Chiffres & nombres en chinois mandarin - Chinwa.html 33 KB

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  129. <h1 class="entry-title">Chiffres &amp; nombres en chinois mandarin</h1>
  130. </header>
  131. <div class="entry-content">
  132. <!-- AddThis Sharing Buttons above --><p>Pour compter en chinois,
  133. on utilise aujourd’hui en Chine le système des chiffres arabes dans la
  134. vie de tous les jours (prix, boutiques, internet), mais&nbsp;le système
  135. classique demeure&nbsp;à l’oral et dans de nombreux ouvrages. Il est
  136. obligatoire&nbsp;de le connaître pour s’exprimer.</p>
  137. <p>Nous nous contenterons des chiffres &amp; nombres les plus communs
  138. même s’il existe des variantes en fonction de l’usage (militaire,
  139. financier, religieux).</p>
  140. <h1>Nombres de 1 à 9</h1>
  141. <table>
  142. <thead>
  143. <tr>
  144. <th>Caractère</th>
  145. <th>Pinyin</th>
  146. <th>Traduction</th>
  147. </tr>
  148. </thead>
  149. <tbody>
  150. <tr>
  151. <td>&nbsp;零
  152. </td>
  153. <td>líng
  154. </td>
  155. <td>zéro
  156. </td>
  157. </tr>
  158. <tr>
  159. <td>&nbsp;一
  160. </td>
  161. <td>yī
  162. </td>
  163. <td>un
  164. </td>
  165. </tr>
  166. <tr>
  167. <td>&nbsp;二
  168. </td>
  169. <td>èr
  170. </td>
  171. <td>deux
  172. </td>
  173. </tr>
  174. <tr>
  175. <td>三
  176. </td>
  177. <td>sān
  178. </td>
  179. <td>trois
  180. </td>
  181. </tr>
  182. <tr>
  183. <td>&nbsp;四
  184. </td>
  185. <td>sì
  186. </td>
  187. <td>quatre
  188. </td>
  189. </tr>
  190. <tr>
  191. <td>&nbsp;五
  192. </td>
  193. <td>wǔ
  194. </td>
  195. <td>cinq
  196. </td>
  197. </tr>
  198. <tr>
  199. <td>&nbsp;六
  200. </td>
  201. <td>liù
  202. </td>
  203. <td>six
  204. </td>
  205. </tr>
  206. <tr>
  207. <td>&nbsp;七
  208. </td>
  209. <td>qī
  210. </td>
  211. <td>sept
  212. </td>
  213. </tr>
  214. <tr>
  215. <td>&nbsp;八
  216. </td>
  217. <td>bā
  218. </td>
  219. <td>huit
  220. </td>
  221. </tr>
  222. <tr>
  223. <td>&nbsp;九
  224. </td>
  225. <td>jiǔ
  226. </td>
  227. <td>neuf
  228. </td>
  229. </tr>
  230. <tr>
  231. <td>十
  232. </td>
  233. <td>shí
  234. </td>
  235. <td>dix
  236. </td>
  237. </tr>
  238. </tbody>
  239. </table>
  240. <p>Jusqu’ici rien de particulièrement compliqué.</p>
  241. <p>Toutefois, veillez bien à ne pas confondre 4, 7 et 10 et de vous appliquer à bien les prononcer (sì –&nbsp;qī –&nbsp;shí).</p>
  242. <p>Ces nombres pourront se révéler confus à l’oreille lorsque vous aurez à dire 14 – 40 – 70 – 44 ou 77.</p>
  243. <h1>10-19</h1>
  244. <p>La construction de 10 à 19 se fait de la manière suivante.</p>
  245. <p>A vous de comprendre&nbsp;la logique et de bien prononcer les nombres qui suivent :</p>
  246. <table>
  247. <thead>
  248. <tr>
  249. <th>Chiffre</th>
  250. <th>Chinois</th>
  251. </tr>
  252. </thead>
  253. <tbody>
  254. <tr>
  255. <td>10</td>
  256. <td>十</td>
  257. </tr>
  258. <tr>
  259. <td>11</td>
  260. <td>十一</td>
  261. </tr>
  262. <tr>
  263. <td>12</td>
  264. <td>十二</td>
  265. </tr>
  266. <tr>
  267. <td>13</td>
  268. <td>十三</td>
  269. </tr>
  270. <tr>
  271. <td>14</td>
  272. <td>十四</td>
  273. </tr>
  274. <tr>
  275. <td>15</td>
  276. <td>十五</td>
  277. </tr>
  278. <tr>
  279. <td>16</td>
  280. <td>十六</td>
  281. </tr>
  282. <tr>
  283. <td>17</td>
  284. <td>十七</td>
  285. </tr>
  286. <tr>
  287. <td>18</td>
  288. <td>十八</td>
  289. </tr>
  290. <tr>
  291. <td>19</td>
  292. <td>十九</td>
  293. </tr>
  294. </tbody>
  295. </table>
  296. <p>Contrairement à la série de 10 à 19, prenant comme base 10 + x
  297. &nbsp;où&nbsp;14 est 10 + 4 (十四), les dizaines se construisent selon la
  298. logique x&nbsp;+ 10.</p>
  299. <h1>Dizaines (20, 30 …)</h1>
  300. <p>Quarante s’écrit 4&nbsp;+&nbsp;10&nbsp;(四十).</p>
  301. <p>J’insiste une fois de plus sur l’importance de bien prononcer les
  302. tons afin de ne pas confondre 14 – &nbsp;40 ou 44 (sìshí – shísì –
  303. sìshísì ou 四十-十四-四十四).</p>
  304. <table>
  305. <thead>
  306. <tr>
  307. <th>Caractère</th>
  308. <th>Pinyin</th>
  309. <th>Traduction</th>
  310. </tr>
  311. </thead>
  312. <tbody>
  313. <tr>
  314. <td>&nbsp;十
  315. </td>
  316. <td>&nbsp;…
  317. </td>
  318. <td>&nbsp;dix
  319. </td>
  320. </tr>
  321. <tr>
  322. <td>二十
  323. </td>
  324. <td>&nbsp;…
  325. </td>
  326. <td>vingt
  327. </td>
  328. </tr>
  329. <tr>
  330. <td>三十
  331. </td>
  332. <td>&nbsp;…
  333. </td>
  334. <td>trente
  335. </td>
  336. </tr>
  337. <tr>
  338. <td>四十
  339. </td>
  340. <td>&nbsp;…
  341. </td>
  342. <td>…
  343. </td>
  344. </tr>
  345. <tr>
  346. <td>五十
  347. </td>
  348. <td>&nbsp;…
  349. </td>
  350. <td>…
  351. </td>
  352. </tr>
  353. <tr>
  354. <td>六十
  355. </td>
  356. <td>&nbsp;…
  357. </td>
  358. <td>…
  359. </td>
  360. </tr>
  361. <tr>
  362. <td>七十
  363. </td>
  364. <td>&nbsp;…
  365. </td>
  366. <td>…
  367. </td>
  368. </tr>
  369. <tr>
  370. <td>八十
  371. </td>
  372. <td>&nbsp;…
  373. </td>
  374. <td>…
  375. </td>
  376. </tr>
  377. <tr>
  378. <td>九十
  379. </td>
  380. <td>&nbsp;…
  381. </td>
  382. <td>…
  383. </td>
  384. </tr>
  385. <tr>
  386. <td>一百
  387. </td>
  388. <td>yībǎi
  389. </td>
  390. <td>cent
  391. </td>
  392. </tr>
  393. </tbody>
  394. </table>
  395. <p>Vous pouvez désormais construire n’importe quel nombre compris entre 0 et 100.</p>
  396. <h1>Les centaines</h1>
  397. <p>Notez que 10 se dit 十tout court, mais que la première centaine (de 100 à 199) débutera&nbsp;toujours avec 一 &nbsp;(yī)</p>
  398. <p>(199 = 一百九十九 – 一百九十九 et non pas 百九十九_).</p>
  399. <p>Les centaines se façonnent&nbsp;exactement comme les dizaines à savoir X + 百 (400 = 四百 / 500 = 五百).</p>
  400. <table>
  401. <thead>
  402. <tr>
  403. <th>Chiffre</th>
  404. <th>Chinois</th>
  405. </tr>
  406. </thead>
  407. <tbody>
  408. <tr>
  409. <td>100</td>
  410. <td>一百</td>
  411. </tr>
  412. <tr>
  413. <td>200</td>
  414. <td>二百</td>
  415. </tr>
  416. <tr>
  417. <td>300</td>
  418. <td>三百</td>
  419. </tr>
  420. <tr>
  421. <td>400</td>
  422. <td>四百</td>
  423. </tr>
  424. <tr>
  425. <td>500</td>
  426. <td>五百</td>
  427. </tr>
  428. <tr>
  429. <td>600</td>
  430. <td>六百</td>
  431. </tr>
  432. <tr>
  433. <td>700</td>
  434. <td>七百</td>
  435. </tr>
  436. <tr>
  437. <td>800</td>
  438. <td>八百</td>
  439. </tr>
  440. <tr>
  441. <td>900</td>
  442. <td>九百</td>
  443. </tr>
  444. </tbody>
  445. </table>
  446. <h1>Les grands nombres</h1>
  447. <p>La particularité pour compter en chinois est de comprendre que la
  448. dizaine de référence après le millier (千) est 10.000 (万). Entre 10.000
  449. et 100.000.000 (亿), vous n’aurez pas d’autres dénominateurs et cela est
  450. tout à fait logique.</p>
  451. <p>Vous devrez ainsi exercer dans un premier temps une gymnastique
  452. lorsque vous tenterez de communiquer des grands nombres&nbsp;en chinois
  453. (voir les exemples ci-dessous).</p>
  454. <table>
  455. <thead>
  456. <tr>
  457. <th>Caractère</th>
  458. <th>Pinyin</th>
  459. <th>Traduction</th>
  460. </tr>
  461. </thead>
  462. <tbody>
  463. <tr>
  464. <td>&nbsp;千
  465. </td>
  466. <td>qiān
  467. </td>
  468. <td>mille
  469. </td>
  470. </tr>
  471. <tr>
  472. <td>&nbsp;万
  473. </td>
  474. <td>wàn
  475. </td>
  476. <td>dix-mille
  477. </td>
  478. </tr>
  479. <tr>
  480. <td>&nbsp;亿
  481. </td>
  482. <td>yì
  483. </td>
  484. <td>cent millions
  485. </td>
  486. </tr>
  487. </tbody>
  488. </table>
  489. <p>Pour vous faciliter cette logique, essayez de lire à voix haute et de
  490. comprendre les nombres suivants et d’arriver au million qui n’est autre
  491. que&nbsp;”mille 10.000”.</p>
  492. <table>
  493. <thead>
  494. <tr>
  495. <th>Chiffre</th>
  496. <th>Chinois</th>
  497. </tr>
  498. </thead>
  499. <tbody>
  500. <tr>
  501. <td>9.000</td>
  502. <td>九千</td>
  503. </tr>
  504. <tr>
  505. <td>11.000</td>
  506. <td>一万一千</td>
  507. </tr>
  508. <tr>
  509. <td>90.000</td>
  510. <td>九万</td>
  511. </tr>
  512. <tr>
  513. <td>100.000</td>
  514. <td>十万</td>
  515. </tr>
  516. <tr>
  517. <td>112.000</td>
  518. <td>十一万二千</td>
  519. </tr>
  520. <tr>
  521. <td>500.000</td>
  522. <td>五十万</td>
  523. </tr>
  524. <tr>
  525. <td>1.000.000</td>
  526. <td>一百万</td>
  527. </tr>
  528. <tr>
  529. <td>10.000.000</td>
  530. <td>一千万/千万</td>
  531. </tr>
  532. <tr>
  533. <td>1.000.000.000</td>
  534. <td>十亿</td>
  535. </tr>
  536. </tbody>
  537. </table>
  538. <p>Pour finir avec quelque chose qui revient régulièrement en Chine :</p>
  539. <p>La population française&nbsp;? 六千四百万 ! (6400 * 10.000 ou 64.000.000).</p>
  540. <p>Vous noterez ainsi que l’utilisation des dizaines de milliers
  541. coincera à partir de 99.999.999 lorsqu’il faudra utiliser l’unité
  542. correspondante à 100 millions (亿).</p>
  543. <p>Exemple concret : la population chinoise est de 13 亿 (1,3 milliards d’habitants).</p>
  544. <h1>Vidéo</h1>
  545. <p><iframe src="//www.youtube.com/embed/KXxU3n6nEHo" allowfullscreen="" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
  546. <h1>Exercices</h1>
  547. <ul>
  548. <li>14</li>
  549. <li>44</li>
  550. <li>114</li>
  551. <li>7884</li>
  552. <li>73 </li>
  553. <li>2004</li>
  554. <li>78.000.000</li>
  555. <li>57.000</li>
  556. <li>440.000 </li>
  557. <li>654</li>
  558. <li>3452 </li>
  559. <li>32 </li>
  560. <li>6 </li>
  561. <li>24.432</li>
  562. <li>890.000</li>
  563. <li>2.000.000.000</li>
  564. <li>98, 63</li>
  565. </ul>
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