Chinese-Rudgers/Cours/rudgers-33.txt

Lesson Thirty Three: Dialogue It has started raining outside

(One day, Renmei went to Teacher Lin, their conversation class 
teacher's place to chat.  Teacher Lin is very young.  He has not 
yet married.  So he lives in the single faculty and staff's
dormitory of Beijing University. )

(Renmei knocks, Teacher Lin opens the door.)
Teacher Lin: Oh, it's Renmei.  Welcome, welcome.
Renmei: Thank you, Teacher Lin.
Teacher Lin: What's happening?  Xueyou is not coming?
Renmei: Xueyou is waiting for his mom and dad's phone call in his dorm.
        He said that he is coming after the call. 
Teacher Lin: Good.  Renmei, please sit down.  Don't be too polite (make 
             yourself at home).  What would you like to drink, tea, 
             coffee, or soft drinks?
Renmei: I would like to drink tea.  Xueyou also likes to drink tea very 
        much.
Teacher Lin: Does he? I also love to drink tea.  I have Fujian 
             Tieguanyin, Hangzhou Longjing and Anhui Maojian.  Which
             one would you like to drink?
Renmei: Longjing is very good.  In the states, Teacher Wang who taught us
        Chinese often invited me and Xueyou to drink Longjing tea. 

(Xueyou knocks at the door.)
Renmei: Listen, someone is knocking at the door.  Probably it is Xueyou.
Teacher Lin: I'll go and open the door.  (Teacher Lin opened the door.)
             It is Xueyou.  Come in, please.  What's happening?  You are
             wet.
Xueyou: Thanks, Teacher Lin.  It has started raining outside.  I didn't
        bring my umbrella with me.  Fortunately, it is not raining 
        hard. 
Teacher Lin: That's good.  Xueyou, have a cup of Longjing tea. 
Xueyou: Thanks.  I like to drink Longjing tea the most.
Teacher Lin: Have you received the phone call from your mom and dad?
Xueyou: Yes.  They asked me on the phone, what was the weather like
        in Beijing?  Was it hot?  Did it rain?  I told them that it has 
        been kind of hot these days, and it has not rained.  But, no,
        it has started raining now. 
Teacher Lin: In recent years, the summer in Beijing is getting hotter and
             hotter.  If it rains in summer, it will become much cooler.
Renmei: How is the spring in Beijing?
Teacher Lin: Beijing's spring is very windy, and it doesn't rain very 
             often.  The spring in the south of China is the most 
             beautiful.  From ancient times to now, scholars and writers
             have written many poems for the spring rain and spring 
             flower in the south of China. 
Xueyou: Could you read a poem for us?
Teacher Lin: O.K.  Let me read you a classical poem.  It is "Spring Dawn"
             by Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. 
             Dawn arrives unnoticed after a spring sleep.
             Chirping birds are heard all around.
             The sound of wind and rain had come in the night.
             How many flowers had fallen in their wake!
Renmei: This poem is very well written.  Teacher Lin, could you explain
        the poem for us?
Teacher Lin: Sure.

(Teacher Lin explained the poem to Xueyou and Renmei.)

Xueyou: Chinese classical poems are very beautiful.  Teacher Lin, please
        introduce another poem to us. 
Renmei: It is getting late.  Xueyou, Teacher Lin needs to take a rest. 
Xueyou: Yes.  We should leave.  Teacher Lin, we will ask you to introduce
        Chinese classical poems to us next time. 
Teacher Lin: No problem.  (You) wait a moment.  Let me see if the rain 
             has stopped or not.  (Teacher Lin went to the window to have a 
             look.)  Very good.  The rain stopped. 
Xueyou, Renmei: Then we are leaving.  Thank you, Teacher Lin!  Bye!
Teacher Lin: Bye!  Please come and visit (my place) often!


初级第三十三课: 对话 外边下雨了

(这一天，人美去他们的口语老师林老师那儿聊天。 林老师很年轻。 他还没有结婚。
所以，他住在北京大学的单身教师宿舍。)
 
(人美敲门, 林老师开门。)
林老师：噢， 是人美， 请进， 请进。
人美：谢谢林老师。 
林老师：怎麽，学友没来？
人美： 学友正在宿舍等他爸爸﹑妈妈的电话。 他说， 他接了电话就来。
林老师：好。 人美，请坐，别客气。 你想喝什麽， 茶， 咖啡， 还是饮料？
人美：我想喝茶。 学友也很喜欢喝茶。
林老师：是吗？我也爱喝茶。 我这儿有福建的铁观音， 杭州的龙井和安徽的毛尖，
        你想喝哪一种？
人美：龙井就很好。 在美国教我们汉语的王老师常常请我和学友喝龙井茶。 
 
(学友敲门。)
人美：听，有人敲门， 可能是学友。
林老师：我去开门。(林老师开门。) 是学友， 请进。 怎麽， 你的身上湿了。
学友：谢谢林老师。 外边下雨了， 我没有带雨伞。 还好， 雨下得不大。 
林老师：那就好。 学友， 喝杯龙井茶吧。
学友：谢谢。 我最爱喝龙井茶了。 
林老师：接到爸爸妈妈的电话了吗？
学友：接到了。 他们在电话里问我， 北京的天气怎麽样？热不热？下雨吗？ 我
      告诉他们， 这儿的天气比较热，又不下雨。 这不， 现在就下雨了。
林老师：这几年， 北京的夏天越来越热。 夏天如果下雨， 就会凉快很多。 
人美：北京的春天怎麽样？
林老师：北京的春天风很大， 也不常下雨。 中国南方的春天最美。 从古到今， 
        文人墨客为中国南方的春雨，春花写了不少诗。  
学友：您能给我们念一首吗？
林老师：好。 我给你们念一首古诗吧， 是唐代诗人孟浩然的“春晓“：
        春眠不觉晓， 处处闻啼鸟，
        夜来风雨声， 花落知多少。
人美：这首诗写得真好。 林老师， 您能给我们解释一下儿这首诗吗？
林老师：可以。 
 
(林老师给学友和人美解释这首诗的意思。)
学友：中国的古诗真美。 林老师， 请您再介绍一首。
人美：时间不早了。 学友， 林老师该休息了。 
学友：对，我们该走了。 林老师，我们下一次再请您给我们介绍古诗。
林老师：没问题。 你们等一下， 我看看雨停了没有。(林老师去窗口看
        了一下儿。) 很好， 雨停了。
学友，人美：那我们走了。 谢谢林老师！ 再见！
林老师：再见！欢迎你们常来！
  


初級第三十三課: 對話 外邊下雨了


(這一天﹐人美去他們的口語老師林老師那兒聊天。 林老師很年輕。 他還沒有結婚。
所以﹐他住在北京大學的單身教師宿舍。)
 
(人美敲門, 林老師開門。)
林老師﹕噢﹐ 是人美﹐ 請進﹐ 請進。
人美﹕謝謝林老師。 
林老師﹕怎麼﹐學友沒來﹖
人美﹕ 學友正在宿舍等他爸爸﹑媽媽的電話。 他說﹐ 他接了電話就來。
林老師﹕好。 人美﹐請坐﹐別客氣。 你想喝什麼﹐ 茶﹐ 咖啡﹐ 還是飲料﹖
人美﹕我想喝茶。 學友也很喜歡喝茶。
林老師﹕是嗎﹖我也愛喝茶。 我這兒有福建的鐵觀音﹐ 杭州的龍井和安徽的毛尖﹐
        你想喝哪一種﹖
人美﹕龍井就很好。 在美國教我們漢語的王老師常常請我和學友喝龍井茶。 
 
(學友敲門。)
人美﹕聽﹐有人敲門﹐ 可能是學友。
林老師﹕我去開門。(林老師開門。) 是學友﹐ 請進。 怎麼﹐ 你的身上濕了。
學友﹕謝謝林老師。 外邊下雨了﹐ 我沒有帶雨傘。 還好﹐ 雨下得不大。 
林老師﹕那就好。 學友﹐ 喝杯龍井茶吧。
學友﹕謝謝。 我最愛喝龍井茶了。 
林老師﹕接到爸爸媽媽的電話了嗎﹖
學友﹕接到了。 他們在電話裡問我﹐ 北京的天氣怎麼樣﹖熱不熱﹖下雨嗎﹖ 我
      告訴他們﹐ 這兒的天氣比較熱﹐又不下雨。 這不﹐ 現在就下雨了。
林老師﹕這幾年﹐ 北京的夏天越來越熱。 夏天如果下雨﹐ 就會涼快很多。 
人美﹕北京的春天怎麼樣﹖
林老師﹕北京的春天風很大﹐ 也不常下雨。 中國南方的春天最美。 從古到今﹐ 
        文人墨客為中國南方的春雨﹐春花寫了不少詩。  
學友﹕您能給我們念一首嗎﹖
林老師﹕好。 我給你們念一首古詩吧﹐ 是唐代詩人孟浩然的“春曉“﹕
        春眠不覺曉﹐ 處處聞啼鳥﹐
        夜來風雨聲﹐ 花落知多少。
人美﹕這首詩寫得真好。 林老師﹐ 您能給我們解釋一下兒這首詩嗎﹖
林老師﹕可以。 
 
(林老師給學友和人美解釋這首詩的意思。)
學友﹕中國的古詩真美。 林老師﹐ 請您再介紹一首。
人美﹕時間不早了。 學友﹐ 林老師該休息了。 
學友﹕對﹐我們該走了。 林老師﹐我們下一次再請您給我們介紹古詩。
林老師﹕沒問題。 你們等一下﹐ 我看看雨停了沒有。(林老師去窗口看
        了一下兒。) 很好﹐ 雨停了。
學友﹐人美﹕那我們走了。 謝謝林老師﹗ 再見﹗
林老師﹕再見﹗歡迎你們常來﹗
  


Wàibian Xià Yǔ Le
 

   (Zhè yì tiān, Rénměi qù tāmen de kǒuyǔ lǎoshī  Lín lǎoshī nàr liáotiān. 
   Lín lǎoshī hěn niánqīng. Tā hái méi yǒu jiēhūn. Suǒyǐ,  tā zhùu zài 
   Běijīng dàxué de dān shēn jiàoshī sùshè.)
   (Rénměi qiāo mén, Lín lǎoshī kāi mén.)
   Lín láoshī: Ò, shì Rénměi, qǐng jìn, qǐng jìn.
   Rénměi:     Xièxie Lín lǎoshī.
   Lín láoshī: Zěnme, Xuéyǒou méi lái?
   Rénměi:     Xuéyǒu zhèngzài sùshè děng tā bàba,  māma de diànhuà. Tā shuō, 
               tā jiē le diànhuà jiù lái.
   Lín láoshī: Hǎo. Rénměi,  qǐng zuò, béi kèqi. Nǐ xiǎng hē shénme, chá,  
               kāfēi, háishì yǐnliào ?
   Rénměi:     Wǒ xiǎng hē chá. Xuéyǒu yěe hěn xǐhuan  hē chá.
   Lín láoshī: Shì ma ? Wǒ yě ài hē chá. Wǒ  zhèr yǒu Fújiàn de Tiěguānyīn, 
               Hángzhōu de Lóngjǐng hé Ānhuī de Máojiān,  nǐ xiǎng hē nǎ yì 
               zhǒng?
   Rénměi:     Lóngjǐng jiù hěn hǎo. Zài Měiguo jiāo  wǒmen Hànyǔ de Wǎng 
               lǎoshī chángcháng qǐng wǒ hé Xuéyǒu hé Lǒngjǐng chá.
   (Xuéyǒu qiāo mén.)
   Rénměi:     Tīng, yǒu rén qiāo mén, kěnéng shì  Xuéyǒu.
   Lín láoshī: Wǒ qù kāi mén. (Lín lǎoshī kāi  mén.) Shì Xuéyǒou, qǐng jìn. 
               Zěnme, nǐ de shēn shang shī le.
   Xuéyǒu :    Xièxie Lín lǎoshī. Wài biān  xià yǔ le, wǒ méi yǒu dài yǔsǎn. 
               Hái hǎo, yǔ xià de bú dà.
   Lín láoshī: Nà jiù hǎo. Xuéyǒu, hē bēi Lóngjǐng  chá ba.
   Xuéyǒu:     Xièxie. Wǒ zuì ài hē Lóngjǐng chá  le.
   Lín láoshī: Jiē dào  bàba māma de diànhuà le ma ?
   Xuéyǒu:     Jiē dào  le. Tāmen zài diànhuà lǐ wèn wǒ, Běijīng de tīanqi zěnmeyang ? 
               Rè bu rè?  Xià yǔ ma? Wǒ gàosu tāmen, zhèr de tiānqi biǎojiào rè, 
               yòu bú xià yǔ. Zhè bu,  xiànzài jiù xià yǔ le.
   Lín láoshī: Zhè jǐ  nián, Běijīng de xiàtiān yuèlái yuèrè. Xiàtiān rúguǒ xià yǔ, 
               jiù huì liángkuai  hěn duō.
   Rénměi:     Běijīng  de chūntiān zěnmeyang?
   Lín láoshī: Běijīng  de chūntiān fēng hěn dà, yě bù cháng xià yǔ. Zhōngguo nánfāng 
               de chūntiān zuì měi.  Cóng gǔ dào jìn, wénrén mòkè wèi Zhōngguo nánfāng 
               de chūn yǔ, chūn huā xiě le bù  shǎo shī.
   Xuéyǒu:     Nín néng  gěi wǒmen niàn yì shǒu ma?
   Lín láoshī: Hǎo.  Wǒ gěi nǐmen niàn yì shǒu gǔshī ba, shì Tángdài shírén Mèng Hàorán 
               de « Chūn  Xiǎo » :
   Chūn mián bù jué  xiǎo, chù chù wén tí niǎo,
   Yè lái fēng yǔ shēng,  huā luò zhī duō shǎo.


   Rénmĕi:     Zhè shŏu shī xiĕ de zhēn hăo. Lín lăoshi, nín néng gĕi wŏmen jiĕshi 
               yí xiàr zhè shŏu shī ma?
   Lín Lăoshi: Kĕyĭ.
  (Lín lăoshi gĕi Xuéyŏu hé Rénmĕi jiĕshi zhè shŏu shī de yìsi.)
   Xuéyŏu:     Zhōngguó de gŭshī zhēn mĕi. Lín lăoshi, qĭng nín zài jièshào yì shŏu.

   Rénmĕi:     Shíjiān bù zăo le. Xuéyŏu, Lín lăoshi gāi xīuxi le.
   Xuéyŏu:     Duì, wŏmen gāi zŏu le. Lín lăoshi, wŏmen xià yí cì zài  qĭng nín gĕi 
               wŏmen jièshào gŭshī.
   Lín Lăoshi: Méi wèntí. Nĭmen dĕng yí xià, wŏ kànkan yŭ tíng  le méiyŏu. 
               (Lín lăoshi qù chuāng kŏu kàn le yí xiàr.) Hĕn hăo, yŭ tíng le.
   Xuéyŏu, Rénmĕi:   Nà wŏmen zŏu le. Xièxie Lín lăoshi! Zàijiàn!
   Lín Lăoshi: Zàijiàn! Huānyíng nĭmen cháng lái!



Lesson Thirty Three: Article The fall in Beijing



Beijing has four distinctive seasons.  Like New York city, Beijing has 
hot summers, very cold winters, warm springs and cool autumns.  Among 
these four seasons, the autumn is the best.

From September to November, it is the fall in Beijing.  The weather is
neither cold nor hot.  The average temperature is about 18 degrees 
centigrade.  Starting from September, people can feel the pleasantly 
coolness of the fall.  The sky is always clear.  It is seldom windy, 
and it doesn't rain.  October in Beijing is the most beautiful (season).
October 1st is the Chinese National day.  In order to celebrate 
National Day, People display a lot of flowers in streets. Beijing 
looks like a big garden.

When November arrives, the leaves at Fragrant Hill turn red.  
People all go to see the autumn leaves there.  Du Mu, a Tang Dynasty poet, 
once wrote a poetic line that reads "The frost-covered leaves are redder 
than the flowers of February ", lauding the leaves at this time as
redder that the flowers in the spring.

The fall in Beijing is also the best touring season.  A lot of 
foreign friends come to vist Beijing.  They can vist many famous 
sites such as the Forbidden City, Bei Hai Park, the Temple of 
Heaven etc.  They can also see the newly-built highway and  modern 
international airport. They can even taste Beijing's various unique
local delicacies.  Present Beijing is not only an ancient city, but also 
a rapidly developing modern city. 


 初级第三十三课: 短文 北京的秋天



北京的气候四季分明。 像纽约一样，北京有炎热的夏天，寒冷的冬天，
暖和的春天和凉快的秋天。在这四个季节中，秋天是北京最好的季节。 
从九月到十一月，北京的秋天气温不冷也不热，平均温度在18摄氏度
左右。 从九月开始，人们就会感到秋天的凉爽。 天空常常是晴朗的，
很少刮风，也不下雨。 十月的北京是最美丽的。 十月一日是国庆节。
为了庆祝国庆节，人们在街上摆满了鲜花，北京就像一座大花园。 
十一月到了，香山的树叶都红了，人们都去那儿看红叶，中国唐代
诗人杜牧曾写过：“霜叶红于二月花”的诗句，赞美了这时的红叶比
春天里的鲜花还要红。 
 
 
北京的秋天，也是最好的旅游季节。 有很多外国朋友来北京参观。 
他们可以游览故宫﹑北海﹑天坛等名胜古迹；又可以看到北京新建
的高速公路和现代化国际机场，还可以品尝到北京特有的风味小吃。
今天的北京既是一座古老的城市又是一座快速发展的现代化城市。



初級第三十三課: 短文 北京的秋天


北京的氣候四季分明。 像紐約一樣﹐北京有炎熱的夏天﹐寒冷的冬天﹐
暖和的春天和涼快的秋天。在這四個季節中﹐秋天是北京最好的季節。 
從九月到十一月﹐北京的秋天氣溫不冷也不熱﹐平均溫度在18攝氏度
左右。 從九月開始﹐人們就會感到秋天的涼爽。 天空常常是晴朗的﹐
很少颳風﹐也不下雨。 十月的北京是最美麗的。 十月一日是國慶節。
為了慶祝國慶節﹐人們在街上擺滿了鮮花﹐北京就像一座大花園。 
十一月到了﹐香山的樹葉都紅了﹐人們都去那兒看紅葉﹐中國唐代
詩人杜牧曾寫過﹕“霜葉紅于二月花”的詩句﹐讚美了這時的紅葉比
春天裡的鮮花還要紅。 
 
 
北京的秋天﹐也是最好的旅游季節。 有很多外國朋友來北京參觀。 
他們可以游覽故宮﹑北海﹑天壇等名勝古蹟﹔又可以看到北京新建
的高速公路和現代化國際機場﹐還可以品嚐到北京特有的風味小吃。
今天的北京既是一座古老的城市又是一座快速發展的現代化城市。



Běijīng De  Qīutiān

Běijīng de qìhou  sì jì fēnmíng. Xiàng Niǔyuē yíyàng, Běijīng 
yǒu yánrè de xiàtiān, hánlěng de dōngtiān,  nuǎnhuo de chūntiān 
hé liángkuài de qiūtiān. Zài zhè sì ge jìjié zhōng, qiūtiān  shì 
Běijīng zuì hǎo de jìjié. Cóng jiǔ yuè dào shíyī yuè, Běijīng de 
qiūtiān qìwēn  bù lěng yě bù rè, píngjūn wēndù shì 18 shèshìdù 
zuǒyòu. Cóng jiǔ yuè kāishǐ, rénmen  jiù huì gǎndào qiūtiān de 
liángshuǎng. Tiānkōng chángcháng shì qínglǎng de, hěn  shǎo guā 
fēng, yě bú xià yǔ. Shí yuè de Běijīng shì zuì měilì de. Shí yuè 
yī rì  shì guóqìngjié. Wèile qìngzhù guóqìngjié, rénmen zài jiē 
shang bǎi mǎn le xiānhuā,  Běijīng jiù xiàng yí zuò dà huāyuán. 
Shíyī yuè dàao le, Xiāngshān de shùyè dōu  hóng le, rénmen dōu qù 
nàr kàn hóngyè, Zhōngguo Tángdài shīrén Dù Mù céng xiě  guò:”Shuāng 
yè hóng yú èr yuè huā”de shījù, zànměi le zhè shí de hóngyè bǐ 
chūntiān  lǐ de xiānhuā hái yào hóng.
Běijīng de qiūtiān,  yě shì zuì hǎo de lǚyóu jìijié. Yǒu hěn duō 
wàiguo péngyou lái Běijīng cānguān.  Tāmen kěyǐ yóulǎan Gùgōng, Běihái, 
Tiāntán děng míngshèng gǔjì; yòu kěyǐ kàn dào  Běijīng xīn jiàn de 
gāosù gōnglù hé xiàndàihuà guójì jīchǎng, hái kěyǐ pǐncháng  dào Běijīng 
tèyǒu de fēngwèi xiǎochī. Jīntiān de Běijīng jì shì yí zuò gǔlǎo de  
chéngshì yòu shì yí zuò kuàisù fāzhǎn de xiàndàihuà chéngshì.




词 汇


Chinese Words  Pinyin  Part of Speech	Engl. Trans.	Examples
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 聊天           lia2o tia1n        v.           to chat
 口语           ko3u yu3           n.           spoken language
 年轻           nia2n qi1ng        adj.         young
 结婚           ji2e hu1n          v.           to marry
 单身           da1n she1ng        adj.         single (not married)
 敲(门)         qia1o me2n         v.           to knock (on the door)
 怎麽           ze3n me            idiomatic exp.   what's happening
 饮料           yi3n lia4o         n.           beverage; drink (esp.
                                                a soft drink                               
 福建           fu2 jia4n          place name   a province of China
 杭州           ha2ng zho1u        place name   a city of China
 安徽           a1n hui1           place name   a province of China
 铁观音         tie3 gua1n yi1n    proper noun  a special type of tea
 龙井           lo2ng ji3ng        proper noun  a special type of tea
 毛尖           ma2o jia1n         proper noun  a special type of tea
 湿             shi1               adj.         wet
 雨伞           yu3 sa3n           n.           umbrella
 还好           ha2i ha3o          idiomatic exp.   fortunately
 南方的         na2n fa1ng de      adj.         southern
 这不           zhe4 bu            idiomatic exp.   but, no...
 越来越         yue4 la2i yue4     ad.          more and more
 凉快           lia2ng kua4i       adj.         nice and cool
 从...到        co2ng...da4o       conj.        from...to
 文人墨客       we2nre2nmo4ke4    n. phrase     scholar; man of letters                                                                          man of letters
 为...          we4i...            prep.        for
 春雨           chu1n yu3          n.           spring rain
 春花           chu1n hua1         n.           spring flowers
 念             nia4n              v.           to read
 首             sho3u              measure word for songs and poems 
 诗             shi1               n.           poems; poetry
 古诗           gu3 shi1           n.           ancient poem(s)
 唐代           ta2ng da4i         n. phrase    Tang Dynasty
 诗人           shi1 re2n          n.           poet
 孟浩然         Me4ng Ha4ora2n    person name   a well known poet in 
                                                the Tang Dynasty       
 解释           jie3 shi4          v.           to explain
 意思           yi4 si             n.           meaning
 气候           qi4 ho4u           n.           weather
 四季           si4 ji4            n.           four seasons
 分明           fe1n mi2ng         adj.         distinctive
 炎热           ya2n re4           adj.         hot
 夏天           xia4 tia1n         n.           summer
 寒冷           ha2n le3ng         adj.         cold
 冬天           do1ng tia1n        n.           winter
 暖和           nua3n huo          adj.         warm
 春天           chu1n tia1n        n.           spring
 秋天           qi1u tia1n         n.           fall, autumn
 平均           pi2ng ju1n         n.           average
 摄氏度         she4 shi4 du4      n.           degree in centigrade
 左右           zuo3 yo4u          adv.         about
 开始           ka1i shi3          n.           begin
 凉爽           lia2ng shua3ng     adj.         pleasantly cool
 天空           tia1n ko1ng        n.           the sky
 晴朗           qi2ng la3ng        adj.         clear, sunny
 刮风           gua1 fe1ng         v.           to blow wind
 美丽           me3i li4           adj.         beautiful
 国庆节         guo2 qi4ng jie2    n.           the national day
 庆祝           qi4ng zhu4         v.           to celebrate
 摆             ba3i               v.           to display, to place
 满             ma3n               adj.         full
 树叶           shu4 ye4           n.           leaf
 香山           xia1ng sha1n       place name   Fragrant Hill
 红叶           ho2ng ye4          n.           red leaf
 杜牧           Du4 Mu4            person name  a well-known poet in the 
						Tang Dynasty
 曾             ce2ng              adv.         once
 诗句           shi1 ju4           n.           poetic line; verse
 赞美           za4n me3i          v.           to praise; to laud
 鲜花           xia1n hua1         n.           fresh flowers
 游览           yo2u la3n          v.           to tour
 新建           xi1n jia4n         adj.         new-built
 品尝           pi3n cha2ng        v.           to taste (to evaluate
   						or enjoy)
 特有           te4 yo3u           adj.         unique, special to
 风味           fe1ng we4i         adj.         local style
 小吃           xia3o chi1         n.           local delicacies
 快速           kua4i su4          adv.         rapidly
 发展           fa1 zha3n          v.           to develop

  


语 法


1. The Use of the Modal Particle 了 for New or Changed Situations
   The modal particle 了 appears frequently at the end of a sentence to
   indicate a new or changed situation.  The sentence pattern should be:
    subject + predicate + 了      
(1.) When a sentence has an adjectival predicate, the modal particle 了 
is used at the end of the sentence to indicate a changed situation.  

For example:
1.)北京的天气热了。 (以前不热)
Beijing's weather is getting hot.  (It was not hot before.)
2.)时间不早了。     (刚才还早)
It is getting late.  (It was still early just now.)
3.)香山的树叶都红了。(以前不红)
The leaves in the Fragrant Hill have all turned red.  (They were not 
red before.)
4.)他的女儿漂亮了。  (以前没有那麽漂亮)
His daughter is getting pretty.  (She was not that pretty before.)

(2.) When a sentence has a nominal predicate, the modal particle 了 is 
used at the end of the sentence to indicate a new situation.  

For example:
1.)今天七月一号了, 应该交房租了。 
Today is already July 1st, (we) should pay the rent.
2.)现在七点半了, 应该吃晚饭了。 
It is already 7:30 now, (we) should eat dinner.
3.)他的女儿今年三十岁了, 应该结婚了。 
His daughter has turned 30 this year, (she) should get married.
4.)这个小女孩今年七岁了, 应该上小学了。 
This little girl has turned 7 this year, (she) should go to 
elementary school.

(3.) When a sentence has a verbal predicate, the modal particle 了 is 
used at the end of the sentence to indicate either a new or a changed 
situation.  

For example:
1.)外边下雪了。 (原来没有下)
It has started to snow outside.  (It was not snowing just a moment ago.)
2.)我们该走了。 (原来还早，还可以坐坐)
We should go (now).  (It was early before, and we could sit for a while.)
3.)现在雨停了。 (刚才还在下雨)
The rain has stopped now.  (It was still raining just a moment ago.)
4.)他喜欢喝龙井茶了。 (原来他不喜欢喝龙井茶)
He has started to like drinking Longjing tea.  (He didn't like to drink 
Longjing tea before.)
5.)我会说中文了。 (原来我不会说中文)
I can speak Chinese (now).  (I couldn't speak Chinese before.)

2. Subjectless Sentences
  
(1.) In Chinese, when describing natural phenomena, especially when 
describing the weather,  people usually use subjectless sentences.  The reason why 
people use subjectless sentences, as can be observed in the following 
examples , is because when describing natural phenomena, the subject can 
not be specified into a particular agent.  (Note that English supplies
the subject "it", which is not done in Chinese.)

For examples:
1.)明天会下雪， 你要多穿一点儿衣服。
It will snow tomorrow. You should wear more clothes.
2.)外边刮风了，天很冷。
It started to get windy outside.  It was very cold. 
3.)昨天下雨，今天出太阳，天气变化真大。
It rained yesterday, and it is sunny today.  The weather changes a lot.
4.)今天起大雾了，开车要小心。
It is very foggy today.  Be careful when you drive.

(2.) Another commonly used type of subjectless sentences is one that 
indicates existence.  This type of sentences begin with 有 or
没有, corresponding to the "there is/are..." or "there is not/are not..." 
pattern in English.  However, this type of subjectless sentences is
usually only about people, not about matter or things.  The pattern of 
this type of subjectless sentences is:
     有人 + Verb  /  有 + Noun (about people) + Verb
     没有人 + Verb  /   没有 + Noun (about people) + Verb
     
For example:
1.)有人在敲门，可能是学友。
Someone is knocking at the door.  Probably it is Xueyou.
2.)有学生给林老师打电话。
Some student called Teacher Lin on the phone.
3.)没有人带雨伞。 还好，雨下得不大。
 one brought an umbrella.  Fortunately, it is not raining hard.
4.)没有学生看过这部电影。 
None of the students has seen this movie.

3. Adjectival Comparisons
   To compare the degree of an adjective, the degree adverbs 还要(even),
更(more) and 最(most) are used.  To express the meaning of something/
somebody is better than something else/somebody else, the pattern 
"比 + n./pron. + 还要(更) + adj." is used.  To express the meaning that 
something/somebody is the best, the pattern "最 + adj." is used. 

(1.) 比 + n./pron. + 还要(更) + adj.

For example:
1.)北京的夏天比纽约的夏天更热。
The summer in Beijing is hotter that the summer in New York.
2.)北京秋天的红叶比春天里的鲜花还要红。
Red leaves in the fall in Beijing are even redder than flowers
in the spring.
3.)美国大学生的暑假比中国大学生的暑假还要长。
The summer break of American college students is even longer than
the summer break of Chinese college students. 
4.)北京的冬天比上海的冬天更冷。
The winter in Beijing is colder than the winter in Shanghai.
   
(2.) 最 + adj.

For example:
1.)秋天是北京最好的季节。
The fall is the best season in Beijing.
2.)中国南方的春天最美。
The spring in the south of China is the most beautiful (season).
3.)林老师是中文系最年轻的老师。
Teacher Lin is the youngest teacher in the Chinese Department. 
4.)上海是中国最现代化的城市。
Shanghai is the most modernized city in China. 

4. The Structure “越来越...”
   The structure “越来越...”is used when the speaker would like to 
express the meaning of "something/somebody (becoming) more and more...".
The basic pattern is:
   something/somebody + 越来越 + adj.

For example:
1.)这几年，北京的夏天越来越热。
In recent years, the summer in Beijing hass become hotter and hotter.
2.)小丁的中文口语越来越好。
Xiaoding's Chinese oral speaking is getting better and better.
3.)这几年，来美国的中国留学生越来越多。
In recent years, more and more Chinese students have come to study in 
the U.S.

5. The Structure“如果...就...”
   The structure“如果...就...”is a commonly used conditional pattern,
meaning "if...then...".  如果 is followed by a conditional clause, and    
就 is followed by a result clause. 

For example:
1.)夏天如果下雨，天气就会凉快很多。
If it rains in the summer, it (the weather) will become much cooler.
2.)如果你十月去北京，你就能看到香山的红叶。
If you go to Beijing in October, you will see the red leaves in the 
Frangrant Hill. 
3.)如果你有语法问题，就给我打电话。 
If you have grammar question, (you can) call me. 

6. The Structure  “既...又...”
   The structure  “既...又...”means "both...and", "as well as".  It is 
used when the speaker would like to talk about two situations that occur
concurrently or two things/features that are of the same importance. 

For example:
1.)今天的北京既是一座古老的城市，又是一座快速发展的现代化城市。
The present Beijing is an ancient city as well as a rapidly developing 
and modernized city. 
2.)林老师既是小丁和学友的老师，又是他们的朋友。
Teacher Lin is Xiaoding and Xueyou's teacher, as well as their friend. 
3.)北京大学既是一所有名的大学，又是一个美丽的大花园。
Beijing University is a famous university, as well as a beautiful 
garden. 
4.)这家中国餐馆的菜既好吃，又便宜。
The food in this Chinese restaurant is both good to eat and cheap.
   


语 型


1. The Use of the Modal Particle 了 for New or Changed Situations
1.)时间很晚了，该睡觉了。
It is getting late, (we/you) should go to sleep.
2.)现在七月了，可以去海边游泳了。
It is already July now, (we/you) can go to the seaside to swim.
3.)现在九点了，应该起床吃早饭了。
It is already 9:00am, (we/you) should get up and eat breakfast.
4.)王老师的儿子开开高了。 他今年该上小学了。
Teacher Wang's son Kaikai has grown tall.  He should go to the elementary
school this year. 
5.)外边刮风了，别去图书馆了。
It got windy outside.  Don't go to the library.
6.)王老师以前不喝咖啡，现在他喝了。
Teacher Wang didn't drink coffee before.  Now he has started to drink 
coffee.

2. Subjectless Sentences
1.)今天下午会下雨，别忘了带雨伞。
It will rain this afternoon.  Don't forget to bring your umbrella.
2.)现在刮风了，多穿一点儿衣服。
It's windy.  Wear more clothes.
3.)有朋友送我一本英文小说。
A friend gave me an English novel as a gift.
4.)昨天有人给她打了一个电话。
Someone called her yesterday.
5.)没有学生喜欢考试。
No student likes exams.

3. Adjectival Comparisons
1.)昨天很热，今天比昨天还要热。
Yesterday was very hot.  Today is even hotter than yesterday.
2.)她的妹妹很漂亮，她比她妹妹更漂亮。
Her younger sister is very pretty.  She is more pretty than her 
younger sister.
3.)学友的中文很好，小丁的中文比学友的中文更好。
Xueyou's Chinese is very good.  Xiaoding's Chinese is better than 
Xueyou's Chinese.
4.)北京的秋天，中外游客最多。
In the fall in Beijing, (the number of ) Chinese and foreign tourists
is the greatest. 
5.)这个学生食堂的饭菜最好。
The food of this student dining hall is the best.

4. The Structure “越来越...”
1.)春天来了，天气越来越暖和。
Spring has come.  It is getting warmer and warmer.
2.)这几年，中国的变化越来越大。
In recent years, the changes in China are greater and greater.
3.)到中国旅游的外国游客越来越多。
More and more foreign tourists are traveling to China.
4.)这几年，北京的汽车越来越多。
In recent years, there are more and more cars in Beijing.

5. The Structure“如果...就...”
1.)如果你想今天晚上去看电影，我就和你一起去。
If you would like to see a movie tonight, I will go with you.
2.)如果你喜欢吃中国菜，你就应该去这个中国餐馆。
If you would like to eat Chinese food, you should go to this Chinese
restaurant.
3.)如果你想了解中国文化和历史，你就应该去北京。
If you would like to understand Chinese culture and history, you should
go to Beijing.
4.)如果明天天气很好，我们就去长城玩儿。
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the Great Wall and have fun.

6. The Structure  “既...又...”
1.)小丁既喜欢听中国音乐，又喜欢看中国电影。
Xiaoding likes to listen to Chinese music, as well as to watch Chinese
movies.
2.)学友妈妈作的点心既好看，又好吃。
The dessert that Xueyou's mom made both looks good and tastes good.
3.)当小丁和学友到北京机场的时候，他们既高兴，又惊讶。
When Xiaoding and Xueyou arrived at Beijing Airport, they were both
happy and surprised.
4.)北京大学既是林老师的母校，又是他工作的地方。
Beijing University is Teacher Lin's Alma Mater, as well as the place 
where he works. 

7. The Structure 为了... "in order to"
1.)为了庆祝国庆节，人们在北京的街上摆满了鲜花。
In order to celebrate National Day, people displayed flowers in the 
streets in Beijing. 
2.)为了学习中文，小丁和学友来北京大学学习。
In order to study Chinese, Xiaoding and Xueyou came to Beijing University
to study.
3.)为了参加星期六的晚会，我买了一条新裙子。
In order to attend the party on Saturday, I bought a new skirt.
4.)为了去机场接朋友，他早上六点就起床了。
In order to pick up his friend at the airport, he got up early at 6:00am.