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- Grammar </p>
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- 1. The “--的” structure:
- The “--的” structure is one in which the structua
- l particle 的 is
- used to indicate possession or other qulities and is attached to:
- 1) a noun; eg. 这本 书 是 我 哥 哥 的 。
- Zhè běn shū shì wǒ gē gē de .
- This book is my older brother's.
- 2) a noun phrase; eg. 这 台 电 脑 是 东 亚 图 书 馆 的 。
- Zhè tái diàn nǎo shì dōng yà tú shū guǎn de .
- This computer is the East Asian Library's.
- 3) an adjective; eg. 那 儿 有 红 的 车 。 红 的 不 好 。
- Nàr yǒu hóng de chē . Hóng de bù hǎo .
- There is(are) a red car(s) over there. Red one(s) is(are) not good.
- 4) a pronoun; eg. 他 们 的 阅 览 室 很 大 。 我 喜 欢 他 们 的 。
- Tā men de yuè lǎn shì hěn dà . Wǒ xǐ huān tā men de .
- Their reading room is huge. I like theirs
- The “"--的” structure functions as a noun phrase in the sentence.
- In all the above examples, the noun is understood and would be tedious to repeat,
- but a check can be made by supplying it:
- 5) 这本 书 是 我 哥 哥 的( 书 ) 。
- 6) 这 台 电 脑 是 东 亚 图 书 馆 的(电 脑 )。
- 7) 那 儿 有 红 的 车 。 红 的 (车 )不 好。
- 8) 他 们 的 阅 览 室 很 大 。 我 喜 欢 他 们 的(阅 览 室 )。
- If the noun is not supplied, the structure may be used in the generalized sense;
- eg.:
- 9)大 的 不 一 定 好 。
- Dà de bù yī dìng hǎo .
- (The) big ones are not necessarily good.
-
- 2. The proposition 从 :
- The preposition 从 usually take words which denote locality as objects.
- For example:
- 10)从 宿 舍 cóng sùsh from the dorm
- 11)从 我 家 cóng wŏji from my home
- A propositional phrase such as 从 我 家 ,从 宿 舍 can funtion as adverbial
- adjunct indicating direction. The position of an adverbial adjunct always
- precedes the verb it modifies.
- For example:
- 12)我 从 我 家 来 。
- Wǒ cóng wǒ jiā lái .
- I come from my home.
- 13)古 老 师 从 哪 儿 去 ?
- Gǔ lǎo shī cóng nǎr qù ?
- From where is Teacher Gu going ?
- Nouns or pronouns denoting persons cannot be used independently as the
- object of the proposition 从 to indicate locality.
- They must also take 这 儿 or 那 儿 :
- 14)我 从 我 妈 妈 那 儿 来 。
- Wǒ cóng wǒ mā mā nàr lái .
- I came from my mom's place.
- 15)他 从 你 这 儿 去 。
- Tā cóng nǐ zhèr qù .
- He went/left from your place.
- The negative form of a sentence with 从 prepositional phrase is:
- 16) 妈 妈 不 从 这 儿 去 。
- Tā cóng nǐ zhèr qù .
- Mom won't go/leave from here.
- Note that the position of 不 is before the prepostional phrase.
- 3. The expression of “太 +adj./v. + 了”:
- The expression of “太 +adj./v.+ 了” indicates that something has
- gone to the extreme, and that some limit has been passed.
- In short, it shows “excessiveness”. For example:
- 17) 这 条 裤 子 太 小 了 。
- Zhètiáo kùzi tài xiăo le.
- The pants are too small.
- 18) 那 个 人 太 老 了 。
- Nàge rén tài lăo le.
- That guy is too old.
- 19) 他 太 喜 欢 他 的 孩 子 。
- Tā tài xǐ huān tā de háizi .
- He likes his kids too much. (He spoils his kids.)
- The expression of “太 +adj.+ 了” does not always carry a negative tone.
- It can also be use to show admiration. For example:
- 20) 古 老 师 的 书 法 太 漂 亮 了 。
- Gǔ lǎo shī de shū fǎ tài piào liàng le .
- Teacher Gu’s calligraphy is wonderful.
-
- 4. The adverb 就:
- The adverb 就 is often placed before the main verb to indicate emphasis
- of different implication.
- For example:
- *as 'precisely', 'exactly':
- 21) 那 就 是 图 书 馆 。
- Nà jiù shì tú shū guǎn .
- THAT is the library.
- 22) 她 就 是 东 亚 馆 的 古 老 师 。
- Tā jiù shì dōng yà guǎn de gǔ lǎo shī .
- SHE is Teacher Gu of East Asian Library.
- *As ‘only’:
- 23) 我 们 系 就 有 一 个 阅 览 室 。
- Wǒmen xì jiù yǒu yī gè yuè lǎn shì .
- There is ONLY one reading room in our department.
- *As ‘immediately’:
- 24)我 就 去 语 言 实 验 室 。
- Wǒ jiù qù yǔyán shí yàn shì .
- I WILL go to the language lab RIGHT AWAY.
- The adverb 就 usually does not have a negative form.
- Only when indicating “absolutely not”, can it take negative form.
- For example:
- 25)她 就 不 是 古 老 师 。
- She is DEFINITELY NOT Teacher Gu.
- 26)我 就 不 去 语 言 实 验 室 。
- I am ABSOLUTELY NOT going to the language lab.
- 27)我 们 系 就 没 有 阅 览 室 。
- There DEFINITELY ISN’T Any reading room in our department.
-
- 5. Reduplication of verbs:
- Reduplication of verbs such as “看 看 , 等 等” tends to stress the
- “tentative effect” of the verb and to minimize the action. It is
- often used (A) to describe modestly to one’s own activities.
- For example:
- 28) 我 看 看 你 的 书 , 好 吗 ?
- Wǒ kàn kàn nǐ de shū , hǎo ma ?
- May I have a look at your book?
- (B) to form a mild imperative, or to make a suggestion. For example:
- 29) 你 看 看 这 本 书 吧 。
- Nǐ kàn kàn zhè běn shū ba .
- Take a look at this book.
- 30)喝 喝 这 茶 吧 。 真 好 。
- Hē hē zhè chá ba . Zhēn hǎo .
- Have a sip of the tea. (It is) really good.
- The rules for the redublication of verbs are:
- (A) In a verb-object structure, only the verb and not the object, is
- redublicated. For example:
- 喝 茶 --喝 喝 茶 问 王 老 师 --问 问 王 老 师
- (B) When a monosyllabic verb is reduplicated, "一 " can come
- between the verb and its reduplicate:
- 喝 茶 --喝 喝 茶 --喝 一 喝 茶 看 地 图 --看 看 地 图 --看 一 看 地 图
- (C) To a disyllabic verb is simply repeat the whole word:
- 学 习 汉 语 --学 习 学 习 汉 语 帮 助 他 --帮 助 帮 助 他
- Note that "一 " cannot come between the disyllabic verb and its redublicate.
- 6. The adjective 好 as an adverb:
- The adjective 好 often can function as an adverb to modify a verb. When 好
- works as an adverb, it means roughly "good to" or "easy to". For example:
- 31) 汉 语 很 好 学 。
- Hànyǔ hěn hǎo xué .
- Chinese is easy to learn.
- 32) 外 语 学 院 很 好 找 。
- Wài yǔ xué yuàn hěn hǎo zhǎo .
- The Foreign Language Institute is ease to locate.
- In some cases, 好 + V. is taken as a set-phrase, and is considered to have
- the status of a word, which can function as an adjective. For instance:
- 33) 这 条 裙 子 很 好 看 。
- Zhè tiáo qún zi hěn hǎo kàn .
- The skirt is really nice to look at.
- HENCE: The skirt is really nice-looking (pretty).
- 34) 这 是 一 本 很 好 看 的 书 。
- Zhè shì yī běn hěn hǎo kàn de shū .
- This is a nice to read book. / This is an interesting (good) book.
- 7. The preposed object:
- Sometimes, a verb can have a list of objects. For example:
- 35) 我 有 汉 语 书 , 英 语 书 , 和 日 语 书 。
- wǒ yǒu hàn yǔ shū , yīng yǔ shū , hé rì yǔ shū .
- I have Chinese books, English books, and Japanese books
- In a case like this, a Chinese speaker likes to change the word-order,
- and prepose the list of objects in the way like this:
- 汉 语 书 , 英 语 书 , 日 本 书 , 我 都 有 。
- Hàn yǔ shū , yīng yǔ shū , rì běn shū , wǒ dōu yǒu .
-
- Notice that when the list is preposed, the adverb "dōu" is present, and
- its positition in the sentence is right ahead of the verb. “Dōu” must
- always follow its referent, a requirement that works well with this
- construction. must One more examples:
- 36) 茶 , 咖 啡 , 酒 , 他 都 喝 。
- Chá , kā fēi , jiǔ , tā dōu hē .
- He drinks tea, coffee, and wine.
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