<p>short for nǐde hua.)</p>
<p>SOC， Unit 5</p>
<p>165</p>
<p>Unit 3 &gt;&nbsp;Reviev Dialogue</p>
<p>Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lǐ Ping<sup>f</sup>s classmate from Taiwan, Wang Cheng (D)， have just gone to the movie The Dream of the Red Chamber*. On their way home，they chat.</p>
<p>B: Tāngmǔ, nǐ zěnme bu shu5 hua? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How come you aren<sup>f</sup>t talking, Tom?</p>
<p>A: Duibuqǐ, kan zheige dianying, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m sorry. Watching this movie</p>
<p>shizai rang rěn bu shūfu, těbiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was really distressing. Especially</p>
<p>shi kan dao neige difangr • • • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when it got to that part ...</p>
<p>D: Nage difāng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Which part?</p>
<p>A: Jiu shi Daiyu side shihou • • . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The part when Daiyīi dies ...</p>
<p>B: Ng, dui le, Daiyīi side shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm, right, Daiyīi dies just when</p>
<p>zhěng shi Bǎoyii jiēhunde shihou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bǎoyii is getting married. At that</p>
<p>Kan dao zhěli, zhēn shi rang rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;point, I really felt uncomfortable. hěn bu shūfu.</p>
<p>D: Nǐmen you měiyou zhuyi dao, hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you notice, a lot of women</p>
<p>du5 nude kan dao zhěge difang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;started crying when it got to that</p>
<p>d5u kū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;part.</p>
<p>A: Wo kandao le. Ai， youde shihou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. (Sigh) Sometimes I really</p>
<p>wo zhende bu mingbai, wěishenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t understand why a lot of books</p>
<p>hěn duo shuli haishi shuō Zhong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;say that there were many advantages</p>
<p>guo chuantǒngde da jiātlng you bīi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the traditional Chinese large</p>
<p>shao hǎochu，hǎochu zai nali? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family. What advantages? Just in</p>
<p>Weile baochi da jiātingde chuan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;order to preserve the tradition of</p>
<p>tong, rang nianqīngde yidai huo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the large family, the younger genera-</p>
<p>zhě jǐdai chī name duo kǔ, zhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tion or generations were made to</p>
<p>jiu shi da jiātingde haochu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suffer so much. That<sup>f</sup>s the advantage of the large family?</p>
<p>D: Da Jiātingde hǎochu xianzai bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The large family doesn’t have many</p>
<p>du5 le. Nǐmen zhīdao Zhōngguode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;advantages any more. You know, the</p>
<p>da jiāting gēn lishǐ you guanxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;large family has to do with Chinese</p>
<p>Zhōngguo shi nongye shěhui, shēng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;history. China was an agricultural</p>
<p>chǎn d5u yao kao rěnli， shěi Jiāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;society, and production depended on</p>
<p>laoli du5, shěi jiāde shěnghuo Jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manpower. If a family had a larger</p>
<p>hui hǎo yidian. Ll Ping, nǐ xiSng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;labor force they had a better life,</p>
<p>shi *bu shi zheyang ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lǐ Ping, do you think that<sup>1</sup> s right?</p>
<p>B: Shi, shi zhěiyangde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, that<sup>1</sup>s right.</p>
<p>A: Name, xianzai qingxing bu tong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But now the situation is different.</p>
<p>•This novel by Cao Xuěqin (1了2U?-1了6U) tells of the twilight years of the Jia family, grown wealthy in the service of 这ng Dynasty emperors. The story revolves around the spoiled and effeminate young man of the house, Jiǎ Bǎoyīi (Precious Jade), and his love for his cousin, Lin Daiyu (Black Jade).</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>166</p>
<p>le， xianzai gSngshangyě fādā le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nov that industry and commerce are</p>
<p>věishenme hai you rěn shuo da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;highly developed, vhy do some people</p>
<p>jiāting hao ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still say that the large family is</p>
<p>good?</p>
<p>D: Da jiātingde guānnian yījīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The concept of the large family has</p>
<p>you jǐqiānniande lishi le, yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;already existed for several thousand</p>
<p>gaibian tā, xūyao bǐjiao changde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years. It<sup>1</sup>11 take a rather long time</p>
<p>shijiān, Dalīide qingxing wo bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to change it. I don<sup>f</sup>t knov about the</p>
<p>qīngchu, Taivǎnde qingxing shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation on the mainland. But on</p>
<p>da jiāting yuě lai yuě shao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taiwan, the situation is that there</p>
<p>Suīran Zh5ngguo rěn xihuan da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are fewer and fewer large families.</p>
<p>jiāting, juěde dajiā zhu zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although the Chinese like big families</p>
<p>yiqǐ, huxiāng you zhaogu, danshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and think that if everyone lives to-</p>
<p>gSngshāngyě fāda le, gSngzuode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gether they can take care of each</p>
<p>jihui du5 le, xiǎo jiāting ye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;other, industry and commerce are</p>
<p>jiu yuě lai yue du5 ie. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flourishing and there are more job</p>
<p>opportunities, so there are more and more small families.</p>
<p>B: Xianzai da jiāting yuě lai yuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now as large families grow fewer</p>
<p>shao, zaohūnde fēngsu ye jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and fewer, the custom of child</p>
<p>měiyou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage vill disappear.</p>
<p>A: Zǎohūn he da jiāting you shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is child marriage related to the</p>
<p>guānxi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;large family?</p>
<p>D: You guānxi. Zhě zhǔyao° shi lao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. It<sup>1</sup>s mainly a question of</p>
<p>lide věnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;labor force.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ xiǎng, zǎohūn, zǎo you haizi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After all, with child marriage,</p>
<p>jiāli laodongli du5， lǎorěn ye jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children are born sooner, the family</p>
<p>kěyi zǎo yidian dedao zhaogu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has more work hands, and the old</p>
<p>people can get taken care of sooner.</p>
<p>A: Kěshi zai gōngshāngyě shěhuili， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But in an industrial-commercial</p>
<p>duSshu lǎorěn d5u you shSuru, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;society, most of the old people have</p>
<p>Xianzai Taivān yǐjīng shi gong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an income. Today Taiwan is already</p>
<p>shāngyě shehui, zheiyangde wenti &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an industrial-commercial society, so</p>
<p>yě jiu měiyou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that kind of problem doesn<sup>f</sup>t exist</p>
<p>there anymore.</p>
<p>B: Danshi, nǐ biě vangle, dalu hāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But don<sup>f</sup>t forget that the mainland</p>
<p>shi nongye shěhui, zhaogu lǎorěn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is still an agricultural society,</p>
<p>de věnti hai shi da věnti, zǎo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Caring for old people is still a big</p>
<p>hūnde fēngsu yě haishi you. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problem, and the custom of child</p>
<p>marriage still exists there.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ dagai nongcuole ba, dalude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You must be mistaken. How could</p>
<p>zhengfǔ zěnme hui tongyi rěnmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the government on the mainland agree</p>
<p>zǎohūn ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to let people marry as children?</p>
<p>°zhǔyao, &quot;mainly&quot;</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>167</p>
<p>B: Wǒ shuSde shi nongcǔn,^- shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m talking about rural areas,</p>
<p>zǎohūn na, zhong nan qīng nu a, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Things like child marriage or regard-</p>
<p>zhěizhong shi zong shi he j īngj i ing males as superior to females bu fāda you guānxide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;always have to do with an undeveloped</p>
<p>economy.</p>
<p>D: Wǒ shizai bu xǐhuan zǎohūn. Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I really dor^t like child marriage,</p>
<p>xiǎng duoshu zaohūnde rěn hbialai- I think that most people who are de shěnghuo dou you dian went!. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married as children have problems</p>
<p>later on in life.</p>
<p>B: Těbiě shi funū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Especially women.</p>
<p>A: Dui le, wǒ tīngshuōguo zheiyang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. I<sup>1</sup> ve heard a saying to the</p>
<p>yizhong shuofǎ: Zhongguo funu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effect that before a Chinese voman gets</p>
<p>měiyou jiēhūn yǐqian yao ting fiimu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married she has to obey her parents，</p>
<p>de, jiěle hūn děi ting zhangfude, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after she gets married she has to obey</p>
<p>zhangfu sǐle děi ting ěrzide.^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her husband, and after her husband</p>
<p>Qǐngwěn, ZhSngguo funu shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dies she has to obey her son. I ask</p>
<p>shihou cai něng you tāmen zijīde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you, when vill Chinese women be able</p>
<p>xiangfǎ, shěnme shihou cai něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to think for themselves? When vill</p>
<p>you yidiǎnr ziyou ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they be able to have a little freedom?</p>
<p>B: Ou, xianzai měiyou rěn jiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nobody is strict about those customs</p>
<p>zhěixiē le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anymore.</p>
<p>A: Suīran měiyou rěn jiǎng, kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nobody is strict about them,</p>
<p>zhěizhong chuantong sixiǎng^ hai- but the traditional thinking is still shi you a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there!</p>
<p>D: Nī shuode yě you daoli, haishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s right. It’s still the same</p>
<p>naju hua, jīqiānniande lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old story. Ideas which are several</p>
<p>guānnian bū shi hěn kuai kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thousand years old can’t be changed</p>
<p>gaibiande • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very quickly•</p>
<p>B: 贺g，būguo wǒ xiǎng, dalu yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yeah, but I think that both the</p>
<p>hǎo, Taiwan yě hSo, jǐshinian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mainland and Taiwan have undergone</p>
<p>lai dōu youle hěn dade gaibian, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;big changes in the past few decades.</p>
<p>funude diwei yě d5u youle tlgāo,^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The status of women has improved,</p>
<p>chuantǒngde guānnian yě zai bian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and traditional ideas are changing.</p>
<p>A: Ng, zhěyidian wo tongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm, that I agree vith.</p>
<p><sup>1</sup>nongcun, &quot;rural area&quot; (See Unit 6)</p>
<p>^Zhōngguo funu měiyou jiēhūn yǐqian yao ting fumǔde: (1) měiyou .liēhun</p>
<p>yǐqian is completely equivalent to jiēhūn yǐqian &quot;before getting married”.</p>
<p>The meiyou does not change the meaning. (2) Ting f^amāe is equivalent to</p>
<p>ting fumǔde hua, &quot;to obey one<sup>f</sup>s parents •”</p>
<p>^sīxiǎng, &quot;thought, thinking<sup>11</sup> (See Life in China module，Unit k)</p>
<p>^tigao, &quot;raise，improve(ment)<sup>M</sup> (See Traveling in China module, Unit 2)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>168</p>
<p>B： Hǎo, vomen dao jiā le. Wang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, ve are at my house. Come</p>
<p>Cheng jinqu zuo zuo ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in for a vhile, Wang Cheng, okay?</p>
<p>D: Hǎo, jinqu yixia. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I<sup>1</sup>11 come in for a vhile.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>169</p>
<p>Unit ^， Tape 2 Workbook</p>
<p>Exercise 1</p>
<p>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your answer.</p>
<p>All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</p>
<p>Exercise 2</p>
<p>This exercise is a conversation between a grandmother and her high-school-age granddaughter in Tiānjīn.</p>
<p>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you<sup>f</sup> 11 probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</p>
<p>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>Zhāng Li Shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(an old vay of referring to a</p>
<p>woman whose own surname is Li and whose husband<sup>f</sup>s surname is Zhang)</p>
<p>zai shuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;besides, moreover</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can you infer how people generally learn about new policies like birth control in China?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does Grandma think of the new policy?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is the difference between the old and the new custom vith regard to taking one’s husband<sup>f</sup>s surname after marriage?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</p>
<p>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>.Exercise b</p>
<p>In this exercise tvo classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in the family of a friend.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions.</p>
<p>1了0</p>
<p>Exercise 3</p>
<p>In this conversation two classmates are talking in Hong Kong about the situation on the mainland.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</p>
<p>Here are the new vords you vill need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>shichang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;market</p>
<p>nongmin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;peasant</p>
<p>For this conversation, you also need to knov what &quot;free markets&quot; are. The Chinese term is ziyou shichǎng. These are government-controlled, negotiated-price markets which individual peasants, brigades, or communes hold in the cities at officially designated locations to sell agricultural products, livestock, and fish. After units have fulfilled state quotas for an agricultural sideline product, any surplus (vith the exception of certain restricted products) may &quot;be sold on the open market. Free markets are supposed to encourage agricultural sideline production， stimulate the exchange of urban and rural products, improve the supply of non-staple foods in the cities, and supplement state-operated commerce.</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov do free markets help peasants? How do they help agricultural production?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How do free markets improve life for people in the cities?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What other developments in the countryside do the classmates think will affect the mainland<sup>1</sup>s economic situation?</p>
<p>h. For how long did classmate B<sup>f</sup>s family live in the Jiāngxī countryside?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</p>
<p>.Exercise b</p>
<p>In this exercise two classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in the family of a friend.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>171</p>
<p>You will need the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;following words and phrases:</p>
<p>lǎoxiānsheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old gentleman</p>
<p>gǔhuī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ashes (of a person)</p>
<p>songhuiqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take back</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where will Mr. Wang's remains be buried?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What was the nature of family clashes between Mr, Wang and his five sons?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;From Mr. ^Lng’s point of view, what vere the advantages in having his sons get married young?</p>
<p>U. What did his sons think about early marriage?</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did Mr. Wang gradually come to understand that made him give up trying to have his sons marry early?</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What sentence can you say to someone in a conversation to suggest that you talk about a different topic?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>172</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</p>
<p>In Tianjin, a grandmother talks with her high school age daughter.</p>
<p>A: Xiǎolān, kan &quot;bao na! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reading the paper, Xiǎolān?</p>
<p>B: Nainai, jīntiān &quot;baoshang shuSle, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma, today it says in the paper,</p>
<p>&quot;Yige zui hǎo, liǎngge gou le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>f?</sup>One is &quot;best， two are enough, three</p>
<p>sānge tai du5<sup>f?</sup>! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are too many”！</p>
<p>A: Shěnme? &quot;Yige zui hǎo”？ Wǒ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What? &quot;One is &quot;best”？ I don’t</p>
<p>měi tingmingtai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;understand.</p>
<p>B: Na shi shu5 shēng haizi, shēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s about having children. It<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>yige zui hǎo, liǎngge jiu gou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;best to have one，two are enough, and</p>
<p>le, sānge tai du5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three are too many.</p>
<p>A: &quot;Shēng yige zui hǎo”？ Shēng ge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;It’s &quot;best to have one&quot;? What do</p>
<p>nuhaizi zěnme &quot;ban? Hai děi zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you do if you have a girl? Then you</p>
<p>shēng yige nande ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to try to have a &quot;boy!</p>
<p>B: Ei，nainai, nuhaizi you shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But Grandma, what<sup>f</sup> s wrong with</p>
<p>&quot;bu hǎo? Nanhāizi yě hǎo, nShāizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;girls? Boys or girls, they<sup>f</sup>re all</p>
<p>yě hǎo, d5u shi zijǐde haizi ya! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one<sup>1</sup>s own children!</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>A: Na &quot;bu yiyang, nuhaizi jiěle hūn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup> s not the same thing. When a</p>
<p>shěngle haizi, haizi děi xing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;girl gets married and has a child,</p>
<p>zhangfude xingr, nǐ xiǎng nanhaizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the child has to take the hus&quot;band<sup>f</sup> s</p>
<p>he nuhaizi yiyang ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;surname. You think &quot;boys are the same</p>
<p>as girls?</p>
<p>B: Na wǒ &quot;bu tongyi. Nin yě shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That I don’t agree with. You’re a</p>
<p>nSde，nin wěishenme name kantmqǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woman too. Why do you look down on</p>
<p>funu a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;women so much?</p>
<p>A: Bu shi kantuqi, shěhui de qing- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup> s not that I look down on them,</p>
<p>xing jiu shi zheiyangr. Nǐ yěye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>f</sup>s the way society is. Your</p>
<p>xing Zhāng, wǒ zijǐ xing Lǐ, jiē- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandfather<sup>1</sup> s name is Zhāng and mine</p>
<p>hūn yǐhou renjia jiao wo Zhāng Lǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is Lǐ. After we got married people</p>
<p>Shi， zěnme měiyou rěn jiao wo Lǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;called me Zhāng Lǐ Shi. Why didn<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>Zhāng Shi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyone call me Lǐ Zhāng Shi!</p>
<p>B: Zhěi shi jiu fēngsu, xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s the old custom. Those terms</p>
<p>měiyou zhěixiē shu5fǎr le. Wǒ shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aren’t used anymore. I<sup>f</sup>m Zhāng</p>
<p>Zhǎng Xiǎolan, jiēhūn yǐhou wǒ hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎolan, and after I get married I’ll</p>
<p>shi Zhāng Xiǎolan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still be Zhāng XiSolan.</p>
<p>A: Yǐhou haizi yě xing Zhāng ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And will your children use the sur-</p>
<p>name Zhāng too?</p>
<p>B: Zěnme &quot;bu kěyi, nin kan duimianr- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why not? Look at Auntie Wang across</p>
<p>de Wang Āyi<sub>9</sub> youle haizi jiao V/āng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the way. When she had her child it</p>
<p>Lin, yě měiyou rěn shu5 &quot;bu kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was called Wang Lin, and no one said</p>
<p>ma! Zai shu5，du5 sheng haizi you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there was anything wrong with that.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>1T3</p>
<p>shěnme hǎochur，dajiā shouru d5u Besides, what<sup>1</sup>s the advantage in bu du5， haizi duōle, daren du5 kǔ! having a lot of children? Everyone</p>
<p>has a small income, and if there axe a lot of children, how hard it is for the adults!</p>
<p>A: Haole，haole，jiu suan nī shuSde Okay, okay, let<sup>1</sup>s say you<sup>1</sup>re right. dui. Kuai chī fan ba! Chīwanle Hurry up and eat! You have to go to hai děi shang xuě qu na! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;school after you finish eating!</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</p>
<p>In Hong Kong, two classmates are talking.</p>
<p>A: Nī zui jin kan bao le meiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you been reading the papers</p>
<p>lately?</p>
<p>B: Shěnme bao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What papers?</p>
<p>A: Dalu bao zhǐ. You yijian shiqing The mainland newspapers. I wonder hěn you yisi, bu zhīdao nǐ zhuyi if you<sup>1</sup> ve noticed something very in-le meiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teresting•</p>
<p>B: Shěnme shi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What?</p>
<p>A: Ziyou shichǎng♦ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Free markets•</p>
<p>B: Ng, wo yě kandao le, wo xiSng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm, I*ve seen that too. I think,</p>
<p>zhěi shi yige bāngzhu nongmin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>f</sup>s a good way to help peasants</p>
<p>zhuan qiande hao banfa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make money•</p>
<p>A: Lingwai yidian, nongminde shSuru And another point is that it vill du5 le, dui nongyě shēngchǎn yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be good for agricultural production</p>
<p>you hSochu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if the peasants* income goes up.</p>
<p>B: Dui, wǒ xiǎng weile rang xiǎng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. I think, they ought to con-</p>
<p>xiade shēngchǎn he shěnghuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tinue running these markets in order</p>
<p>qingkuāng hǎo yidian, zhěiyangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make production and living con-</p>
<p>shichang yīnggāi banxiaqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ditions in the country better,</p>
<p>A: Erqiě, chěngli rěnde shěnghuo yě What<sup>f</sup>s more, life will be better</p>
<p>hui hǎo yidiǎnr, tamen kěyi zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for people in the cities. They can</p>
<p>ziyou shichǎng mǎi dao xīnxiande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;buy fresh foods at the free markets .</p>
<p>cai, zhěnshi bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s really pretty good.</p>
<p>B: Yǐhou ziyou shichǎng yuě ban &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future, free markets will</p>
<p>yuě hǎo, xiangxiade xiǎo g5ng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get better and better, small industry</p>
<p>shāngyě yě hui fādāqilai, dalude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and commerce in the countryside will</p>
<p>jīngji qingkuāng hui you hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;begin to prosper, and there will be</p>
<p>dade gaibian• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;big changes in the mainland<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>Uh</p>
<p>A: Wo jide nī lao jiā zai Jiangxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I remem'ber your family is from</p>
<p>Jiāngxī.</p>
<p>B: Shi. Ting wo fuqin shuo, tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. My father tells me that they</p>
<p>jīdai rěn dou zhu zai Jiāngxī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lived in the Jiāngxī countryside for</p>
<p>xiāngxia. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;several generations•</p>
<p>A: Xianzai lao jiā hai you rěn &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You still have family there, don <sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>you?</p>
<p>B: You, wo tīngshuo nerde qingkuāng Yes. I understand that the situa-xianzai &quot;bū cuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tion there is pretty good now.</p>
<p>A: Na hao, you jīhui xiang huiqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s good， if you have the chance</p>
<p>kankan &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do you want to go &quot;back to visit?</p>
<p>B: Yiding! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sure!</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</p>
<p>Conversation &quot;between two classmates in Hong Kong.</p>
<p>A: Wo tīngshuo Wang Tāode fuqin sǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I hear that Wang Tāo’s father died,</p>
<p>le.</p>
<p>B: Shi• Wang Tāo he tā mǔqin xia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. Wang Tāo and his mother are</p>
<p>Xingqiyī yao &quot;ba lǎoxiānshengde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to take the old gentleman’s</p>
<p>gǔhui songhuiqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ashes &quot;back next Monday.</p>
<p>A: Tāmen lao jiā zai nar? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where <sup>f</sup>s their family from?</p>
<p>B: Zai Guangdong, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Guangdong.</p>
<p>A: Tīngshuo Wang Lǎoxiānsheng huo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I understand that when Mr. Wang was</p>
<p>zhede shihou changchang xǐhuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;alive he often liked to talk about</p>
<p>tan lao jiāde shir? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the way things were &quot;back in their old</p>
<p>home, is that right?</p>
<p>B: Shi a! Wang Lǎoxiānsheng rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes! Mr. Wang was a very good per-</p>
<p>hen hao, jiu shi you dianr lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;son, &quot;but he was a &quot;bit old-fashioned</p>
<p>guānnian, zong xiang &quot;baochi da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in his way of thinking. He always</p>
<p>jiātingde chuantong, kěshi jiā- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wanted to keep the tradition of the</p>
<p>lide nianqīng rěn duoshu d5u &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;large family, &quot;but most of the young</p>
<p>ting tāde hua, you shihou tā yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people in the family vouldn’t listen</p>
<p>hěn &quot;bu gāoxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to him. So sometimes he was very</p>
<p>displeased,</p>
<p>A: ' Nī něng &quot;bu něng gěi wo jiǎng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can you tell me about it?</p>
<p>jiang ne?</p>
<p>°It is the custom to take the remains &quot;back to one<sup>f</sup>s hometown.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 5</p>
<p>B: Xing a! Wang Lǎoxiānsheng you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sure! Mr. Wang had five sons• He</p>
<p>wǔge ěrzi, tā yuanyi ěrzimen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wanted his sons to marry early,</p>
<p>zǎohūn, tā xiǎng, zǎo jiehūn, zǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He thought that if [his sons] got</p>
<p>you sūnzi, na duo hǎo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married young, he vould get grandsons sooner, and how great that vould be.</p>
<p>A: Zǎohūn, lǎorěn yě kěyi zǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;With early marriage, old people</p>
<p>yidiǎnr you zhaogu, zhe bu cub. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can be cared for sooner; that<sup>1</sup> s good</p>
<p>too.</p>
<p>B: Wang Lǎoxiānsheng zheng shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>f</sup>s exactly what Mr.访ing had in</p>
<p>zheige yisi, Keshi ěrzimen bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mind. But his sons didn’t think</p>
<p>name xiǎng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;think so.</p>
<p>A: Tāmen zěnme xiǎng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did they think?</p>
<p>B: Tāmen shuō nei zhong ” zǎohūn， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They thought the idea that ” early</p>
<p>jiali laodongli duo, shouru jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage brings the family more</p>
<p>du5, shěnghuo jiu hǎo&quot; de xiǎngfa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manpower, and therefore more income</p>
<p>shizai shi tai jiu le. Tāmen shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and a better life” is really too old.</p>
<p>nianqīng rěn, tamende guānnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They<sup>1</sup> re young people and all their</p>
<p>dōu shi xīnde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ideas are new ones.</p>
<p>A: Wang Lǎoxiānsheng zěnme ban ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did Mr. Wang do?</p>
<p>B: Hoxzlai tā manmande yě mingbai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Later he gradually came to under—</p>
<p>xianzai gēn guoqu wanquan bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stand that things are completely dif-</p>
<p>tong le, tā yě jiu bu shuō shenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ferent now from the way they used to</p>
<p>le. Suoyi yizhi dao Wang Xian- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be, so he stopped talking about it.</p>
<p>sheng sǐ, Jiāli yě měiyou shenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So there weren’t any big problems in</p>
<p>da wenti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the family up until Mr. Wang died.</p>
<p>A: Hǎo le, women huan ge timu ba, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay，let’s change the subject and</p>
<p>t ant an nǐde qingxing. N? zui Jin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talk about your situation. How have</p>
<p>zěnmeyang? Nian shū niande hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you been lately? Are your studies</p>
<p>&quot;bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going well?</p>
<p>B: Bu cuo, jiīi shi mang. Jīntiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pretty well, its just that I’m busy,</p>
<p>you diǎn shijiān xiūxi xiuxi， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But today I have time to take a break,</p>
<p>women qu he cha hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let <sup>f</sup>s go have some tea，okay?</p>
<p>A: Hǎo, zou ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, let<sup>f</sup>s go!</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>UNIT 6 Politics and Culture</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION</p>
<p>Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-de hua， ”if，” ”in case.”</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing &quot;between -guo and -le,</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;More on zai，<sup>tf</sup>in the midst of,</p>
<p>U. Bu guǎn•••, ”no matter.”</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nar used in rhetorical questions to make a denial.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness.</p>
<p>了.迪 and lai expressing purpose.</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Amount of time) lai, ’’in the past.&quot;,” ’’over the past....<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requesting to speak vith someone.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Making a comment in order to verify a piece of information.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressing that you are disturbed &quot;by a troublesome circumstance. U. Expressing scandalized disapproval.</p>
<p>176</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>177</p>
<p>Unit 6， Reference List</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nx yaoshi xiang ting gushi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you want to listen to a story,</p>
<p>de hua, wo gěi ni jiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 tell you one. yige ya!</p>
<p>B: Suan le. Women xia qi ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forget it. Let<sup>1</sup>s play chess.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: TTngshuō .jiefang yǐhou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ve heard that the Communist Party</p>
<p>Gongchǎndǎng zuole xiē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;did some good things after</p>
<p>hǎo shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;liberation • °</p>
<p>B: Eng, you xie zhengce shi bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, some policies were all right,</p>
<p>cuo, you xiē &quot;bu tai hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but some weren<sup>1</sup>1 too good.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Lao Wangde ěrzi ruguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did Lao Wang^ son ever join the</p>
<p>Tuan ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Communist Youth League?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou, tīngshuo canjiāguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, but I<sup>f</sup>ve heard that he was in</p>
<p>Hongveibxng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Red Guards•</p>
<p>k. A: Nǐ tīngshuS le ma, Lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you heard? Lao Zhang<sup>1</sup> s daughter</p>
<p>Zhāngde nuěr ai shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has fallen in love vith Xiǎo</p>
<p>Xiao Wang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wang.</p>
<p>B: Zhě zhēn shi mafan shir, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhāng</p>
<p>Lao Zhāng zui hěn Wang- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really hates the Wang family.</p>
<p>Jiade rěn.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Ruguo nǐ Tdu .Heyide hua, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you don’t mind, I,d like to talk</p>
<p>wǒ xiǎng he nǐde ndshu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with your secretary for a fev</p>
<p>tan jifěn zhong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;minutes.</p>
<p>B: Tā zai dǎ zi, mǎshang jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>1</sup> s typing, he*11 be here in</p>
<p>lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a moment.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zheige haizi ~bu xiang hua^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This child is too much. No matter</p>
<p>bu guǎn zěnme shuo d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what you say, he just doesn<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>bu ting. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;listen.</p>
<p>B: Dui ma, zhě nǎr xiang Xīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, he<sup>1</sup>s certainly no [not like</p>
<p>Zh5ngguode ěrtong! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any] child of &quot;Nev China.&quot;</p>
<p>•The term &quot;liberation” is used vith such frequency that we introduce it here despite the controversy over whether anything in fact was liberated or freed. For most people in China it is simply jargon for referring to 19“9» and the semantic content is of little importance.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>178</p>
<p>了. A: Zhěipiān duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is this short story about? xiěde shi shěnme?</p>
<p>B: Xiěde shi yige nōngcūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s the story of a cadre in a</p>
<p>ganbude gushi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rural area.</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ <sub>t</sub>]īmangmangde，zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you in such a hurry to</p>
<p>shenme qu a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go do?</p>
<p>B: Shang xuě qu a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m going to school!</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zhengfǔ shi bu shi &quot;bǎohu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Does the government protect people’s</p>
<p>rěnmende caichǎn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;property?</p>
<p>B: Shi. Zhengfǔ shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. The government is carrying</p>
<p>&quot;bǎohu rěnmen caichǎnde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out a policy of protecting</p>
<p>zhěngcě• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people<sup>1</sup>s property•</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zai Gongchǎndǎng lǐn^dǎoxia, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under the leadership of the Com-</p>
<p>ZhSngguo zai shijieshangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;munist Party, China<sup>1</sup>s position</p>
<p>diwei youle hěn dade gaibian- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the world has changed greatly.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Shinian lai， zhěi liǎngge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the past ten years industry and</p>
<p>chěngshide gSngshāngye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;commerce in these two cities have</p>
<p>yuě lai yuě fāda le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;become more and more developed.</p>
<p>B: Zhe he zhěngfǔde lǐngdǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This can’t &quot;be separated from the</p>
<p>shi fěrfbukaide- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government<sup>1</sup> s leadership.</p>
<p>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;political party; (capital D-) the</p>
<p>(Communist) Party</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yuanyīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reason， cause jiārīi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to join</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>VOCABULARY</p>
<p>ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to love</p>
<p>ai shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to fall in love with</p>
<p>bǎohu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to protect</p>
<p>bu guǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;no matter (what, whether, etc.)</p>
<p>bu xiang hua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be ridiculous, to be outrageous,</p>
<p>to be absurd (talk，acts, etc.)</p>
<p>canjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to participate in, to take part in,</p>
<p>to Join, to attend chěngshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city; urban</p>
<p>dǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(political) party</p>
<p>dǎ zi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to type (on a typewriter)</p>
<p>-de hua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if; in case; supposing that</p>
<p>duǎnpiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;short (stories, articles)</p>
<p>ěrtong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;child (formal word)</p>
<p>fen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to divide, to separate, to split</p>
<p>fenkāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to separate, to split up</p>
<p>ganbu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cadre</p>
<p>Gongchǎndǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Communist Party</p>
<p>gushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;story</p>
<p>hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to hate, to loathe, to detest</p>
<p>Hongwěibīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Red Guard; the Red Guards</p>
<p>Jiaru &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Join</p>
<p>jiěfang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to liberate, to emancipate; liberation</p>
<p>jiěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to mind, to take offense</p>
<p>jijimangmang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in a big hurry</p>
<p>jimāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be hasty，to be hurried</p>
<p>...lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for the past••• (amount of time)</p>
<p>lǐngdǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to lead, to direct, to exercise</p>
<p>leadership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre</p>
<p>nongcūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;country, rural area; rural; village</p>
<p>ru &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to enter; to join</p>
<p>ru Tuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Join the Communist Youth League</p>
<p>(Gongqīngtuān or Gongchǎnzhǔyi</p>
<p>QīngniantuanT</p>
<p>-shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(verb ending indicating starting and</p>
<p>continuing)</p>
<p>shang xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go to school; to attend school</p>
<p>179</p>
<p>180</p>
<p>shijie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world</p>
<p>shijiěshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the world, in the whole world</p>
<p>shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to practice, to carry out, to put into</p>
<p>effect, to implement</p>
<p>-tuān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;group， society</p>
<p>Tuaji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the (Communist Youth) League</p>
<p>-xia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;under</p>
<p>xia qi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to play chess</p>
<p>yuajiyīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reason, cause</p>
<p>zhěngcě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;policy</p>
<p>zhengfǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>181</p>
<p>Unit 6, Reference Notes</p>
<p>1. A: Nǐ yaoshi xiǎng ting gushi- If you want to listen to a story, de hua, vǒ gěi ni Jiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'll tell you one,</p>
<p>yige ya!</p>
<p>B: Suan le. Women xia qi ba! Forget it. Let*s play chess.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>Rushi: ’’story,’’ only in the sense of a short, fictional tale. Remem'ber that another vord you have learned, xiǎoshuō, can also &quot;be used for ’’story’’ in the sense of a literary vork. Also take special note that a news ’’story’’ should &quot;be translated as xinvěn (NOT gushi) •</p>
<p>&quot;To tell stories&quot; is .1 iang (OR shuo) gushi (don<sup>f</sup>t use the verb gaosu) •</p>
<p>Nǐmen zhěr you shěnme ěrtong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have any children*s stories</p>
<p>gushi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;here? (In a &quot;bookstore)</p>
<p>Zhěipiān gushi xiěde zhen hao. This story is very well written.</p>
<p>Gushi may take as a counter either -ge, -duan, or -pian (for written stories).</p>
<p>-de hua: ’’if,&quot; &quot;in case,’’ or ’’supposing that&quot; Used at the end of a clause vhich tells a hypothetical situation, often in combination with another word for ’’if’’ (yaoshi，ruguo, etc.) earlier in the same clause.</p>
<p>Yaoshi nǐ bu qude hua, wo yě &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you don<sup>f</sup>t go, I won<sup>f</sup>t go, qu.</p>
<p>Chi fan chīlDao le, yaoshi zai chi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you eat more after you<sup>1</sup> re already</p>
<p>de hua, duzi Jiu &quot;bu shūfu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;full, your stomach won^ feel well.</p>
<p>W5 qīlai tai zǎode hua, wo jiu If I get up too early I feel tired, hui juěde lei.</p>
<p>Yao shi vǒde hua, vǒ &quot;bu name zuo. If it had &quot;been me, I wouldn<sup>f</sup>t have</p>
<p>done it that vay.</p>
<p>xia qi: &quot;play chess” This is actually a general word for several different kinds of chess or other &quot;board games. [Specific names do exist for each game: xieuigqi, <sup>,f</sup> Chinese chess”； tiaoqi&gt; &quot;(the Chinese form of) checkers”； věiqi，&quot;go” (a &quot;board game); guo.1i xieuigqi「PRC) or xiyang ql (Taiwan), &quot;international or Western chess&quot;; etc.]</p>
<p>Nǐ gēn shěi xia ql? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who did you play chess with?</p>
<p>Ta xia ql xiade hěn hao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He plays chess very veil.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>182</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: TTngshuō j_iěfan£ yīhou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve heard that the Communist Party</p>
<p>Gongchǎndǎng zuole xiē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;did some good things after</p>
<p>hāo shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;liberation.</p>
<p>B: Eng, you xiē zhěngcě shi &quot;bu Yes, some policies were all right, cuo, you xiě &quot;bu tai hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;but some weren<sup>f</sup>t too good.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>jiěfang: &quot;to liberate, to emancipate; liberation，’ This word is applied in Communist ideology to the overthrow of vhat is considered &quot;reactionary<sup>!f</sup> rule. In China today .jiěfang may &quot;be used to refer to the actual occupation of an individual area &quot;by Communist forces at any time from 19总5 up until 1950 (when the administrative authority of the Communist government had finally extended throughout the mainland and Hainan Island). For example, if someone says</p>
<p>Women zheige difang jiěfangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our area was liberated late (in the</p>
<p>wan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;revolution).</p>
<p>this means that Communist forces reached their area at a late date (perhaps in late 19总9 or early 1950). Jiefang may also &quot;be used to refer to the end of ’’China’s War of Liberation/’ marked &quot;by the official proclamation of the People<sup>f</sup>s Republic of China on October 1，19^+9• For example,</p>
<p>Jiěfang yǐhoude jinian, vo zhu For the first fev years after liber-zai Shanghai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ation I lived in Shanghai.</p>
<p>Gongchǎndǎng: ’’the Communist party,&quot; literally <sup>n</sup>share-property party&quot;</p>
<p>In a mainland China context, the Communist party is often referred to simply as Dǎng， ”the Party.” The official name is ZhSngguo Gongchandang, &quot;Chinese Communist Party (CCP)•”</p>
<p>zhěngcě: ”policy” (especially of a government)</p>
<p>Zuijinde zhěngcě gaibian le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The (government<sup>f</sup> s) policy has changed</p>
<p>recently.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Lao Wangde ěrzi ruguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did Lao Wang<sup>1</sup>s son ever join the</p>
<p>Tuān ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Communist Youth League?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou, tīngshuo canjiāguo No, &quot;but I<sup>1</sup> ve heard that he was in Hongvěi'bTng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Red Guards.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>ru: &quot;to enter” Ru is most often used in literary Chinese. In the spoken language, it is mainly used in a handful of set phrases like ru xuě, &quot;to enter school, to start school,” or ru yuan&gt; ’’to &quot;be hospitalized.&quot; Otherwise, ’’to enter” is expressed &quot;by the verbs jin, j inlai，or jinqu.</p>
<p>In the set phrases ru Tuan，<sup>n</sup>to join the Communist Youth League,<sup>!f</sup> and ru Dang, &quot;to join the Communist Party,<sup>n</sup> ru is actually short for the verb jiaru (No. lb on the Reference List)， which means &quot;to join&quot; an organization.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>183</p>
<p>Tuan: ,’the League,’’ short for Zhongguo Gongchǎnzhǔyi Qīngniantuan,</p>
<p>’’China Communist Youth League，’’ also attreviated as GongqTngtuan* This is a nationwide organization for working youth and students &quot;between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five. Its aim is to cultivate mem&quot;bers<sup>f</sup> political awareness and their cultural and scientific knowledge. The League<sup>f</sup>s history goes &quot;back to 1922, &quot;but its name, goals, and influence have changed over the years.</p>
<p>During the Cultural Revolution, the functions of the League were largely taken over &quot;by the Red Guards (see note on next page), &quot;but in 1973 the League &quot;began to recover its former influence. Today, the League organizes political study sessions as well as educational and recreational activities at schools, universities» factories, and other places of work. The League also provides leadership for the Young Pioneers (Shaoxiandui), an organization for children from seven to fourteen.</p>
<p>The connection &quot;between the Communist Party and the League is a close one, although the League is independently organized and has its own central committee with a national congress that meets periodically. Policy leadership for the League comes from the Youth Department of the Communist Party Central Committee. By no means do all League mem&quot;bers go on to &quot;become Party mem&quot;bers,</p>
<p>&quot;but leadership experience in League activities makes many likely candidates for later Party memlDership.</p>
<p>cānjia: ’’to join; to participate in, to take part in; to attend”</p>
<p>Can jia refers to the action of joining a group or Joining in an activity. It also means ”to participate” or ’’to take part in.<sup>u</sup> Canjia is also the word to use for，’to attend” a meeting, convention, or other gathering (but not a play, film, or other non-participatory event).</p>
<p>Zhonggu6 cānjia Shijiě Yfnhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China has Joined the World Bank, le.</p>
<p>Women jihua xia xīngqī kai ge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We<sup>f</sup>re planning to have an evening</p>
<p>wǎnhul, ° nǐ xiǎng &quot;bu xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;party next week. Would you like</p>
<p>cānjia? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to join in?</p>
<p>Dajiā dou yīnggāi canjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone should participate in</p>
<p>laodong• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(physical) labor.</p>
<p>Tā cānjiāle yige xunliānban. °° He is attending a training class OR</p>
<p>He attended a training class.</p>
<p>(depends on context)</p>
<p>Wǒ yao qu cānjia mingtian xiāwude I<sup>f</sup>m going to attend the meeting hui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow afternoon•</p>
<p>ruguo Tuan, cĒLn.1iāguo Hongwěibing: You were introduced to the marker -guo in the Biographic Information module, with sentences like Nǐ congqian lāi^uo ma?, ’’Have you ever been here before?” You also saw that -guo can provide &quot;by itself the meaning of &quot;ever”： Ta quguo Zhōngguo ma? &gt;&nbsp;’’Has he ever &quot;been to China?” In exchange 3&gt; the speakers use -guo with the meaning of ’’ever” having done something.</p>
<p>°vǎnhui’ &quot;evening party，， **xunliānban, ”training class”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>Why use -guo and not -le in these sentences? A helpful rule of thumb is to use -_guo in Chinese when you would say ’’ever’’ in English. But -guo and ’’ever’’ do not alvays correspond; as you can see in sentence 3B，the English does not contain the vord &quot;ever.&quot; The reason speaker B decided to use -_guo there rather than 1^ is that he knows Lao Wang<sup>1</sup> s son is no longer in the Red Guards• Using -£uo rather than le_ implies that the joining (canjia) was later undone一一that the son is not a Red Guard now.</p>
<p>The verb cānjia tells an action that results in a new state: the action of joining results in the state of &quot;being part of something. Similar verts include zuo，&quot;to sit,’’ (the action of sitting results in the state of &quot;being seated) and chuān (the action of putting on clothes results in the state of the clothes being on). Process verbs as well show the change from one state to a new state, like ~b全ng (to go from wellness to sickness), dao (to go from not &quot;being here to being here). When -£uo is used with these kinds of verbs it often implies that the resulting state is no longer in effect. °</p>
<p>HongveilpTng： &quot;the Red Guards lit.， &quot;Red Guard-Soldiers&quot; It was in Beijing in 1966 that middle school and college students first &quot;began to form groups calling themselves H6ngvěi~bīng. At that time CCP Chairman Mao ZědSng had &quot;been trying vith little success to stir up a mass movement against <sup>T,</sup>revi-sionist’’ elements in the Chinese Communist Party, and to infuse the country with a nev revolutionary spirit. The newly formed Red Guard groups first directed their efforts at reactionary leaders in the schools• After Mao publicly expressed his support for the Red Guards, their inovement quickly grev into a major force in the first stage of the Cultural Revolution. Their opposition to Liu Shāoqi, then Chairman (head of state) of the PRC, vas instrumental in his downfall. Before long, groups of Red Guards vere crisscrossing China &quot;by train, &quot;bus, any means of transportation--many on foot—to spread the concepts of the Cultural Revolution. The scale of these excursions is difficult to imagine; Red Guards, other student groups, and tagalongs-altogether millions of young people--vere to be seen everywhere, bringing Běijīng<sup>1</sup> s political movements to the rest of the country.</p>
<p>After their inception, the thousands of Red Guard groups nationwide had difficulty forming a cohesive organization, and after the first three years of the Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1968) their power &quot;began to wane. They remained a prestige group, however, until their official abolishment in 19了8.</p>
<p>Outside observers, as veil as many Chinese, had mixed opinions of the Red Guards. That they were a major force in stirring the country to join in the movements of the time is &quot;beyond question. But the zealous excesses and cruelties of many Red Guards tovard people of &quot;undesirable” political or family &quot;backgrounds are equally veil known.</p>
<p>•-Guo may also &quot;be used when the speaker does not know for sure whether the state is still in effect. But do not use -guo vhen you know for sure that the state is_ still in effect. For example, if you know that a person has come here and is still here, you can only say Ta lai le.</p>
<p>18U</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>185</p>
<p>A: Nǐ tīngshuo le ma, Lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you heard? Lao Zhāng<sup>f</sup>s daughter</p>
<p>Zhāngde nuěr aishang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has fallen in love with Xiǎo</p>
<p>Xiǎo Wang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wajig.</p>
<p>B: Zhě zhēn shi mafan shir, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is really trouble. Lao Zhang</p>
<p>Lǎo Zhāng zui hěn Wang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really hates the Wang family,</p>
<p>jiade rěn.</p>
<p>Notes on No. ^</p>
<p>ai: ’’to love” (state verb)</p>
<p>Wǒ xiǎng ta shi zhende āi nǐ, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think she really loves you.</p>
<p>Tā you āi xuěxi, you ai lěodong, She loves study and loves physical shi ge hǎo tongzhi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;labor. She is a good comrade.</p>
<p>Ai can also mean ’’to like, to be fond of” a food, hobby, sport, activity, etc. It is usually used before a verb, as in the following examples:</p>
<p>Wǒ zui ai chī tāngcu pāigǔ le! I just love sweet and sour spareribs!</p>
<p>Tā zhen ai jiǎng hua. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He really loves to talk.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ āi kan diānyǐng ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you like to go to the movies?</p>
<p>B: Bū ai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No.</p>
<p>Wǒ fuqin ai xia ql. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;father is fond of (playing) chess.</p>
<p>aishang: ’’to fall in love (vith &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;someone)’’</p>
<p>Zai zheige xuěxiao shang kě yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After attending classes at this</p>
<p>yuě yǐhou, ta jiu aishang tāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;school for one month, he fell in</p>
<p>Zhongwěn lǎoshī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;love with his Chinese teacher.</p>
<p>Cong diyīci kanjian ta, wǒ jiu I fell in love with her right from aishang ta le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first time I saw her.</p>
<p>Wǒ zhīdao nǐ bū ai wo le, xihuan- I know you don<sup>f</sup>t love me anymore; shang Wang Cheng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>f</sup>ve taken a liking to Wang</p>
<p>Cheng•</p>
<p>Particularly in Běijīng speech, the ending -shang added to some verbs has the meaning of starting and then continuing, <sup>ff</sup>to set about (doing something), to fall into the habit of (doing something), to take to (doing something) •，’</p>
<p>Tāmen you xiashang qi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They have started to play chess</p>
<p>again OR They<sup>1</sup>re back playing chess again.</p>
<p>Nǐ you chōushang yan* le?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>re smoking again?!</p>
<p>•ch5u yan, ”to smoke”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>186</p>
<p>Renjia shui jiao le, nǐ zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are people trying to sleep,</p>
<p>changshang gē le?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you doing singing?!</p>
<p>Kanshang means ’’to take a fancy to, to settle on&quot;:</p>
<p>Wo kanshang něizhǒng chē le, děng I've taken a fancy to that kind of vǒ youle qiān wǒ yiding mǎi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;car. When I have money I’ll cer-</p>
<p>yiliang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tainly &quot;buy one.</p>
<p>aishang Xiǎo Wan^ le： A new-situation le_ is extremely common vhen presenting an event as ’’hot nevs,” as the speaker does in this sentence. Hot nevs should, after all, &quot;be presented to the listener as something he doesn’t already knov--as a nev situation. (For the second example you need to know zǒngtǒng， ’’president，” and fǎnRwěn, ’’to visit.&quot;)</p>
<p>Wǒ zhāodao yige xīnde gongzuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve found a nev job! le：</p>
<p>Jīntiān &quot;baozhishang shuo Měiguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It says in today * s paper that the</p>
<p>zǒngtǒng yao dao Zhongguo lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;president of the U.S. is going to</p>
<p>fǎngvěn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;come visit China!</p>
<p>Of course, this le is sometimes optional- It may &quot;be omitted in the above tvo examples, but not in sentence Ua.</p>
<p>hěn: &quot;to hate,&quot; only in the literal meaning of &quot;to loathe, to detest, to have intense ill feelings tovard&quot;</p>
<p>Wǒ hěn něiyijiā rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I hate that vhole family.</p>
<p>Wǒ hěn ta gěi vo dāilaile name I hate him for &quot;bringing me so much duo mafan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;trouble.</p>
<p>Wǒ zui hěn zuo zhěizhong shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I detest doing this sort of thing</p>
<p>most of all.</p>
<p><sup>n</sup>To hate” in the milder sense of，，to dislike，，or &quot;to vish to avoid&quot; is expressed in Chinese &quot;by other words - (For the last example &quot;belov you need to know tǎoyan&gt; &quot;to dislike，to &quot;be disgusted vith.’’）</p>
<p>Zǎoshang wǒ zhēn &quot;bu yao qǐlai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I hate to get up in the morning.</p>
<p>Zheiyang mafan ni, vo zhēn &quot;bu hǎo I hate to put you to all this yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;trouble.</p>
<p>Xiang tā zhěiyangde rěn měiyou I hate to see someone like him yige hǎo gongzuo, tai kěxī le. without a good jo&quot;b.</p>
<p>Wǒ tǎoyan mǎi dongxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I hate shopping.</p>
<p>°chanR gē, &quot;to sing (songs)” (a verb plus general object, like nian shū)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>18 了</p>
<p>5. A: Ruguo nǐ bu .jiěyide hua, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you don<sup>f</sup>t mind, I<sup>f</sup>d like to talk</p>
<p>vǒ xiǎng he nide mishu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vith your secretary for a few</p>
<p>tan jifen zhSng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;minutes.</p>
<p>B: Tā zai dǎ zi， mashāng jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>f</sup>s typing, he<sup>1</sup>11 be here in</p>
<p>lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a moment.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 5</p>
<p>.jiěyi: ’’to take offense, to mind’’ This is mostly used when preceded by a negative word (bu or biě)•</p>
<p>Wǒ shi shuSzhe wllnrde, xīvang nǐ I was kidding (when I said that). I bu yao jiěyl. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hope you doi^t take offense.</p>
<p>A: Ni bil hui jiěyi ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You don<sup>f</sup>t mind, do you?</p>
<p>B: Bu hui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, that<sup>9</sup> s all right.</p>
<p>Nǐ Jiěyi bu Jiěyi wo mingtian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you mind if I take a friend along</p>
<p>dai ge pěngyou qu cānjia nide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to your party tomorrow night? wǎnhui*?</p>
<p>dǎ zi: <sup>M</sup>to type<sup>11</sup> on a typewriter, literally <sup>w</sup>to hit characters.<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>Tā dǎ zi dade hěn kuai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He types very fast.</p>
<p>Zi here is a general object like hua in shuo hua. Speakers of English are</p>
<p>often tempted to say dǎ zi zheige for <sup>ff</sup>type this,&quot; but that is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;incorrect. To</p>
<p>specify the thing vhich is typed, use dǎ without the vord zi_. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some verb endings, especially -chulai, are often used with dǎ:</p>
<p>Gei wo dǎ yixiar (zheige). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Type this for me.</p>
<p>Qǐng ni bǎ zhěifeng xin dǎ yi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Please type this letter, xiar.</p>
<p>Wo děi qu dǎ yifeng xin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have to go type a letter.</p>
<p>Ni dawan něifēng xin le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you finished typing that letter?</p>
<p>Neifēng xin dǎchulai le meiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Has that letter &quot;been typed?</p>
<p>Wo ba zheige dǎchulaile mǎshang I<sup>1</sup>11 bring this over to you as soon gěi ni songguoqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as I finish typing it.</p>
<p>Used as a noun, da zi means ”typing*’ (like the school subject):</p>
<p>Wǒ xuěguo dǎ zi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>ve studied typing.</p>
<p>Tǎ zai yige zhōngxuě Jiao Yīngwěn She teaches English typing at a da zi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;middle school.</p>
<p>*vanhui, <sup>M</sup>evening party&quot;</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>188</p>
<p>Zi，&quot;by itself, may &quot;be used as follows:</p>
<p>Wǒ dacuole yige zi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I typed a character (letter or word)</p>
<p>wrong.</p>
<p>Zhěi&quot;běn shū, zi tai xiǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The type is too small in this &quot;book.</p>
<p>zai da zi: &quot;He’s (in the midst of) typing” You first learned zai, the marker of ongoing action, in Meeting, Unit 2: Ta zai kai hui, ”He is了in the midst of) attending a meeting. Use zai to specify that an action is in the midst of progressing or evolving.</p>
<p>Because zai denotes ”continuing action，” it is used with action verbs, vhich indicate the event has duration. On the other hand, process verts, vhich indicate simply a change of state, are not compatible vith zai: sǐ,</p>
<p>”to die，” dao, ”to arrive，” ting, ”to (come to a) stop，&quot; qu, &quot;to go.” The verb sǐ, for example, describes the instantaneous transition from a living state to a dead state- It makes no sense to speak of &quot;being ’’in the midst of dying&quot;; a person is either alive or dead.° Likewise, you have either arrived (daole) or not; are either stopped (tingle) or still moving; are either gone (qule) or still present.</p>
<p>You can make zai negative vith either tu or měi • Questions are usually &quot;best formed with shi ~bu shi zai; some speakers use you měiyou zai or zai ~bu zai.</p>
<p>Sentences vith zai often end in ne, the emphatic marker of absence of change (see Unit U, Notes on No. 2)•</p>
<p>6. A: Zheige haizi ~bu xiang hua, This child is too much. No matter ~bu guan zěnme shuo dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what you say, he just doesn<sup>T</sup>t</p>
<p>&quot;bu ting. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;listen.</p>
<p>B: Dui ma, zhě nǎr xiang Xīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, he<sup>f</sup>s certainly no [not like</p>
<p>Zhongguode ěrtōng! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any] child of ”New China.<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Notes on No, 6</p>
<p>~bu xiang hua: ’’to &quot;be outrageous, to &quot;be ridiculous, to &quot;be atsurd&quot; Lit-erally this means &quot;doesn^ resemtle speech•” As used today, ~bu xiang hua may &quot;be applied not only to things which are said, &quot;but also to situations and people.</p>
<p>Zheiyang zhēn bu xiang hua, jiu This is outrageous! To just vant yao qian *bti zuo shi, zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money &quot;but not work. How can that</p>
<p>xing! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do!</p>
<p>Bu xiang hua, ba wūzi nongde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is too much! He made the room</p>
<p>zhěme luan, yě bu shSushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;such a mess and doesn’t even</p>
<p>shōushi• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;straighten up•</p>
<p>•In English ”He is dying” may look like an ongoing action, but it actually means &quot;He is very near to passing from a living state to a dead state.<sup>11</sup> The passing itself is instantaneous• So to translate <sup>M</sup>He is dying” into Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g., Tā kuai yao sǐ le, &quot;He is going to die soon,<sup>11</sup> or Ta huobuchang le, ’’He won't live long.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>189</p>
<p>Zheige haizi yitian dao wan wanr, This child plays all day long and bu nian shū, zhen bu xiang hua. doesn<sup>f</sup>t study. He<sup>1</sup> s really too</p>
<p>much.</p>
<p>bu guǎn: <sup>!l</sup>no matter.&quot;&quot; The first half of a bū guǎn sentence contains either (l) an interrogative word, e.g.,</p>
<p>Bu guǎn shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No matter what</p>
<p>shěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who</p>
<p>shěnme shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when</p>
<p>nǎr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;where</p>
<p>wěishenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;why</p>
<p>zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how</p>
<p>duSshao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how much</p>
<p>duo lei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how tired</p>
<p>etc •</p>
<p>or (2) a clause expressing alternatives, e.g.,</p>
<p>Bu guǎn tā qu bu qū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No matter whether he goes or not</p>
<p>shi bu shi zhende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whether it<sup>1</sup>s true or not</p>
<p>ta shi ZhSngguo rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whether he is Chinese</p>
<p>haishi Měiguo rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or American</p>
<p>Jīntiān (haishi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whether it<sup>f</sup>s today or</p>
<p>mlngtian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow</p>
<p>etc.</p>
<p>The last half of a bu guǎn sentence usually (not always) has d5u or sometimes</p>
<p>zi-</p>
<p>Bū guǎn nī gěi duōshSo qian, wǒ No matter how much money you offer, d5u (yě) bū mai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m not selling it.</p>
<p>Bu guǎn ni xuyao shěnme, tā něr No matter what you need, he is sure yxdtng (d5u) you. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have it at his place. (Dou is</p>
<p>optional and is not used here.)</p>
<p>Bu guǎn xia bu xia yǔ, wǒ dou qu. Whether it rains or not, I<sup>f</sup>m going.</p>
<p>nǎr: Literally &quot;where/* used in rhetorical questions to make a denial. Compare this with Nali!，which you learned in the Biographic Information module to deny compliments.</p>
<p>A: Zhěixiē fangzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dou shi nǐde Do these houses all belong to you? ma?</p>
<p>B: Nǎr a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Heck no!</p>
<p>A: TS dao nǎr qū le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where did he go?</p>
<p>B: Wo nǎr zhīdao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How should I know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)</p>
<p>A: Wo qu wen ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup> 11 go ask him.</p>
<p>B: TS nǎr zhīdao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(stress He doesn<sup>f</sup>t know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)</p>
<p>—on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;—</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>190</p>
<p>Sāndiǎn zhSng nar něng dao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov could ve possibly arrive by</p>
<p>three o<sup>f</sup>clock!</p>
<p>ěrtong: ”child” This is the vord used in formal contexts. It usually refers to children under approximately ten years of age.</p>
<p>ěrtong věnxuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children<sup>r</sup>s literature</p>
<p>ěrtong yiyuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children<sup>f</sup>s hospital</p>
<p>了. A: Zhěipiān duǎnpiān xiaoshuS What is this short story about? xiede shi shěnme?</p>
<p>B: Xiěde shi yige nongcūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It*s the story of a cadre in a</p>
<p>ganbude gushi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rural area.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 7</p>
<p>duǎnpiān: ”short,，，of written compositions. Duanpian xiaoshuo, &quot;short storyT<sup>11</sup> In China, the short story began to develop as a genre as early as the Tang and Song dynasties. In modern times, Chinese short story writers vere greatly influenced by Western short stories.</p>
<p>nongcūn: This has three main uses: (1)，，country，rural area&quot;; (2) &quot;rural，<sup>u</sup> vhen used to modify a noun; and (3) &quot;rural community, farm village&quot; (counter: ge) • In mainland China, this third use is no longer common &quot;because of the reorganization of rural areas into comnrones, with village-sized units &quot;becoming production brigades (shēngchǎn dadui)•</p>
<p>In the Welfare module, you learned another vord for ”country, rural area，，： xian^xia. Xiāngxia and nongcūn are comparable in meaning. Xiāngxia is chiefly a conversational word, however, rarely used in formal contexts. Xiāngxia may even be used in a disparaging manner; nongcūn, &quot;being more neutral in connotation, cannot•</p>
<p>Tāmen jia zai nongcūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Their home is in the country.</p>
<p>Nongcǔnde kongqi Idǐ chěngli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The air in the country is much better</p>
<p>hao duo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;than in the city.</p>
<p>Tā māma cong nongcūn lai, dailai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His mother came from the country and</p>
<p>hao duo xīnxian jidān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brought lots of fresh eggs vith</p>
<p>her.</p>
<p>Tā zai yige nongcūn(de) yiyuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She vorks in a rural hospital, gongzuo.</p>
<p>Zheige xuěxiāode xuěsheng dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The students of this school have all</p>
<p>dao nongcūn cānjia laodong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gone to the country to participate</p>
<p>qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in labor.</p>
<p>°The expressions zheige cūnr, &quot;this village,&quot; vomen cǔnr, &quot;our village，” nimen cūnr， ”your village,” etc.， are nevertheless still used in the PRC.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>191</p>
<p>Zheige nongcūn you duSshao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is the population of this farm</p>
<p>rěnkǒu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;village? (not mainland usage)</p>
<p>ganbu: Usually translated into English &quot;by the French vord ’’cadre，’’ this vord has tvo meanings in China.° First, it can refer to full-time functionaries of the (usually central) Party or government. Second--this is the sense of Ranlpu in sentence TB--it can have the &quot;broader meaning of any person vho has a leadership job. There are cadres in the army, factories, schools, communes, anywhere leadership positions exist. It is always clear who is a ganbu and vho is not; positions and people are well defined as cadre or not. Ganbu is contrasted vith qunzhong, ’’the masses.” For example, certain meetings may be attended by ’’cadres’’ but not by ’’the masses,<sup>11</sup> and certain documents are distributed to ,’cadres’’ of a certain level but not to ’’the masses.’’</p>
<p>Most cadres are ’’not engaged in production’’ CtuSchǎn le], but some are ’’half released from production’’ Cban tuōchǎnD. Very fev are ’’not released fron production’’ IIbu tuSchǎn]. In general, cadres’ salaries are higher than ordinary workers, and they have more privileges •</p>
<p>Lǎo ganbu is translated as ’’veteran cadre，’’ that is, a cadre from before liberation.</p>
<p>In the PRC, the English word ’’cadre” is usually pronounced &quot;cah-der,” vith the first syllable stressed.</p>
<p>8. A: Nǐ ,11.1 īmangmangde zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you in such a hurry to</p>
<p>shěnme qu a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go do?</p>
<p>B: Shang xuě qu a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ī<sup>f</sup>m going to school!</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>•11.1 Imangniang: &quot;in a great hurry<sup>11</sup> This comes from a repetition of each syllable of the adjectival verb Jlmang, which means &quot;hasty, hurried.” Ji means &quot;anxious&quot; and mang, vhich you have learned as &quot;busy,<sup>t?</sup> here means a rushed manner.’’</p>
<p>Many adjectival verbs may be reduplicated to make them more vivid. For example:</p>
<p>A: Něige shi Chen Bin? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Which (of those people) is Chen Bin?</p>
<p>B: Gaogaode něige. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The tall one.</p>
<p>A: Něige gāogāode? Nǐ shi shu5 Which tall one? You mean the dark, hēihēi shoushoude něige? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thin one?</p>
<p>B: Bū shi. Baibai pangpangde No. The pale (light_complexioned)， něige. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fat one.</p>
<p>Baobaode means &quot;very full&quot;:</p>
<p>Wǒ chide bSobaode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm very full.</p>
<p>•The vord ganbu is also used in Taiwan, although not as frequently as on the mainland, to refer to people in positions of leadership in many kinds of organizations, especially government, the army, and large corporations.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>192</p>
<p>Adjectival verts of two syllables are reduplicated in an AABB pattern: repeat the first syllable twice and then the second syllable twice.</p>
<p>gāoxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;becoines &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gāogāoxingxing</p>
<p>pingchang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;becomes &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pingpingchangchang</p>
<p>kěqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;becomes &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kěkeqiqi</p>
<p>Adjectival verts reduplicated this way can &quot;be used to modify nouns，as in</p>
<p>Tā Jiu shi yige pingpingchang- He is Just an ordinary fellow, changde rěn.</p>
<p>or to modify verts, as in</p>
<p>Women kekeqiqide tantan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let’s talk it over politely.</p>
<p>Tāmen gāogāoxingxingde zou le. They left happily.</p>
<p>These reduplicated adjectival verbs are not made negative or used in a comparative sentence.</p>
<p>zuo shěnme qu: Literally, &quot;you are going in order to do what?<sup>11</sup> Qu and lai may &quot;be used at the end of a sentence to show purpose: ’’go in order to” or ’’come in order to” Whether you choose lai or gii depends, in many cases, on the direction of the action; if the direction is towards ’’here,” use lai, and if it is &quot;away,<sup>11</sup> use qu.</p>
<p>Wen tā qu ~ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Go ask him!</p>
<p>Nǐ kuāi mang qu &quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Go about your &quot;business!</p>
<p>Wǒ kan ni lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve come to see you.</p>
<p>Putting 犯 or lai &quot;before or after the verb phrase gives about the same meaning. In fact, in Běijīng speech, they may &quot;be used &quot;both &quot;before and after the verb phrase. The following three patterns are equivalent:</p>
<p>Nǐ qu wen tā. 1</p>
<p>Nǐ wen tā qu. &gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You go ask him.</p>
<p>Ni qu wen tā qu. J</p>
<p>Tā lai na piao le. 1</p>
<p>Tā nā piao lai le. &gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He came (has come) to get the tickets.</p>
<p>Ta lai na piao lai le* J</p>
<p>Here are more examples:</p>
<p>Tā zuo shěnme qu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did he go to do?</p>
<p>Shui jiao qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He went to go to &quot;bed.</p>
<p>Hui jiā qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He went to go home.</p>
<p>Xi yīfu qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He went to do some laundry.</p>
<p>Nong fan qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He went to get dinner ready.</p>
<p>Mǎi dongxi qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He went to do some shopping.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>Sometimes there can be ambiguity about whether 3x1 and lai axe &quot;being used to express &quot;purpose” or &quot;direction•” For example, the phrase na piao lai means &quot;bring the tickets here&quot; if lai is a directional ending, but come here in order to get the tickets&quot; if lai indicates purpose.</p>
<p>shang xuě: This phrase means either ’’to go to school<sup>11</sup> in the sense of &quot;it's eight o'clock, the children have already gone to school，,，or &quot;to attend school,&quot; as in &quot;I attended high school in Chicago•” Xuě is a general object like shu in nian shū, &quot;to study.<sup>11</sup> You can replace it by a more specific object such as xiaoxuě，&quot;elementary school，&quot; or Jǐngshan Zhōngxuě^ <sup>M</sup>Jlngshan Middle School.”</p>
<p>Ta shang xuě qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has gone to school•</p>
<p>Suīran ta nianji da le, kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although he<sup>f</sup>s old，he still wants to</p>
<p>tā hai xiang shang xuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go to school•</p>
<p>9. A: Zhengfǔ shi bu shi baohu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Does the government protect people<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>rěnmende caichan? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;property?</p>
<p>B: Shi. Zhěngfu shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. The government is carrying</p>
<p>baohu rěnmen caichande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out a policy of protecting</p>
<p>zhěngcě• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people<sup>1</sup>s property•</p>
<p>Notes on No. 9</p>
<p>zhengfǔ: <sup>11</sup> government<sup>11</sup> Zhěng originally meant &quot;political affairs ,<sup>11</sup> and fǔ was the word for ’’government offices.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Tā zai Měiguo zhěngfuli gSngzuo. He works in the U.S. government.</p>
<p>Distinguish zhengfǔ from guojiā, <sup>fl</sup>the state.<sup>11</sup>* In PRC terminology, guojiā is the entire organization by means of which the ruling class exercises its rule, including administrative bodies, the military, police, courts, and prisons. Zhěngfu refers to the administrative bodies of the state--for example, the State Council.</p>
<p>baohu: &quot;to protect<sup>M</sup> from harm or loss, or &quot;to safeguard<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>huanj ing baohū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;environmental protection</p>
<p>funu ěrtong baohū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woman and child protection</p>
<p>Cong xiao jiu děi baohu yanjīng. One should protect one*s eyes from</p>
<p>the time one is a child.</p>
<p>Nī kan rěnjiade chē baohude duo Look at how well maintained his car hao, nīde ne?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is! But yours!</p>
<p>Women yīnggāi baohū guojiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We should protect state property•</p>
<p>caichan.</p>
<p>•Here we are not talking about gu6jia,s other meaning, &quot;country, nation.’，</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>19^</p>
<p>Even &quot;before liberation, the Chinese Communists attempted to allay wide-spread fears that a Communist government would signal an end to private property &quot;by proclaiming baohu rěnmin caichǎn as an official policy.</p>
<p>shixing: &quot;to carry out, to put into practice/effect, to implement&quot; an idea, plan， policy, system, or program.</p>
<p>Zheige jihua něng bu něng shixing Whether or not this plan can be im-hāi shi ge věnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plemented is still a question.</p>
<p>Xiage yuě women yao kāishǐ shi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Next month we are going to put a new</p>
<p>xing yizhong xīnde kǎoshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;method for testing into practice, &quot;banfa.</p>
<p>10. Zai Gongchǎndǎng līngdǎoxia, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under the leadership of the Com-</p>
<p>Zhongguo zai shijiěshangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;munist Party, China<sup>1</sup>s position</p>
<p>diwei youle hěn dade gaibian• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the world has changed greatly.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 10</p>
<p>lǐngdǎo: <sup>n</sup>to lead, to direct, to exercise leadership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre&quot;</p>
<p>Tāde lǐngdao něngli hěn qiang.° He has great leadership ability.</p>
<p>Tā najne nianqīng jiu lǐngdǎo name He is in charge of so many people at duo rěn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;such a young age?</p>
<p>A: Nīmende gSngzuo zuode bu cuo. You do your job well.</p>
<p>B: Na dōu shi zhěngfu lǐngdǎode It<sup>f</sup>s all thanks to the good leader-hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ship of the government. (Lit.，</p>
<p>&quot;That is all &quot;because the government leads veil.”）</p>
<p>Zhěijian shiqing women děi wen- We<sup>1</sup>11 have to ask our leading wen lǐngdao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cadres about this.</p>
<p>Tā lingdǎo zheige gōngzuo, zhěi- If he directs this project, it jian shi yiding zuotuhao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;surely won’t be done well.</p>
<p>Gongqingtuan lǐngdao Shaoxiān- The Communist Youth League exercises dui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leadership over (provides guidance</p>
<p>for) the Young Pioneers.</p>
<p>-xia: &quot;under,,，used only after certain nouns. The ones you have learned so far in this course are lǐngdǎo, qingkuāng, &quot;bāngzhu, zhaogu.</p>
<p>Zai zhěizhong qingkuāngxia, zui In this kind of situation, it is hao shěnme dōu bu zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;best not to do anything.</p>
<p>°něngli， &quot;ability”； qiang, &quot;strong”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>195</p>
<p>shi.jiě: ” world”</p>
<p>Zheige difang dui ta lai shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To him, this place seemed like a new</p>
<p>hǎoxiāng shi yige xīn shijiě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world.</p>
<p>Tā dui disān shijiě guojiāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is interested in the political</p>
<p>zhěngzhi qingkuāng you xingqu. situation in third world countries.</p>
<p>To say ”in the world，’’ use shi.liěshang. This is often equivalent to English &quot;in the whole world.”</p>
<p>Shi jiěshang měiyou yige rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is no one like him in the</p>
<p>xiang tā zheiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whole world.</p>
<p>Ruishi biao zai shi jiěshang hěn Swiss watches are famous throughout you ming. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the world.</p>
<p>Shijiě can also be used to modify other nouns:</p>
<p>ZhSngguo shi Shijiě Yinhangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China is a member country of the</p>
<p>chěngyuanguo.° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;World Bank.</p>
<p>11. A: Shinian lai, zhěi liǎngge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the past ten years, industry and</p>
<p>chengshide gSngshāngye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;commerce in these two cities have</p>
<p>yuě lai yuě fāda le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;become more and more developed.</p>
<p>B: Zhě he zhěngfǔde lǐngdǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This can*t be separated from the</p>
<p>shi fenbukāide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government<sup>1</sup>s leadership.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 11</p>
<p>shinian lai: ”for the past ten years” or &quot;over the past ten years”</p>
<p>Shinian lai, wo xuěle hěn duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Over the past ten years, I<sup>f</sup>ve learned</p>
<p>Yīngwěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of English.</p>
<p>Jīniān lai wo dou měiyou shoudao I haven<sup>1</sup>1 gotten any letters from her tāde xin le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for the past few years.</p>
<p>Lai is usually used with a relatively long period of time, especially months or years. There are no definite rules for how long is ’’long,” but you would not, for example, use lai to say ’’for the last half hour” (which would be zhěi bange zhSngtou)•</p>
<p>The expression of time may be preceded by zhěi, <sup>M</sup>these，” for example, zhěi jǐniān lai, ’’for the past few years.<sup>M</sup></p>
<p>chěngshi: &quot;city” or &quot;(comparatively large) tovn” Originally chěng meant a city wall and shi a &quot;market(Shi is now also an administrative unit，as in Běijīng shi, &quot;Běijīng municipality.<sup>n</sup>)</p>
<p>&quot;chěngyuanguo, &quot;member country”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>1Q6</p>
<p>You have already learned the word chěng for &quot;city, town.&quot; Cheng_, which originally meant &quot;city walls，” is now mostly used in set phrases such as .jin chěng, &quot;to go into the city, to go into town, to go downtown&quot; (to the part within the original city walls); or chěngli, &quot;in the city,&quot; and chengvai_, &quot;outside the city&quot; (again using the walls to differentiate the two). Chěng is also used to translate &quot;town&quot; in foreign place names, e.g., Qiaozhichěn^, &quot;Georgetown.&quot; The Chinese also use xiǎo chěng to translate <sup>IT</sup>tovn<sup>M</sup> vhen referring to foreign situations, as in</p>
<p>Tā zhu zai li Niǔ Yuē &quot;bu yuande He lives in a little town near New yige xiǎo chěngli. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;York.</p>
<p>But xiǎo chěng is not used to speak of a town in China; instead people say ”county&quot; (xian) or &quot;commune” (g5ngshě) or Just &quot;place” (difang)•</p>
<p>To translate ”city，” chěngshi is the word you will use most often.</p>
<p>Lundun shi shijiě you mingde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;London is a world-famous metropolis. da chěngshi.</p>
<p>Shanghai shi shijiěshang zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shanghai is the largest city in the</p>
<p>dade chěngshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vorld.</p>
<p>fērfbukāi: &quot;cannot &quot;be separated” A more English-sounding translation for sentence 11B would &quot;be, &quot;This is directly related to the government's leadership•<sup>M</sup></p>
<p>The vert fēn means &quot;to separate, to divide,&quot; as in</p>
<p>Women fēn yige pingguo, hǎo &quot;bu Let<sup>T</sup>s split (share) an apple, okay? hǎo?</p>
<p>Ba něige pingguo fēn liangkuai. Divide the apple in two,</p>
<p>Pingguo fēn hao du5 zhong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are lots of different kinds</p>
<p>of apples. (Lit., <sup>11</sup> Apples are divided into many kinds*’’）</p>
<p>The vert ending -kai，which you have seen meaning &quot;open<sup>tT</sup> as in dakai, here is something like English ”apart•”</p>
<p>Bǎ haizimen fēnkāi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Keep the children apart.</p>
<p>Bǎ hongde gēn lande fēnkāi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Keep the red ones separate from the</p>
<p>blue ones•</p>
<p>Zhěi liangzhāng zhī shi fēnde- These two sheets of paper can be kāide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;taken apart.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>•Ding is the same word you learned in the Meeting module for <sup>ft</sup>to reserve,</p>
<p>197</p>
<p>Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary</p>
<p>yuanyīn: &quot;reason, cause&quot;</p>
<p>Na shi shěnme yuanyīn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why is that?</p>
<p>A: Shi shěnme yuanyīn ta jīn- Why is it he didn<sup>f</sup>t come today? tiān měi lai?</p>
<p>B: Shěi zhīdao, wen tā ziji qu Who knows? Go ask him! ba!</p>
<p>Wo nian Zhongwěnde yuanyīn shi The reason I<sup>f</sup>m studying Chinese is yīnwei wS yao dao ZhSngguo qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that I am going to go work in</p>
<p>gSngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China,</p>
<p>Wo ding* zhěme duo Zhongguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup> s a reason for my subscribing</p>
<p>bao zhǐ shi you yuānyīnde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to so many Chinese newspapers.</p>
<p>Ni zuo zheige jihua you měiyou Is there some special reason why you shěnme těbiěde yuanyīn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are making this plan?</p>
<p>Meiyou shěnme těbiěde yuanyīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>f</sup>s no particular reason for</p>
<p>yao zheiyangr zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing it this way.</p>
<p>.1iāru: This is the formal word for &quot;to join•” (You will recognize •Ua，”add,&quot; from can.lia and ru, <sup>M</sup>enter,<sup>M</sup> from ru Tuan•)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>198</p>
<p>Unit 6， Reviev Dialogue</p>
<p>On the balcony of Li Ping<sup>f</sup>s apartment, Tom (A) and Lǐ Ping<sup>f</sup>s sister</p>
<p>Li Wen (E) have a conversation.</p>
<p>A: Lǐ Wen, nǐ yige rěn zai zhěr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are you playing chess all by your-</p>
<p>xia qi?° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;self out here, Li Wěn?°</p>
<p>E: Suibian wanrwanr, jintian Baba &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just fooling around. My father</p>
<p>bu zai jiā, pingchang zong shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;isn<sup>f</sup>t home today. Usually he and I</p>
<p>wo he Baba xia qi. Zenme， ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;play against each other. What’s up?</p>
<p>yě xiǎng wanr ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you want to play too?</p>
<p>A: Bu, wo &quot;bu tai hui xia; ruguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No， I<sup>f</sup>in not too good at chess. But</p>
<p>ni you kong, wo xiang he ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if you<sup>1</sup>ve got the time I<sup>1</sup>d like to</p>
<p>liaoliao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chat with you a bit.</p>
<p>E: Wo ye zhěng xiang he ni liao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It just so happens I felt like</p>
<p>liao ne, qǐng zuo! Ruguo ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talking with you myself. Have a seat.</p>
<p>bu jiěyide hua, wo xiang wen nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you don’t mind, ī<sup>f</sup>d like to ask</p>
<p>liǎngge wěnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you a couple of questions.</p>
<p>A: Bu yao kěqi, qǐng wen ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Certainly, go right ahead.</p>
<p>E: Měinian shǔjiade shihou, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you leave home and go traveling</p>
<p>dou likāi jiā, yige rěn qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;by yourself every summer? luxing ma?</p>
<p>A: Chabuduō shi zheiyangr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just about.</p>
<p>Ē: Name, nǐde fumǔ hěn you qian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then your parents must be very</p>
<p>ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rich, I guess?</p>
<p>A： Tamen dou zai daxuě jiāo shū, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They both teach college， CsoJ they<sup>1</sup> re</p>
<p>bu shi hěn you qiānde rěn, ěrqie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not very rich; &quot;besides, I earn my own</p>
<p>wǒ luxingde qian dou shi wǒ zijǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;travel money. During the school year</p>
<p>zhuande. Pingchang shang xuěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 usually do some outside work like</p>
<p>shihou, wo hāi zuo diǎnr shir, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;typing, translating little articles,</p>
<p>xiang da zi， fānyi dianr xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and so on. Then when I<sup>1</sup>ve earned the wěnzhāng shenmede. Zhuanle qian, money I go away to see the world dur-</p>
<p>shǔjiade shihou chūqu zouzou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ing summer vacation, kankan shijiě-</p>
<p>E: Zhen bū cub. Nǐ něng fānyi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s great. If you<sup>1</sup>re able to</p>
<p>najne nǐde Zhongwěn hen hao le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;translate，your Chinese must be very</p>
<p>TTěng shuo yě něng kan? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good. You can speak and also read?</p>
<p>A: Něng kan yidiǎnr. Wo dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can read a little. I<sup>f</sup>in very</p>
<p>ZhSngguo wěnhua, ZhSngguo she— &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interested in Chinese culture and</p>
<p>hui hěn you xingqu, hěn xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;society, and I’d like very much to</p>
<p>yanjiū yanjiu. Suoyǐ, ruguǒ nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;study them. So, if you don’t mind,</p>
<p>°Lǐ Wen may be working out chess strategies or playing Chinese chess (which</p>
<p>can &quot;be done alone).</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>199</p>
<p>bu jiěyide hua, wo yě hen xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I*d like to ask you a few questions, ven ni_ Jige věnti.</p>
<p>E: Qjng! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be my guest!</p>
<p>A: Ting Lī Ping shuo, ni zhidao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I hear from Lǐ Ping that you know</p>
<p>xiē dalude qlngkuang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a bit about the situation on the</p>
<p>mainland.</p>
<p>E: Wo you hen duo tongxuě he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have a lot of classmates and</p>
<p>pěngyou, tamen d5u shi cong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friends who come from the mainland,</p>
<p>dalu laide. Tāmen zai nar &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They lived there for twenty or thirty</p>
<p>shēnghuole ěrsānshinian, dang- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years, so naturally they know quite</p>
<p>ran hen qīngchǔ. Wo he tamen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well what goes on there• I spend a</p>
<p>changchang z&amp;i yiqǐ, ye jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lot of time with them, so I<sup>f</sup>ve gotten</p>
<p>zhīdaole yidianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to know something about it too.</p>
<p>A: Tingshuo, Zhōngguo zhěngfǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I understand that the Chinese</p>
<p>shixing nannū pingděngde zhěng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government carries out a policy of</p>
<p>cě，suoyi ZhSngguo funude diwěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;equality of men and women，so the po-</p>
<p>tlgaole hen du5, jiātlngde qlng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sition of women has improved a great</p>
<p>kuang yě he jiěfang yǐqiān bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;deal, and families are in quite a</p>
<p>yiyang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;different way than before liberation.</p>
<p>E: Nī shuode dui, Zai Gongchan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s right. Under the leadership</p>
<p>dǎng lǐngdaoxia, bu guǎn shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of the Communist Party» no matter</p>
<p>nongcūn haishi chěngshi, nu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whether in the countryside or the</p>
<p>haizi he nanhāizi yiyang, dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cities, girls can go to school just</p>
<p>kěyi shang xuě, zhǎngdale yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as &quot;boys can, and when they grow up</p>
<p>yiyang kěyi you gSngzuo. Jia- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they can also get Jobs Just the same,</p>
<p>ting，funu he ěrtong, dou kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Families, women and children all</p>
<p>dědao shěhuide baohu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receive society<sup>f</sup>s protection,</p>
<p>A: Zhě bu shi hen hǎo ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s great, isn’t it?</p>
<p>E: Mm, yīnggai shi hen hǎo, kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yeah, it ouglrt to *be great, but in</p>
<p>c6ng Liu Liu nian dao Ql Liu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the ten years from <sup>9</sup>66 to <sup>f</sup>T6, a lot</p>
<p>nian, zai zhěi shinianlǐ, shěhui- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of social problems came about because</p>
<p>shang yīnwei zhengzhide yuanyTn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of political reasons. I can tell you</p>
<p>youle hen du5 went!. Wo kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a story, gěi ni Jiang yige giishi-</p>
<p>A: Nx kuai shuoshuo *ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, please do!</p>
<p>E: Nī tīngzhe, a. You yiwěi lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Listen this. There was this old</p>
<p>gan*bu, zai Shanghai gongzuo. Ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cadre who worked in Shanghai. She only</p>
<p>zhī you yige nuěr. Keshi zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;had one daugher. But in ,6了 the</p>
<p>Liu Qī niande shlhour, lǐngdǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the leadership said she had political</p>
<p>shuo tā you zhěngzhi wěnti * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problems.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>200</p>
<p>A: Zaogāo! Na tā nūěr yě you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uh-oh! Then her daughter was in for</p>
<p>māfan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some trouble too.</p>
<p>E: Yidianr d5u bu cub. Zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Absolutely right. This girl</p>
<p>nuhāizi &quot;bu něng ru Tuan, bu něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;couldn’t join the (Communist Youth)，</p>
<p>canjiā Hongvreiting- Pengyou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;League or the Red Guards. Her</p>
<p>tongxuě d5u likāile ta. Youde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friends and classmates all left her.</p>
<p>shihour, zai dajiēshang, hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sometimes when she was walking down</p>
<p>shouxide rěn yě haoxiang &quot;bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the street, people she knew well</p>
<p>rěnshi ta yiyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;would act as if they didn't knov her.</p>
<p>A: Na, tā zěnme &quot;ban ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well then, what did she do?</p>
<p>E: Neige shihou, tā juěde shēng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At that time she felt that her life</p>
<p>huo zhěn shi yidianr xīvajig yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was completely hopeless. She &quot;began to</p>
<p>měiyou. Ta kāishǐ hen tāde mǔ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hate her mother. She wanted to leave</p>
<p>q±n. Tā yao likāi ta, tā yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her. She wanted to leave her home. likāi tāde jiā.</p>
<p>A: Houlāi ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And after that?</p>
<p>E: Houlai, tāmen zhēnde fēnkai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Afterwards, they really did split</p>
<p>Nuěr daole nongcūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up. The daughter went to the</p>
<p>countryside.</p>
<p>A: Zhěiyang, tāde qingkuang hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That way her situation got a little</p>
<p>hao yidianr &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better,工 guess?</p>
<p>E: Yidianr yě měiyou. Zai nongcūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not a bit. Although she worked</p>
<p>suīrān tā gōngzuode hen hao, ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very well in the countryside, she</p>
<p>haishi měiyou shěnme zhěngzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still didn’t have any political life,</p>
<p>shěnghuo, lǐngdǎo he renmen yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The leadership and the people didn <sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>měiyou yīnwei tā likaile mǔqin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;change their opinion of her just</p>
<p>jiu gai&quot;bian dui tāde kanfa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;because she left her mother, either.</p>
<p>A: Na, tā dagai bu hui you shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well then， she probably didn’t have</p>
<p>pengyou, ye bu rongyi aishang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any friends， and it probably wasn’t</p>
<p>shěnme rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;easy to fall in love vith anyone.</p>
<p>Ē: Shi. Tai nan le. Tā aishangle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. It was really hard. She fell</p>
<p>yige nānhaizi, něige nānhaizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in love with a boy, and he loved her.</p>
<p>yě ai tā, ěrqiě yīnvei tā, tu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But because of her， he couldn’t get</p>
<p>ně^g you ge tǐjiao hǎode gongzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a &quot;better job.</p>
<p>A: Zhě shi zai tai &quot;bū xiang hua le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup> s really absurd.</p>
<p>E: Jiǔnian yǐhou, lǐngdǎo nong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nine years later, the leadership</p>
<p>qīngchǔ le, tā mǔqin měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;got it straightened out that her</p>
<p>věnti. Zhěige nuhaizi jijimāng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother was (politically) okay. The</p>
<p>māng paohui Shanghai, keshi tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;girl rushed tack to Shanghai in a</p>
<p>zai ye jian'budao tāde mǔqin le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flurry, but she was never to see her</p>
<p>Tā mǔqin yǐjīng sǐ zai yīyuanli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother again. She had already died in</p>
<p>le- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a hospital.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>201</p>
<p>A: Yige jiāting jiu zhěiyang wan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just like that, a family was dele! Nǐ zěnme hui zhīdao zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stroyed! How do you happen to know fnishi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this story?</p>
<p>E: Yaoshi nǐ zhuyi yixiar 访该 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you watched the newspapers in</p>
<p>nian,迈 Bā niande ZhSngguo &quot;bao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>1</sup> 了了 and *了8 you could see lots of</p>
<p>zhǐ, jiu kěyi kandao hěn du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stories like that. Let me recommend</p>
<p>zhěiyangde gushi. Wo zai gěi ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a book to you, too. jiěshao yi*běn shū.</p>
<p>A: Shěnme shu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What book?</p>
<p>E: ZhSngguo Yī Jiǔ ^ Qi nian dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese Short Stories of 19TT-</p>
<p>Yi Jiǔ Bā nian Duanpian Xiao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19了8. shuo.</p>
<p>E: Nǐ zhīdao, ruguo you rěn xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You know, if someone wants to</p>
<p>dǒngde ZhSngguo shěhui, Jiu yi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;understand Chinese society they have</p>
<p>ding yao yanjiū cong Liu Liu nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study the situation from <sup>9</sup> 66 to</p>
<p>dao 读 Liu niHnde qlngkuang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>1</sup> 了6, Only after you<sup>f</sup>ve studied it</p>
<p>Yanjiule yihbu cai něng mingbai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can you understand why today the Chi-</p>
<p>jīntiande ZhSngguo zhěngfǔ he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nese government and people are trying</p>
<p>Zhōngguo rěn weishenme yao gǎi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to change the political and economic</p>
<p>*bian zhe shinian lai zhěngzhi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;conditions of the past ten years</p>
<p>shang, jīngjishangde qingkuang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and let the Chinese people really be</p>
<p>rang ZhSngguo rěn zhěnde dědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;liberated, jiěfang.</p>
<p>A: Ni něng bang wo zhǎodao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can you help me find that book? něi*běn shū ma?</p>
<p>E: Wo you zhěi*běn shū, kěyi song* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have it, and I can give it to you.</p>
<p>gei ni. Kan shu hai bu gou, you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But reading isn’t enough. If you get</p>
<p>jīhui qu dalu kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the chance, go visit the mainland.</p>
<p>A: Wo you jīhui ylding qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If I get the chance, I certainly</p>
<p>will.</p>
<p>•S5ng here means &quot;to give&quot; something as a gift.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>202</p>
<p>Unit 6， Tape 2 Workbook</p>
<p>Exercise 1</p>
<p>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</p>
<p>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once- You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</p>
<p>Exercise 2</p>
<p>This exercise is a conversation in which an evening university teacher visits the home of her student, Gāo Xiǎohua, who also works in a Shanghai factory, to talk vith her mother.</p>
<p>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you<sup>1</sup>11 probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</p>
<p>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>yěda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;evening university</p>
<p>pǎolai pǎoqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to run around</p>
<p>xuěhui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to learn, to master</p>
<p>gongchǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;factory Questions for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of student is Xiǎohua?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What was Teacher Liū<sup>f</sup>s main concern in visiting Comrade Fang Bǎolān?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What were schools like during the Cultural Revolution?</p>
<p>h. Did Teacher Liu come as a representative of the university, factory, or both? Hov do you know?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>203</p>
<p>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</p>
<p>Exercise 3</p>
<p>In this exercise a husband and wife in the city of Harbin in northeast China talk at home.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look &quot;below and answer the questions.</p>
<p>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>Xiǎo Ěr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(the couple<sup>1</sup> s son, &quot;Little No. Two/*</p>
<p>so called &quot;because he is their second child)</p>
<p>zhǐ yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as long as, provided that</p>
<p>gāogan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;senior cadres</p>
<p>&quot;benren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;herself, himself, oneself,</p>
<p>myself, etc.</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where did Xiao Er go after work?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of trouble does Xiǎo Ěr<sup>f</sup>s father anticipate?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does Xiao Ěr’s mother think of his girlfriend?</p>
<p>k. To whom does she refer when discussing political trouble?</p>
<p>Why?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</p>
<p>Exercise U</p>
<p>In this exercise a student talks vith another student from mainland China in their dorm in Hong Kong.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>20b</p>
<p>You will need the following new word:</p>
<p>wěnxuějiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;writer, literary man</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise b</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class•</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why do the roommates decide to stay home? What do they decide to do instead?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where did Chen Bin learn to play chess? Why do you suppose he was living there?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What was the countryside like during the Cultural Revolution? k. What did Chen Bin do &quot;besides play chess?</p>
<p>5. After Chen Bin<sup>1</sup>s experience, what does he think of the situation in mainland China?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</p>
<p>you, Unit b</p>
<p>205</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</p>
<p>A young woman named Gao Xiaohua works at a factory in Shanghai and attends</p>
<p>the factory<sup>f</sup>s evening university. One afternoon her teacher (A) at the university pays a visit to Gao Xiaohua<sup>1</sup>s mother, Fang Bǎol£n (B).</p>
<p>A: Nǐ shi Fang Baolan Tongzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are you Comrade Fang Baolfin?</p>
<p>ma?</p>
<p>B: Shi. Nin guixing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. May I ask your name?</p>
<p>A: Wo xing Liu, shi Gāo XiǎohuS &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yiy name is Li1i. ī^m Comrade Gao</p>
<p>Tongzhi zai yědade laoshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiaohua^ teacher at the evening</p>
<p>university.</p>
<p>B: 6u, shi Xiaohuade laoshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, Xiaohua<sup>1</sup>s teacher! Please</p>
<p>Kuai qǐng jinlai zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;come in and sit down.</p>
<p>(Gao sits down and Fang brings some tea.)</p>
<p>B: Liu Laoshi, XiaohuS zai yěda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How is XiǎohuS doing in the</p>
<p>zěnmeyang a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;evening university, Teacher Liň?</p>
<p>A: Xiaohua hěn yonggong, xuěxide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;XiaohuS is very hardworking and</p>
<p>hěn hao. Keshi wo zSng juěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;does very veil in her studies, but</p>
<p>Xiaohua shēntǐ bu gou hǎo. Měi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it does seem to me that her health is</p>
<p>tian d5u haoxiang hěn lei, shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not good enough. She seems tired</p>
<p>bu shi shuide bu gou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;every day. Is it because she doesn<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>get enough sleep?</p>
<p>B: Yidianr d5u Tdu cud, shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Absolutely right. She doesn’t</p>
<p>xiūxide bu gou. Zhěi haizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get enough rest. Every day the child</p>
<p>měitian hui lai nian shū dou děi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;comes home and studies until tvo or</p>
<p>nian dao 1iǎng-sāndian zhSng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three o<sup>1</sup>clock,</p>
<p>A: Xianzaide nianqīng rěn zhěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup>s a (good) reason for the</p>
<p>yang nian shū shi you yuěnyīnde. way young people study nov.</p>
<p>B: Shěi shu5 bu shi ne? ShlniSn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup> s for sure! For the past</p>
<p>lai xuěxiaode qingxing tai Tdu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ten years conditions in the schools</p>
<p>xiang hua le. Nei shihou haizi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have been unspeakable. During that</p>
<p>men nianttuliSo shū, cSnjiāle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time, students couldn*t study. They</p>
<p>HongwěilDĪng, yttiān dao wan zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;joined the Red Guards and were out</p>
<p>wailDianr pǎolai pǎoqu, shěnme yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;running around from morning till</p>
<p>měi xuěhui• Xianzai canjiāle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;night. They didnH learn a thing,</p>
<p>gSngzuo, zai Tdu nian shū, zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now that they are participating in</p>
<p>něng ba gSngzuo zuohao ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work, if they go on without studying,</p>
<p>how can they do their work well?</p>
<p>A: Keshi, shiniande shū Tdu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But you can<sup>f</sup>t complete ten years</p>
<p>shitiān banyue kěyi nianwande. of study in ten days or half a month. *</p>
<p>°This is an idiom for &quot;a short time.&quot;</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>206</p>
<p>Women zuo lǎoshīde， zuo fumǔde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those of use who are teachers and</p>
<p>hai děi &quot;baohu tamende jiānkāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;parents still must protect their</p>
<p>Bu něng rang tāmen tai lei le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;health. We can<sup>f</sup>t let them get too</p>
<p>Nǐmen Xiaohua měitian yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tired. Your Xiaohua must go to &quot;bed</p>
<p>yao zao dianr xiūxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;earlier.</p>
<p>B: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhěn xiěxie nin. Nin huiqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you very much. When you get</p>
<p>yǐhou yě ti women xiěxie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tack, thank the leadership at the</p>
<p>g5ngchang he yědade lǐngdǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;factory and the evening university.</p>
<p>A: Bu kěqi. Zhěixiē d5u shi women Not at all. All this is what we yīnggai zuode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should &quot;be doing.</p>
<p>B: Wo yě hui zhāogu Xiaohua， rang And I<sup>1</sup>11 take care of Xiaohua, and tā haohāor gongzuo, hǎohāor &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see that she works well and studies</p>
<p>xuěxi• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well.</p>
<p>A: Hao, wo zou le. Zaijiān! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All right. I<sup>1</sup>11 &quot;be on my way.</p>
<p>Good-bye -</p>
<p>B: Zaijiān! You kongr lai zuo a! Good-bye• When you have time,</p>
<p>come over and sit a while.</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</p>
<p>In the city of HarMn in northeast China，a mother (B) and father (A) talk</p>
<p>at home.</p>
<p>A: Ei， Xiǎo Er xiāle &quot;ban, jiji- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Say, where did Xiǎo Ěr go off to</p>
<p>māngmangde you dao nar qu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in such a rush after work?</p>
<p>B: Tā shuo, qu gen tāde yige tong- He said he was going to learn xuě xuě YTngwěn da zi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;English typing from a classmate.</p>
<p>A: Xuě Yīngwěn da zi? Shi nan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To learn English typing? Was it</p>
<p>tongxuě haishi nutongxuě? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a male classmate or a female class</p>
<p>mate?</p>
<p>B: Jiu shi shāngci lāiguode něige It<sup>1</sup>s the female classmate who was nutongxuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;over last time.</p>
<p>A: ^Xiǎo Er yaoshi aishang něige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If Xiao Er falls in love vith that</p>
<p>nūhāizi jiu māfan le- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;girl it<sup>1</sup> s going to &quot;be troutiie.</p>
<p>B: You shěnme mafan? Na haizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What trouble? That girl is a</p>
<p>shi dāxuěshēng, you you lǐmāo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;college student, and well mannered,</p>
<p>laile hai tāng wo zuo fan shenme— &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And when she came over she even</p>
<p>de- You shěnme &quot;bu hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;helped me cook and so oru What<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>wrong with that?</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zhīdao shěnme? Tā fuqin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you know? Her father</p>
<p>you zhěngzhi věnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has political problems.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>Unit 6</p>
<p>20 了</p>
<p>B: Bu dui &quot;ba?! Wo ting Xiao Er &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You must &quot;be wrong! I<sup>f</sup>ve heard</p>
<p>shuo, jīnniān xiatian tā ru &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from Xiǎo Er that she joined the</p>
<p>Tuan le. Yaoshi tā fūqin you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Communist Youth) League this summer•</p>
<p>zhěngzhi wěntide hua, ta něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If her father had political problems,</p>
<p>ru Tuan ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;could she Join the League?</p>
<p>A: Něng, xianzai you zhěngcě, zhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. Nov there<sup>1</sup> s a policy that as</p>
<p>yao haizi hao, jiu kěyi ru Tuan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long as the child is good，he or she</p>
<p>&quot;bu guǎn tā fumǔde wěnti you duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can enter the League, no matter hov</p>
<p>da. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;great his or her parents<sup>1</sup> problems</p>
<p>are.</p>
<p>B: Zhě jiu dui le ma, wo shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There you have it, then! I said</p>
<p>nei haizi shi hao haizi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she was a good child.</p>
<p>A: Bu xing, haishi děi rang tamen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, it von<sup>f</sup>t do. We should still</p>
<p>fēnkai, yǐhou mafan tai du5! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make them &quot;break up. There will &quot;be</p>
<p>too much trouble later on.</p>
<p>B: Shěi měiyou mafan? Gaogande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who doesn<sup>1</sup>1 have trouble? Do you</p>
<p>haizi jiu měiyou mafan le? Lin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;think the children of senior cadres</p>
<p>Biao congqian yě shi da gantur, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t have any trouble? Lin Biāo vas</p>
<p>nǐ něng rang nǐ ěrzi gen ta nuěr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a &quot;big cadre too, &quot;but would you let</p>
<p>jiēhūn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your son marry his daughter?</p>
<p>A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, &quot;biě shuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, okay. Don<sup>f</sup>t say any more!</p>
<p>Haizide shi zhēn &quot;bu hǎo &quot;ban! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Children<sup>1</sup> s matters are really hard</p>
<p>to handle.</p>
<p>B: You shěnme &quot;bu hǎo &quot;bānde?! Zhx &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What<sup>1</sup> s hard to handle? As long</p>
<p>yao nei haizi Ijěnrěn h5o, ta- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as the girl herself is good, and</p>
<p>men you huxiang xǐhuan, Jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they like each other, it will &quot;be</p>
<p>xing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fine.</p>
<p>A: Hǎo hǎo hao! Ting nJde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay. We*11 do as you say.</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</p>
<p>In Hong Kong, a student (A) talks with another student from mainland China (B)</p>
<p>in their dorm.</p>
<p>A: Chen Bin, jintian vǎnshajig &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chen Bin, aren<sup>1</sup>1 you going out</p>
<p>chūqu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tonight?</p>
<p>B: Waimian zai xia yǔ, &quot;bu xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup> s raining outside. I don<sup>1</sup>1</p>
<p>chūqu le, nǐ ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;want to go out. Hov about you?</p>
<p>A: Wo yě &quot;bu chuqu, vomen xia qi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>f</sup>t vant to go out either.</p>
<p>hǎo &quot;bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How about playing chess?</p>
<p>B: Hǎo a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>208</p>
<p>A: Dui le, nǐ xia qi xiade zhěme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Say, you play chess so v^ll.</p>
<p>hǎo, shi zai nar xuěde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where did you learn it?</p>
<p>B: Nnnn . • • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mnnn • • •</p>
<p>A: Duibuqǐ, ruguo nǐ bū jiěyide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Excuse me， if you don’t mind, tell</p>
<p>hua, jiu jiǎng gei wo tingting. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me about it.</p>
<p>B: Měiyou shenme, Nǐ zhīdao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s all right. You know I lived</p>
<p>wo zai nongcūn zhuguo shiniān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the country for ten years.</p>
<p>A: Wo zhīdao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I know.</p>
<p>B: Wo zhude něige difang zai shān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The place I lived was in the</p>
<p>li， měiyou gōnggong qichē， gěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mountains. There were no buses, much</p>
<p>měiyou huochē. Erqiě, něige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;less trains. Also， at that time</p>
<p>shihou wo jiālide rěn yě d5u cong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ray whole family had moved from the</p>
<p>chěngshi ban dao xiāngxia qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city to the country.</p>
<p>A: Na, nī yiniān sānbǎi liūshiwǔ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then you didn’t leave the place</p>
<p>tiān bu likāi něige difang le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;365 days a year?</p>
<p>B: Jiu shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s right.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ měitian zuo shenme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So what did you do every day?</p>
<p>B: Něige difang you ge xiǎo tū- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There was a small library there. shūguǎn.</p>
<p>A: Lǐbianr you shenme shū? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of books did it have?</p>
<p>B: Ou， chule zhěngzhi shǔ yīvāi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, apart from political books,</p>
<p>jiu shi ěrtong gushi, měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there were only children’s stories,</p>
<p>shenme yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;which weren’t very interesting.</p>
<p>A: Na nǐ zěmne ban? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well then， what did you do?</p>
<p>B: Tushūguǎnli yě you rěn xia qi， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There were people who played chess</p>
<p>wo gēn tāmen xuě, manmande, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the library. I learned from them,</p>
<p>xia qi xiade bu cuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By and by I began to play chess pretty</p>
<p>well.</p>
<p>A: Chūle xia qi nǐ hai zuo shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did you do besides playing</p>
<p>chess?</p>
<p>B: Ou, xiěguo yidiǎn duǎnpiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, I wrote a few short stories. xiǎoshuS.</p>
<p>A: Ou! Nǐ shi ge věnxuějiā! You &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, you<sup>1</sup> re a writer! When you</p>
<p>jīhui gěi wo kankan, xing bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a chance, let me read some，</p>
<p>xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;okay?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 6</p>
<p>209</p>
<p>B: Xiěde &quot;bu hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They<sup>T</sup>re not very good.</p>
<p>A: Hai, &quot;bu yao kěqi ma! Dui le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, don<sup>f</sup>t &quot;be polite! Oh yes，</p>
<p>you yige věnti, wo hěn zǎo Jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there<sup>T</sup>s a question I<sup>1</sup> ve &quot;been wanting</p>
<p>xiang věn ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to ask you for a long time.</p>
<p>B: Shěnme věnti? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What?</p>
<p>A: Xianzai nǐ dāole Xianggang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now that you<sup>f</sup>ve come to Hong Kong</p>
<p>kandāole &quot;bu tongde shijiě, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and seen a different world, what do</p>
<p>xiang shěnme? Nǐ bū hěn nei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you think? Aren<sup>f</sup>t you bitter about</p>
<p>shiniande shěnghuo ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;life during those ten years?</p>
<p>B: Měi yici xiǎngdao nei shi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ī<sup>T</sup>m always sad whenever I think</p>
<p>niande shěnghuo, wo d5u hěn nan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of those ten years of life. But I</p>
<p>shou, keshi nei &quot;bu shi wo yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;am not alone in this, it<sup>f</sup>s a problem</p>
<p>rěnde shi, shi shěhuide wěnti- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of society. I think that the govern-</p>
<p>Wo xiang xianzai zhěngfǔde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;merit’s policy has changed. I hope</p>
<p>zhěngcě youle gǎibiān. Wo xī- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that under the leadership of this</p>
<p>vang zai zhěige zhěngfǔ llngdSo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government, what went on during those</p>
<p>xiade Zhongguo rěn bu yao zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ten years will never happen to the</p>
<p>you nei shiniande qingkueuig. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese people again.</p>
<p>A: Wo yě xīwang. Hǎo, women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Me too. Okay, let<sup>1</sup> s play chess, xia qi &quot;ba.</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>UNIT 了 Social Problems</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION</p>
<p>Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</p>
<p>1• (Adjectival Verb)-duo le， &quot;much more•••.&quot;</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Verb) (Verb) k氐n, &quot;try and (Verb)</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How to express ’’not anymore,’’ ’’never again.”</p>
<p>U. The pattern c$ng X (Verb)-qǐ, ”to start (Verb)-ing from X,”</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How to express billions.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The pattern liān. . .dou. • , , ’’even.”</p>
<p>了. The pattern zh? yao. • ..liu. • •，’’provided that....’’</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lai indicating that someone will perform a specified action.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The pattern bu shi . . .<sub>t</sub>jiu shi *. . » ’’either. • .or. •</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shǐ, ”to cause/make/enable.”</p>
<p>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stating hypotheses about the causes of phenomena.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stating hypotheses about the interrelationships of phenomena.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressing value Judgments about abstract phenomena.</p>
<p>U. Expressing different degrees of agreement and disagreement.</p>
<p>210</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>211</p>
<p>Unit 了， Reference List</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ juěde zuijin shěhui shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think society has &quot;been</p>
<p>ānding yidianr ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calmer lately?</p>
<p>B: Dāngran, youle xīn fǎlu&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of course. Since there have &quot;been</p>
<p>fan zuide rěn shǎoduS le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;new laws, there are far fever</p>
<p>people committing crimes.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Wo xiang kankan Jxntiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>d like see what ads there are</p>
<p>you shěnme guǎnggao• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today.</p>
<p>B: Zhěr you yifěn Huashěngdun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Here<sup>1</sup> s a copy of the Washington</p>
<p>Youbao, nāqu zhǎozhǎo kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Post. Take it and try to find</p>
<p>&quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zuijin Jīnian jiaoyn gSngzuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup> s &quot;been a lot of progress in</p>
<p>you hěn dāde j_inbu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work in education these past</p>
<p>few years.</p>
<p>B: Shi a, xuěxiaoli zai yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, schools aren<sup>f</sup>t so messed up</p>
<p>měiyou shěnme luanqibazao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anymore, de qingkuāng le.</p>
<p>U. A: Nǐ shuo, z5ngjiaode zěren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you think the responsibility</p>
<p>shi shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of religion is?</p>
<p>B: Zhěi &quot;bu shi yige .1 iǎndande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup> s not a simple question. We</p>
<p>wěnti, wSmen děi cong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to &quot;begin &quot;by talking about</p>
<p>lishǐ tanqǐ* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;history.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zai dalude shiyi rěnkǒu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov many of the one &quot;billion people</p>
<p>zhSng you duoshǎo shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on the mainland have received</p>
<p>shouguo Jiāoyude? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an education?</p>
<p>B: Wǒ xiǎng xianzai lian lx &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think that now even villages</p>
<p>chěngshi hěn yuǎnde nongcūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;far from the city have schools, so</p>
<p>d5u you xuexiāo, shouguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there are probably a lot of</p>
<p>jiaoyude rěn dagai &quot;bu shǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people who are educated.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Ming Bao Tdu cuo, shi.jiexing- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Ming Pao is not &quot;bad. It has</p>
<p>de xinwěn tā dou y5u. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all the world news.</p>
<p>B: Dui le. Ming Bao &quot;bu cuo* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, the Ming Pao is quite good. You</p>
<p>&quot;bu něng &quot;bu kan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to read it.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>212</p>
<p>了. A: Zhǐ yao nǐ lai tang mang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As long as you help out，we<sup>T</sup>ll &quot;be</p>
<p>women jiu you tianfa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;able to do it.</p>
<p>B: Zhě you shěnme? Yinggāide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is nothing. Tt<sup>f</sup>s only right. ma.</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ kan, zhěipiān wěnzhāngli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Look, there<sup>1</sup>s nothing in this</p>
<p>bū shi xT du&gt; jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;article but taking drugs and</p>
<p>shā rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;killing•</p>
<p>B: Kan zhěizhǒng xīnwěn, zhǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reading this kind of news will only</p>
<p>něng shǐ rěn nanshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make you feel bad. Forget it,</p>
<p>Suan le, &quot;bu yao kan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>T</sup>t read it.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Běnlai tāde ZhSngwěn bu cuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Originally, his Chinese was pretty</p>
<p>likāi ZhSngguo jiǔle, wangle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good, but he<sup>1</sup>s been away from</p>
<p>hěn du5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China for a long time and he<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>forgotten a lot,</p>
<p>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;luan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be confused，to &quot;be chaotic</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be effective; to &quot;be valid</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>213</p>
<p>VOCABULARY</p>
<p>ānding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be stable/settled/quiet</p>
<p>běnlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;originally, in the beginning, at</p>
<p>first; to begin with, in the first place</p>
<p>bu něng bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have to, must</p>
<p>cong...(Verb)-qǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to start (Verb)-ing from…</p>
<p>fǎlū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;law</p>
<p>fan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to violate, to offend</p>
<p>fan zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to commit a crime</p>
<p>guǎnggao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;advert i s ement</p>
<p>Huashengdun Youbao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Washington Post</p>
<p>J iǎndān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be simple</p>
<p>Jiaoyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to educate; education</p>
<p>Jinbu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to progress; progress</p>
<p>(V v) kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;try and (V), (V) and see how it is</p>
<p>lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(used before a verb to express that</p>
<p>something will be done) lian...dou/yě.•• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;even.••</p>
<p>luan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be in disorder, to be chaotic, to</p>
<p>be in a mess; indiscriminately, recklessly, arbitrarily, any old way</p>
<p>luanqībazao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in a mess，in confusion* in disorder;</p>
<p>miscellaneous, Jumbled, all thrown in together</p>
<p>Ming Bao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper)</p>
<p>sha &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to kill (in general); to kill (spe</p>
<p>cifically with a knife or knifelike instrument); to try to kill shǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cause, to enable (followed by a</p>
<p>verb)</p>
<p>shiJiěxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;worldwide</p>
<p>shou Jiaoyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to receive an education</p>
<p>xī du &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take drugs</p>
<p>-xing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nature, -ness, -ibility</p>
<p>you banfa, (dui. •.) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be able to deal with (something)</p>
<p>you xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be effective; to be valid</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 7</p>
<p>2lh</p>
<p>zai yě &quot;bu/mei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never again</p>
<p>zeren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;responsibility</p>
<p>zhǐ yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if only</p>
<p>-zhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in; among</p>
<p>zōngjiāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(organized) religion</p>
<p>zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crime; guilt</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>215</p>
<p>Unit 了， Reference Notes</p>
<p>1. A: Nǐ juěde zuijin shěhuishang Do you think society has &quot;been a ānding yidianr ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little calmer lately?</p>
<p>B: Dāngran, yǒule xīn fǎlu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of course• Since there have &quot;been</p>
<p>faji zuide rěn shaoduo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;new lavs, there are far fewer</p>
<p>people committing crimes.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>ānding: &quot;to &quot;be stable/settled/quiet,<sup>ff</sup> used to describe lives, countries, political and social situations. An is &quot;peaceful<sup>11</sup> and ding is <sup>,f</sup>settled.<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>Xianzai yěye nǎinai shēnghuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now grandpa and grandma have a</p>
<p>ānding, shěnme dōu hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;settled life; everything is fine.</p>
<p>Wo xiang zhě he zhěngzhi &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think this has to do with political</p>
<p>anding you guānxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;instability.</p>
<p>Zhěige guojiade zhěngfǔ zhěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These past few years this country<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>jiniān hen &quot;bu anding. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government has &quot;been very unstable.</p>
<p>Āndingxialai means &quot;to settle down, to calm down,<sup>11</sup> used in speaJting of a situation, a place, or a person's feelings*</p>
<p>Xianzai haizi dou you gongzuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now that the children all have jots,</p>
<p>le, shēnghuo cai andingxialai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our life has finally settled down, le*</p>
<p>Shěhuishang fan zulde went! tki &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When there<sup>1</sup> s too much of a crime</p>
<p>duo, dajiade shēnghuo jiu měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problem in society, people<sup>1</sup>s life</p>
<p>&quot;banfa andingxialai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;caji<sup>f</sup>t settle down,</p>
<p>fǎlu: &quot;law<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Zhěi yījīng &quot;bianchengle falu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This has already &quot;become the law.</p>
<p>Zhěige wěnti you falu zai, fei- Laws exist (lit., ”there are laws chang qingchǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there’” on this question. It<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>very clear-cut.</p>
<p>You fǎlu guǎn zhějieui shi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is there a law dealing with this?</p>
<p>Wǒmende falu &quot;baohu ěrtong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our law protects children.</p>
<p>Tā xianzai nian falu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is studying law now.</p>
<p>xīn falu: In March, 1978, after the first session of the Fifth National People<sup>1</sup> s Congress, the Chinese government &quot;began to adopt many new laws. Beginning July 1, 1979, the Fifth National People<sup>1</sup>s Congress passed into effect twelve new legal codes, including a criminal code.</p>
<p>on c</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>•shou，’’to &quot;be thin&quot;</p>
<p>216</p>
<p>fan: <sup>T!</sup>to violate, to offend, to transgress, to commit (wrongs, crimes, errors)” Here are some other words commonly used with the verb fan:</p>
<p>fan zui to commit crimes &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fan fǎ to &quot;break the law</p>
<p>fan gui to violate regulations</p>
<p>Zheige haizi měi xiwang le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is no more hope for this child,</p>
<p>fanle you fan, zong shi &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He violates the rules time and again,</p>
<p>gai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and never reforms.</p>
<p>zui: ”crime， guilt，” used in phrases like fan zui， &quot;to commit a crime，” and you zui，’’to &quot;be guilty (of a crime).</p>
<p>Wo fanle shěnme zui, wěishěnme What crime have I committed? Why yao chi zheme du5 kǔ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do I have to suffer so much?</p>
<p>Tā shi &quot;bu shi zhēnde you zux, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;History will give us an answer as to</p>
<p>lishǐ hui hulda womende. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whether he is really guilty or not.</p>
<p>...shaoduo le: ’’a lot less，far fewer&quot; The adjectival verb duo, ’’to &quot;be many, to &quot;be much/’ can &quot;be used after other adjectival verbs which can &quot;be qual-fied &quot;by degree, such as hǎoduō le, ”a lot &quot;better，” duoduō le, ”a lot more.”</p>
<p>In such phrases, the first adjectival verb is used as a process verb，showing a change of state, and therefore the phrase always ends in le.</p>
<p>Nx &quot;bǐ yǐqian shouduS le, ° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup> re a lot thinner than &quot;before.</p>
<p>QTbānian yǐhou, dao Zhongguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Since *了8， there have &quot;been a lot more</p>
<p>qīide jīhui duoduo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;opportunities to go to China.</p>
<p>2. A: Wo xiǎng kankan jīntiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>d like see vhat ads there are</p>
<p>you shěnme ffliǎnggao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today•</p>
<p>B: Zhěr you yifěn Huashengdun Here<sup>1</sup>s a copy of the Washington Youbao, naqu zhǎozhǎo kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Post， take it and try to find</p>
<p>&quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>Youbao: <sup>tf</sup>Post，” in the name of a newspaper. The syllable you means &quot;post&quot; or ’’mail，” as in youjū, &quot;post office•” CNames of other newspapers are translated using the same pattern，X-~bao: Shi~bao is &quot;Times，” Ri~bao is ’’Daily,’’ Kuai~bao is &quot;Express.”]</p>
<p>naqu. • • : ”take away&quot; This is a compound verb of direction. Many of the compound verbs you have seen have three syllables. But like daolai in Unit 1 of this module (daolai yibēi cha)， naqu has only two: the main action verb and the relative motion (away). The direction of the action (up, dovn, in, out, etc.) is not specified. (See the display on the next page.)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>21 了</p>
<p>Relative Motion Main Ver~b Direction Towards or Away</p>
<p>na &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f chū ，</p>
<p>zSu I &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jin</p>
<p>pǎo ) I xia \ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I lai</p>
<p>kāi I \ shang / &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^ qīi</p>
<p>&quot;ban J &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;guo</p>
<p>J</p>
<p>°-qǐ- is used only with -lai，never with -qu.</p>
<p>zhǎozhǎo kan: ’’try to find,, Zhao is the vert ,,to look for, to search.<sup>n</sup> It is reduplicated here， meaning that the action lasts an indefinite amount of time: ’’look a little &quot;bit.,, Kan following a reduplicated verb means ,,and see (if it works, if it<sup>f</sup>s okay, if you can do it, etc.)?,</p>
<p>Nǐ shi shi kan &quot;ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Give it a try and see (if you can do</p>
<p>it， if he will cooperate, etc.).</p>
<p>Nǐ zuozuo kan, zhěige shāfā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sit down and try it out. This</p>
<p>zhēn shūfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sofa is really comfortable.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ xiǎng tā kěn° jiě wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think he<sup>f</sup>d be willing to lend</p>
<p>tāde dianshi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me his television?</p>
<p>B: Bu zhīdao, nǐ qu wěnwen kan. I don<sup>T</sup>t know. Go ask him and see.</p>
<p>^ A: Wo dui ni zhěipiān wěnzhāng I have a different point of view on you Tdu tongde kanfǎ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(what you say in) your article.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ shuSshuo kan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let<sup>T</sup>s hear what it is.</p>
<p>3. A: Zuijln jinian jiaoyu gongzuo There<sup>1</sup>s been a lot of progress in you hen dade •linbu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work in education these past</p>
<p>few years.</p>
<p>B: Shi a， xuěxiaoli zai yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, schools aren<sup>T</sup>t so messed up</p>
<p>měiyou shěnme luanqībazao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anymore.</p>
<p>de qingkuang le.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 3</p>
<p>.liaoyu: ”to educate; education” Jiao is the same character as ^iao,</p>
<p>,,to tēach，” but in .1 iaoyu is pronounced with a Falling tone. Yu means to cultivate, to raise. Jiaoyu has some different uses from English ,,to educate.<sup>n</sup> It is used not only for institutional education but also for parents<sup>f</sup> education of their children, and in the PRC for ’’education,, of the people by the Communist Party. (For the first example, you need to know null，<sup>n</sup>to make efforts.<sup>M</sup>)</p>
<p>°kěn, ”to be willing to”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>218</p>
<p>Fumǔ yīnggāi j iaoyu haizi null Parents should teach their children xuěxl. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study hard.</p>
<p>Něige haizi měiyou jiaoyuhǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That child vas poorly trained (in</p>
<p>manners, morals, general knowledge).</p>
<p>Women vao gěi haizi aide jiaoyu. We should give children a loving</p>
<p>education. (Taiwan usage)</p>
<p>Jiāting jiaoyu he xuěxiao jiao- Education in the home is just as im-yu yiyang zhongyao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;portant as school education. (Jia-</p>
<p>ting Jiaoyu consists of parents acting as examples in morals, character , family relations, hygiene, etc.)</p>
<p>Zheiben shū dui vo jiaoyu hen da. This &quot;book has educated me a lot. (PRC</p>
<p>usage)</p>
<p>Kanle zhěige dianyǐng gěile vomen Seeing this movie has taught us hen dade jiaoyu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a great deal. (PRC usage)</p>
<p>Another sense of .jiaoyu is to try through reason to convince a person to do things according to certain rules， instructions, or demands:</p>
<p>Nǐ děi jiaoyu jiaoyu nīde haizi, You have to try to straighten out tā yuě lai yuě huai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your child. He is 'becoming more</p>
<p>and more of a scoundrel.</p>
<p>Jiaoyu is commonly used in the phrase shou .1 iaoyu, ”to receive an education ,<sup>ft</sup> vhich is discussed in No. 5 &quot;belov.</p>
<p>Jinbu: ，,to make progress, to advance<sup>n</sup> or, as a noun, ’’progress.,. Literally ,,to put forward steps.,,</p>
<p>YTxuě jintude name kuai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Medicine is advancing so rapidly.</p>
<p>Tāde Yingwěn you jintu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has made some more progress vith</p>
<p>his English.</p>
<p>Tade ZhSngwěn jintu tai man. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His Chinese is progressing too slovly.</p>
<p>Jin~bu is commonly used vith the verb you, especially you hen dade <sub>t</sub>jinbu.</p>
<p>Zuijin jīge yuě vomende xuěshēng Our students have made great progress youle hen dade iinlDU. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these last fev months.</p>
<p>You ,1in~bu is used as an adjectival vert,，’to &quot;be improved.</p>
<p>Neige xuěxiao hen you jinbu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That school is greatly improved.</p>
<p>In the PRC, .jin~bu is used as an adjectival vert meaning &quot;to &quot;be (politically) progressive,<sup>n</sup> that is，suited to the needs of the times and stimulating the development of society.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>219</p>
<p>zai yě měiyou. . .le: &quot;not anymore&quot;. The advert zai and a negative, such as měiyou，can be used to express the idea of not doing something anymore. There are two word orders:</p>
<p>měiyou 1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;「（yě) měiyou</p>
<p>&gt; zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;OR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zai (</p><h3>tu J &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L (yě) til</h3>
<p>For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5&gt; *bll zai kū le， &quot;doesn't cry anymore.&quot;</p>
<p>The second pattern is more emphatic. The word zai should &quot;be given special stress in these sentences:</p>
<p>Wo ZAI bu huilai le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm never coming &quot;back here again!</p>
<p>If 垣 is added &quot;between zai and the negative, the meaning is about the same.</p>
<p>Wo ZAI yě bu chi tang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm never going to eat candy again.</p>
<p>Neitiāo lu hen wēixiǎn, nǐ ZAI That road is very dangerous, don't yě *biě zou něitiao līi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ever take it again.</p>
<p>luan: &quot;to *be in disorder, to &quot;be in a mess, to be chaotic<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Zher tai luan, dao waimian qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s too chaotic (noisy) in here,</p>
<p>tantan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let's go outside to talk.</p>
<p>Zhěi jǐniān něige guojiā you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That country has been a little &quot;bit</p>
<p>diSnr luan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chaotic the last few years.</p>
<p>Shijiě hao du5 difang hen luan. So many places in the world are in</p>
<p>disorder.</p>
<p>Tāde zhuozishang zong shi hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His table top is always a mess.</p>
<p>luan.</p>
<p>Zhěr tai luan, jiao xiǎohāir &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup> s too noisy in here. Tell the</p>
<p>chūqu wanr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children to go out and play.</p>
<p>Duibuqǐ* wo xiěde hěn luan&gt; nǐ I<sup>f</sup>m sorry I wrote this so messily. kandedong ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can you read it?</p>
<p>As an adverb, luan means <sup>ff</sup>arbitrarily, any old way&gt; at random，indiscriminately.&quot; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;—</p>
<p>Luan jiǎng! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Baloney! (southern Chinese usage)</p>
<p>Bu yao luan xiě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>f</sup>t write it just any old way.</p>
<p>Nǐde dongxi bu yao daochu* luan Don<sup>f</sup>t leave your things all over the fang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;place.</p>
<p><sup>0</sup>daochu<sub>&gt;</sub> ”everywhere”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>220</p>
<p>Tāmen zuotiān luan chi luan he. They ate and drank like crazy yesterday.</p>
<p>Něige rěn luan gǎo nannu guānxi. He/she is (sexually) loose.</p>
<p>Bu yao luan pǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Quit running all over the place.</p>
<p>luanqībazao: ’’to be in disorder, to be in a mess,’<sup>1</sup> literally &quot;chaotic-seven-eight-rotten<sup>11</sup> Some people have translated this as <sup>n</sup>at sixes and sevens.<sup>n</sup> It can refer to physical or moral messes.</p>
<p>DuilDuqǐ, fangjiān luanqi&quot;bāzāode, I<sup>f</sup>m sorry, the room is a mess. I wo jintiān hai měiyou shijiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;haven<sup>f</sup>t had the time to straighten</p>
<p>shoushi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up- yet today.</p>
<p>Zhěi jian shiqing &quot;benlai hěn hāo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everything was fine at first, &quot;but then</p>
<p>danshi něige rěn &quot;bǎ ta gǎode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he came along and messed it up. luanqīlDāzāo.</p>
<p>Tā gēn yige luanqitazaode nanrěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She went out with a disreputable</p>
<p>chūqu le• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(unsavory) character.</p>
<p>Luanqi~bāzǎo is not made negative and is not used in comparative sentences.</p>
<p>i;. A: Nǐ shu5，zongjiaode zěren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you think the responsibility</p>
<p>shi shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of religion is?</p>
<p>B: Zhěi &quot;bu shi yige .liǎndānde That<sup>1</sup> s not a simple question. We went!, women děi cong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to &quot;begin &quot;by talking about</p>
<p>lishǐ tanqǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;history.</p>
<p>Notes on No. U</p>
<p>Nǐ shu5: Followed &quot;by a question, nǐ shuo is used to ask the listener<sup>f</sup>s opinion. The forms nǐ shuo ne or nǐ shu5 shi &quot;bu shi may &quot;be used at the end of a statement to ask for confirmation.</p>
<p>Nǐ shu5 wo yīnggāi zěnme &quot;ban? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you think I should do?</p>
<p>Wo xiǎng jiāting jiaoyu he she— I think that education in the home hui jiaoyu dōu &quot;bǐ xuěxiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and in society are more important</p>
<p>jiaoyu zhongyao, nǐ shuo ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;than school education• Do you</p>
<p>agree?</p>
<p>Neige guǎnggao hěn you yisi, nǐ That<sup>f</sup>s a great advertisement, don<sup>T</sup>t shuo shi &quot;bu shi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you think?</p>
<p>zěren: &quot;responsibility，duty’<sup>1</sup> Also pronounced zěren.</p>
<p>Rūguǒ zhěi jian shiqing zuode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If this thing isn’t done well, it<sup>f</sup> s</p>
<p>&quot;bu hǎo, vǒ you zěren. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ray responsibility.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>221</p>
<p>Lǎoshīde zěren jiu shi bāngzhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The teacher<sup>f</sup>s responsibility is to</p>
<p>xuěshěng hǎohāor xuěxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;help the students apply themselves</p>
<p>to their studies.</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>A: Jiaoyu haizi shi fīinude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rearing (educating) children is the</p>
<p>zěren ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;responsibility of womenī</p>
<p>B: Xianzai fīinu jiěfang le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Women are liberated now. Men also</p>
<p>nanrěn yě you zěren zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have the responsibility to do these</p>
<p>zhěixiē shiqing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things.</p>
<p>Shiqing nong dao xianzai zhěi- It is not our responsibility that yangr, zěren bū zai women. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the situation was made the way it</p>
<p>is now.</p>
<p>cong lishǐ tanqǐ: &quot;begin by talking about history&quot; In Unit 3 of this module, you learned that the directional ending -qilai，besides indicating upward motion, could also be used to indicate beginning an action (Nǐ <sub>B</sub>jlě,1ie zěnme dui zhěngzhi vent! rěxīnqilai le?) • The ending —q^ in tanqi also means ’’to start, but is used only in the fixed pattern cong X Tverb)qy, to start (Verb)-ing from X.” While the English t rans lat ionforserrtence4B says &quot;begin by talking about history,&quot; the Chinese says literally, &quot;start talking from history.<sup>ff</sup></p>
<p>Zhěijian shi cong nǎr shuSqǐ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where should 工&quot;begin? (when about</p>
<p>to tell a story, etc.)</p>
<p>Wo bu zhīdao cong nǎr xiěqǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t know where to begin writing.</p>
<p>Women děi cong tour zuoqǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have to start from the beginning</p>
<p>again. (Cong tour means &quot;from the beginning.<sup>ff</sup>)</p>
<p>cong ling zuoqǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to start from scratch (lit., <sup>M</sup>start</p>
<p>from zero”）</p>
<p>5. A: Zai dalude shiyi rěnkouzhSng How many of the one billion people you duoshǎo shi shouguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on the mainland have received an</p>
<p>jiaoyude? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;edueati on ?</p>
<p>B: Wo xiǎng xianzai lian if &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 think that now even villages far chěngshi hěn yuǎnde nongcun from the city have schools, so d5u you xuěxiao, shouguo there are probably a lot of people jiaoyude rěn dagai bu shao. who are educated.</p>
<p>Notes on No. ^</p>
<p>shiyi: &quot;one billion,<sup>ff</sup> literally ”ten one-hundred-millions” Here are some more examples of how to express billions in Chinese:</p>
<p>1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;billion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1，000，000，000 shfyi</p>
<p>1.1 billion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1，100，000，000 shfyīyi</p>
<p>2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;billion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2,000,000，000 ěrshiyi 10 billion 10，000，000，000 yibSiyi</p>
<p>10.5 billion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10，500，000，000 yibǎilfngwǔyi</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>222</p>
<p>zai. . .rěnkSuzh5ng: ’’in the population, of the population&quot; The syllable -zh5ng can be added to nouns, like the locational ending -lǐmian, to give the meaning ’’in” or ’’among•” It is often used vith the verb zai •</p>
<p>Zai zheige jihuazhSng vomen hai There are still a couple of little you liǎngge xiǎo věnti xūyao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;questions ve have to discuss in</p>
<p>zai tan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this plan.</p>
<p>Xuěshēngzhong you bīi shǎo shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Many of the students are from the</p>
<p>cong nongcun lāide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;country.</p>
<p>Zai disān shijiě guojiāzhōng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Many of the countries of the third</p>
<p>bu shǎo shi Yǎzh5u he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world are countries of Asia and</p>
<p>Fēizh5ude guojiā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Africa.</p>
<p>Shehui shēnghuozhōngde věnti, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We can <sup>?</sup>t very veil ignore the</p>
<p>vomen yě bu něng bu zhuyi aI &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problems of life in society.</p>
<p>shou: ”to receive&quot; The types of things vhich can &quot;be &quot;received&quot; using the verb shou are limited. Shou is usually followed by a verb being used as a noun.</p>
<p>(Receiver) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Action)</p>
<p>Funū ěrtong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;falūde baohu.</p>
<p>(Women and children receive the protection of the lav.)</p>
<p>Zheige zhSukān zai Měiguo hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This veekly is very veil received</p>
<p>shou huānying. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(popular) in the United States.</p>
<p>shou .1 iaoyu: ’’to receive an education” Shouguo .jiaoyu means ’’educated’’ (because of -ruo, vhich indicates having experienced something).</p>
<p>Tā shi (yige) shouguo jiaoyude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is an educated person. Hov could</p>
<p>rěn, zěnme hui zuo zhěizhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she do such a thing? shi?</p>
<p>Tā shouguo daxuě jiaoyu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has (received) a college education.</p>
<p>lian. . .d5u: &quot;even. . .<sup>t!</sup> Lian is a prepositional verb which literally means &quot;including,&quot; but in the lian, . .d5u pattern, &quot;even*<sup>ft</sup> A lian phrase always precedes the verb. Either the advert dōu or 这 is used in a sentence vith lian. Notice hov lian can be used vith subjects, objects, and verbs:</p>
<p>With subject</p>
<p>Lian (Subject) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d5u/yě • • • •</p>
<p>Lian xiǎohaizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dou dong zhěi jian shi. <sup>!f</sup>Even children understand this •”</p>
<p>Lian shouguo jiao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>tf</sup>Even educated people can’t</p>
<p>yude rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d5u tīngbudǒng tāde hua. understand vhat he says.”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>223</p>
<p>Jīntiān tiānqi bu hǎo，lian tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The weather is bad today. Even he，</p>
<p>zhěme ai vanrde rěn dōu bu chū- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vho likes to play so much, isn't</p>
<p>qu le, nǐ věishenme yao qu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going out. Why are you?</p>
<p>Nǐ hai shu5 měiyou zhěijian shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov can you say it <sup>f</sup>s not true. Not</p>
<p>bu zhǐ shi Xianggang baozhǐ, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only the Hong Kong papers reported</p>
<p>lian Běijīngde baozhǐ d5u xiěle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this piece of nevs， it was even in</p>
<p>zhěitiao xīnvěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Beijīng papers.</p>
<p>With object</p>
<p>lian (Object) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d5u/yě ....</p>
<p>Tā lian zijǐde mingzi dōu bū hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;xiě. &quot;He can<sup>f</sup>t even write his own name</p>
<p>Tā lian guǎnggao d5u kan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;He even reads the ads,</p>
<p>Tā jīntiān bu shūfu, lian fan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He isn<sup>f</sup>t feeling well today. He</p>
<p>ye bu xiǎng chī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;won<sup>f</sup>t even eat.</p>
<p>W5 lian yige zi dōu bū jide le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>f</sup>t even remember one word.</p>
<p>Jīntiān lian yidiǎn fēng ye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There isn<sup>f</sup>t the least bit of wind</p>
<p>měiyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today.</p>
<p>With verb</p>
<p>lian* (Verb) dōu/yě měi/bu (Verb)</p>
<p>Tā lian kan d5u měi kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wo. <sup>11</sup> She didn<sup>f</sup>t even look at me.'<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Tǎ lian ting d5u bii ting. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;He wouldn<sup>f</sup>t even listen.&quot;</p>
<p>Ta (lian) věn dōu bu věn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”He didn’t even ask.&quot;</p>
<p>*lian is often optional in this pattern.</p>
<p>A: Zhang San shi nǐde lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhang San is an old friend of yours,</p>
<p>pěngyou ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;isn<sup>f</sup>t he?</p>
<p>B: Wo lian jian dou měi jianguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve never even met him. How could</p>
<p>ta, zěnme hui shi lǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he be an old friend of mine? pěngyou ne?</p>
<p>Nǐ lian chang d5u měi chang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You didn<sup>f</sup>t even taste the dish. How</p>
<p>zěnme zhīdao zhěige cai bu hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;could you know it doesn’t taste</p>
<p>chī ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good?</p>
<p>6. A: Ming Bao bu cuo, shi.liěxing- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Ming Pao is not bad. It has</p>
<p>de xīnwěn tā d5u you. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all the world news.</p>
<p>B: Dui le. Ming Bao bū cuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, the Ming Pao is quite good，you</p>
<p>bu něng bu kan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to read it.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>Ming Bao: A Hong Kong newspaper &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;known for reporting without an overly</p>
<p>dominant political point of view.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>22h</p>
<p>shi.iiexing: The syllable -xing, ”character，nature, quality，&quot; can &quot;be used after a noun like the English endings 一ness，-ity，or -ce，as in ’<sup>T</sup>one-sidedness&quot;creativity，，，<sup>M</sup> importance.<sup>n</sup> The resulting abstract noun can &quot;be used alone or is frequently used, followed &quot;by -de，to modify another noun.</p>
<p>kěněngxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;possibility， likelihood</p>
<p>zhongyaoxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;importance</p>
<p>dulixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;independent character</p>
<p>xi guanxi ng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ha&quot;b i t ual</p>
<p>liuxingxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;epidemic</p>
<p>lishǐxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;historical</p>
<p>yaoxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;property of a medicine</p>
<p>youxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oiliness</p>
<p>tā： You have learned asor，，she，<sup>M</sup> but sentence 6A is the first time in this course that tā_ has &quot;been used as(The word tā_ may also &quot;be omitted from the sentence without changing the meaning. ) You know that Chinese most often does not use any word for ”it,” as in</p>
<p>Wo qu na. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>?</sup>ll go get it_</p>
<p>Zai zhuozishang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It，s on the table.</p>
<p>Furthermore, ”it” is sometimes expressed in Chinese &quot;by repeating the entire noun phrase, for example</p>
<p>A: Nǐ něng &quot;bang wo zhǎodao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can you help me find that &quot;book?</p>
<p>zhěiběn shū ma?</p>
<p>B: Wo you zheiten shū, kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 have it， and 工 can give it to you.</p>
<p>song gei ni.</p>
<p>Least often,is expressed &quot;by the pronoun t£. ° There is no single rule vhich vill tell you when you can use tā_. It is often used as the object of &quot;bǎ:</p>
<p>Nǐ &quot;bǎ ta na dao nǎr qu le? Wo Where did you take it to? How come zěnme zhaotudao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 can*t find it?</p>
<p>Hai you yige jiǎozi, nǐ &quot;ba ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup> s one more dumpling left; you</p>
<p>chile. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eat it.</p>
<p>~bu něng &quot;bu: &quot;cannot not，，--in other words，cannot &quot;but; have no choice but to; must<sup>1</sup> The second bu_ is unstressed and usually neutral tone.</p>
<p>Weile jiātingde guanxi, wǒ Idu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For the sake of my family, I have no</p>
<p>něng trn zheiyang zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;choice &quot;but to do this.</p>
<p>Gēn zhěizhǒng rěn zai yiqǐde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When together vith this sort of</p>
<p>shihou, 'bu něng &quot;bu xiǎoxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person, one must &quot;be rather careful,</p>
<p>yidiǎnr.</p>
<p>°One stylistic feature of modern written Chinese is that tā_ is used for <sup>,T</sup>it” much more than in true spoken Chinese. This was originally an imitation of the structure of Western languages.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>225</p>
<p>了. A: Zhǐ yao nǐ lai &quot;bang mang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As long as you help out, ve<sup>f</sup>ll &quot;be</p>
<p>vǒmen Jiu you banfa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;able to do it.</p>
<p>B: Zhě you shěnme? Yinggaide This is nothing. It<sup>1</sup> s only right! ma!</p>
<p>Notes on No. 了</p>
<p>zhǐ yao: &quot;as long as, provided that<sup>11</sup> This is used in the pattern zhǐ yao*. ..liu*</p>
<p>Bu yao kǎolū tai duo, zhǐ yao nǐ Don’t think it over so much. If you xǐhuan jiu hǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like it, that<sup>1</sup> s all that matters.</p>
<p>Zhǐ yao wǒ jīntiān vǎnshang you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As long as I have time tonight, I</p>
<p>kong, jiu kěyi &quot;bǎ zhěi&quot;běn shū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can finish reading this &quot;book, kanvan.</p>
<p>Nǐ zhǐ yao &quot;bǎ shū nianhǎole, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As long as you do veil in your stud-</p>
<p>zhǎo gongzuo jiu měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ies, you von<sup>f</sup>t have any trouble</p>
<p>wěnti le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;finding a Job.</p>
<p>lai: In commands and suggestions, this verb merely indicates that a person will perform some action, and can usually go untranslated. When tediting about one<sup>1</sup> s own intention, lai can &quot;be translated as ’’let me” or &quot;let’s.”</p>
<p>Wǒ lai věn ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let me ask you.</p>
<p>Wo lai shuo liǎngju. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let me say a fev vords.</p>
<p>Women lai tantan zhěige věnti. Let’s discuss this question.</p>
<p>A: Zhěige zi xiěde dui &quot;bu dui? Is this character written correctly?</p>
<p>B: Wo lai kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let me take a look.</p>
<p>Xianzai qǐng Wang Anmin Tongzhi Nov let’s ask Comrade Wang Anmfn to lai gěi vǒmen jiǎngjiang hua. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;speaJc to us.</p>
<p>Nǐ kuai qu mang &quot;ba! Women lai You go take care of vhat you have to shoushi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do. We<sup>f</sup>ll straighten up,</p>
<p>Chile fan vǒmen zai lai zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After dinner let’s make some coffee,</p>
<p>kafēi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(zai means ’’then” here.)</p>
<p>WSmen yaqǐ lai &quot;bān. Wo lai &quot;ban Let<sup>1</sup> s move this together. 1*11 take zhěr, nǐ dao něiManr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it from here, and you go over there.</p>
<p>īK Zhěnhan, qǐng nǐ lai nian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lǐ Zhěnhan, vould you read aloud</p>
<p>please?</p>
<p>yinggaide: This is short for Wo &quot;bangzhu ni shi yinggaide ^ <sup>11</sup> It is right that I help you.<sup>11</sup> Use the phrase yinggaide to respond when someone thanks you for doing a favor vhich you consider natural under the circumstances.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>226</p>
<p>8. A: Ni kan, zhěipiān wěnzhāngli Look, there<sup>1</sup>s nothing in this bu shi xi du, jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;article but taking drugs and</p>
<p>shā rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;killing people.</p>
<p>B: Kan zheizhong xīnwěn, zhǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reading this kind of news vill only</p>
<p>něng shǐ rěn nanshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make you feel bad. Forget it，</p>
<p>Suan le, bū yao kan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don’t read it *</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>bu shi...jiu shi.••: &quot;if it<sup>1</sup>s not &quot;.then it<sup>1</sup>s..or &quot;either•..or••.&quot;</p>
<p>Bu shi tā, jiu shi nǐ, chule &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It was either he or you. Who would</p>
<p>nǐmen yǐwai hai you shěi hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do something like that besides one</p>
<p>zheiyang zuo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of you?</p>
<p>Lao Wang zuo cāi, bu shi tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lao Wang’s cooking is always either</p>
<p>xian jiu shi tai la. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too salty or too hot.</p>
<p>Tā bū shi zai jiā, jiu shi zai If he isn’t at home, then he<sup>1</sup>s at the bāngSngshi, biěde difang tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;office. He wouldn’t go anyplace</p>
<p>bū hui qū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;else.</p>
<p>Ta bū shi chī zhěige, jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>f</sup>s always eating something or other.</p>
<p>chi něige, zuǐ° měiyou tlngde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His mouth never stops going,</p>
<p>shihou.</p>
<p>xi dū: &quot;to take drugs&quot; Literally <sup>n</sup>to inhale poison,&quot; but used for any method of drug taking. (For the last example you need to know kěkǎyin, &quot;cocaine,&quot; and hǎiluoyTn, &quot;heroin.<sup>n</sup>)</p>
<p>Tā yitiān mang dao wan, zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He’s busy all day long. He wouldn’t</p>
<p>hui qu xi du? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go and take drugs!</p>
<p>Něige haizi xi dū xile hao ji- That kid has been taking drugs for niān le, shēnti yijing huāi le. years, and his health has gotten</p>
<p>bad.</p>
<p>Tā xT shěnme dū? Kěkāyin haishi What drugs does he take? Cocaine or hailuoyīn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heroin?</p>
<p>shǎ rěn: &quot;to kill, to murder” or &quot;to try (unsuccessfully) to kill/ murder&quot; The Chinese verbs for &quot;kill&quot; often consist of two parts: a verb telling the action (stab, shoot, &quot;beat, etc.) and a verb telling the resulting process of dying. Here is a list of some common ones (this is only here to clarify a point of grammar--you don’t have to memorize all these words):</p>
<p>haisǐ (by scheming) zhāsǐ (by stalDbing) diānsǐ (&quot;by electric shock) dusǐ (&quot;by poisoning)</p>
<p>°zuǐ，&quot;mouth<sup>Tf</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>22 了</p>
<p>diaosl (by hanging)</p>
<p>biēsl (by suffocation or drowning)</p>
<p>leisl (by strangling with a cord)</p>
<p>qiāsī (by strangling with the hands)</p>
<p>yasī (by crushing or running over)</p>
<p>zhuāngsl (by a collision)</p>
<p>qisī (by making someone angry!)</p>
<p>dǎsī (by a blow, beating, or gunshot)</p>
<p>and the most general term of all</p>
<p>nongsl (by any means)</p>
<p>In classical Chinese, shā originally meant ”to kill with a knife” or &quot;to slaughter (an animal).” Today, sha is still used for ’’to slaughter” or ’’kill’’ animals, as in</p>
<p>Nǐ hui bu hui shā Jī? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you know how to kill</p>
<p>a chicken?</p>
<p>In modern Chinese, sha can have (1) a general meaning or ⑵ a specific meaning.</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The general meaning of sha is the same as nongs? or the English ’’to kill, to murder.’’ This is the way sha is used when the method of killing is not stated or not known.</p>
<p>Tā ba něige rěn shāsǐ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He killed that person, (method not</p>
<p>considered)</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The specific meaning of sha is to kill vith a knife or knifelike instrument (e.g., a bayonet). In this meaning, sha contrasts vith all the other ways of killing listed above. When in your sentence you want to express the method of killing, you must choose an appropriate verb. It would be wrong to say Ta yong qiang ba něige rěn shasǐ le. Instead，you should say</p>
<p>Tā yong qiāng bǎ něige rěn dǎsǐ He killed that man vith a gun. le.</p>
<p>Sha takes on its specific meaning as soon as you start talking about methods, so in such sentences, you must choose your verb according to the mode of killing.</p>
<p>A: Tā bǎ ta taitai shāsǐ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He killed his wife.</p>
<p>B: Zěnme nongsǐde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How did he kill her?</p>
<p>A: Dlisǐde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He poisoned her.</p>
<p>One last point: Shā may express the action of only trying to kill, vithout implying that the person or animal actually died*</p>
<p>Tā sha ji shale liangdāo kěshi He cut the chicken twice, but didn<sup>f</sup>t měi bǎ ta shāsx. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kill it •</p>
<p>• • ■ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tv tv</p>
<p>qiang, gun</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>228</p>
<p>shi: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>!t</sup>to cause, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make&quot;</p>
<p>shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Cbject) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Vert) • . •</p>
<p>shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nanshou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;makes one sad”</p>
<p>zhēn shǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gāoxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”really makes me happy&quot;</p>
<p>shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;juěde you xīvang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;makes me feel that there<sup>T</sup>s hope&quot;</p>
<p>shǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wangle neijian</p>
<p>shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;made him forget that matter”</p>
<p>Tā xiǎngle &quot;bu shǎo &quot;bānfa, yě měi He tried lots of different things, shi tā ěrzi dui shāng dāxuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;but couldn’t interest his son in</p>
<p>you xingau. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(going to) college.</p>
<p>Kandao tā shǐ vo juěde hen gǎo- It made me very happy to see him. xing.</p>
<p>If there is an aspect marker, it goes vith the ver&quot;b following shǐ, never vith shǐ itself:</p>
<p>Shi shěnme yuanyin shi tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What vas it that caused them to</p>
<p>fenkāi le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;split up?</p>
<p>Shǐ sometimes means ”to enable,” particularly if followed &quot;by něng or other vords of that meaning:</p>
<p>Chile zheizhong xīnde yao, shǐ By taking this new medicine, the pa-&quot;bingren hǎode hen kuai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tient vas a&quot;ble (enabled) to recover</p>
<p>very quickly.</p>
<p>Although shǐ may sometimes &quot;be translated &quot;by ’’make,&quot; ’’make” may not always &quot;be translated &quot;by shǐ. When &quot;make” means ”to compel” someone to do something, it can &quot;be translated &quot;by jiao:</p>
<p>Lǐ Xiānsheng jiao tā zai xiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Lǐ made him write it over again.</p>
<p>yici.</p>
<p>9- Běnlai tade Zh5ngwěn &quot;bu cuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Originally, his Chinese vas pretty</p>
<p>likāi Zhongguo Jiǔle，wangle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good, &quot;but he<sup>T</sup> s &quot;been away from,</p>
<p>hen duo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China for a long time and has</p>
<p>forgotten a lot.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 9</p>
<p>&quot;běnlai: &quot;originally, in the &quot;beginning, at first; to &quot;begin vith, in the first place<sup>11</sup> This is a moveatile advert; that is, it may come &quot;before or after the subject, &quot;but always &quot;before the verb.</p>
<p>Běnlai has tvo main uses: (1) to indicate that the situation vas originally one way but then it changed, and (2) to express that something has &quot;been the case since the &quot;beginning and is still the case. On the next page are examples of &quot;both meanings.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>229</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SITUATION HAS CHANGED</p>
<p>Wǒ &quot;běnlai &quot;bu qu, xianzai qu le. Originally I wasn’t going to go, but</p>
<p>now I vill.</p>
<p>Wǒ &quot;běnlai &quot;bu xǐhuan ta, kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Originally I didn’t like her, &quot;but now</p>
<p>xianzai xǐhuan ta le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I do.</p>
<p>Běnlai shuo shi yao dao Xīngqi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Originally it was said that they</p>
<p>wǔ cai něng zuowan, danshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wouldn<sup>f</sup>t be finished until Friday,</p>
<p>wǒ tīngshuō tāmen yao zǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but now I hear they<sup>1</sup>re going to</p>
<p>yidiǎnr zuowan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;finish sooner.</p>
<p>Běnlai vo xiǎng Jīntiān xiawu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Originally I wanted to go see a movie qu kan dianyǐng, houlāi ting- this afternoon. Later I heard shuo kai hui. Suan le, wǒ yǐ- there was a meeting. Oh well, hou zai qu &quot;ba. I<sup>1</sup>11 go another time.</p>
<p>Běnlai wo Jīntiān yao qu Guǎng- Originally I was going to Guangzhou zhou, kěshi tiānqi bu hǎo, dagai today, &quot;but the veather is &quot;bad, so děi mingtiān cāi něng zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;now I probably von<sup>f</sup>t &quot;be able to go</p>
<p>until tomorrow.</p>
<p>Zhěijian shi &quot;běnlai shi kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It could have been done，but who</p>
<p>&quot;bande， kěshi shěi xiangdao hui expected this to happen? you zhěige qingkuang?</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SITUATION WAS LIKE THIS TO START WITH AND STILL IS</p>
<p>Translations for this meaning include <sup>M</sup>to begin with<sup>11</sup> and <sup>n</sup>in the first place/<sup>1</sup> In this use，běnlai is often followed &quot;by Jiu.</p>
<p>Wǒ &quot;běnlai Jiu bu xǐhuan ta, xian- I never did like her，and I still zai hai &quot;bu xǐhuan ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t like her.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ biě qu něige difang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>f</sup>t go there!</p>
<p>B: Wo &quot;běnlai Jiu bu qū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I vasn<sup>f</sup>t going to go there in the</p>
<p>first place.</p>
<p>A: Ni &quot;biě zai qū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't ever go there again•</p>
<p>B: Wo &quot;běnlai Jiu. měi qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I never did go there.</p>
<p>A: Wǒ haishi Juěde nī yīnggāi I still think you ought to go there, qu yitang.</p>
<p>B: Wǒ běnlai Jiu yao qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am going. (I was intending to go</p>
<p>even before you told me to.)</p>
<p>Běnlai Jiu gāi zheiyang &quot;ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We should have done this in the first</p>
<p>place.</p>
<p>A: Zhěige kāfēi zěnme zěnme hēi? Why is this coffee so black?</p>
<p>B: Kāfēi ma，běnlai Jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Coffee is supposed to be black!</p>
<p>hēide.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>230</p>
<p>A clause vith běnlai is often related to another with dāngran:</p>
<p>Zhěige dSngxi běnlai jiu shi nǐ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This thing belongs to you; of course</p>
<p>de, vo dāngran yao huān gei ni! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I would return it to you.</p>
<p>Běnlai tā zai dāxuě niānde shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She studied sociology in college,</p>
<p>shěhuixuě, tā dāngran dui she- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so of course she<sup>1</sup>s interested in</p>
<p>hui wěnti you xingqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;social problems.</p>
<p>Note on Additional Required Vocabulary</p>
<p>you xiao: <sup>M</sup>to be effective; to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;valid<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Zhěige yao hen you xiao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This medicine is very effective.</p>
<p>Zhěizhāng piāo hai you xiao ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is this ticket still valid?</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>231</p>
<p>Unit 了， Review Dialogue Lǐ Ping (B)， Tom (A)， and Lǐ Wen (E) are talking in the Li<sup>f</sup>s living room.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zai kan shěnme baozhǐ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What newspaper are you reading?</p>
<p>B: Ming Bao. Ming Bao bū cuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ming Pao. It’s pretty good,</p>
<p>hěn you yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very interesting.</p>
<p>E: Zai Měiguo yě xiang Xianggang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In America is it the some as in</p>
<p>zheiyang, shěnme luajiqībāzāode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong: they put all kinds of</p>
<p>xīnwěn dou wǎng baozhǐshang xiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crazy nevs in the paper? ma?</p>
<p>A: Pingchang wǒ kan Huāshengdun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I usually read the Washington Post.</p>
<p>Youbao. Zhěige baozhǐ bu cuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s a pretty good paper• It has</p>
<p>guoněi, guowaide xīnwěn d5u you, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;domestic as well as international</p>
<p>dangran guǎnggao yě bu shǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;news. Of course there are a lot of</p>
<p>Zh5ngwěn baozhǐ, wǒ yě kan, něi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ads, too, I read Chinese newspapers</p>
<p>shangbianr yě you nǐ shuode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too, and they have &quot;all kinds of crazy</p>
<p>něizhǒng &quot;luanqībāzāo&quot; de &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;news” in them, as you put it. xīnwěn.</p>
<p>B: Nǐmen zheiyang shuo, wǒ bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>1</sup>t really agree vith what</p>
<p>zěnme tongyi. Shěnme shi &quot;luaji- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you are saying. What is &quot;all kinds</p>
<p>qibāzāo&quot;? Shěhui shenghuo běn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of crazy nevs”？ That<sup>f</sup> s exactly the</p>
<p>lai jiu shi zheiyang ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;way life in society Isl</p>
<p>E: Suan le ba! Jīntiān shi shā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Forget it! Today it’s killing,</p>
<p>rěn, mingtiān shi xī du, wǒ bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow it<sup>1</sup> s drugs. I don<sup>f</sup>t vant</p>
<p>yao kan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to read that.</p>
<p>A: Kan haishi xūyao kānde, yīnwei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We still need to read it，because</p>
<p>shěhui shēnghuozhongde wěnti, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we can<sup>f</sup>t very veil ignore the prob-</p>
<p>wǒmen yě bu něng bu zhīiyi a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lems of life in society.</p>
<p>E: Xianggǎngde shěhui věnti zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong sure has a lot of social</p>
<p>du5! Shěnme difangrde rěn dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problems. There are people from</p>
<p>you, shěnmeyajigrde wěnti yě dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;everywhere, and all kinds of problems. you.</p>
<p>A: Shěhui wěnti shi shijiěxingde, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Problems in society are worldwide,</p>
<p>bu zhǐ shi Xianggang you. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong isn<sup>f</sup>t the only place that</p>
<p>has them.</p>
<p>E: Ng, name, rěnmen dui zhěixie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm, then is there nothing people</p>
<p>wěnti jiu měiyou shěnme banfǎr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can do about these problems? ma?</p>
<p>B: Banfǎ hěn du5, difang bu tong, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are a lot of vays to deal</p>
<p>banfǎ yě bu yiyang. Kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with them. Different places have</p>
<p>zhěixiē banfǎ shi bu shi you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;different ways of dealing with them,</p>
<p>xiao jiu bū zhīdao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But whether these vays work or not</p>
<p>is another question.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>232</p>
<p>A: You rěn shuo zSngjiao shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some people say that religion is</p>
<p>yizhǒng baxifǎ, bu guǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one way. No matter what the</p>
<p>shěnme jiao, d5u shi jiāo rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;religion, it always teaches people</p>
<p>zuo hǎo shirde. Kěshi wo xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do good. But I think education</p>
<p>jiaoyu hěn zhongyāo, shou jiao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is important. The more educated</p>
<p>yude rěn yue du5， shehuide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people there are, the fewer social</p>
<p>went! yuě shǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problems there will be.</p>
<p>B: Erqiě jīngji fāda yě hěn yao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And also, a developed economy is</p>
<p>jǐn. JTngji bu fādade difang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;important. In places where the</p>
<p>rěnmen fan zuide jIhui jiu geng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;economy isn’t well-developed, there</p>
<p>du5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are more opportunities for people</p>
<p>to commit crimes.</p>
<p>E: Jiu shi ma, rěn yao chī fan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Exactly. People have to eat. If</p>
<p>lian fan d5u chibubao, tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they can<sup>1</sup>t even get enough to eat,</p>
<p>zěnme něng bu fan zui ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how can you expect them not to commit</p>
<p>crimes?</p>
<p>A: Wo xiǎng měi name jiǎndān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t think it’s so simple.</p>
<p>Fan zui he hěn du3 shi you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Crime is related to many different</p>
<p>guanxi, těbiě shi he jiātlng you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things, especially to the family, guanxi•</p>
<p>E: Nǐ jiǎngjiang kan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you explain what you mean?</p>
<p>A: Zai jingji fādade difang, xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where the economy is developed,</p>
<p>jiāting yuě lai yuě duo, ěrqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there are more and more small fami-</p>
<p>fumǔmen dōu you gSngzuo, dōu hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lies; also, both parents have</p>
<p>mang, měiyou shljiān duo guǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jobs and are very busy, so they</p>
<p>haizi. You xie nianqingde fumǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>1</sup>t have time to take good care</p>
<p>yě hěn shǎo xiangdao zijide zě- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of the children. Some young parents</p>
<p>ren, měiyou shěnme jiǎting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seldom think of their own responsi-</p>
<p>guānniān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bilities and don<sup>f</sup>t have much of a</p>
<p>sense of family attachment.</p>
<p>E: Nǐde huā you daolǐ, kěshi da- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That makes sense. But what</p>
<p>lude qlngxing ne? Nǐmen zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about the situation on the main—</p>
<p>xiang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;land? What do you two think?</p>
<p>B: Shi a. Dalu jīngji bu fāda, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yeah, the mainland<sup>1</sup>s economy isn，t</p>
<p>erqiě dajiā yě dou you jiāting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;developed, and furthermore everyone</p>
<p>guānnian. Kěshi, kankan baozhǐ, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has a sense of attachment to the</p>
<p>dālushang fan zuide rěn yě bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family. But read the papers: there</p>
<p>shao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are quite a few people committing</p>
<p>crimes on the mainland too.</p>
<p>A: Wo xiǎng zhě he zhengzhi bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think this has to do with the</p>
<p>ānding you guanxi, tebiě shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;political instability, especially</p>
<p>cong Liu Liu nian dao QT Liu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from <sup>1</sup>66 to ，了6. niān.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>233</p>
<p>B: Shi ma, něige shihou, shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. During that time there vasn’t</p>
<p>falu dōu měiyou. Lian fan zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any law at all. If you can<sup>f</sup>t even</p>
<p>&quot;bu fan zui dou nongtuqingchu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tell the difference &quot;between committing</p>
<p>shěhui went! zěnme hui shao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a crime and not committing one, how</p>
<p>can social problems &quot;be reduced?</p>
<p>A: Nǐde kanfǎ, wǒ hěn tongyi. Wǒ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I agree very much with your view,</p>
<p>xiǎng, zhǐ you shǐ zhengzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think that society can only &quot;be made</p>
<p>ānding, jīngji, wěnhua fāda, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to progress if the political situation</p>
<p>cai něng shī shěhui jinlDU. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is stabilized and the economy and</p>
<p>culture are made to flourish.</p>
<p>(Grandma Lǐ walks in.)</p>
<p>G: Nīmen zai tan shěnme, tande &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you talking about so</p>
<p>zhěme gāoxing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cheerfully?</p>
<p>A: Li Nǎinai, women zai tan shěhui We're talking about social prob-wěntl. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lems, Grandma Li.</p>
<p>G: Hǎo le, nimen tangou le meiyou? Well, have you talked enough? How Chile fan zai tan xing &quot;bu xing? about continuing the conversation</p>
<p>after dinner?</p>
<p>A, B， E: Xing, chile fan zai tan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay! We*11 talk more after dinner.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>23^</p>
<p>Unit 了， Tape 2 Workbook</p>
<p>Exercise 1</p>
<p>This exercise is a reviev of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</p>
<p>All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may want to revind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</p>
<p>Exercise 2</p>
<p>This conversation begins when tvo young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the vest side of Beijing.</p>
<p>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you* 11 probably vant to rewind the tape and answer the questions belov as you listen a second time.</p>
<p>Here are the nev vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>bang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be great, to be fantastic</p>
<p>bu jiān bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don’t leave until ve’ve met up!</p>
<p>sān!</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where is Xiao Liu working and what is he doing there?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov does he keep up with his English?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does the article say about education in the U.S.?</p>
<p>U. What does Xiǎo Liu<sup>1</sup>s friend vant him to do?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</p>
<p>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>235</p>
<p>Exercise 3</p>
<p>In this exercise two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington， D.C,</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look &quot;below and answer the questions.</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class•</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why do they say that the Ming Pao is a good newspaper?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is the procedure for mail-ordering a television for one<sup>1</sup>s relatives in GuǎngzhSu?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why would overseas Chinese want to take advantage of this procedure? (Can<sup>1</sup>t their relatives in China &quot;buy a television themselves?)</p>
<p>k. To whom do the sisters want to send the television? Why?</p>
<p>5. In what form will they make the payment?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</p>
<p>Exercise k</p>
<p>In this conversation a father and son in Beijīng talk about religion.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then revind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</p>
<p>You vill need the following words &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and phrases:</p>
<p>xiǎngxin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to believe in</p>
<p>jiaotang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;church</p>
<p>zuo lǐbai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to worship, to attend religious</p>
<p>services</p>
<p>Nan Měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;South America</p>
<p>tour &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head, chief, boss</p>
<p>xuě hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to learn from good examples, to</p>
<p>learn to &quot;be a good person</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>gSngke &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;homework, schoolwork, classwork</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise h</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does the son think is so strange? Why is this on his mind?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did the son read in the newspaper? What was his reaction?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does his father have to say atout religion? (There are four points.)</p>
<p>k. Xuě hǎo is considered very important for teenagers in China.</p>
<p>How does this fit into the son’s concept of religion?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</p>
<p>236</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 7</p>
<p>237</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</p>
<p>Two young friends run into each other &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at a trolley stop on the west side of</p>
<p>Beijing.</p>
<p>A: Hei, Xiao Liu! Hao jiu bu jiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hey, Xiao Liu! Long time no see.</p>
<p>Nǐ xianzai zai nar gongzuo ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where are you working now?</p>
<p>B: Jiu zai zhěr, Beijing Tūshūguan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right here, at the Beijing Library.</p>
<p>A: Hei, hao gongzuo! Zai tushǔguan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hey, what a great job! What do you</p>
<p>zuo shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;do there?</p>
<p>B: Fǎnyi• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Translation.</p>
<p>A: YTngwěn fānyi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;English translation?</p>
<p>B: YTngwěn fānyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;English translation.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zhēn you bānfa! Xuěle jǐ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>re really something! Those few</p>
<p>niānde YTngwěn zhen you yong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years you<sup>f</sup>ve spent studying English</p>
<p>Xianzai zai fānyi shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really turned out to be useful. What</p>
<p>are you translating now?</p>
<p>B: Jīntiān fānyide shi Huāshěngdun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today I<sup>f</sup>m translating an article</p>
<p>Youbaode yipiān wěnzhāng, xiěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from the Washington Post on the topic</p>
<p>shi guānyu jiāoyude wěnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of education.</p>
<p>A: Zhēn bu jiandān°! Lian baozhǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>f</sup> s amazing! You can even</p>
<p>dou něng fānyi le. Nǐ you shi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;translate newspapers now. Do you</p>
<p>jiān ma? Něng bu něng gěi wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have some time? Can you tell me a</p>
<p>jiǎng diǎnr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little about it?</p>
<p>B: Wǎnshang wǒ hai děi xuě Yīngwěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tonight I have to study English,</p>
<p>jiu něng gēn ni liao jǐfēn zhong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so I can only chat with you for a</p>
<p>few minutes.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ hai xuě Yingwěn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>re still studying English?</p>
<p>B: Yīngwěn bu gou，bu něng bu xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My English isn’t good enough. I</p>
<p>ya! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to study!</p>
<p>A: Shěi jiao ni? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who teaches you?</p>
<p>B: Wo gēge jTnnian xiātiān cong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ity brother came back from the U.S.</p>
<p>Měiguo hui lai le, tā jiāo wo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this summer. He’s teaching me.</p>
<p>°bu .jiandan, &quot;not simple/ordinary/commonplace,&quot; in other words, &quot;amazing,</p>
<p>phenomenal.<sup>TT</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 7</p>
<p>238</p>
<p>A: Zhēn bang! Dui le, kuai° shuo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s fantastic! Oh yeah, tell</p>
<p>shuo něipiān věnzhāng, vo tīngshuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me about that article. 工 hear that</p>
<p>zai Měiguo shouguo dāxuě jiaoyiide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there are a lot of people vith a</p>
<p>rěn hen duo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;college education in the U.S.</p>
<p>B: Dui le, Měiguo shi daxuěshēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, the U,S<sub>#</sub> is the country vith the</p>
<p>zui duode guojiā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;most college students (in the world).</p>
<p>A: Zhēnde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Really?</p>
<p>B: Zhēnde, dajiā yifāngmian gongzuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Really. Everyone works and studies</p>
<p>yifāngmiān xuěxi, you bu shao rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the same time. There are quite a</p>
<p>dōu°° wǔshisui le, hai zai daxuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;few people who even at the age of fif-</p>
<p>nian shū ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ty are still studying at a university.</p>
<p>A: Wo xiang zhěi shi Měiguo jinbū- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 think that<sup>1</sup>s also a reason why</p>
<p>de yige yiiānyin! Zhěipiān wen- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America is so progressive! Have you</p>
<p>zhāng nī fānvanle°°° ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;finished translating the article?</p>
<p>B: Kuai fānwan le, dagai mingtiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Almost. 工*11 probably finish</p>
<p>jiu fānwan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow.</p>
<p>A: Něng bu něng gei wo kankan? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Could you give it to me to read?</p>
<p>--ZhSngvěnde• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--the Chinese•</p>
<p>B: Wo wen yixia womende līngdao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工*11 ask our leader. There pro-</p>
<p>dagai měiyou shenine věnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bably won* t be any problem.</p>
<p>A: Na mingtiān vanshang liudian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then tomorrow evening at six-thirty</p>
<p>ban, vo hai zai zhěr deng ni, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll wait for you here. And don’t</p>
<p>bū .jian bū san a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave until we’ve met up!</p>
<p>B: Xing, &quot;bu jian bu sān! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, we won<sup>f</sup>t leave until ve’ve</p>
<p>met up!</p>
<p>•kuai here should not be translated as &quot;quickly&quot; or &quot;hurry up&quot;; it simply</p>
<p>conveys the eagerness of the speaker to hear about the article, something</p>
<p>like the British, ”Do tell me about that article.&quot;</p>
<p>°°Dou here means ’’as much as, even,” so dou vushisui le means &quot;as old as</p>
<p>fifty&quot; or ”even fifty years old.&quot;</p>
<p>°Fānvan le means the same as fānyivan le, &quot;finished translating.<sup>M</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 7</p>
<p>239</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington, D.C.</p>
<p>A: Erjiě, nī kan shěnme &quot;bao ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What newspaper are you reading,</p>
<p>Sister No. Two?</p>
<p>B: Ming_Bao, vo xǐhuan zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ming Pao. I like it; it's neither</p>
<p>&quot;baozhǐ, &quot;bu zuo yě &quot;bu you. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too left nor too right.</p>
<p>A: Erqiě, shijiěxingde xīnwěn ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And it has all the world news.</p>
<p>d5u you. Zhěige &quot;bao zhēnde &quot;bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s really quite a good paper.</p>
<p>B: Wǒ yě xǐhuan tade guǎnggao, dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I like its advertisements too.</p>
<p>women zhěixie zhu zai gu6wāide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They are very useful to us Chinese</p>
<p>ZhSngguo rěn hěn you yong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who live abroad.</p>
<p>A: Nī kānjian shěnme guǎnggao le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What ad did you see that you<sup>1</sup> re so</p>
<p>zhěme you xingqu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interested in?</p>
<p>B: Nǐ lai kan, zhěr you yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come look, there's an ad for a</p>
<p>dianshi guǎnggao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;television here.</p>
<p>A: Zěnme shuode? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does it say?</p>
<p>B: Zhěige guǎnggao shu5, zhǐ yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It says that if we just send a</p>
<p>women ji yizhāng zhīpiāo dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;check to Hong Kong, we can &quot;buy a</p>
<p>Xianggang, jiu kěyi gěi jiāli rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;color television for our family, mai cǎisě dianshi le.</p>
<p>A: Shi ma? Dalu rěn mǎi dianshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh? It's not easy for people on</p>
<p>&quot;bu rongyi. Women lai kankeui, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the mainland to &quot;buy televisions .</p>
<p>kan něng &quot;bu něng gěi yěye nǎinai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let's look and see if we can &quot;buy a</p>
<p>mǎi ge dianshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.V. for grandpa and grandma.</p>
<p>B: Banfa shi zhěiyangr: Women &quot;bǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is the way it works: We send</p>
<p>qiān he yěyede dizhǐ ji dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the money and grandpa<sup>1</sup>s address to</p>
<p>Xianggang, Xianggǎngde gSngsī ji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong, and the company in Kong</p>
<p>yizhāng dānzi gěi tāmen, tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kong sends them a receipt,° and then</p>
<p>jiu kěyi zai GuǎngzhSude &quot;baihuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they can pick up the television at a</p>
<p>gSngsT qǔ dianshi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;department store in GuǎngzhSu.</p>
<p>A: RuguS něige dianshi &quot;bu hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What if the television has some-</p>
<p>zěnme &quot;ban? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thing wrong with it?</p>
<p>B: Na shi gongsTde zěren, tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s the company<sup>1</sup>s responsibility,</p>
<p>yiding kěyi gěi°° huān yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>]!! sure they would exchange it for a</p>
<p>hǎode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good one.</p>
<p>Dānzi here refers to a tihuodan, &quot;bill of lading,&quot; hence it may &quot;be translated</p>
<p>loosely as &quot;receipt.&quot; (The specific translation for &quot;receipt&quot; is shōuju or</p>
<p>fāpiao,)</p>
<p>“Gěi is a colloquial attreviation for &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gěi tamen， &quot;for them.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>2^0</p>
<p>A: M, nā bu cuo, xianzai yěye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mm, that<sup>T</sup>s good. Now grandpa and</p>
<p>nǎinai shenghuo ānding， shenine &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandma have a settled life， and all</p>
<p>dou hǎo, jiu shi shǎo yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is well for them; the only thing they</p>
<p>dianshi. Yǒule dianshi, tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lack is a television. When they have</p>
<p>yiding hěn gāoxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a television I<sup>T</sup>m sure they<sup>T</sup>11 be very</p>
<p>happy•</p>
<p>B: Dui, women jīntiān jiu bǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. Let<sup>T</sup>s send out the check</p>
<p>zhīpiāo jichuqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today.</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</p>
<p>A father (B) and son (A) talk in Beijing.</p>
<p>A: Baba! Xianzai zenme you zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dad, how come there are so many</p>
<p>duo rěn xiangxin zongjiāo le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people who believe in religion now?</p>
<p>zhěn qiguāi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>T</sup>s so strange!</p>
<p>B: Nǐ kanjian shěnme shi le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why, what have you seen?</p>
<p>A: Zai lukǒurshang něige ,1iaotang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In that church on the corner, today</p>
<p>jīntiān you hěn du5 rěn zai ner &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there were a lot of people worship-</p>
<p>zuo lǐbai, ye you nianqingde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ing. There were young people there</p>
<p>rěn! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too.</p>
<p>B: Womende falu shu5 ZhSngguo rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our law does give the Chinese people</p>
<p>kěyi you zSngjiao ziyou, zhěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freedom of religion. There<sup>T</sup>s nothing</p>
<p>měiyou shěnme qiguāi ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;strange about that!</p>
<p>A: Wǒ jide bāoshang shu5， zai Nan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I remember it said in the newspaper</p>
<p>Měide yige guojiā you yizhǒng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that there was some religion in South</p>
<p>shěnme zSngjiao you hěn du5 rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America a lot of people believed in,</p>
<p>xiǎngxin, zhěixiē rěn bǎ zijǐde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the people gave all their money</p>
<p>qian d5u gěile zhěige zSngjiao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the head of this religion, but he</p>
<p>de tour， kěshi zhěige tour shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was a bad person who took drugs and</p>
<p>ge huairěn, xīdu, shā rěn, shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;killed people and did all sorts of</p>
<p>luānqibāzāoae shir d5u zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crazy things• So I don<sup>T</sup>t think that</p>
<p>Suoyi wǒ juěde zSngjiao ziyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freedom of religion is necessarily</p>
<p>yě bu yiding hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good.</p>
<p>B: ZSngjiao bu shi yijiān jiāndān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Religion isn’t a simple thing. It</p>
<p>de shi. Z5ngjiāo he fan zui měi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doesn<sup>T</sup>t have a definite relationship</p>
<p>you yidingde guanxi. ZSngjiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to crime• Religion has its indepen-</p>
<p>yǒu tāde dulixing, yǒude shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dent character; sometimes it<sup>T</sup> s related</p>
<p>he zhengzhi, věnhua you guanxi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to politics and culture, and some-</p>
<p>yǒude shihou měiyou. Deng dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;times it isn<sup>T</sup>t• When you grov up,</p>
<p>nǐ zhǎngdale yǐhou, ruguo nǐ you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if you're interested, you can study</p>
<p>xingqu kěyi yanjiū yanjiu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it.</p>
<p>°yizhonp; shěnme zon^,jiao, ”some religion&quot; Shěnme here acts as an indefinite</p>
<p>pronoun modifying zSngjiao and means that the speaker does not know hov to</p>
<p>describe or specify the religion precisely.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 了</p>
<p>2hl</p>
<p>A: Wǒ tīngshuō shijiěshang you hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 hear that there are many different</p>
<p>du5 'bn tongde zongjiāo, yě you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;religions in the world and that there</p>
<p>hěn du5 you yiside zongjiāo gūshi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;are a lot of interesting religious</p>
<p>zai zhěixie gushili you xie shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stories. Some of the stories have</p>
<p>rang rěn xuě hǎo， shi dui rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the purpose of teaching people from</p>
<p>you hǎochude. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good examples, so they<sup>1</sup> re good for</p>
<p>people•</p>
<p>B: Zhěi shi zhende. Yānjiū zSng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s true. To study religion&gt;</p>
<p>jiao xuyāo hěn duode zhishi» &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you need a lot of knowledge, espe-</p>
<p>tetie shi lishǐ zhīshi, shi hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cially a knowledge of history. It<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>you yiside. Hǎo le, zhěige wen- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very interesting. All right, ve’ll</p>
<p>ti women yǐhou zai tan. Nide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talk about this question later. Is</p>
<p>gSngkě zuowanle měiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your homework done?</p>
<p>A: Hai you yidiǎnr, wǒ mashang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I still have a little. I<sup>1</sup>11 go do</p>
<p>jiu qu zuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it right away.</p>
<p>B: Hǎo, kuai qu ta! Zuowanle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, hurry up! When you We fin-</p>
<p>gongkě zai tan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ished your homework, we<sup>1</sup>11 talk some</p>
<p>more,</p>
<p>A: Hǎo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay!</p>
<p>soc</p>
<p>2h2</p>
<p>UNIT 8</p>
<p>Directions for the Future</p>
<p>INTRODUCTION</p>
<p>Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Action-Process compound verbs•</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The directional ending -hui，<sup>tt</sup>'back.<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The patterns (Ver~b) dong (Ver~b) xT and dong (Ver~b) xT (Ver~b).</p>
<p>U. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The marker -de after phrases with a parallel structure.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The advert you，<sup>n</sup>after all，,<sup>1</sup> ,,anyway,</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The advert phrase yě ~bu&gt; ’’don't even，,，<sup>n</sup>won't even，<sup>1</sup>, ’Wouldn't even.,. Functional Language Contained in This Unit</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Asking for an explanation of the causes/motives &quot;behind a situation.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Politely asking someone to quiet down.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressing appreciation to someone for their hospitality.</p>
<p>h. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taking leave of a group of people in the middle of a conversation.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>2U3</p>
<p>Unit 8， Reference List</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Mingtiān d5u you shěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whc^s taking the test tomorrow?</p>
<p>kǎoshi?</p>
<p>B: Deng yixia wǒ gěi ni xiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 write you a list in a minute, yige danzi•</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A： Bomǔ shui vǔjiao ne &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is your mother taking a [noontime] nap?</p>
<p>B: X， xiao shēng diǎnr. Biě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sh! Keep it dovn. Don<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>bǎ ta chǎoxǐng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wake her up.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ kan zhěicide shēngyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How do you think &quot;business vill</p>
<p>zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go this time?</p>
<p>B: Bu zhīdao. Yao kan yunqi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>1</sup>1 know. It depends on luck.</p>
<p>U. A: Wo xiǎng qu mǎi xie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I want to go buy some handicrafts</p>
<p>g5ngyip?n daihul Měiguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take back to America.</p>
<p>B: Wǒ zhěr zhěnghǎo you jǐjiěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I just happen to have some here,</p>
<p>nǐ dou daishang ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Take them vith you.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Hǎoxiang shi Xiao L? c6ng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That looked like Xiao L? who just</p>
<p>měnkSur guoqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passed &quot;by the door.</p>
<p>B: Ni haohaorde zai zhěr nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You Just tend to your studies</p>
<p>shu &quot;ba! Biě xiǎng dong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[properly]! Don<sup>f</sup>t &quot;be thinking of</p>
<p>xiǎng xide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this and that.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Qunian tade Yīngwěn hfii shuo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Last year his English still sounded</p>
<p>de name nantīng, jīnnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so awful, &quot;but this year it seems</p>
<p>hǎoxiang hǎoduo le. Shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot better. What happened? zěnme hui shi?</p>
<p>B: Shi zěnme hui shi&gt; ta mSqin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup> s this way: his mother dotes on</p>
<p>těng ta, song ta qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him and sent him to school in</p>
<p>Yīngguo niānle yinian shu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;England for a year.</p>
<p>T, A: Ta hai qu zhǎo Xiǎo Lan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is he going to see Xiao Lan for?</p>
<p>gan shenme&gt; rěnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After all, she doesn’t like him. you &quot;bu xlhuan ta!</p>
<p>B: Nǐ &quot;biě Ji, w8 lai quanquan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>f</sup>t get upset, I<sup>1</sup>11 try to per-</p>
<p>ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suade him.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>21+1+</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ shuo wǒ gāi &quot;bu gai qu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think I should go?</p>
<p>B: Nǐ kanzhe &quot;ban &quot;ba, tīngshuō You do as you see fit, &quot;but I hear něige difangr kuai da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that there<sup>?</sup> s a&quot;bout to &quot;be a war</p>
<p>zhang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Gangcai wǒ qu gěi Wang Daifu Just now vhen I vent to see Dr. Wang</p>
<p>songxing, ta shuo ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;off，he said he vould &quot;be willing</p>
<p>yuanyi gěi nin kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to see you [medically].</p>
<p>B: Zhěi yixiazi hǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Nov) that<sup>1</sup>s great. I'll go see him</p>
<p>Deng tā huilai v5 qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when he gets &quot;back, kan ta.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Zhěige shǎ haizi, zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What a stupid kid, vhy didn’t you</p>
<p>dade shir yě &quot;bu zǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tell me about this &quot;before, since</p>
<p>diǎnr gaosu wo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>1</sup>s such an important thing.</p>
<p>B: Wǒ yuanlai gen nin shuoguo, I did tell you, &quot;but you<sup>f</sup>ve forgotten. n£n vang le.</p>
<p>ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ganma &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(colloquial) vhy on earth，vhat for;</p>
<p>to do vhat</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do (something), to perform</p>
<p>(something), to have (an event)， to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game, etc.)</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;bofu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uncle (father’s elder &quot;brother); term</p>
<p>for the father of one's friend</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>h.</p>
<p>CJ</p>
<p>VOCABULARY</p>
<p>bofu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uncle (father<sup>f</sup>s elder brother); term</p>
<p>for the father of one’s friend bomǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aunt (wife of father<sup>1</sup>s elder brother);</p>
<p>term for the mother of one<sup>1</sup>s friend</p>
<p>chǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be noisy; to disturb by making</p>
<p>noise</p>
<p>chǎoxǐng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wake (someone) up by being noisy</p>
<p>daishang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take along (Beijing)</p>
<p>dānzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;list; form</p>
<p>dǎ zhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to fight a war, to go to war</p>
<p>děi kan (or yao kan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to depend on</p>
<p>děng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when; by the time; till</p>
<p>děng yixia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wait a while; in a little while</p>
<p>gāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ought to; to &quot;be someone<sup>1</sup> s turn</p>
<p>to</p>
<p>ganmā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do what; (colloquial) why on earth，</p>
<p>what for</p>
<p>ganshenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,</p>
<p>what for</p>
<p>gSngyipǐn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;handicrafts</p>
<p>guoqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass</p>
<p>hǎohaor &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well; properly; thoroughly</p>
<p>haoxiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to seem as if</p>
<p>-hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(counter for shi， &quot;matter&quot;)</p>
<p>kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to depend on</p>
<p>kanzhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(followed by a verb) as one sees fit,</p>
<p>as one deems reasonable kao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take/give an exam, test, or quiz</p>
<p>kaoshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take/give an exam, test, or quiz ;</p>
<p>exam, test</p>
<p>lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do (something), to perform</p>
<p>(something), to have (an event)， to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game, etc.)</p>
<p>nantīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be unpleasant to hear; to sound</p>
<p>bad, to offend the ears; to be scandalous</p>
<p>quan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to advise, to urge, to try to</p>
<p>persuade</p>
<p>shǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be stupid, to be dumb, to be</p>
<p>silly, to be naive</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>shěngyi (shēngyi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;business , trade</p>
<p>songxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to see (someone) off, to wish (some</p>
<p>one )a good trip; to give a going-away party</p>
<p>těng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be (very) fond of， to &quot;be attached</p>
<p>to, to dote on</p>
<p>wujiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;noontime nap</p>
<p>yao kan (or dei kan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to depend on</p>
<p>you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyvay; after all (used in questions</p>
<p>and negative statements) yuanlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;original, former; originally,</p>
<p>formerly; (expresses finding out the true situation) yuanyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wish, vould like, to want to; to &quot;be</p>
<p>willing to yunr[i &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;luck</p>
<p>.-;er-r：e (yi )hui shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what' s it all a&quot;bout</p>
<p>z卜nr:e (yi )hui shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like this</p>
<p>zhěi yixiazi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after this, as a result of this</p>
<p>zhěme hui shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like this</p>
<p>■zhěnghāo(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it Just so happens that, to happen</p>
<p>to, as it happens; just in time, just right, just enough</p>
<p>[)()C<sub>y</sub> Unit 8</p>
<p>Unit B, Reference Notes</p>
<p>1. A: Mingtiān dōu you shěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;W\io<sup>1</sup> n taking the test tomorrow? kǎorīhī ?</p>
<p>Denf<sup>1</sup>： yfxia wS gěi ni xiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<sup>1</sup>11 write you a list in a minute. yi//o danzi _</p>
<p>Noto,<sup>f</sup>i on No. 1</p>
<p>kaonhi : &quot;to take/^,ivo an f；xam, test, or quiz; teat, exam&quot; This may be ar; n vc^rb-ob,]oct compound or an a noun. Kao as a verb may be uned alone if tho context makes it clear.</p>
<p>Kaonhi yThou tā ]ei le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hho was tired after taking the test.</p>
<p>'/.heicT kǎoshǐ tā kǎode biS cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He did pretty well on the test this</p>
<p>time.</p>
<p>NT JTntiān kSode /ǒrirneyan^? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How did the test(s) ro today?</p>
<p>NYde JTnp;Jixue kǎode zěnmeyan^? I low did you do on your econoinicEJ exam? Wǒ lai kǎokao nī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;het me quiz you.</p>
<p>Kǎowan nh? yYhou (OH Kǎowanle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lot<sup>1</sup>s go to the movies after we<sup>1</sup> re</p>
<p>yYhou), women qū kan dianyYng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done taking the test.</p>
<p>hǎo bu. hSo?</p>
<p>āen^<sub>t</sub> yfxia may have its literal meaning, &quot;wait a minute, wait a while ,<sup>n</sup> or it may moan &quot;in a minute, in a while.<sup>,f</sup></p>
<p><sup>M</sup>WAIT 八 MINUTK, WAIT A WHILE&quot;</p>
<p>Dong ylxla, wS yao d5 p<sub>t</sub>e dianhua, Wait a second, I want to make a phone dǎwanle women J iū zSu， h5o bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;call. We’ll go as soon as I’m</p>
<p>hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;finished, okay?</p>
<p>NT &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yfxia, wS lěi bangzhu ni. Wait a second, let me help you with</p>
<p>that.</p>
<p>&quot;TN 八 MTNUTK，IN 八 WHTLK”</p>
<p>NT xian chT, den^ yixia wS &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You go ahead and eat. T<sup>1</sup>11 come</p>
<p>xTwanlo yīfu Jiii 1 a1 . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aa noon an T*ve fininhed wunhinp：</p>
<p>tho clotheti.</p>
<p>NTrrion xi ān z?5u （]ǒnp; yfxl a &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You fro uheMf】 and leavo. I<sup>1</sup>11 pro</p>
<p>w?I 7.aī qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I n a wM]o.</p>
<p>yiy. i h y^n yi woi xTn^; Wari^do fn n while a Mr. Wan^ will b&lt;* com1 I ui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wo，rjTriK n i rfin^ ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to rw?o m(、 I*leu:&gt;e 1 ot hi rn 1 n.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>2l+8</p>
<p>2, A: Bomǔ shui vǔjiao ne ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is your mother taking a CnoontimeU nap?</p>
<p>B: X， xiao shěng dianr. Biě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shi Keep it down. Don’t</p>
<p>ba ta chǎoxǐng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wake her up.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>bomǔ: &quot;wife of father's older brother,&quot; but also a term for the mother of one<sup>1</sup>s friend. Relationships between friends are often thought of and even spoken of in terms similar to family relationships• Friends are like brothers and sisters, and therefore a friend<sup>1</sup> s parents are addressed as aunt (~bomu) and uncle (bofu)•</p>
<p>shui vǔjiao: &quot;to take a nap,&quot; literally &quot;to sleep the afternoon sleep&quot;’ Wǔshui shi.lian is ”afternoon nap time,&quot; as in a school or organization.</p>
<p>Wo jīntiān měi shi jiān shui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I didn’t have time to take my</p>
<p>vǔjiao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;afternoon nap today.</p>
<p>A: Jīntiān nǐmen you měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have an afternoon nap today? wǔshui shljiān?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou. Zh5ngfan yǐhou Jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No. We have a meeting right after ' kai hui. lunch.</p>
<p>Many Chinese take a rest after the midday meal. Work, school, and store schedules often make time for this, especially in hot weather.</p>
<p>X: ’’Sh!’’ This is the ’’word” you use to signal someone to keep quiet.</p>
<p>It is said with rounded lips--like whispering the syllable xu.</p>
<p>chǎoxǐng: ’’to wake up by making noise&quot; Chao can mean ’’to be noisy,’’ or as in chǎoxing， &quot;to disturb by being noisy.&quot; [It can also mean ”to quarrel, to squabble, ] Xǐng (Welfare module, Unit U) is ”to wake up，” a process verb. The compound chǎoxǐng is therefore made up of an action verb plus a process verb, with the meaning <sup>n</sup>by performing the action, to cause the process (change of state) to occur.<sup>Tt</sup> You can use this pattern to make a lot of useful compound verbs:</p>
<p>Nī zǒulěi le ba, zuoxia xiūxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You must be tired (from walking)•</p>
<p>yihuǐr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sit down and rest a while.</p>
<p>A: Tā zěnme bing le? Shi bu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How come he got sick? Was it that he zuotiān hěde tai duo? had too much to drink yesterday?</p>
<p>B: Bia shi hēde tai duo, shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, he didn<sup>f</sup>t have too much to drink, chide tai duo chībing le. He got sick from eating too much.</p>
<p>Ni shuigou le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you get enough sleep?</p>
<p>Tā bǎ yǎnjing kuhong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She cried her eyes red.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>2U9</p>
<p>3. A: Nī kan zheicide shēngyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How do you think business will</p>
<p>zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go this time?</p>
<p>B: Bu zhīdao. Yao kan yunqi le. I don<sup>f</sup>t know. It depends on luck.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>shēngyi: &quot;business, trade” Also pronounced shēngyi•</p>
<p>yao kan: ’’depends on...<sup>n</sup> By itself, kan (which you know as &quot;to look at” axiā <sup>,f</sup>to think, to have the opinion that&quot;) has another meaning, ’’to depend on, to be up to, to be determined by.&quot; Often yao or děi is added before it.</p>
<p>A: NJ mingtiān shi qu haishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are you going tomorrov or not?</p>
<p>bň qū?</p>
<p>B: Ng, děi kaji tianqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to, that depends on the weather.</p>
<p>A: Wo jīntiān kěyi zǎo diǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can I go home early today? hui jia ma?</p>
<p>B: (Yao) kan nī zuodewan zuobu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That depends on whether you can</p>
<p>wan zhěixie shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;finish these tasks.</p>
<p>A: Nī něng gen women qu Jiazhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can you go to California with us? ma?</p>
<p>B: Jiu kan shi jian le, yao shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That only depends on the time. If</p>
<p>xiatian jiu kěyi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>f</sup>s in the summer I can go.</p>
<p>Kan nǐde le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s all up to you nov!</p>
<p>yunqi: &quot;luck; to be lucky” This word can be used either as a noun or as an adjectival verb. The following sentences show some of its uses as a noun:</p>
<p>Tade yunqi zhen bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He really has good luck.</p>
<p>Nǐ yunqi zhen hao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>re really lucky!</p>
<p>[To say &quot;to be unlucky,&quot; use daoměi or bu zou yun.3</p>
<p>U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qu mǎi xie gongyi- I want to go &quot;buy some handicrafts pin daihul Měigu6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take back to America,</p>
<p>B: W5 zhěr zhěnghao ySu jJjian, I just happen to have some here, n? dou daishang ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Take them with you.</p>
<p>Notes on No. U</p>
<p>daihui: &quot;to bring/take back&quot; You have seen hui used as a main verb meaning &quot;to return to，&quot; in hui jia, &quot;to return home，” and hui_guo, &quot;to return to one's country,’<sup>1</sup> and with the endings -lai and -qu as in huilai，&quot;to come back.&quot; Here you see it used as a directional ending. Daihui can only be</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>250</p>
<p>used if it is followed by a place name, like Měiguo in sentence hA. Otherwise you should use daihuilai or daihuiqu&gt; depending on whether the direction is toward or avay from the point of reference.</p>
<p>Zhěixie cai vǒmen chībuvan, kěyi We can<sup>f</sup>t finish these dishes (of food). daihui qu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;May ve take them back vith us?</p>
<p>A: Zěnme yuande lu, zoubuhuiqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup> s such a long vay. We can<sup>f</sup>t valk</p>
<p>le ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;back, can ve?</p>
<p>B: Zoudehuiqu. Xianzai cāi wǔ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sure ve can. It<sup>1</sup>s only five o*clock</p>
<p>diǎn zhōng, zouhuiqu zhī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nov. It vill only take an hour and</p>
<p>yao yige ban zh5ngtou jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a half to valk back, gou le.</p>
<p>Nī ba pěngyou songqu yǐhou, děi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After you<sup>f</sup>ve dropped your friend off,</p>
<p>ba chi kaihuilai, vo yao yong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you have to drive the car back here.</p>
<p>I vant to use it.</p>
<p>zhěnghǎo(r): (1) ’’just right; just in time; just enough”</p>
<p>Nǐ zhěishuang xiě vo chuān zhěng- These shoes of yours fit me just hǎo(r). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;right.</p>
<p>Nī lāide zhěnghǎo(r)， van jifēn You came just in time. If you<sup>1</sup>d come zhōng vo jiu zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a fev minutes later, I would have</p>
<p>already left•</p>
<p>Zhěixiē qiān zhěnghǎo(r) mǎi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This money is just enough to buy that</p>
<p>něige dianshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.V.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>ff</sup>to be opportune<sup>,f</sup></p>
<p>Nī zai zhěr zhěnghǎo(r)，bang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup> s a good thing (lit.， <sup>,,</sup>opportune<sup>,t</sup>)</p>
<p>vo yige mang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>1</sup>re here- You can help me out.</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;’’as it happens, it just so happens’<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Jīntiān zhěnghǎo(r) pěngdao* Lǐ I just happened to run into Mr, Lǐ Xiānsheng, jiu ba shiqing ban &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today, so I took care of that</p>
<p>le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;matter.</p>
<p>Wǒ běnlāi xiǎng xiāge yuě mǎi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I vas originally going to buy a sofa</p>
<p>shāfā**, jīntiān zhěnghǎo(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;next month, but today I happened to</p>
<p>pěngdao hěshide， jiu mǎi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;come across the right kind, so I</p>
<p>bought it•</p>
<p>•pěngdao， ”to run into, to come across”</p>
<p>•*shafa, &quot;sofa”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>251</p>
<p>daishang: ”to take along with one” In the Beijīng dialect, the verb ending -shang is sometimes used to mean <sup>11</sup> along with&quot; a person. (For the first example you need to know ti_, ’’to carry from the hand at the side of the body/<sup>1</sup>)</p>
<p>Ta tishang shūbāo jiu zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She picked up her schoolbag and left.</p>
<p>Zhěige sǎn nǐ nashang ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Take this umbrella along with you.</p>
<p>Ni baoshajig haizi, wo nazhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You carry the child, and I’ll hold</p>
<p>zhěige. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this.</p>
<p>Speakers who are not from Beijīng would use different endings in these cases， for example -zhe or -qu (depending on the meaning of the sentence).</p>
<p>5. A: Hǎoxiang shi Xiao Li cong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That looked like Xiao Lǐ who just</p>
<p>měnkStir guoqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passed by the door.</p>
<p>B: Ni haohaorde zai zhěr nian You just tend to your studies</p>
<p>shū bal Biě xiang done &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;匸properly]! Don<sup>f</sup>t be thinking of</p>
<p>xiang xīde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this and that.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 5</p>
<p>guoqu: ’’to pass, to go over<sup>11</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Contrast guoqu (neutral-tone qu) with guoqu (Fcīlling-tone qu)，&quot;the past” (see Unit h of this module).</p>
<p>Gu5lai is ”to come over•”</p>
<p>Ni guoqu kanksui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Go over there and take a look.</p>
<p>Menkou guoqu yige rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Someone passed by the door,</p>
<p>Nar guolai yige rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Someone is coining over from there.</p>
<p>Yihuǐr jiu guoqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It will pass in just a while.</p>
<p>Kuai guolai I &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come on over here!</p>
<p>Guolai zuo yihuJr ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come over (to my house) for a while.</p>
<p>(Lit., ”Come over to sit awhile.&quot;)</p>
<p>Guolai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C<sup>f</sup>mere! OR Get over here. (CAN BE</p>
<p>IMPOLITE)</p>
<p>Guoqu is also a polite or respectful word for ’’to die,&quot; similar to English ，’to pass away.&quot; As mentioned in Unit 5，Chinese often avoid using the stark-sounding s?.</p>
<p>hǎohaor: &quot;well; industriously; properly; thoroughly&quot; In Unit 1 of this module，you learned manmanr <sup>ft</sup>slowly,<sup>tf</sup> which is a reduplication of the adjec-tival verb man ”to be slow.<sup>11</sup> In Beijing conversation, the second mSn is said vith the first tone, and is added, making manmanr• In many other parts of China, it is said as manmaji* Likewise, Beijing haohāor is often heard as</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>phrases， especially ones with a parallel structure, -de means &quot;that way，” describing a way of looking， acting， or just a state of affairs. (For the following examples, you need these three items: lǎo, &quot;all the time, always<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>252</p>
<p>haohao elsewhere. Reduplication allows an adjectival ver&quot;b to &quot;be used &quot;before a ver&quot;b as a modifier, with or without -de，for example, manman(de) chi, &quot;to eat slowly，&quot; haohao(de) ting&gt; ”to listen well.&quot;</p>
<p>Haohaorde (hǎohǎode) has more specific meanings than Just &quot;well.” It can mean &quot;properly&quot;thoroughlyor &quot;nicely,or <sup>ft</sup>in perfectly good condition, with nothing the least &quot;bit wrong.<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>Xianzai haohaorde niān shū, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Study properly now, and do your jot</p>
<p>yǐhou haohaorde gSngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;properly later on.</p>
<p>Gangcai hai haohaorde， xianzai Everything was fine just a minute &quot;bu zhi zěnme hui shi you kū- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ago. Now I don<sup>f</sup>t know what hap-</p>
<p>qilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pened, &quot;but she’s crying again.</p>
<p>Zhěngzhide shiqing gen xiǎohaizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Politics is like children playing, wānr yiyang, liǎngtiān yǐqian First everything’s fine, and then hai haohaorde, liǎngtiān yǐhou a couple of days later they<sup>1</sup> re jiu dǎqilai le. fighting.</p>
<p>xiǎng dong xiang xi: ”to think of this and that, to let one<sup>1</sup>s mind wander<sup>11</sup> D5ng,，’east，&quot; and xi, &quot;west，” are used in the patterns (Ver~b) d5np： (Ver~b) xi and dong (Ver~b) xī~Tver~b) to express that a person<sup>1</sup> s action has no definite aim or that something is done haphazardly. More examples:</p>
<p>kan dong kan xī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;looking here and there</p>
<p>xuě d5ng xuě xī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studying this and that</p>
<p>zou dong zou xi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;walking all about</p>
<p>zhǎo dong zhǎo xī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;searching here and there</p>
<p>You can also say dong xiǎng xi xiǎng, dong kan xT kan&gt; etc. Here are some examples in sentences:</p>
<p>Guo malude shihou，&quot;biě zhěme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>1</sup>1 let your eyes wander when you</p>
<p>kan dong kan xide, du6 wěixiān cross the street. It's very dan-a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gerous!</p>
<p>Tǎ zong shi xuě dong xuě xīde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>1</sup> s &quot;been studying this and that for</p>
<p>yijing shinian le, hai měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ten years, and still hasn't gradu-</p>
<p>cong daxuě &quot;biyě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ated from college.</p>
<p>Ni shenme dongxi diǔ le, zhǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You're hunting all over the place,</p>
<p>dong zhǎo xīde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did you lose?</p>
<p>Zhěi liǎngnian wǒ yizhi zou dong The past couple of years I<sup>1</sup> ve &quot;been zou xī, měi shi Jiān gen Jiāli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;traipsing all over the place，and</p>
<p>rěn zai yiqi • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;haven<sup>1</sup>1 had any time to &quot;be vith my</p>
<p>family.</p>
<p>.••-de: Here you see a new use of the marker -de. After certain phrases， especially ones with a parallel structure, -de means &quot;that way，” describing a way of looking， acting， or just a state of affairs. (For the</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>*kěai, &quot;to be loveable/adorable*'</p>
<p>253</p>
<p>bu huang bu mang, &quot;calm，not the least bit flustered<sup>11</sup>; and dǎ zhen, <sup>T</sup>’to get an injection.<sup>11</sup>)</p>
<p>Nǐ ganma lǎo zǒuchū zǒujinde?! How come you keep walking in and</p>
<p>out?!</p>
<p>Shi Jian kuai dao le, nǐ zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup> s almost time, how can you be so</p>
<p>hai bu huāng &quot;bu mangde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calm?</p>
<p>Zhěi bange du5 yuě, you dǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;During the past half month or so,</p>
<p>zhēn you chī yaode, tade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with all the injections and medi-</p>
<p>tuǐ hǎoxiang yǐjlng hǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cations，her leg seems to have</p>
<p>already recovered.</p>
<p>Zhěi shi shěnme xiě! Yizhī da What kind of shoes are these, with yizhī xiǎode! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one bigger than the other!</p>
<p>6. A: Qunian tade Yīngvěn hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Last year his English still sounded</p>
<p>shuode name nantīng, Jīn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so awful, but this year it seems</p>
<p>nian hǎoxiang hǎoduo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot better- What happened?</p>
<p>Shi zěnme hui shi?</p>
<p>B: Shi zěnme hui shi, ta mǔqin It<sup>1</sup> s this vay, his mother dotes on ~těng ta, song ta qu Yīng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him and sent him to school in</p>
<p>guo nianle yinian shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;England for a year.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>těng: &quot;to be fond of, to be attached to, to dote on”</p>
<p>Zhěige haizi, bū guǎn nǐ zěnme This kid! No matter how fond of him těng ta, ta yě bu ting hua. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you are, he never does what you say.</p>
<p>Nǎinai zhen těng wǒ didi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma is really attached to (OR</p>
<p>dotes on) iny younger brother.</p>
<p>Zhěi haizi zhen kěai*! Rang rěn This child is adorable; you can’t bu něng bu těng! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;help but be fond of him!</p>
<p>TS těbiě těng ěrzi, zong pa ta She is especially attached to her ch3TbuhSo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;son, and is always afraid that</p>
<p>he won<sup>f</sup>t eat well.</p>
<p>zěnme hui shi: &quot;vhat happened; what<sup>1</sup>s it all about; vhat<sup>1</sup>s the story&quot; Also said as zěnme yihul shi* Zěnme here means zěnmeyang, &quot;vhat kind, of what nature, Hui is a counter for shi, as in You zhěihul shi ma?, &quot;Is there such a thing?&quot; or ’’Did such a thing (really) happen?，，In the phrase zěnme yihui shi, the niunber is often dropped from yihul Just as it can be dropped in phrases like chī (yl)ge plngguǒ, ”eat an apple/<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Zhěi shi zěnme hui shi? Wǔli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is this，anyway? Why is this</p>
<p>zěnme name zSng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;room so dirty?</p>
<p>•kěai, <sup>ff</sup>to be loveable/adorable&quot;</p>
<p>SOC, Unit <sup>Q</sup></p>
<p>二hei sh: rěr~.e hui shi? Dongxi What's going on， anyway? Things are yitiān &quot;bǐ yitiān gui! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;getting more and more expensive</p>
<p>every day.</p>
<p>zerj^e hui shi: Also zheue hui shi, This phrase has two main uses:</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Used before telling the facts or details of an event, as in sentence 6B. (2； Said after one learns the facts or outcome of an event, e.g.,</p>
<p>Yuanlai shi zhěme hui shi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, so that's the story!</p>
<p>Yac zhīdao shi zhěr.e hui shi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If I had known that was what it was</p>
<p>vc j'iu &quot;bu lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all about, I wouldn't have come.</p>
<p>' A: Tā you qu zhao Xiao Lan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uhat is he going to see Xiao Lan for?</p>
<p>gan shenr.e, rěnjia you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After all，she doesn't like him. tu xǐhuar. ta!</p>
<p>E: Nǐ &quot;bie ji, wo lai quanquan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t get upset， I<sup>1</sup>11 try to per-</p>
<p>ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suade him,</p>
<p>I^otes on Xo. 7</p>
<p>zhao: Literally, ’’to look for,” but when the object is a person it can 二ear:, &quot;to call on” a person. This is the way zhǎo is used in sentence 了A， hence the translation &quot;going to see Xiǎo Lan,<sup>n</sup> rather than &quot;going to look for Xiac Lan.<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Xingaitian tā zongshi qu zhǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On Sundays, he always goes to see</p>
<p>pěngyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his friends•</p>
<p>Zheizhong wěnti zhao ta měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you have that kind of problem,</p>
<p>cuo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you won't go wrong if you go to</p>
<p>him,</p>
<p>Zhao vo měi yong, wǒ bu guan zhě It<sup>1</sup>s useless to come to me about shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this matter, I’m not in charge of</p>
<p>it.</p>
<p>gan shenme: ''to do what; what for, vhy&quot; Gan is the verb ” to do.” Gan shěnme and the similar ganma can be used (1) to ask what someone is doing;</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like věishenme, except with a livelier, more conversational tone; or</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rhetorically, to question the value or use of something.</p>
<p>Nǐ ganma ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you doing?</p>
<p>liǐ mingtiān gan shenine? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you doing tomorrov?</p>
<p>Gan shenne lao gēnzhe* wo!? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you doing always following</p>
<p>me?</p>
<p>•gěn，’’to follov”</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>Ganma mǎi zhěige? Name gui! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did you &quot;buy this for? It<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>so expensive!</p>
<p>Nǐ ganm£ zong ting tade?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov come you always do what he^ says?!</p>
<p>Hai zai zhěr gan shěnme? Kuai Why are you still here? Hurry up hui jia ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and go home!</p>
<p>Zhěi shi xiǎo shiqing ma! Nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is such a small matter! Why</p>
<p>ganma zhěme shēngqi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should you get so angry?</p>
<p>Zhěige dōngxi shi ganmāde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What<sup>f</sup>s this thing for?</p>
<p>A: Wǎnshang nǐ yiding dao ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You have to go to her house tonight.</p>
<p>jia qu yitang.</p>
<p>B: Gan shenme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What for?</p>
<p>A: Bǎ zhěige songqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To take this to her.</p>
<p>Lian dou hu qu, wǒ gan shenme If you aren’t even going, why should qu?~ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>_</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I go?</p>
<p>you: You have seen the adverb you meaning (1) <sup>11</sup> again,<sup>11</sup> as in N? you lai le, ” You’re here again<sup>11</sup> and (2) ”both. • .and. • •，” as in You hǎo you pi any i, ^oth good and inexpensive.<sup>11</sup> In sentence 了A, you is used to stress that the speaker thinks what he is saying is a strong reason why something should be otherwise. This you is usually used in sentences with the verb made negative, or in rhetorical questions (those to which no answer is expected).</p>
<p>IN SENTENCES WITH THE VERB MADE NEGATIVE</p>
<p>Ta you &quot;bu shǎ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>f</sup>s no dummy, after all.</p>
<p>Wo you bu zhīdao jīntiān xia yǔ. After all, I didn’t know it vas going</p>
<p>to rain today.</p>
<p>Nǐ you měi kanjianguo ta, n5C &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’ve never seen him, after all;</p>
<p>zěnme zhīdao ta &quot;bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how could you know he<sup>f</sup>s no good?</p>
<p>Ta you &quot;bti shi wai Jiao guan, zěnme He<sup>f</sup>s not a diplomat, after all; why zai dashiguǎn gongzuo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is he working in the embassy?</p>
<p>IN RHETORICAL QUESTIONS</p>
<p>Ta you zhīdao shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does he know, anyvay? (Means，</p>
<p>”He doesn’t know anything.<sup>11</sup>)</p>
<p>Shěi you něng kande name yuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who could have seen that far ahead,</p>
<p>ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after all? (Means» ”No one could</p>
<p>have seen that far/’）</p>
<p>Buzhǎng you zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So what if he<sup>f</sup>s a (government) minis</p>
<p>ter? (Means, ”The fact that he<sup>f</sup>s a government minister is unimpressive.<sup>11</sup>)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>256</p>
<p>Yaoshi tā &quot;bū něng zuo, shěi you If he can’t do it，who can? (Means， něng zuo ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;’’If he can’t，notody can/’）</p>
<p>quan: ’’to advise” or ’’to try to persuade’’ a person. This &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;describes the</p>
<p>action of talking to someone in order to &quot;bring them around to a &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;certain way</p>
<p>of thinking. Sentence 了B might &quot;be translated simply as, ’’Don’t &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get upset，</p>
<p>IU talk to him.&quot;</p>
<p>Wǒ quan ni haishi &quot;bu yao xuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My advice to you is not &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study lit一</p>
<p>wěnxuě, &quot;biyě yǐhou zhǎo gong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;erature. It would be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;awfully hard</p>
<p>zuo nan na! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to find a Job after you graduate.</p>
<p>Tāde shi nǐ &quot;bu yao quan, tā hui You<sup>1</sup> d &quot;better not try to advise him gěi ni zhǎo māfande. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about his affairs, otherwise he’ll</p>
<p>give you trouble.</p>
<p>8. A: Nǐ shuo wǒ ^ai ~bu gai qū? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think I should go?</p>
<p>B: Nǐ kanzhe &quot;ban &quot;ba, tīngshuō You do as you see fit, &quot;but I hear něige difangr kuai dǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that there’s a/bout to &quot;be a war</p>
<p>zhang le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>gai: ”should; ought to; to &quot;be someone’s turn to (do something)” Gāi is an auxiliary ver&quot;b very similar in meaning to yīnfigāi •</p>
<p>Kuai qidiǎn &quot;ban le, wǒ gāi shang It’s almost seven-thirty. I should &quot;ban qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;be leaving for work.</p>
<p>Wǒ gai shu5 shenme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What should I say?</p>
<p>Gai is frequently used &quot;before the subject of a clause. In such cases it can also mean ’’to &quot;be (someone<sup>1</sup> s) turn to (do something).<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>Mingtiān gāi tā qǐng kě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow it<sup>1</sup>s his turn to treat.</p>
<p>Zhěixiē shi &quot;běnlai gāi wo zuode, It should have &quot;been me who did these &quot;bingle zhěi Jǐtian, tongshi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things in the first place， &quot;but with</p>
<p>men dou &quot;bang mang zuowan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me &quot;being sick the past few days ,</p>
<p>my colleagues finished them all for me.</p>
<p>Zhěici gāi wǒ qǐng ni kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This time it<sup>f</sup>s my turn to treat you</p>
<p>dianyǐng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to a movie.</p>
<p>Gāi nǐ zou le OR Gāi nǐ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your move OR It’s your turn.</p>
<p>(in playing a gane)</p>
<p>kanzhe: In front of another vert, kanzhe means ’’（do something) as one sees fit.<sup>M</sup> The &quot;locking” in kanzhe refers to looking at the situation in order to decide what one is able to do and what is &quot;best to do. The most common phrase in which kanzhe appears is kanzhe &quot;ban, ’’to do as one thinks &quot;best.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>T</p>
<p>5</p>
<p>2</p>
<p>A: Nī shuo wǒ shi qū hǎo ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think it vould be best for me</p>
<p>Haishi bu qu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go or not to go?</p>
<p>B: Zěnme shu5 ne? Nǐ kanzhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What should I say? Do what you think</p>
<p>ban ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;best!</p>
<p>A: Nǐ yao mǎi shěnme yansěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What color shirt do you vant to buy?</p>
<p>chěnshan?</p>
<p>B: Nǐ kanzhe mǎi ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Buy what you think best.</p>
<p>dǎ zhang： <sup>n</sup>to fight a war, to go to war&quot; This is a verb plus general object, like nian shu. Zhang is not used by itself (except in a construction like Zhěi yi zhang dale hǎojige yuě, &quot;This battle/var was fought for many months，” in which zhang simply precedes dǎ instead of following it).</p>
<p>If you want to say &quot;war” by itself, you have to use another word, zhanzhēnR, which is taught in the next module.</p>
<p>9. A: Gangcai wǒ qu gěi Wang Daifu Just nov when I went to see Dr. Wang songxing, ta shuo ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;off，he said he would be willing</p>
<p>yuanyi gěi nin kankan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to see you [medically!3 •</p>
<p>B: Zhěi yixiazi hao le. Děng (Now) that<sup>f</sup>s great. I<sup>f</sup>11 go see him ta huflai vo qu kan ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when he gets back.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 9</p>
<p>songxing: (l) <sup>f,</sup>to see off，to wish (someone) a good trip”</p>
<p>Xiawǔ liSngdiǎn wǒ dao Jīch&amp;ng At two this afternoon I<sup>f</sup>m going to gěi Zhang Xiānsheng, Zhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the airport to see Mr. and Mrs,</p>
<p>Taitai songxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhang off.</p>
<p>(2) &quot;to give a going-away party<sup>11</sup></p>
<p>A: Nǐ jīntiān vSnshang ySu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are you busy tonight? měiyou shi?</p>
<p>B: WSmen Jintian vǎnshang chūqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We<sup>f</sup>re going out for dinner tonight</p>
<p>chī fan, gěi pěngyou song- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have a going-away party for a</p>
<p>xing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friend.</p>
<p>zhěi yixiazi: &quot;as a result of this&quot; This means that something has happened which brings a nev turn to the situation• It can often be translated into English simply by using the word &quot;now•” （In sentence 9B，it may be best Just to omit it from the translation.)</p>
<p>Qiin lai le, zhěi yixiazi kěyi The money has come. Now we can b\ay mǎi fangzi le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the house!</p>
<p>Zhěi yixiazi zaogao le, wSde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is terrible! I don<sup>1</sup>t have</p>
<p>qian &quot;bu gou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enough money (e.g.，to pay for the</p>
<p>things I just brought to the cashier).</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>Bādian ban le, nǐ yě bu zao diǎnr It’s half past eight! VOiy didn<sup>T</sup>t you Jiao wo, wo xianzai lāibuji le. get me up before? Nov I von<sup>f</sup>t make</p>
<p>it in time.</p>
<p>258</p>
<p>děng: &quot;vhen， by the time; till” This word, which you first &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;learned</p>
<p>as &quot;to wait,<sup>n</sup> can have these other meanings in a dependent clause. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This use</p>
<p>is similar to that of deng_dao, which you learned in Unit 3 may be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;used for <sup>u</sup>when<sup>n</sup> or <sup>n</sup>by the time/</p>
<p>Děng vo daole Beijing wǒ cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It wasn't till I got to Beijing that</p>
<p>zhīdao tā yě zai Běijīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I found out he was there too.</p>
<p>10. A: Zhěige shǎ haizi&gt; zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What a stupid kid, why didn't you</p>
<p>dāde shir yě bu zǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tell me about this before, since</p>
<p>diǎnr gaosu vo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it's such an important thing.</p>
<p>B: Wo yuanlai gěn nin shuoguo, I did tell you, but you've forgotten, nin wāng le.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 10</p>
<p>shǎ: ”to be stupid, to be silly, to be naive&quot;</p>
<p>Nǐ zhen shǎ! Qian fang zai yin- You're really silly. It's such a hangli duo hǎo! Fang zai jia- good idea to put your money in a li gan shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bank, what are you keeping it at</p>
<p>home for?</p>
<p>Sha haizi， biě zong wen něixie You silly kid, would you quit asking shS wěntf, hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;such silly questions all the time?</p>
<p>zǎo: Besides &quot;early,&quot; zǎo can also mean &quot;&quot;before, sooner,<sup>n</sup> or &quot;long ago.&quot; Here are more examples.</p>
<p>Tamen jǐge nutongxuě zǎo J iu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those women students took off for the</p>
<p>pao dao hǎibianr qu wanr le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;beach a long time ago.</p>
<p>Hai! Wǒ zǎo lai yitiān jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Sigh) If only I had come a day</p>
<p>hao le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;earlier.</p>
<p>Sometimes zǎo only conveys the speaker's feeling of regret and irritation.</p>
<p>，，A long time ago，，might actually be no more than a moment ago. In such cases, zǎo can be translated by intonation alone:</p>
<p>Nǐ zenme bu zǎo shuo! Xianzai Why didn<sup>f</sup>t you say so (before)I Hov hai laidejl ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can ve make it in time nov?</p>
<p>Wǒ zǎo zhīdao ta shi zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If I had knovn that he vas this vay,</p>
<p>yangzi Jiu bu hui zhěme shǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I vouldn<sup>f</sup>t have been so naive.</p>
<p>le.</p>
<p>yě bu: &quot;don't even, von't even, vouldn't even” do something that one should do.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>*gen, &quot;to follow, to go along with&quot;</p>
<p>259</p>
<p>Nī ye &quot;bu kuai dianr shSushi, wo- Will you hurry up and get your things men d5u děngjf le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ready? We<sup>1</sup> re all getting itchy</p>
<p>(from waiting).</p>
<p>Ta yě &quot;bu kuai dianr lai, cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is keeping him C<sup>lf</sup>Won<sup>f</sup>t he even</p>
<p>yījīng liang le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;come a little faster&quot;]? The food</p>
<p>is cold already!</p>
<p>yuanlai: (1) &quot;originally&quot; In this meaning, it is usually interchangeable with běnlai• which you learned in Unit T.</p>
<p>Ta yuanlai &quot;bu chī rou, xianzai He didn’t used to eat meat. No he<sup>1</sup> s bū zhīdao zenme chīqilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;started eating it for some reason.</p>
<p>Wo yuanlai měi jihua qu Ouzhōu, I hadn<sup>f</sup>t originally planned to go to houlai tā yfding yao qū, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Europe. Then she insisted on going,</p>
<p>yě jiu gēnqu* wanrle yitang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so I went along for the fun of it.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Used when revealing a fact which was not previously known, especially when that fact provides an explanation or solution to a puzzling situation. JThis can sometimes &quot;be translated &quot;by ”it turns out that&quot; •” or &quot;by <sup>ff</sup>So. .. !<sup>lf</sup></p>
<p>(Běnlai cannot &quot;be used for this meaning.)</p>
<p>Wo xiǎng shi ta xiěde, yuanlěi Oh, so you wrote this! I thought Jiu shi nī xiěde! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he wrote it.</p>
<p>A! Yuanlai nī Jiu shi Xu Xian- Oh! So you*re Mr. X^i? Welcome! sheng? Huānyfng, tai huānying Welcome indeed! le!</p>
<p>A, yuanlāi shi zhěme huf shi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! So that<sup>1</sup> s what happened!</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yuanlaide may 'be used to modify a noun, with the meaning &quot;original”：</p>
<p>Women yuanlěide jihua shi xiage Our original plan was to go next XTngqīwǔ qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Friday.</p>
<p>Tāmen yuSnlaide fangzi zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Their original house was outside the</p>
<p>chěngwaitou, xianzai ban dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city, (but) now they We moved</p>
<p>chěngli qu zhu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;into the city.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>260</p>
<p>Unit 8， Reviev Dialogue</p>
<p>In Lǐ Ping and Tom<sup>f</sup>s &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;room, Tom (A) is getting his things packed, when Lǐ Ping (B) comes in.</p>
<p>B: Tāngmǔ, wo tīngshuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ni yao qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tom, I hear you<sup>1</sup> re going to the</p>
<p>dalu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mainland?</p>
<p>A: Shx a, shāngwu wo dao lingshi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yeah! I went to the consulate</p>
<p>guǎn qu kaji yige pěngyou. Zhěng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this morning to visit a friend, and</p>
<p>haor you yige gongsT dao dalu qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there just happened to &quot;be a company</p>
<p>tan shēngyi. Tāmen yao yige dǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to the mainland on &quot;business.</p>
<p>zi dāde kuai, you dong dianr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They wanted someone who could type</p>
<p>ZhSngwěnde rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fast and who understood a little</p>
<p>Chinese.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ yunqi zhēn &quot;bu cuo. Yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>re so lucky. How long are</p>
<p>qu duo jiǔ ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you going for?</p>
<p>A: Yao kaji qingkuajig, dagai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We’ll have to see. ProTDalDly two</p>
<p>&quot;bange yuě dao yige yuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;weeks to a month.</p>
<p>B: Wo yě dao Taiwan qu &quot;bajige yuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And I<sup>f</sup>m going to Taiwan for two</p>
<p>Vang Cheng qīng vo he Xiǎo Wen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;weeks. Wang Cheng invited Xiǎo Wen</p>
<p>dao ta jia qu wanr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Li Wen) and me to his house.</p>
<p>A: Āhā! Zhě yixiar zhen &quot;bu cub, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup> s great! You<sup>f</sup>re going to</p>
<p>wo qu dalu, nǐ qu Taiwan, huilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taiwan and I<sup>f</sup>m going to the mainland,</p>
<p>yǐhou women lai yige kaoshi, kaji- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When we get &quot;back we<sup>f</sup> 11 have to have</p>
<p>kan shěi dui shěhui qingkuajig &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a little contest and see who<sup>f</sup> s done</p>
<p>yanjiūde &quot;bijiao hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a &quot;better job of studying society,</p>
<p>B: Hǎo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay.</p>
<p>(Lī Ping<sup>f</sup>s grandmother (C) enters.)</p>
<p>C: Xiǎo Ping, Tāngmǔ, nǐmen dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hi，Xiǎo Ping. Hi, Tom. * zai zhěr ne!</p>
<p>B: Nainai, nin zěnme &quot;bu shui wǔ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How come you<sup>f</sup>re not taking your</p>
<p>jiao le?** &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nap, grandma?**</p>
<p>A: Li Nǎinai, duilDuqi, women &quot;bǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m sorry Grandma Li, we woke you</p>
<p>nin chaoxing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up,</p>
<p>•Notice that grandma says literally <sup>f?</sup>You are both here.,. This, however, is not a statement made after looking for the tvo and finally finding them.</p>
<p>It<sup>f</sup>s simply a common way of greeting or starting a conversation: you state the obvious.</p>
<p>**More literally, <sup>ff</sup>How is it you are no longer taking your nap?,, (New-situation le)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>261</p>
<p>C: Měiyou, wo yě gai qǐlai le - * &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No you didn*t. It was about</p>
<p>time I got up anyway*</p>
<p>Tangmǔ a, nǐ dao dalu qu, bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tom, when you go to the mainland, it</p>
<p>xiang zai Měiguo, zai Xianggang; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;won’t be like America or Hong Kong;</p>
<p>yao zhīdao du5 zhaogu zijī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you’ll have to know how to look</p>
<p>Xiǎo Ping mama chǔqu gěi ni mǎi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after yourself. Xiǎo Ping<sup>1</sup> s mother</p>
<p>diǎnr dSngxi daishang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;went out to get you some things to</p>
<p>take with you.</p>
<p>A: Lǐ Nǎinai, wo shěnme dou you, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have everything, Grandma Li, I</p>
<p>bu yong dai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t need to take anything else.</p>
<p>(Xiǎo Wen (E) comes in quietly.)</p>
<p>E: Wǒ nǎinai, wǒ ma dou těng ni, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ity grandmother and mother are fond</p>
<p>nǐ Jiu daishang ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of you, go ahead and take the things!</p>
<p>A: Lǐ Nainai, wo hui Měiguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grandma L5l» I have to come</p>
<p>yjqiān, hai xiǎng zai lai yici, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;back here once again before I go</p>
<p>xīng bu xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to America. Will that be okay?</p>
<p>C: Zhěi haizi, zěnme bu xing ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, this youngster! How could it</p>
<p>Zhěr Jiu shi nide Jia ya! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not be all right? This is your home!</p>
<p>A: Nin yao wo gěi nin dai diǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you want me to bring you</p>
<p>shěnme dongxi a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;back something?</p>
<p>C: Dui le, zhěr you yi zhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, here<sup>1</sup> s a list. *** It<sup>1</sup> s some</p>
<p>danzi,*** shi yixie gongyipǐn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;handicrafts. The money is in this</p>
<p>qian Jiu zai zhěige xinfēngrli, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;envelope. Buy what you can. nǐ kanzhe mSi ba!</p>
<p>E: Nainai, zanmen Jiā you name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have so many handicrafts already,</p>
<p>xie gongyipJn» hai mǎi t£ gan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;why do you want to buy more of them? shěnme!</p>
<p>C: Sha haizi, děng dao nl Jiēhūnde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Silly girl! They<sup>1</sup>11 come in handy</p>
<p>shihou jiu you yong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when you get married.</p>
<p>E: Name nantīng! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ugh! That sounds awful!</p>
<p>C: Na you shěnme nantīng, hǎo shir &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What<sup>1</sup> s so awful about that? That</p>
<p>ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(marriage) is a happy event.</p>
<p>*In other words, they did wake her up &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with their talking.</p>
<p>**Grandma is referring to living conditions--it<sup>T</sup>s not as comfortable on the</p>
<p>mainland as in the U.S. or Hong Kong.</p>
<p>***This is a natural example of how one who has freely extended favors is</p>
<p>not shy to ask a favor in return.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>262</p>
<p>E: Nǐmen zai zhěr, * wo qu kajikan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t get up. * I think mom is</p>
<p>hǎoxiang mama huilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;back, I<sup>f</sup>m going to go see.</p>
<p>(Xiǎo Wen leaves.)</p>
<p>A: Nǎinai, Xiao Wen zhēnde yao<sub>v</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is Xiǎo Wen really getting married,</p>
<p>jiěhun le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandma?</p>
<p>B: Shi zhěme hui shi, Xiao Wen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s like this: When Xiǎo Wen</p>
<p>zai Yīngguo niaji shǔde shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was studying in England she met a</p>
<p>rěnshile yige Ri&quot;běn rěn, xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Japanese guy. Now he works at the</p>
<p>ta he Xiǎo Wen zai yige yinhangli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;same &quot;bank as she does. He<sup>f</sup> s very</p>
<p>zuo shi, dui Xiǎo Wen &quot;bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nice to her, &quot;but ...</p>
<p>Kěshi ...</p>
<p>C: Yuanlai, wo he Xiǎo Wen tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Originally, Xiǎo Wen’s father and</p>
<p>&quot;bata d5u &quot;bu tongyi. Ni xiǎng ma, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I were &quot;both against it. After all,</p>
<p>Zhongguo rěn he Riběn rěn zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there*s Just no way that Chinese and</p>
<p>yě měi &quot;banfar &quot;biancheng yijiazi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Japanese can &quot;become part of the same</p>
<p>ya! Kěshi Xiǎo Wen he ta mama &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family. But Xiǎo Wen and her mother</p>
<p>yuanyi, women yě Jiu &quot;bu něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wanted it, so there wasn<sup>f</sup>t anything</p>
<p>shuo shěnme le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we could say about it.</p>
<p>A: Xiǎo Wen mama zěnme shu5 ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did Xiǎo Wěn’s mother say</p>
<p>about it?</p>
<p>C: Ta quanle wo hǎojici. Tade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She tried to persuade me many</p>
<p>huā you daoli. Ta shuo, Zhong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;times. What she said makes sense,</p>
<p>guo rěn he Riten rěn shi dǎguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She said that the Chinese and the</p>
<p>zhang. Kěshi xianzai, shiqing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Japanese did go to war, but now that</p>
<p>yijing guoqu jishlnian le, wěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>1</sup> s all &quot;been over for a few decades，</p>
<p>shenme hai yao rang hāizimen chT &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;why should the children still &quot;be made</p>
<p>kǔ ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to suffer for it?</p>
<p>A: Bomǔ shuode dui. Ei, wo lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She’s right a&quot;bout that. By the</p>
<p>Xianggang zěnme duo tian le, zěn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;way, I’ve &quot;been here in Hong Kong for</p>
<p>me hai měi kanjian ta ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so many days nov, how is it that I</p>
<p>haven’t seen him?</p>
<p>C: Tā hui Ri'běn kan tā mama qu le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He went &quot;back to Japan to visit his</p>
<p>něi shi ge xiaoshunde haizi. Děng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother. He<sup>f</sup>s a very filial &quot;boy. He</p>
<p>ni cong dalu huilai de shihou, ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should &quot;be &quot;back &quot;by the time you come</p>
<p>yě gai huilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;back from the mainland.</p>
<p>A: Zhēn you yisi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s so interesting!</p>
<p>•More literally, &quot;You people are here•，’ Notice this simple way of leaving</p>
<p>a group. &quot;You’re here，’ is the functional equivalent of ’’You stay here,&quot; i.e.,</p>
<p>&quot;I*m going to leave. Please go on talking without me•” Another sentence you</p>
<p>can use when leaving a group is Nimen tantan, vo xian zǒu<sub>%</sub> <sup>?,</sup>You go on talking,</p>
<p>I’m going to leave,<sup>n</sup></p>
<p>••yijiazi means yijia rěn (one family).</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>263</p>
<p>C: You yisi &quot;ba,l Tāngmǔ, nǐ &quot;bu zhī- Oh, it<sup>f</sup>s interesting all right dao, rěn lǎo le, guānnian yě lǎo You don<sup>f</sup>t know, Tom, vhen a person le, yǒude shihour zhēnde yao gāi- gets old, their ideas get old too. gai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sometimes one really has to change</p>
<p>a &quot;bit.</p>
<p>(Xiǎo Ping<sup>f</sup>s mother [F] comes in carrying some things.)</p>
<p>B: Mā, nǐ huilai le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hi mom, you<sup>1</sup> re &quot;back?</p>
<p>F: Huilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hi, yeah, I<sup>f</sup>m back.</p>
<p>A: Bomǔ, vo shuo shěnme hao ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Auntie, what can I say? This is</p>
<p>Nin shi zai tai kěqi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really too polite of you.</p>
<p>F: Zhěidiǎn chide, yongde, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This food and these things are for</p>
<p>daiqu, zheliǎngjian yīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you to take with you. And these two</p>
<p>děngyixia chuānchuan kan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hěshi things to wear you can try on later &quot;bu hěshi. and see if they fit you.</p>
<p>A: Bomǔ, na jiu xiěxie le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well then, thanks a lot, auntie.</p>
<p>F: Name yidiǎndiǎn dSngxi xiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why should you thank me for these</p>
<p>shenine. Lushang hǎohǎo zhaogu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;odds and ends! You just look after</p>
<p>zijī, shiqing vanle Jiu huilai, yourself very carefully vhile you<sup>1</sup>re xiūxi jītiān zai hui Měiguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;traveling* and when the jo&quot;b is fin</p>
<p>ished come &quot;back here and rest up for a few days &quot;before you go &quot;back to America.</p>
<p>A: Ng, wo yiding huilai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I<sup>1</sup>11 &quot;be sure and come back.</p>
<p>C: Guo liǎngtiān, Xiǎo Ping* Xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In another day or two Xiǎo Ping and</p>
<p>Wen yě yao zou le. Xiǎo Ping &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Wen vill &quot;be leaving too. Mom,</p>
<p>ma&gt;^ jīnr^ wǎnshang z&amp;xr &quot;bu zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;let<sup>f</sup>s not make dinner tonight. When</p>
<p>fan le. Děng huJr Xiǎo Ping &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Plng<sup>f</sup>s father gets &quot;back, ve’ll</p>
<p>baba huilai, yikuair chūqu chT &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all go out to dinner and have a going-</p>
<p>wǎnfan, gěi hāizimen songsong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;away party for the kids, okay? xing, hao &quot;bu hǎo?</p>
<p>F: Hǎode, hǎode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All right.</p>
<p>^■Grandma<sup>1</sup> s reply intimates that the experience of her granddaughter having a Japanese boyfriend put her through some difficult times and made her reflect deeply on her opinions.</p>
<p>^Grandma Lǐ here addresses her daughter-in-law as Xiǎo Ping aā<sub>%</sub> ”Xiǎo P!ng，s mother.<sup>11</sup> Compare this with the way some grandparents in English-speaking countries call their grandchildren’s parents &quot;Mom&quot; and &quot;Dad&quot; even though they are their own children.</p>
<p>3jīnr: .llntian (Běijīng)</p>
<p>^zam： The slurred pronunciation of zanmen used in conversation. (Běijīng)</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>26k</p>
<p>Unit 8， Tape 2 Workbook</p>
<p>Exercise 1</p>
<p>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit• The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</p>
<p>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may vant to revind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</p>
<p>Exercise 2</p>
<p>In this exercise a mother and son talk in their apartment in HangzhSu.</p>
<p>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you<sup>T</sup>11 probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</p>
<p>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</p>
<p>xiǎo diǎnr shēngr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a little more quietly</p>
<p>hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wrap</p>
<p>tan lian<sup>ī</sup>ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be in love, to be roing together</p>
<p>(having a courtship)</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 2</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why is his sister going to America? Why is she taking handicrafts?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What will happen in the evening?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What news does he learn about his sister?</p>
<p>^his mot,her seem nervous? Hov can vou tell?</p>
<p>.\fter you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</p>
<p>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese•</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>265</p>
<p>Exercise 3</p>
<p>In this conversation a mother talks to her daughter in Běijīng about her grandparents.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</p>
<p>Here are the nev words for this conversation:</p>
<p>qiānxie nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a few years back</p>
<p>zai shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;besides, moreover</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise 3</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is Xiǎo Yun doing? Why?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is the latest news about Xiǎo Yun<sup>1</sup>s grandfather?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why does the mother seem to have little regard for the company she talks about ?</p>
<p>U. According to the mother, what is the grandfather<sup>1</sup>s attitude toward work?</p>
<p>5. What does the mother ask her daughter to write into the letter to grandfather?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers vhich you have prepared.</p>
<p>Exercise U</p>
<p>This conversation takes place in the office of a factory in Běijīng where an older man and a younger man are on the night shift.</p>
<p>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</p>
<p>You will need the following words and phrases:</p>
<p>Lǎo Shīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old master</p>
<p>gěming &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;revolution</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>266</p>
<p>Zhu Laozong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(an affectionate name for Zhū De,</p>
<p>a military leader of China and commander of the Eighth Route Army during the var of resistance against Japan.)</p>
<p>jūndui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;army</p>
<p>Questions for Exercise b</p>
<p>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did Wang Lao Shīfu do &quot;before the var of resistance against Japan? Was it a secure jcTb?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What happened to his &quot;business during the var of resistance against Japan?</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What did &quot;Zhū Laozong&quot; (Zhu De) do at that time? What did Wang Lao Shīfu do for Zhǔ Laozong?</p>
<p>After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly•</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>267</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</p>
<p>A mother (B) and her son (A) talk in their apartment in Hangzhou.</p>
<p>A: Ma, wǒ jiějie shěnme shihou zou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ma, vhen is older sister leaving? a?</p>
<p>B: Wǎnshang shiyīdiǎn zhongde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On the 11:00 train this evening•</p>
<p>huǒche. Ni xiǎo diǎnr shēngr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Speak a little more quietly. Dor^t</p>
<p>shuo huā. Biě bǎ ta chaoxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wake her, let her sleep a little</p>
<p>le, rang ta zai duo shui yihuǐr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;while longer.</p>
<p>A: Ao, jiějie shui wǔjiāo na, vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, sister is taking a (noontime)</p>
<p>xiǎo diǎnr shengr* Mā, jiějie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nap. 1,11 speak more softly. Ma,</p>
<p>yao daizǒude d5ngxi dou zhunbei- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have all the things older sister is</p>
<p>hao le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to take along with her been</p>
<p>gotten ready?</p>
<p>B: Chabuduo le, jiu shi hai you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just about, there are just a fev</p>
<p>yixiě gongyipǐn měiyou nonghǎo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;handicrafts not yet taken care of.</p>
<p>nǐ hullaile, zhěnghǎo bangbang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>ve come back just in time to</p>
<p>^ mang, bǎ zhěixiē dongxi baoqilai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;help by wrapping these things.</p>
<p>A: Jiějie shi dao Měiguo qu nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sister<sup>1</sup>s going to America to go to</p>
<p>shǔde, dai g5ngyipǐn gan shěnme? school; what is she taking handicrafts</p>
<p>for?</p>
<p>B: Zai daxuělǐ nian shū zong hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In college you，re always going to</p>
<p>you ge hǎo pěngyou, wāiguo rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a good friend. Foreigners like</p>
<p>xihuan Zhongguo gongyipǐn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese handicrafts. So isn，t it a</p>
<p>daishang yidiǎnr, songsong rěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a good idea to take some along to</p>
<p>bu shi hěn hǎo ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;give people as gifts?</p>
<p>A: Hǎo, wǒ yihuir jiu baohǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I<sup>f</sup>ll have them wrapped in</p>
<p>a minute.</p>
<p>B: Dui le, ni zai zhěr nong, wǒ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh~you take care of this here, and</p>
<p>dao chtifang kan yixia, kankan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1*11 go take a look in the kitchen to</p>
<p>cāi hǎole měiyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see if the food is done.</p>
<p>A: Wǎnshang hai you kěren ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are there guests coming tonight,</p>
<p>too?</p>
<p>B: You. Děng yixia Zhou Bomǔ he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, in a little while Mrs. (Auntie)</p>
<p>tā ěrzi lai gěi nǐ jiějie song- Zhou and her son are coining over to xing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;give your sister a send-off.</p>
<p>A: Mā, wǒ kan, wǒ jiějie gen Xiao Ma, I think older sister and Xiǎo Zh5u hǎoxiang bu cuo ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhou seem to be getting along pretty</p>
<p>well!</p>
<p>B: Shǎ haizi! Nǐ jiějie gen Xiǎo You &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kid! Your sister and</p>
<p>Zhou tan lian<sup>f</sup>ai kuai yinian le, Xiao Zh5u have been in love for almost nǐ hai &quot;bu zhīdao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a year now. Didn<sup>f</sup>t you know?!</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>268</p>
<p>A: Ao! Yuanlai shi zěnme hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, so that<sup>1</sup> s vhat<sup>1</sup> s &quot;been going</p>
<p>shir! Hǎo, mā, nǐ kuai mang qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on all along. Okay, mom, you go</p>
<p>&quot;ba! Zhěi diǎnr gōngyipǐn jiāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ahead with your vork. Hand the</p>
<p>gěi vo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;handicrafts over to me.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ kuai &quot;bao, &quot;baovanle, dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Get these wrapped quickly. When</p>
<p>chūfang lai &quot;bang wo mang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>1</sup> re done, come to the kitchen and</p>
<p>help me.</p>
<p>A: Xing, vo yihuǐr jiu lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, I<sup>1</sup>11 &quot;be there in a minute.</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</p>
<p>In Beijing a mother (B) talks with her daughter (A).</p>
<p>B: Xiao Yun na, zuotian kaoshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Yun, your exams were over</p>
<p>kaovan le, jīntiān hai zai wūli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yesterday. What are you still working</p>
<p>mang shěnme na? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on here today?</p>
<p>A: Xiě jīfēng xin, zhěixie xin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Writing a few letters. I should</p>
<p>zǎo jiu gāi xie le, jīntiān you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have written them a long time ago.</p>
<p>yidiǎnr shijiān, vo xiang ba ta- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have a little time today, so I</p>
<p>men xiěvān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wanted to get them written.</p>
<p>B: Gěi yěyede xin xiěle měiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you written grandfather? He<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>Yěye name těng ni, kuai gei tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so fond of you, you really should</p>
<p>xie fēng xin &quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;write him a letter!</p>
<p>A: Shangci yěye lai xin shu5, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The last time grandfather wrote,</p>
<p>tāmen gōngsī qing tā qu &quot;bang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he said that their company had asked</p>
<p>mang ne. Zhěijian shir, nin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him to go help out. What do you think</p>
<p>zěnme xiang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of that?</p>
<p>B: Tāmen gSngsī xiang gen vaiguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Their company wants to do &quot;business</p>
<p>rěn zuo shēngyi, qīng yěye qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with foreigners, so they asked your</p>
<p>&quot;bang mang, zhěijian shīr, vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandfather to help out. I don't</p>
<p>shěnme yě &quot;bū yuanyi shu5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vant to say anything about this.</p>
<p>A: Wěishěnme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why?</p>
<p>B: Qianxiē nian, tāmen gSngside &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A fev years back, the people in the</p>
<p>rěn shuo nǐ yěye, shuode name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;company were saying such avful things</p>
<p>nantīng. Xianzai tāmen you věnti &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about your grandfather. But nov, they</p>
<p>le, you xiangdao ni yěye le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go to him vith their problems. The hell</p>
<p>Suan le &quot;ba, rang tāmen kanzhe ban &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vith it! Let them do vhat they like.</p>
<p>ba. Wo bū xiǎng quan nǐ yěye qū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>f</sup>t vant to advise your grandfather</p>
<p>&quot;bang zhěige mang. Niānji dale, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to help them. When a person gets old,</p>
<p>haohaorde zai jiāli xiūxixiūxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>1</sup>s best for him to stay at home and</p>
<p>bi shěnme dōu hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get a lot of relaxation,</p>
<p>•This means ”No comment. If I said anything about this, it vouldn’t &quot;be</p>
<p>complimentary.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>269</p>
<p>A: Mā，v3 xiǎng yěye yiding bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ma， I*m sure that grandfather</p>
<p>tongyi ninde shuSfǎr. Guoqude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wouldn’t agree with that. What<sup>1</sup>s over</p>
<p>shir yǐjīng guoqu le. Xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is over (&quot;Past things are already past”）,</p>
<p>you rěn qīng ta bang mang, zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now someone asks him to help out， and</p>
<p>shu5 zhěixiē shir dui guojiā you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;besides, these things are good for the</p>
<p>hǎochu， tā yiding hui qu zuode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;country. I<sup>f</sup>m sure he*11 do it.</p>
<p>B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, nǐ yěye něige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I know that too. Your grandfather</p>
<p>rěn zhǐ yao you g5ngzuo, bu guǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is the kind of person who, as long</p>
<p>du5 nan, tā yě hui pīnming qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there<sup>1</sup> s a job, will knock himself out</p>
<p>zuode. Nǐ xiě xinde shihou, biě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do it, no matter how hard it is.</p>
<p>wangle xiěshang, rang tā biě tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you write the letter, don<sup>f</sup>t forget</p>
<p>lei le, měitiān shui ge xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to write that he mustn<sup>1</sup>t tire himself</p>
<p>wǔjiao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out too much, and to take a little</p>
<p>noontime nap every day.</p>
<p>A: Hǎo. Xiěshang le. Nainai hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay. It<sup>f</sup>s written. Grandma will</p>
<p>hǎohaor zhaogu yěyede. Nin fang- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take good care of grandfather. Don’t</p>
<p>xīn hǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you worry.</p>
<p>B: Ai! Hǎo le, wǒ yao chūqu mai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Sigh) Okay, I<sup>f</sup>ve got to go out</p>
<p>dongxi, nǐde xin xiěwan le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to buy some things. Have you finished</p>
<p>měiyou? Wǒ lai gěi nǐ ji. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;writing your letters? I<sup>1</sup>11 mail</p>
<p>them for you.</p>
<p>A: Zhěi sānfēng xin xiěwan le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These three are finished. Wait a</p>
<p>děng yixiar, wǒ tieshang youpiāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;second while I put stamps on them.</p>
<p>Hǎo, xianzai hǎo le. Nin nazou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, they<sup>1</sup> re ready. Here they are. ba.</p>
<p>B: Wǒ zǒu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m leaving.</p>
<p>A: Mā, nin zǎo diǎnr huilai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ma, don’t be gone long!</p>
<p>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</p>
<p>In the office of a factory in Běijīng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an older man (B) and a younger man (A)</p>
<p>are on the night shift:</p>
<p>A: Wang Lǎo Shīfu, nin xiūxi yi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Old Master Wang, you rest a while.</p>
<p>huǐr ba. Wǒ zai zhěr kanzhe, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1*11 watch things here, don’t worry,</p>
<p>nin biě dānxīn, wǒ bu hui shui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I won<sup>f</sup>t fall asleep, jiaode.</p>
<p>B: Ou, wǒ tiu lei, zanmen liǎ° &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m not tired. Let<sup>f</sup>s us two have</p>
<p>liāoliao tiānr ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a chat!</p>
<p>A: Wang Lǎo Shīfu, wǒ tīngshuS, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Old Master Wang, I’ve heard that</p>
<p>nin jiěfang qian jiu cānjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you joined the revolutionary ranks</p>
<p>ming le, ninde gushi yiding bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;before liberation. You must have</p>
<p>shǎo, gěi wo jiǎngjiang ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of stories; tell me one!</p>
<p>°liǎ: A colloquial word meaning liǎngge.</p>
<p>SOC, Unit 8</p>
<p>2了0</p>
<p>B: Nǐ zhīdao, jiěfang qiān vo shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You knov, before liberation I vas zuo xiǎo mǎimaide, něi shihou zuo in small business. At that time, it</p>
<p>xiǎo mǎimai duo nan! Něng bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vas so hard to do small business.</p>
<p>něng zhuān yidiǎnr qian dōu yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whether or not you could make a little</p>
<p>kan yunqi hǎo huāi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money depended on whether your luck</p>
<p>vas good or bad.</p>
<p>A: Houlai ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And later?</p>
<p>B: Houlai Riběn rěn lai le, Ri'běn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Later the Japanese came. After ren gēn zanmen dǎ zhāng, zhěi yi- the Japanese vent to var vith us，</p>
<p>xiazi wode mǎimai • • • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;my business • . •</p>
<p>A: Zuob^ixiāqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You cou2dn<sup>T</sup>t carry it on.</p>
<p>B: Bu shi, vǒde mǎimai yuě zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, it got bigger and bigger, yuě da le.</p>
<p>A: Zenme ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hov was that?</p>
<p>B: Nǐ xuěguo lishǐ. Nǐ zhīdao něi You*ve studied history. You know</p>
<p>shihou Zhu Laozong gēn Riběn ren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that at that time Zhū Laozong (Zhū</p>
<p>dale yizhāng . . . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;De) fought vith the Japanese • • •</p>
<p>A: Zhīdao, něi yizhang dale hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes， they fought for many months.</p>
<p>jǐge yuě. Něi shihou nin gan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What vere you doing at that time? shěnme ne?</p>
<p>B: Wo? Wǒ yitiān dao wan nazhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Me? From morning to night T vas</p>
<p>dānzi gěi Zhu Lǎozongde jǔndui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;carrying a list buying things for</p>
<p>mai dongxi ya! Shenme chide, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhū De<sup>T</sup>s army. Food, clothes, medi-</p>
<p>chuānde, yao a, vo dou něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cine, T could buy them all. maidao.</p>
<p>A: Ēi， zhēn you yisi, nin zai gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gee, that<sup>1</sup>s fascinating, tell me</p>
<p>wo jiǎngjiang• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more•</p>
<p>B: Ou, xianzai bu něng jiǎng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 can’t now. It’s time ve vent</p>
<p>Zanmen gāi chūqu kankan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out and took a look. If there aren’t</p>
<p>Yaoshi měiyou shěnme wěnti, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any problems, 1*11 tell you more</p>
<p>huilai vo zai gěi nǐ jiǎng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after we get back.</p>
<p>A: Nā zanmen zou ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then let<sup>1</sup>s go!</p>
<p>2 了1</p>
<p>VOCABULARY</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>ai to love &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>ai shang to fall in love vith &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>ānding to be peaceful and stable, to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>quiet and settled</p>
<p>&quot;bata father, dad, papa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>&quot;bait iān daytime &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>-&quot;ban (counter for class of students) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>&quot;bang to &quot;be great, to be fantastic，to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•&amp;•，了•了*</p>
<p>terrific</p>
<p>&quot;bang mang to help; help &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>&quot;bangzhu to help; help; as a help to，for &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>&quot;bao to wrap &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8*</p>
<p>&quot;bSochi to keep, to preserve, to maintain &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>bǎohu to protect &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>běihou &quot;behind someone<sup>1</sup> s &quot;back &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .2*</p>
<p>-běizi all one<sup>1</sup>s life, lifetime &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2 &quot;běnlai originally, in the &quot;beginning, at first; 了•了</p>
<p>to begin with, in the first place</p>
<p>&quot;benren herself, himself, oneself,野self， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>etc.</p>
<p>&quot;bī to compare &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1*</p>
<p>&quot;bian to change，to become different &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>bianchěng to change into &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2' 了.3</p>
<p>bJci each other, one another, both; the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了-5*</p>
<p>same to you</p>
<p>&quot;bingren sick person，patient &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3* b6mǔ aunt (wife of father<sup>1</sup>s elder brother); 了.8</p>
<p>(term for the mother of one<sup>1</sup>s friend)</p>
<p>&quot;boshi Ph.D. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2*</p>
<p>&quot;bii fangxīn to worry &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>&quot;bu guan no matter (vhat, whether, etc.) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5*，了.6</p>
<p>&quot;bu huāng &quot;bu mang calm, not the least &quot;bit flustered &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .8*</p>
<p>bū Jian &quot;bū san don<sup>f</sup>t leave until ve<sup>f</sup>ve met up &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了*</p>
<p>&quot;bu Jiandān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not ordinary，not commonplace; remark- 了•了*</p>
<p>able</p>
<p>&quot;bu něng &quot;bu to have to，must &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>&quot;bu shǎo to &quot;be quite a lot，to be much, to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•紅</p>
<p>be many</p>
<p>&quot;bii shi. •. Jiu shi.&quot; if it isn<sup>f</sup>t.. .then it<sup>1</sup> s; either... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.了</p>
<p>or...</p>
<p>&quot;bii xiang hua to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>to be absurd (talk, acts， etc.)</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>2了 2</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>cāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only (before an amount) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only in that case， only under this &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>condition</p>
<p>cāichan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;property &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • U</p>
<p>canjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to participate in, to take part in; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>to Join; to attend</p>
<p>chang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be long &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>chāng gě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to sing (songs) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>chao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be noisy; to disturb &quot;by making &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>noise</p>
<p>chaoxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wake (someone) up &quot;by &quot;being noisy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>-chěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(verb ending) into &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>chěngshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city; urtan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>chěngyuanguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;member country &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>chituxiaqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be unatle to eat &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>chī ku &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to suffer, to undergo hardship &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.U</p>
<p>chou yān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to smoke (totacco) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>chuang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;bed &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了-2*, 了.5*</p>
<p>chuāntong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tradition, traditional &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>conglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ever (up till now)，always (up till &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>now)</p>
<p>conglai &quot;bu/mei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never (up till now) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>cong. .. (Ver&quot;b)-qī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;begin (Vert)-ing from&quot;. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.了</p>
<p>cūnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;village &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .6*</p>
<p>dāduoshu(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the great majority &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>-dai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;generation; era， (historical) period &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>daishang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take along (Běijīng) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了-8。</p>
<p>dājiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;older sister” (a respectful term &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>of address for a woman atout one’s own age or older)</p>
<p>dalu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mainland, continent &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>dang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(political) party &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>dānxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be worried, to &quot;be uneasy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了-U</p>
<p>dānzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;list; form &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pour, to dump &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>-dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(resultative ending used for percep- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，3</p>
<p>tion ty one of the senses : .1 iandao, kandao， tīngdao, etc.)</p>
<p>-dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(resultative ending used to indicate &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>reaching; in xiangdao， tandao， etc., translated as &quot;atout&quot; or ’’of’’5</p>
<p>daochu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;everywhere &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了 *</p>
<p>dāodě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;morality, morals, ethics &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了-2</p>
<p>dao lāji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take out (dump) the garbage &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>daolī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;principle, truth» hows and whys; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>reason, argument, sense</p>
<p>daxuěshēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;college student &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•1*</p>
<p>da zhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to fight a war， to go to war &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>gǎi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will probably &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>gai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ought to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了了.8</p>
<p>273</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>da zhen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get an injection &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，8*</p>
<p>da zi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to type (on a typewriter) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，6</p>
<p>dě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>dědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to receive, to get &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>-de huā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if; in case; supposing that &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>děi kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to depend on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>děng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when; by the time; till &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>děng dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wait until; when, by the time &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，3</p>
<p>děng yixia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wait a minute; in a little while &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>-dian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;point &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>diao ySnlěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cry &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3*</p>
<p>diwei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;position，status &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>dǒngde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to understand, to grasp, to know &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>duanpian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;short (stories, articles) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>dull &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be independent; independence &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>duo (du5) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how (to what extent) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>duo hao! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how great that is! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2*</p>
<p>duoshu(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the majority (of), most (of) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>ěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;say! (interjection telling that the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>speaker Just thought of something)</p>
<p>ěrtong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;child (formal word) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>ěrxifu(r) (-fer) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-law &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>fāda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be (highly) developed, to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2•，了.5 <sub>v</sub> flourishing, to be prosperous</p>
<p>fǎlū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;law &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>fan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to translate &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了*</p>
<p>fan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to violate, to offend, to commit; to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>have an attack (of an old disease)</p>
<p>fandui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to oppose, to be against &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1*</p>
<p>-fangmian (-mlan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aspect，side, area, respect &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>fangwěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>fǎnzhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyvay, in any case &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>fan zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to commit a crime &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>fazhǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to develop, to expand, to grow &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>fen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;points &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5*</p>
<p>fen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to divide, to separate, to split &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，6</p>
<p>fengsu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;custom(s) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了• 5</p>
<p>fenkai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to separate, to split up &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>funii &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woman; women, womankind &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>fūqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;blessings, good fortune &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.h</p>
<p>gāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will probably &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • U *</p>
<p>cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ouffht to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.U° . 7.fl</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>gai to build, to construct &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U*</p>
<p>gaibian to change; change(s) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1*， 了.5</p>
<p>gānbu cadre &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>gǎnjuě feeling, sensation; to feel, to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>perceive</p>
<p>ganma to do what; (colloquial) why on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;earth, 了.8</p>
<p>what for</p>
<p>gan shenme to do what; (colloquial) vhy on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;earth， 了.8</p>
<p>what for</p>
<p>gǎnxiě to be thankful, to be grateful &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>gaogān senior cadres &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .6*</p>
<p>gaozhōng senior high school &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1*， 了.2*， 了.5*</p>
<p>geguo various countries &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1*</p>
<p>gěming revolution &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • 8*</p>
<p>gēn to follow &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8°</p>
<p>g5ng male (for animals) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2*</p>
<p>Gongchǎndǎng Communist Party &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>gongchǎng factory, mill, plant, works &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>gonggong grandfather, grandpa (paternal) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>gōngke homework &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 •了 *</p>
<p>Gongqingtuan Communist Youth League &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>gōngshāngyě industry and commerce &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>gongye industry &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7 • 5</p>
<p>gōngyipǐn handicrafts &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • 8</p>
<p>guǎn to take care of; to mind, to bother &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>about</p>
<p>guǎnggao advertisement &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.7</p>
<p>guānnian concept, idea, notion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>guānxīn to be concerned/care about &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1*</p>
<p>guanyu as to, with regard to, concerning, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，1</p>
<p>about</p>
<p>gǔhuī bone ashes, ashes (of a person) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5*</p>
<p>guīju rules of proper behavior, social &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*， 了</p>
<p>etiquette, manners; special customs,</p>
<p>established practice, rule (of &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a community or organization)</p>
<p>guojiā country, state, nation; national &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>guoqu the past &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • U</p>
<p>guoqu to pass; to pass away, to die &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>guo rizi to live; to get along &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U°</p>
<p>gushi story &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .6。</p>
<p>gǔshū ancient book &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1°</p>
<p>hai fairly, passably &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>hǎiluoyīn heroin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>hǎochu benefit， advantage &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•5</p>
<p>haohaor properly, carefully, thoroughly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1°， 了.8</p>
<p>hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi…well, okay, but… &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，3*</p>
<p>haoxiang to seem as if，to seem like &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>2jb</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>275</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>hēiyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(darkness of) night, nighttime &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to hate, to loathe, to detest &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>Hongwěibīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a) Red Guard; the Red Guards &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>houlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;later, afterwards &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2°, 7.5</p>
<p>Huashěngdun Youbao Washington Post &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>-hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(counter for shi^ &quot;matter”) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•8</p>
<p>hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;might; to be likely to; will &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>huo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to live; to become alive; to survive; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>to be live/alive/living; mobile, moving</p>
<p>hushuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to talk nonsense; nonsense, drivel &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2*</p>
<p>huxiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mutually &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.蚁</p>
<p>ji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to remember; to commit to memory &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，5*</p>
<p>-jiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(counter for families) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>j iSndan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be simple &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.了</p>
<p>JiSng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to stress, to pay attention to, to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>be particular about</p>
<p>Jiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prize &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5]</p>
<p>JiSng jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be particular about; to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .3*</p>
<p>elegant, to be tasteful</p>
<p>jiaotang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;church, cathedral &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了*</p>
<p>Jiaoyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to educate; education &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>jiāru &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Join &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>jiāting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .3*</p>
<p>jīdong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be agitated, to be worked up &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1°</p>
<p>jiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to borrow; to lend &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>jiědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to successfully borrow &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>jiěfajig &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to liberate, to emancipate; liberation 了.6</p>
<p>jiěhūn (jiēhūn) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get married &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>jiěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to mind, to take offense &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>jijimangmang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in a hurry, extremely rushed &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>jfmang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be hasty, to be hurried &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>jinbu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to progress; progress &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>jindaishī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;modern history &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .1*</p>
<p>Jīngshěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;energy, spirits &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>jīnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today (Běijīng) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8°</p>
<p>jlnzhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be nervous, to be upset &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>j i zhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to remem'ber &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • 1 *</p>
<p>-ju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sentence; (counter for sentences &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or 了.1</p>
<p>utterances, often followed by hua, ’’speech”）</p>
<p>jundui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;army &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>juzi shuǐ(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;orange juice (Běijīng) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1*</p>
<p>(V V) kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;try and (v), (V) and see how it &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is 了•了</p>
<p>kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to depend on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>2 了6</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>kanbuqǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to look down on, to scorn, to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•“</p>
<p>despise</p>
<p>kandao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to see &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>kanzhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(followed *by a verb) as one sees fit, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>as one deems reasonable</p>
<p>kao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take/give an exam, test, or quiz &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>kao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to depend on, to rely on; to lean &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
<p>against; to be near, to be next to</p>
<p>kaolu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consider， to think about; con- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>sideration</p>
<p>kaoshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take/give an exam, test， or quiz; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>exam, test</p>
<p>kěāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be loveable, to be adorable &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8°</p>
<p>kěkāyin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cocaine &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>Kěkoukělě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Coca Cola &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1。， 了.3</p>
<p>kělian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be pitiful &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7-3]</p>
<p>ken &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be willing to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 •了*</p>
<p>kū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cry &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>• •_lāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for the past&quot;, (amount of time) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(used before a verb to express that &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>something vill be done)</p>
<p>lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to do (something), to perform &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>(something), to have (an event)， to help oneself to (food, etc.), to Join in (a game, etc.)</p>
<p>laji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;garbage &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3:</p>
<p>lanwěiyan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;appendicitis &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.</p>
<p>lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all the time, always &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8*</p>
<p>laodong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to labor &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>laodongli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;labor force, labor; able-bodied &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>person</p>
<p>laolao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandmother，grandma (maternal) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • “ *</p>
<p>laoli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;labor force; labor &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T. 5</p>
<p>lao shīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old master &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
<p>laoshǔ (laoshu) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mouse or rat &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2^</p>
<p>lǎoxiānsheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;old gentlemen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5<sub>o</sub></p>
<p>laoyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandfather, grandpa (maternal) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>laozong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(used vith surname as an affectionate &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8°</p>
<p>term for a high-ranking PLA commander)</p>
<p>liǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Beijīng colloquial word meaning &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7-8*</p>
<p>liangge, ”two”)</p>
<p>lian.•.dou/yě.•• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;even.•• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>liao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to chat &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>liao tiān(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to chat &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>lǐmao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manners, politeness &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 •!+</p>
<p>lǐngdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to lead, to direct, to exercise lead- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J.6</p>
<p>ership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>277</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>liushi niandāi the decade of the sixties &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1*</p>
<p>liūxia to leave &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1*</p>
<p>liuxlng to be common, to &quot;be popular, to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>prevalent</p>
<p>luān to &quot;be in disorder, to &quot;be in a mess， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>to &quot;be chaotic; arbitrarily, recklessly, any old way</p>
<p>luanqīlDazāo in a mess, in confusion, in dis- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.了</p>
<p>order; miscellaneous, motley, all thrown in together</p>
<p>ma (marker for obviousness of &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>reasoning)</p>
<p>manmanr (manman) slowly; gradually, &quot;by and &quot;by; taking &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>one<sup>1</sup>s time (doing something); (tell) all about, in all details</p>
<p>měi yisi to be uninteresting/boring; to &quot;be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>pointless/meaningless; to &quot;be a drag; to &quot;be without value, not worthy of respect, cheap</p>
<p>mlngbai to understand, to &quot;be clear on, to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>comprehend; to &quot;be clear, to &quot;be in-telligible</p>
<p>Ming Bao Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>mǔ female (for animals) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•2•</p>
<p>nSlnai grandmother (paternal) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1*</p>
<p>na hai yong shuo that goes vithout saying &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .2*</p>
<p>Nan Měi South America &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.T*</p>
<p>nannu men and women, male-female &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>nanshou to &quot;be uncomfortable; to feel &quot;bad, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>to feel unhappy</p>
<p>nantīng to &quot;be unpleasant to hear; to sound &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>&quot;bad, to offend the ears; to &quot;be scandalous</p>
<p>ne (used in questions asking the where- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U*</p>
<p>abouts of someone/something)</p>
<p>něngli ability &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.6°</p>
<p>nianji (nianji) age &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>nianqing to &quot;be young &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1</p>
<p>nong (něng) to do; to fool with；- to get &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3^</p>
<p>nongcūn country, rural area; rural &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•？*， 了.6</p>
<p>nonglai to get and &quot;bring &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了-3</p>
<p>nongmln peasant &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • 5 *</p>
<p>nongyě agriculture &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了*5</p>
<p>nyli to make efforts &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.7*</p>
<p>nūsheng coed, woman student &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,7.3*</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>278</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>pa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be afraid &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>pǎolai pǎoqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to run around &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.6*</p>
<p>pěngdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to run into, to come across &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8*</p>
<p>-piān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(counter for sheets, articles or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>pieces of writing)</p>
<p>piān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to fool, to deceive &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2*</p>
<p>picha bing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pizza &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1*</p>
<p>pingděng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;equality; to be equal (of people) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>pīnming &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with all one<sup>f</sup>s might， for all one &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
<p>is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one<sup>f</sup>s life, to defy death</p>
<p>pīzhǔn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give permission, to approve; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5*</p>
<p>approval, permission, sanction</p>
<p>popo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandmother, grandma &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.4*</p>
<p>qiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 •了：</p>
<p>qiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be strong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>qiānxie nian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a fev years back, in recent years &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>qiāo men &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to knock at the door &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.4*</p>
<p>qiguai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be strange, to be odd， to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>surprising</p>
<p>qǐlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get up (in several senses) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>-qilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(resultative ending which indicates &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>starting)</p>
<p>Qinghai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a province in western China) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>qingkuāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation, circumstances, condition, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•1</p>
<p>state of affairs</p>
<p>qingxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation, circumstances, condition, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7*1</p>
<p>state of affairs</p>
<p>quan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to advise, to urge, to try to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>persuade</p>
<p>quan j ia rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the whole family &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>rang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make (someone a certain vay) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person; self; body &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>rěnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people; other people; someone else; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>they; he, she; I</p>
<p>rěxin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be enthusiastic and interested, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>to be varmhearted, to be earnest</p>
<p>rěxīnqilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to become enthusiastic and interested &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>rizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;day; date; time &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>ru &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to enter; to join (an organization) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>ru Tuān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Join the Communist Youth League &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>(Gongqingtuan or Gongchǎnzhǔyi Qingniantuan)</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>279</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>sha to kill (means unspecified); to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>kill (specifically, vith a knife or knifelike instrument); to try to kill</p>
<p>sha to be stupid, to be dumb, to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8</p>
<p>silly, to be naive</p>
<p>shafa sofa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8*</p>
<p>-shang (verb ending indicating starting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.6</p>
<p>and continuing)</p>
<p>shang xuě to go to school; to attend school &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7,6</p>
<p>shangyě commerce, business &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
<p>Shāoxiandui Young Pioneers &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.6*</p>
<p>shěhui society; social &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1</p>
<p>shengchan to produce; production &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
<p>shenghuo to live; life; daily life; livelihood &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
<p>shengyl (shēngyi) business, trade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>shenqǐng to apply (for) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2*</p>
<p>shěntī body; health &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.it</p>
<p>shi to cause (followed by a verb), to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>make, to enable</p>
<p>shichang market &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.了 • 5 •</p>
<p>shijiě vorld &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.6</p>
<p>shijiěshang in the vorld, in the whole world &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.6</p>
<p>shijiěxing vorldvide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7-7</p>
<p>shixing to practice* to carry out, to put &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.6</p>
<p>into effect, to implement (a method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)</p>
<p>shi zai really; to be real &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
<p>shou to receive &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7-7</p>
<p>shou to be thin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.7*</p>
<p>shǒuchaode handwritten &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.^*</p>
<p>shou jiaoyu to receive an education &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>shourū income, earnings &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T•5</p>
<p>shoushi to straighten up; to get one*s &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•紅</p>
<p>things ready</p>
<p>shujiā summer vacation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1</p>
<p>shuSbuqingchu can 丨 t explain clearly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7 • 1</p>
<p>shuodao to speak of; as for &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3</p>
<p>shuofǎ vay of saying a thing; statement, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
<p>version, argument</p>
<p>shuoshi Master丨s degree &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了7-5*</p>
<p>sī to die _ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*， 了.5</p>
<p>Si Shū the Four Books (Daxuě&gt; Zh5ngy5ng&gt; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.li</p>
<p>Lunyǔ&gt; Mengz?)</p>
<p>sixiang thought, vay of thinking &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5*</p>
<p>songhuiqu to take/escort back &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5*</p>
<p>songxing to see (someone off), to wish &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>(someone) a good trip; to give a going-avay party</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>280</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>suan le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forget it， let<sup>f</sup>s drop the matter, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>let it go at that; come off it， come on</p>
<p>sūnnū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;granddaughter (through one<sup>f</sup>s son) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>sǔnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandson (through one<sup>f</sup>s son) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>suoyǒude. . . dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了. 3</p>
<p>tan lian<sup>T</sup>ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be in love, to be going together &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8*</p>
<p>(courtship)</p>
<p>tǎoyān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to dislike, to be disgusted vith &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>těng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be very fond of, to be attached to, 了.8</p>
<p>to dote on</p>
<p>ti &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to carry (from the hand at the side &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8*</p>
<p>of the body)</p>
<p>tiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Jump, to leap &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3*</p>
<p>timu (-mu) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;topic, subject; title; examination &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>question, test problem</p>
<p>ting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to heed (advice), to obey (orders) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>tongjū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cohabit; cohabitation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>tongyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consent, to agree &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>tour &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head, chief, boss &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了*</p>
<p>-tuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;group, society &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>Tuān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Communist Youth) League &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>tǔdi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;land &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • h</p>
<p>vāigong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandfather, grandpa (maternal) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U*</p>
<p>wāipo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandmother, grandma (maternal) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>waiwěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;foreign language &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•5 *</p>
<p>wǎnhui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;evening party &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • 6 *</p>
<p>wǎnlian wǎnhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;late involvement and late marriage &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2*</p>
<p>wěile &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in order to; for the purpose of; for &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
<p>the sake of</p>
<p>věnhua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;culture; schooling, education, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>literacy</p>
<p>wěnxuěJiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;writer， literary man &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>wěnzhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;article, essay; prose (writing) style &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>vǒde tian na! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;my God! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>wǔjiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;noontime nap &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•8</p>
<p>-xia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;under &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>xiāndai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be modern; contemporary; modern &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了-1&quot;</p>
<p>times</p>
<p>xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to sound, to make a sound &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be like, to resemble; like; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>such as</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>?8i</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>xiangbuchǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can<sup>f</sup>t think up, can<sup>f</sup>t come up vith &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2*</p>
<p>xiangdang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite, pretty, considerably &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>xiangdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to think of &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>xiǎngxin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to believe (in); to trust，to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了*</p>
<p>be convinced (that)</p>
<p>xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;young &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .1*</p>
<p>xiao dianr shēng(r) a little more quietly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8*</p>
<p>xiao pěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little friend; kids &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.魟</p>
<p>xiaoshun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be filial; filial obedience &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>xiaoshuS(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fiction, novel &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7• 1</p>
<p>xia qi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to play chess &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6</p>
<p>-xiaqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(resultative ending which indicates &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>continuing an action)</p>
<p>-xiaqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;down (directional ending used for &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>eating or drinking dovn)</p>
<p>xī du &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take drugs; drug taking &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.了</p>
<p>xiguan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;habit, custom, usual practice; to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>accustomed to, to be used to</p>
<p>xīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>-xing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nature，-ness, -ity &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>xingkul &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fortunately, luckily &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•“•</p>
<p>xingqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interest &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>xīnli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in one<sup>f</sup>s heart， in one<sup>f</sup>s mind &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.l*</p>
<p>xīnshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;something weighing on one<sup>f</sup>s mind， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1*</p>
<p>worry</p>
<p>xīnwěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;news &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>Xīnwěn ZhSukan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Newsweek &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>xuě hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to learn from good examples, to learn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 •了*</p>
<p>to be a good person</p>
<p>xuěhui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to learn, to master &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7*6*</p>
<p>xuěql &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;semester, term (of school) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>xuěshēnghul &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;student association &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1*</p>
<p>xuě yī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to study medicine &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>xunlianban &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;training class &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>yan j iū (-jiu, -jiu) to study (in detail), to do &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>research on; research</p>
<p>yao kan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to depend on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>Yazhou (YS-) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Asia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>yěda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;evening university &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.6*</p>
<p>ye gai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really should &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了</p>
<p>...yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo whether...or.••; both...and. • • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>yě jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;accordingly, correspondingly, so &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>yěye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandfather (paternal) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1*， 了•紅</p>
<p>yī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medical science, medicine (used in &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>phrases like xuě yī)</p>
<p>yī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as soon as &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1*， 了•“*</p>
<p>-yi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hundred million &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>282</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>yi&quot;biān(r). . . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing. . .while doing. . . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>yi&quot;bian(r) • • •</p>
<p>yifāngmian..., yi- on the one hand...on the other hand; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2 fangmian... for one thing...， for another thing...</p>
<p>yijiāzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one family; the whole family; the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8*</p>
<p>same family</p>
<p>yimian(r)... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing...while doing... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>yimian(r)...</p>
<p>yitiān dao wan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all day long &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>yīxuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medical science，medicine &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>yīyuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hospital &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3*</p>
<p>yizhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all along， continuously, all the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>time (up until a certain point)</p>
<p>yonggSng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be hardworking, to be industrious &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>(in one’s studies)</p>
<p>you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;excellent &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了. 5</p>
<p>you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to come up to (a certain level) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2*</p>
<p>you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;also &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyway; after all &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>you banfǎ, (dui... ) to be able to deal with (something) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.了</p>
<p>you &quot;bāngzhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be helpful &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
<p>you daoli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make sense &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>youěryuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kindergarten &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5*</p>
<p>you guīju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have manners，to be proper &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>you hǎochu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be beneficial, to be good (for) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>you lJmāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be well mannered, to be polite &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>you qiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be rich &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.U</p>
<p>you xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be effective; to &quot;be valid &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>you xingqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be interested &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>you yan j iū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have done research on; to know &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>a lot about</p>
<p>you yong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be useful &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>yuanlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;original, former; originally, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>formerly; it turns out that•&quot;， so.&quot;! (expresses finding out the true situation)</p>
<p>yuanyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wish，would like，to want to; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.8</p>
<p>to &quot;be willing to</p>
<p>yuanyin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reason，cause &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，6</p>
<p>yue lai yuě... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more and more..., increasingly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7,2</p>
<p>yuě...yuě••. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the more...the more... &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了，2</p>
<p>yunqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;luck &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 • 8</p>
<p>zai shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furthermore, &quot;besides, moreover &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5°， 了.8°</p>
<p>zai ye &quot;bū/mei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never again &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了</p>
<p>zǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a long time ago &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3°</p>
<p>zǎohūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;early marriage; child marriage; to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.5</p>
<p>marry as a child; to marry early</p>
<p>SOC, Vocabulary</p>
<p>283</p>
<p>Module &amp;&nbsp;Unit</p>
<p>zěnme (yi)huf shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what<sup>f</sup>s it all about &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8</p>
<p>zenme (yi)huf shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like this &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8</p>
<p>zěren (-rěn) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;responsibility &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7 • J</p>
<p>zhSng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to grow &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3</p>
<p>zhSngda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to grow up &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3</p>
<p>zhangfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;husband &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7•5</p>
<p>zhānzhēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;war &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.U*</p>
<p>zhSobudao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can<sup>f</sup>t find, to be unable to find &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2<sup>#</sup></p>
<p>zhaogu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take care of; care &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2<sup>#</sup>, 7.5</p>
<p>zhěi yixiazi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after this, as a result of this &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8</p>
<p>zhěme (yi)huf shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like this &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7*8</p>
<p>zhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just, precisely, right &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.5</p>
<p>zhěngcě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;policy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7-5** 7*6</p>
<p>zhěngfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•&amp;' 7*6</p>
<p>zhenghSo(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it Just so happens that, to happen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.8</p>
<p>to, as it happens; just in time.</p>
<p>Just right, Just enough</p>
<p>zhengzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;politics; political &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.1</p>
<p>zhi hSo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can only, to have to, to &quot;be forced to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.U</p>
<p>zhishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;knowledge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>zhi yeLo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;provided that, as long as &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7*6<sup>#</sup>, 7.7</p>
<p>-zhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了•了*</p>
<p>Zhongguo QTngniin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China Youth (a periodical) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2.</p>
<p>zhong n&amp;n qīng nu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to regard males as superior &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7*3</p>
<p>to females</p>
<p>2h5ngxuěsheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;High School Student (a periodical) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2.</p>
<p>zhoukan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;weekly publication, weekly magazine &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.2</p>
<p>zhuan qiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to earn money, to make money &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.3</p>
<p>zhurěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;host, master &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3<sup>#</sup></p>
<p>zhibdLalai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to move and stay (in a place)，to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.U</p>
<p>settle down</p>
<p>zhǔyfiLo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mainly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7*5<sup>#</sup></p>
<p>ziyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freedom; to be free &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.2</p>
<p>ziyou shichSng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;free market &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7*5<sup>#</sup></p>
<p>zSng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;always; inevitably, vithout &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了.1</p>
<p>exception; after all, in any case</p>
<p>zongjiSo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(organized) religion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T•T.</p>
<p>zSngtSng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;president &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.6*</p>
<p>zui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mouth &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了 .T.</p>
<p>zut &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crime, guilt &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.7</p>
<p>zuiJin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lately, recently; the near future, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7*3</p>
<p>soon</p>
<p>zuS &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be, to act as &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.3</p>
<p>zuSbuliSo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be unable to do &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;T.U*</p>
<p>zu5 irbai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to worship, to go to church &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.7<sup>#</sup></p>
<p>zudxia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to sit down &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7»1</p>
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