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Chinese-Chine-nouvelle


			
				
					
						
						
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  <title>Leçon 1: Phonétique, Bonjour</title>
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    <h1>Leçon 1: Phonétique, Bonjour</h1>

    <div class="resume">
      Introduction au Pinyin, l'Alphabet Phonétique Chinois et aux quatre tons du mandarin. Première conversation: Bonjour, Au revoir. Premier exercice de calligraphie chinoise.
    </div>

      <h2 id="sigil_toc_id_356">Contenu de la leçon</h2>

      <div class="contents">
        <ul>
          <li>Les initiales</li>

          <li>Les finales</li>

          <li>Les tons</li>

          <li>Variations de Tons</li>

          <li>Conversation</li>

          <li>Exercices de calligraphie</li>
        </ul>
      </div>
    

      <h2 id="sigil_toc_id_357">Le Pinyin, l'Alphabet Phonétique Chinois</h2>

      <p>De nombreux systèmes ont été utilisés pour apprendre et transcrire la prononciation du Chinois. Aujourd'hui la transcription officielle adoptée au niveau international est basée sur l'alphabet Pinyin, développé en Chine à la fin des années 1950.</p>
    

      <h2 id="sigil_toc_id_358">Les initiales</h2>

      <p>En Chinois, une syllabe est composée d'une initiale, qui est la consonne qui commence la syllabe, et une finale, qui couvre le reste de la syllabe.</p>

      <table class="table1">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>
              b
            </td>

            <td>
              p
            </td>

            <td>
              m
            </td>

            <td>
              f
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              d
            </td>

            <td>
              t
            </td>

            <td>
              n
            </td>

            <td>
              l
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              g
            </td>

            <td>
              k
            </td>

            <td>
              h
            </td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              j
            </td>

            <td>
              q
            </td>

            <td>
              x
            </td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              z
            </td>

            <td>
              c
            </td>

            <td>
              s
            </td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              zh
            </td>

            <td>
              ch
            </td>

            <td>
              sh
            </td>

            <td>
              r
            </td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">d</span>, <span class="vert">m</span>, <span class="vert">f</span>, <span class="vert">n</span>, et <span class="vert">l</span> sont prononcés comme en Français.</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">j</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">dj</span>" comme "<span class="vert">genius</span>" en Anglais</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">z</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">dz</span>"</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">zh</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">dj</span>" comme "<span class="vert">job</span>" en Anglais</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">b</span> se prononce entre "<span class="vert">p</span>" et "<span class="vert">b</span>"</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">g</span> se prononce entre "<span class="vert">k</span>" et le "<span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">gu"</span></p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">h</span> aspiré gutural tend un peu vers le "<span class="vert">r</span>" Français.</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">x</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">ch</span>" tirant vers le "<span class="vert">s</span>", comme dans "<span class="vert">chien</span>"</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">sh</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">ch</span>" mais légèrement grave, comme dans "<span class="vert">chat</span> "</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">r</span> se prononce un peu comme le "<span class="vert">r</span>" de "<span class="vert">rain</span>" en Anglais</p>

      <p>Il faut faire attention à la prononciation des consonnes dites "<span class="vert">aspirées</span>". L'air doit être expiré juste après avoir prononcé la consonne.</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">p</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">p</span>"</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">t</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">t</span>"</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">k</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">k</span>"</p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">q</span> se prononce entre "<span class="vert">tch</span>" et "<span class="vert">tsc</span><span style="font-size: 20px;">"</span></p>

      <p><span style="color: green; font-size: 20px;">h</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">tch</span>" mais la langue plus repliée se prononce "<span class="vert">ts</span>"</p>

        <h4 id="sigil_toc_id_359">Initiales aux prononciations assez proches:</h4>

        <div class="deux">
          b/p, d/t, g/k, j/q, z/c, zh/ch
        </div>
      
    

      <h2 id="sigil_toc_id_360">Les Finales</h2>

      <p>En Chinois moderne, on dénombre 38 finales possibles après les 21 initiales présentées plus haut.</p>

      <table class="table1">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td></td>

            <td>
              i
            </td>

            <td>
              u
            </td>

            <td>
              ü
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              a
            </td>

            <td>
              ia
            </td>

            <td>
              ua
            </td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              o
            </td>

            <td></td>

            <td>
              uo
            </td>

            <td>
              üe
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              e
            </td>

            <td>
              ie
            </td>

            <td></td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              er
            </td>

            <td></td>

            <td></td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              ai
            </td>

            <td></td>

            <td>
              uai
            </td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              ei
            </td>

            <td></td>

            <td>
              uei (ui)
            </td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              ao
            </td>

            <td>
              iao
            </td>

            <td></td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              ou
            </td>

            <td>
              iou (iu)
            </td>

            <td></td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              an
            </td>

            <td>
              ian
            </td>

            <td>
              uan
            </td>

            <td>
              üan
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              en
            </td>

            <td>
              in
            </td>

            <td>
              uen (un)
            </td>

            <td>
              üen
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              ang
            </td>

            <td>
              iang
            </td>

            <td>
              uang
            </td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              eng
            </td>

            <td>
              ieng
            </td>

            <td>
              ueng
            </td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              ong
            </td>

            <td>
              iong
            </td>

            <td></td>

            <td></td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>

      <p><span class="vert">ie</span> se prononce entre "<span class="vert">yé</span>" "<span class="vert">yè</span>";</p>

      <p><span class="vert">e</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">e</span>";</p>

      <p><span class="vert">er</span> se prononce entre le "<span class="vert">e</span>" et le "<span class="vert">a</span>", assez guttural;</p>

      <p><span class="vert">ai</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">aille</span>";</p>

      <p><span class="vert">ei</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">eille</span>";</p>

      <p><span class="vert">ou</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">o</span>" comme dans "<span class="vert">go</span>" en Anglais;</p>

      <p><span class="vert">an</span> se prononce "<span class="vert">ane</span>" sans forcer sur le "<span class="vert">n</span>";</p>

      <p><span class="vert">-ng</span> (finale) est utilisé pour rendre un son plus nasal. Le "<span class="vert">g</span>" ne se prononce pas.</p>

      <p><span class="vert">uei</span> , <span class="vert">uen</span> et <span class="vert">iou</span> précédé d'une initiale s'écrivent respectivement <span class="vert">ui</span> , <span class="vert">un</span> et <span class="vert">iu</span> .</p>
    

      <h2 id="sigil_toc_id_361">Les Tons</h2>

      <p>Le Chinois Mandarin possède quatre tons plus un ton "plat".</p>

      <table class="table1">
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>
              Ton
            </td>

            <td>
              Marque
            </td>

            <td>
              Description
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              1<sup>er </sup>
            </td>

            <td>
              dā
            </td>

            <td>
              Haut et constant
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              2<span style="font-size: 22px;"><sup>ème</sup></span>
            </td>

            <td>
              dá
            </td>

            <td>
              Commence par un ton médium et monte vers le ton haut
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              3<sup>ème </sup>
            </td>

            <td>
              dǎ
            </td>

            <td>
              Commence par un ton bas, descend vers les graves puis remonte vers le ton haut
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              4<sup>ème </sup>
            </td>

            <td>
              dà
            </td>

            <td>
              Commence par un ton haut et descend sèchement vers les graves
            </td>
          </tr>

          <tr>
            <td>
              Neutre
            </td>

            <td>
              da
            </td>

            <td>
              Plat et sans expression
            </td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    

      <h2 id="sigil_toc_id_362">Variations de Tons</h2>

      <p>Un 3<sup>ème</sup> ton suivi immédiatement d'un autre 3<sup>ème</sup> ton se prononce comme un 2<sup>ème</sup> ton.</p>

      <p><span class="pinyin">Nǐ hǎo</span> = <span class="pinyin">Ní hǎo</span></p>
    

      <h2 id="sigil_toc_id_363">Conversation et Vocabulaire</h2>

        <h3 id="sigil_toc_id_364">Dialogue</h3>

        <ul>
          <li><audio controls="controls" src="../Audio/01-01.mp3"></audio>

<br/> - <span class="hanzi">你好 !</span><br/> - <span class="pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ！</span><br/> - Bonjour!</li>

          <li><audio controls="controls" src="../Audio/01-02.mp3"></audio>

<br/> - <span class="hanzi">再见 !</span><br/>- <span class="pinyin">Zài jiàn！</span><br/> - Au revoir!</li>
        </ul>
      

        <h3 id="sigil_toc_id_365">Vocabulaire</h3>

        <table class="table1">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <span class="hanzi">你</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                <span class="pinyin">nǐ</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                (pro)
              </td>

              <td>
                tu, toi
              </td>
            </tr>

            <tr>
              <td>
                <span class="hanzi">好</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                <span class="pinyin">hǎo</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                (adj)
              </td>

              <td>
                bon, bien
              </td>
            </tr>

            <tr>
              <td>
                <span class="hanzi">你好！</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                <span class="pinyin">nǐ hǎo!</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                (phrase)
              </td>

              <td>
                Bonjour! Comment ça va?
              </td>
            </tr>

            <tr>
              <td>
                <span class="hanzi">再</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                <span class="pinyin">zài</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                (adv)
              </td>

              <td>
                encore
              </td>
            </tr>

            <tr>
              <td>
                <span class="hanzi">见</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                <span class="pinyin">jiàn</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                (v)
              </td>

              <td>
                voir
              </td>
            </tr>

            <tr>
              <td>
                <span class="hanzi">再见！</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                <span class="pinyin">zài jiàn!</span>
              </td>

              <td>
                (expr.)
              </td>

              <td>
                Au revoir!
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      
    

      <h2 id="sigil_toc_id_366">Exercice de calligraphie</h2>

      <p>Nos 4 premiers caractères : <span class="hanzi">你</span>，<span class="hanzi">好</span>，<span class="hanzi">再</span> et <span class="hanzi">见</span>. Respectez bien l'ordre des traits.</p>

      <p>Cliquez sur l'image pour avoir la fiche détaillée du caractère (calligraphie, étymologie, etc...)</p>

      <p><a href="http://www.chine-nouvelle.com/methode/caracteres"></a></p>

      <ul>
        <li><img src="../Images/file30.jpg" alt="img38.jpeg"/></li>

        <li><img src="../Images/file31.jpg" alt="img39.jpeg"/></li>

        <li><img src="../Images/file32.jpg" alt="img40.jpeg"/></li>

        <li><img src="../Images/file33.jpg" alt="img41.jpeg"/></li>
      </ul>

      
    
  
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