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- <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
- <html>
- <head>
- <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
- <title></title>
- <meta name="generator" content="LibreOffice 6.1.2.1 (Linux)"/>
- <meta name="created" content="2019-01-02T08:38:19.601620920"/>
- <meta name="changed" content="2019-01-02T08:40:20.472730703"/>
- <style type="text/css">
- h2.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei" }
- h2.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" }
- h3.cjk { font-family: "WenQuanYi Zen Hei" }
- h3.ctl { font-family: "Lohit Devanagari" }
- </style>
- </head>
- <body lang="fr-FR" dir="ltr"><p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0">
- <tr>
- <td bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
- Show </p>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>characters<br/>
- pinyin,
- zhuyin<br/>
- translations</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm">
- in </p>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: 1px double #808080; padding: 0.05cm"><p>text
- <br/>
- tooltips <br/>
- status line <br/>
- separate wordlist
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>Link characters to online
- dictionaries<br/>
- Only treat the first occurrence of each
- word<br/>
- Include links to
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0">
- <tr>
- <td bgcolor="#d0d0f0" style="background: #d0d0f0" style="border: none; padding: 0cm">
- <center>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>audio
- text-to-speech<br/>
- <font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt">tooltips
- require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser</font>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </center>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
- <h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font>?</h3>
- <p>One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to
- add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end of a statement. Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a></span></font></font>!
- (Hi!) becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?
- (How are you?)
- </p>
- <h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font>?</h3>
- <p>This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed
- to you. Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what
- about you?" or "how about you?"
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- How are you?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I am fine, and you?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Are you busy?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I am not busy, what about you?
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h3 class="western">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h3>
- <p>All three are adverbs, which should be placed <em>before</em> what
- they modify in Chinese. E.g., <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <p>Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>is not really employed to mean "very"
- if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a></span></font></font>.
- It is simply because to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>
- </span></font></font>is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a
- monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore
- people usually add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>
- </span></font></font>to make the sentence sound natural: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
- </span></font></font>in this case does not necessarily mean "I
- am <em>very</em> well", it may simply convey the meaning of "I
- am fine".
- </p>
- <p><em>The order of these words:</em> If all three adverbs occur in
- the same sentence, their order is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>-- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.</blockquote>
- <p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>(both/all) is only used to refer to the items to
- the <em>left</em> of it. Hence it is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
- </span></font></font>("all of them are fine"). One should
- say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h3>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>indicates a complete negation whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>shows a partial negation:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- None of them is busy.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Not all of them are busy.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- None of us is a doctor.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Not all of us are doctors.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h3 class="western">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></h3>
- <p>As an auxiliary word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to indicate possession. It comes between
- the subject and the noun it modifies: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>
- </span></font></font>etc.
- </p>
- <p>In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
- possessive marker <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>can be omitted. <em>Otherwise it cannot</em>.
- </p>
- <blockquote>e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <h3 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
- </span></font>-- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".</h3>
- <p>Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb.
- In the sentence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a></span></font></font>,
- the adjectival phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a>
- </span></font></font>serves as the predicate for the sentence. No
- verb "to be" is needed as in English (I <em>am</em> very
- well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an <em>adjective</em>
- as its predicate, even in negative sentences.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They are very busy, we are not.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>should still be retained:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- He is my friend.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I am not her elder brother.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h3 class="western">
- Proper Response</h3>
- <p>Study the following two dialogues:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is your mother a doctor?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a></span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Yes, she is a doctor.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>?</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is your mother busy?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a></span></font></font>.</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Yes, she is very busy.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb
- -- in the above case <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
- </span></font></font>respectively -- as an equivalent to the English
- "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore
- that the response is not always <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Questions with interrogative words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as
- "what", "when", "who" etc to the
- beginning of the sentence to form a question, Chinese leaves the word
- order unchanged when forming questions using such interrogative words
- as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>,
- etc:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a></span></font></font>.
- (He is my younger brother.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>?
- (Who is he?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>.
- (He is our teacher.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>?
- (Who is your teacher?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a></span></font></font>.
- (He is Chinese.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>?
- (What is his nationality?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a></span></font></font>.
- (This is a map of China.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a></span></font></font>?
- (What map is this?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.
- (That is a book.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>?
- (What is that?)
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>.
- (This is her car.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>?
- (Whose car is this?)
- </p>
- </ol>
- <p>As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are
- what one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form
- questions. No change of word order takes place.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Asking a person's name</h2>
- <p>There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who
- that person is.
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">您</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally
- "What is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to
- address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but
- to whom one wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>
- </span></font></font>cannot be used when asking about a third
- person's name, or when referring to oneself.
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1z', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">您</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What is your name?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- My name is Ding.</dd><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually
- used to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's
- inferiors. If one wants to be a bit polite, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請問</a>
- </span></font></font>can be added to the question:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0b0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請問</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- May I ask, what's your name?</dd><p>
- Unlike <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6Qa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">貴姓</a></span></font></font>,
- which is only used in the second person, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>
- </span></font></font>can be employed for all persons:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>etc.
- </blockquote>
- </ol>
- <p>When asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9m', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>you
- are supposed to give your last name first, and then as an option you
- can add your full name afterwards. But when asked <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font>you
- can give either your given name or your full name.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>﹐
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Both words mean "to study" or "to learn".
- Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used both transitively and
- intransitively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>
- </span></font></font>is normally reserved for transitive use.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I study Chinese, she studies French.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3bec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- In the second sentence, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">習</a>
- </span></font></font>cannot be omitted.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>(to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
- </p>
- <p>To express the location or existence of something or somebody,
- use the following pattern:
- </p>
- <blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place/location word or phrase<br/>
- e.g. A:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <br/>
- A:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <p>If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5jaai', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">古波</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is Gubo in [or: here]?</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不在</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.</dd><blockquote>
- </blockquote>
- <li><p>Nouns / personal pronouns + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>as place words.
- </p>
- <blockquote>e.g. A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ab9cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地圖</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>。</span></font></font>(or
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
- <br/>
- A:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <p>The choice of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>depends on the distance between the object and
- the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>;
- if not, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p>The word order for Chinese place words
- </p>
- <p>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones
- and proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives
- in room 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will
- be <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbch', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">層</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>。
- </span></font></font>Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is
- applicable to the address used when writing letters as well.
- </p>
- <li><p>To live (stay) at a place
- </p>
- <p>Most often one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
- </span></font></font>to indicate that one lives or stays at a
- certain place. There are several patterns for the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a></span></font></font>.
- For example, to say "I live here", one can have the
- following:
- </p>
- <blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
- S
- + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a></span></font></font>)<br/>
- S
- + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a></span></font></font>)</blockquote>
- <p>All three sentences have the same meaning.
- </p>
- <li><p>Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
- </p>
- <p>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit
- by digit:
- </p>
- <blockquote>English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)<br/>
- Chinese:
- # 1452 (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二號</a></span></font></font>)
- </blockquote>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">The use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
- </span></font>(to return something to someone)</h2>
- <p>When using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
- </span></font></font>to indicate "return", use the
- following pattern:
- </p>
- <blockquote>S + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
- </span></font></font>+ (sb.) + sth.<br/>
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5eb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">畫報</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>。</span></font></font>(Notice
- here sb. is omitted.)</blockquote>
- <p>This pattern is <i>only</i> used for simple objects, i.e. the
- object to be returned is not a complex one such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>,
- etc. Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it
- would be awkward to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4B', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">云</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>,
- although grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to
- express something more complicated.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>In this phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
- </span></font></font>is a verb which can be used both transitively
- and intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an
- object). <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>is an adverbial of time indicating "a short
- while, a little while". If an object is to be used for <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
- </span></font></font>in the above phrase, it should be placed after
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Time Word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions
- in a sentence: <i>before</i> or <i>after</i> the subject.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Now she is going to the college to return books.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
- </span></font></font>in the sense of "often" can often be
- reduplicated as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a>
- </span></font></font>without a change of meaning. Thus, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- <p>In making negative sentences, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a>
- </span></font></font>is normally <i>not</i> reduplicated. Hence
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- <h2 class="western">Affirmative-Negative questions</h2>
- <p>An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the
- affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <ol>
- <li><p>
- If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
- the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
- that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
- form of "V + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>+ V ?" as well, although this is not as
- common:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- As in questions with interrogative words (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a></span></font></font>,
- etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end.</p>
- <li><p>If an adverb such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>comes <i>before</i> the predicative verb or
- adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>instead:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">咖啡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9@b0d8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">咖啡</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
- Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
- <i>before</i> the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不忙</a>﹖</span></font></font></p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacOa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a>﹖</span></font></font></p>
- </ol>
- <p>The second instance is acceptable because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>comes <i>after</i> the predicative verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- <li><p>If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only
- the <i>first</i> verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the
- question:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font>becomes
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紙</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歡迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>becomes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5waaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歡迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3c5w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不歡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaef', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">迎</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>In Chinese, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
- </span></font></font>as a conjunction is normally used to connect two
- words or phrases, <i>never</i> two clauses or sentences:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEad^bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">英語</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <blockquote>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7cca7cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">弟弟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- nor
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>The adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>is placed between the subject and the
- predicative verb or adjective. It governs only the elements <i>before</i>
- it:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
- </span></font></font>(All of us go to China: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a></span></font></font>.)<br/>
- but
- not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>This is also wrong:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a>
- </span></font></font>modifies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a>
- </span></font></font>and not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a></span></font></font>.
- If "both Chinese and French" is intended in the above
- sentence, the objects <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>
- </span></font></font>should be placed before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- or
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <h2 class="western">The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font>expressing possession and existence</h2>
- <p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>in Chinese can mean both possession and
- existence, like the English "to have" and "there is"
- or "there are":
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She has a Chinese dictionary.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- N.B.:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>To negate <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>,
- one uses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</dd><li><p>
- Informally in a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>can sometimes be omitted:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5a7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">筆</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- My friend does not have books, nor pens.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- There is no one in our dorm now.</dd><li><p>
- The affirmative-negative question form is "... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
- </span></font></font>... ?"
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有人</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Sometimes, if the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>is not long, one can use the form "... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>+ object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
- </span></font></font>?" as well, although this form is not as
- common as the previous one.
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Prepositional construction with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font>(in, at) and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a>
- </span></font>(for, to)</h2>
- <p>The object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>is often a place-word and the object of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a>
- </span></font></font>is often the beneficiary of the action expressed
- by the predicative verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction
- comes <i>before</i> the verb it modifies:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She works in a bank.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Let me introduce you to one another.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- To form a negative sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
- construction:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I am not going to introduce you.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>are also placed <i>before</i> the prepositional
- construction:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>City Lit <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you often write to your mother?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- My dad also often writes to me.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>in Chinese carries various meanings:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>+ noun/noun-phrase = to miss
- somebody/something:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Qaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想家</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Ding Yun misses her family very much.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I miss my parents very much.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Don't you miss your boyfriend?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you miss her?</dd><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d3a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">商店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you want to go to the shop?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I don't want to go.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you want to study French?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I also want to study French.</dd><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>+ clause = to think/suppose something:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I think she is Chinese.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I think her parents are both doctors.</dd><p>
- N.B. to negate a sentence with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>in this capacity, put the negative adverb in
- the <i>subordinate clause</i>, not in the main clause as in English:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()"><i>不是</i></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I don't think she is Chinese.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國人</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <p>N.B. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>as a verb can use the affirmative-negative
- question form <i>only</i> in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>means "to tell". In English, the verb
- "tell" can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell
- somebody <i>to do</i> something. The Chinese verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>can only be applied to the first of these
- patterns.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She told me her work.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好朋友</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I told him to write to me.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a></span></font></font>)
- of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>in the first and second sentences is either a
- noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last
- sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern "to tell somebody
- to do something" and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct
- object. In this case, we should use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
- </span></font></font>in place of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>to make a correct sentence:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcgabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫信</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I asked him to write to me.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- The Numbers in Chinese</h2>
- <p>For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
- </p>
- <blockquote>○ (or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a></span></font></font>),
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Further on, they are:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 11, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a>
- </span></font></font>= 12, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十九</a>
- </span></font></font>= 19<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 20, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 21, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十八</a>
- </span></font></font>= 28<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 30, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 40, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 90, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ea4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a>
- </span></font></font>= 99</blockquote>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a>
- </span></font></font>= 100<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 101, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 110, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 111<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十七</a>
- </span></font></font>= 327, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a>
- </span></font></font>= 909</blockquote>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千</a>
- </span></font></font>= 1000<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 1001, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a>
- </span></font></font>= 5040, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ca6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a>
- </span></font></font>= 8725</blockquote>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一萬</a>
- </span></font></font>= 10,000<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>= 40,801</blockquote>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@bbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一億</a>
- </span></font></font>= 100,000,000
- </blockquote>
- <p>N.B.:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Numbers like 15 are written e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a></span></font></font>,
- not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- <li><p>A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two
- digits: 101 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>,
- and 3020 is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a></span></font></font>.
- Notice the last zero in 3020 is <i>not</i> pronounced because it is
- not between two other digits.
- </p>
- <p>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two
- non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4db9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一千零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>.
- However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched,
- as in 40,801, each is read as normal: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Measure words
- </p>
- <p>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
- pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a></span></font></font>,
- or interrogative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a></span></font></font>,
- a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its
- modifier(s):
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfeadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how
- much". Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
- </span></font></font>should be used with a measure word, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used either with or without a measure
- word for the noun it modifies.
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><p>
- The measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a>
- </span></font></font>is a must for the first sentence, but only
- optional in the second.
- </p>
- <p>Also, when <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a>
- </span></font></font>is used, the expected answer is usually under
- 10, whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used whether one expects a large or
- small answer.
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ha4d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">多少</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4Xadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p>Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
- </p>
- <p>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
- object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>In this sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a>
- </span></font></font>is a verb that takes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a>
- </span></font></font>as the indirect object and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaakbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">法語</a>
- </span></font></font>as the direct object. Generally the indirect
- goes before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same
- way include <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <p>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to
- say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
- </span></font></font>(He bought me a book), or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>
- </span></font></font>(She wrote me a letter). The correct way of
- saying these would be to use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a></span></font></font>,
- as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p>Adjectives as modifiers
- </p>
- <p>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before
- the noun as in English:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7saed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新書</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- new book
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6naaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好朋友</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- good friend</dd><p>
- However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
- syllables, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>is usually inserted between the modifier and
- the noun it modifies:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- very new book
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- very good friend</dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to mean "the same" as the
- previous statement. Hence the relationship between the statement
- introduced by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>and the previous one is a <i>parallel</i>
- relationship. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, introduces an <i>additional</i> element to the
- previous statement.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g.
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- You have a question; I also have a question. The two are parallel
- here.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I have already had some questions, but I still have one more. This
- is <i>in addition to</i> the previous ones.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Under certain circumstances, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a>
- </span></font></font>are interchangeable, but with different
- emphasis:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">口語</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbyaak', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">語法</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fbby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">口語</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor
- Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
- conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence
- stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation <i>in addition to</i>
- the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates
- the three subjects he teaches without prioritization.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Grammar notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>construction
- </p>
- <p>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
- adjective) with the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a
- sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- This skirt is my sister's. Noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">白</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">茶</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font></dd><p>
- These constructions normally involve the verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a></span></font></font>).
- </p>
- <li><p>Usage of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>
- </span></font></font>= to go from; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>
- </span></font></font>= to come from.
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Where did you come from?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I came from the library.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">劇場</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</dd><li><p>
- Noun/Pronoun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
- </span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>= over here/there at ...'s place
- </p>
- <p>When a noun or pronoun is added to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>,
- they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>
- </span></font></font>(I went to her), one can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>(I went to her place), because <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>
- </span></font></font>is now regarded as a place expression.
- Similarly one cannot say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a>
- </span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me), but one can say
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a>
- </span></font></font>(Your skirt is with me). More examples:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Your book is at his place.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We all went to my sister's place.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">找</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</dd><p>
- As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
- use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a></span></font></font>;
- if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or
- herself, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
- used between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3a6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太忙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Too busy!
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Too big!</dd><p>
- The expression <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3a6na4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太好了</a>﹗</span></font></font>,
- however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or
- admiration.
- </p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Word study: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>When "2" is followed by a measure word, use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcWa5[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">增加</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadbf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">倍</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a6b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩次</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>should be used in a number greater than 10,
- even if it is followed by a measure word:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十二</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二次</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3a4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個人</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bba4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <p>There are some more restrictions, though:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Only <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a></span></font></font>;
- before the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>is usually employed but <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
- </span></font></font>may also be used:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <li><p>For numbers like <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
- </span></font></font>is used more often than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2a4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>(also <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a></span></font></font>),
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ha4f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人口</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- <li><p>If the number is greater than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a></span></font></font>,
- <i>i.e.</i> if there are more digits before <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">百</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">萬</a></span></font></font>,
- then put <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>instead of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
- </span></font></font>in front:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">億</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4db8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千萬</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Tb8U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三萬</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4d', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五千</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga6ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二百</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">元</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </blockquote>
- </ol>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Time</h2>
- <p>The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
- </p>
- <blockquote style="margin-bottom: 0cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a></span></font></font>...</blockquote>
- <dl>
- <dd>
- <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a></span></font></font></p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>2:00</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>10:30</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">刻</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>3:15</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">刻</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a></span></font></font>)</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>12:45</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaet', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">差</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaet', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">差</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2c2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩點</a></span></font></font>)</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>1:55</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>5:20</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bbc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五分</a></span></font></font></p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>6:05</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p>7:35</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </dl>
- <p>Some notes:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a></span></font></font>,
- as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八分</a>
- </span></font></font>(3:08) or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">零</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三分</a>
- </span></font></font>(12:03).</p>
- <li><p>When the minutes are greater than 10, the word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a>
- </span></font></font>is optional:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Cc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4c0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">分</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p>"This morning" is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a></span></font></font>,
- not for example <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a></span></font></font>;
- "every afternoon" is <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a></span></font></font>,
- not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a></span></font></font>.</p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Placement of time-words</h2>
- <p>A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the
- subject or at the beginning of a sentence:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Some notes:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>A time-word does not take a preposition:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She came in the evening.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a></span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a></span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
- smaller:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- at 8 o'clock this evening</dd><li><p>
- If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
- goes first:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">等</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadf4adf4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哥哥</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上課</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?</dd><li><p>
- Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>+ noun (time-words modifying nouns)
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What show do you want to see? <i>literally</i> What time's film do
- you want to see?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN">。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Is this today's paper?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
- </dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">The use of the time-words <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>When used by itself, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
- </span></font></font>means "previously" or "before"
- and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
- </span></font></font>means "later", "afterwards"
- or "in the future":
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Where did you work before?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6edb1J', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住宿</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">舍</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
- </span></font></font>means "before..." and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
- </span></font></font>means "after...":
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I won't go home before 10.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0eaa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- He has been working here after he came to America.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ba5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- N.B. When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a>
- </span></font></font>is used together with a time-word or verb phrase
- to mean "before" or "after", the word order is
- exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- before 4 o'clock
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- before the class is over
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- after tomorrow evening (or night)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- after returning to the dormitory</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a></span></font>)
- + verb/verb-phrase</h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font></font>as a preposition means "with", and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>
- </span></font></font>means "together". This pattern is used
- to indicate that A and B do something together. Here <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font></font>can be replaced with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a>
- </span></font></font>without changing the meaning; and the phrase <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>
- </span></font></font>is optional.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9M', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">和</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I go to see a film with her.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She and I go to see a film together.)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbc@b3f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">劇場</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c6a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">事兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">京劇</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
- opera!
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- N.B. This pattern of A <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a>
- </span></font></font>B (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a></span></font></font>)
- is always placed <i>before</i> the main verb in the sentence. Hence
- the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8kaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">男朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b0_', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一起</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I want to go together with my boyfriend.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Alternative Questions using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun
- phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dfc5w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喜歡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacf5aff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">紅茶</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaf1aff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">綠茶</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(nouns)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(noun phrases)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(verbs)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">聽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ja8e5adb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">古典音樂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5a5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">聽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a5Nadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現代音樂</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(verb phrases)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>(clauses)</blockquote>
- <p>Note:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>the two items connected by <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>are normally parallel in structure; and</p>
- <li><p>as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
- interrogative words, alternative questions do not have <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end.
- </p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Pivotal Sentences with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal
- sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same
- time the subject of the following verb. This object therefore
- functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the
- sentence.
- </p>
- <p>The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to
- cause something to happen) such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a></span></font></font>.
- All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of
- the three, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
- </span></font></font>is the most polite; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a>
- </span></font></font>is less so, and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a>
- </span></font></font>is the least polite. So watch out for the
- occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">王</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">音樂</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~a6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢字</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">孩子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to
- ask", the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate
- various degrees of politeness.
- </p>
- <p>Note:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Besides the use of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
- </span></font></font>above (meaning "to ask someone to do
- something"), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a>
- </span></font></font>can also be used to mean "to invite":
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚飯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We invited him to dinner.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</dd><li><p>
- To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font><i>before the first verb</i>:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja4d2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大夫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">酒</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a>
- </span></font></font>both mean "do not". They can be used
- in negative <i>imperative</i> sentences with or without a subject.
- They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or
- adjective:
- </p>
- <blockquote>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>﹗</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">酒</a>﹗
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那兒</a>﹗</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a>﹗
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3adn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹗</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
- sentences. It is wrong to say <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">別</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a></span></font></font>.
- One can say instead <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaa8aaa8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">爸爸</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">Expressions for the date, week, month and year</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>,
- year
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a>
- </span></font></font>= last year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a>
- </span></font></font>= this year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a>
- </span></font></font>= next year</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4Ea4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九七</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八年</a></span></font></font>,
- ...</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一年</a>
- </span></font></font>= one year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a>
- </span></font></font>= two years (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a></span></font></font>);
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三年</a>
- </span></font></font>= three years<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每年</a>
- </span></font></font>= every year; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a>
- </span></font></font>= five-and-a-half years</p>
- </ol>
- <li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a></span></font></font>,
- month
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上個月</a></span></font></font>=
- last month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個月</a>
- </span></font></font>= this month; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Uadd3a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下個月</a>
- </span></font></font>= next month</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一月</a>
- </span></font></font>= January; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二月</a>
- </span></font></font>= February (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a></span></font></font>);
- ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">月</a>
- </span></font></font>= December</p>
- </ol>
- <li><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a></span></font></font>,
- week
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= last week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= this week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= next week</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>
- </span></font></font>= Monday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期二</a>
- </span></font></font>= Tuesday; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期六</a>
- </span></font></font>= Saturday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期日</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期天</a>
- </span></font></font>= Sunday</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= one week; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= two weeks (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a></span></font></font>);
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= three weeks; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= four-and-a-half weeks; ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a>
- </span></font></font>= every week
- </p>
- </ol>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
- </span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
- </span></font></font>/ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
- </span></font></font>date
- </p>
- <p>Use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
- </span></font></font>for a <i>specific</i> date. Usually <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a>
- </span></font></font>is used in written and formal language and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a>
- </span></font></font>is used in conversation. The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
- </span></font></font>should be used in <i>counting</i> the number of
- days:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
- </span></font></font>= yesterday; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a>
- </span></font></font>= today; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a>
- </span></font></font>= tomorrow</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一號</a></span></font></font>;
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Gb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二號</a>
- </span></font></font>(not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a></span></font></font>);
- ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三十</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@b8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一號</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5|a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">四月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bbb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六號</a></span></font></font>;
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a></span></font></font>;
- ...</p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一天</a>
- </span></font></font>= one day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a>
- </span></font></font>= two days (not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4G', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">天</a></span></font></font>);
- ... <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ba4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">半天</a>
- </span></font></font>= half a day; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ca4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">每天</a>
- </span></font></font>= every day</p>
- </ol>
- </ol>
- <p>Some notes:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
- calendar date comes before the day of the week:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ea4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一九九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">六</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa4@a4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十一月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4Qa4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二十五</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">號</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4C', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ca4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">七月</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十四</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p>Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and
- month:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ada4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">五月</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ka4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八月</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the August of last year
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ga4eb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">二月</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the February of next year</dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4ad', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期五</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the Monday of last week
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a5|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期四</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the Thursday of next week</dd><p>
- Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be
- rendered as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a></span></font></font>,
- if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring
- to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for
- months.
- </p>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun</h2>
- <p>Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as
- a modified to form a relative clause:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Unlike in English, all modifiers go <i>before</i> the element
- they modify in Chinese:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aeb2b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">乾淨</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0e', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">送</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2a7aaab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">禮物</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p>The word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>has to be inserted between the modifier and the
- element it modifies:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3b7Nabe4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有意思</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}aaf9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開門</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跟</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f5bbR', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跳舞</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9haeQ', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姑娘</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">同學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Other grammar notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Sentences with an adjectival predicate
- </p>
- <p>The verb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>is not normally used in the predicate for a
- sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">絲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">線</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadm', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">衫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4p', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">小</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaAb0c8adfb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">服務員</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
- preceded by adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">真</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">更</a></span></font></font>,
- it is usually qualified by the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>.
- In such cases, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a>
- </span></font></font>does not really mean "very"; <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">忙</a>
- </span></font></font>mean virtually the same.
- </p>
- <p>Also, adverbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">太</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">更</a>
- </span></font></font><i>cannot</i> be used in affirmative-negative
- sentences of this type:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3abdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6~bbb4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">年輕</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabDb1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">非常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0aabfb3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">高興</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>vs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>In general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to extend well-wishes <i>in advance</i>
- whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to congratulate someone on something
- <i>already accomplished</i>:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafac', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5cda4e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">生日</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>﹗
- </span></font></font>(One can say this on the day, or in
- advance.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafacb6P', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">祝賀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a>﹗
- </span></font></font>(Say this only when something has already been
- accomplished.)</blockquote>
- <li><p>Reduplication of verbs
- </p>
- <p>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to
- soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a
- verb can be repeated:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a>。
- </span></font></font>(Notice the pattern is ABAB, not
- AABB.)<br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a>
- </span></font></font>can be inserted:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>。</span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <p>Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>after the verb:
- </p>
- <blockquote><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a></span></font></font><br/>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a4Ua8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一下兒</a>
- </span></font></font>= <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b6b2d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">介紹</a></span></font></font></blockquote>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Position words</h2>
- <p>Words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5aac3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">左邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中間</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a>
- </span></font></font>are position words. Some of the basic syllables
- are:
- </p>
- <center>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a>
- </span></font></font>- up</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5aa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">左</a>
- </span></font></font>- left </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中</a>
- </span></font></font>- middle</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5k', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">右</a>
- </span></font></font>- right</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a>
- </span></font></font>- down</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="3" style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前</a>
- </span></font></font>- front</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a>
- </span></font></font>- in</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後</a>
- </span></font></font>- back</p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> </p>
- </td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p> <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外</a>
- </span></font></font>- out</p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </center>
- <p>Usually, add <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
- </span></font></font>to make "on the left", "above",
- "outside" etc.
- </p>
- <p>Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Noun (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
- + position word:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- outside the car
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- behind the house
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- opposite the table
- </dd><li><p>
- Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>+ noun (here the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>is <i>mandatory</i>).
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the house behind (the house which is behind)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way)
- </dd></ol>
- <p>Notes:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>When <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Uc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下邊</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外邊</a>
- </span></font></font>are modified by other nouns, the character <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
- </span></font></font>can be omitted:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- inside the house
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaee0a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">桌子</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- on the table
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0abc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教室</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">外</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a></span></font></font>)</dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- outside the classroom</dd><li><p>
- Do <i>not</i> use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a>
- </span></font></font>in the following two cases:</p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>After geographical names such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a>
- </span></font></font>etc:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She studies Chinese in Beijing.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- There are many universities in America.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacfcb0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">美國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdca6h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很多</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4jbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大學</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- In a phrase of the form "<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ place, building or organisation":
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- I work in a bank.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbc8a6e6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">銀行</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They are reading books in the reading-room.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbe5cc4fdabc7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">閱覽室</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8cc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裡</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- </ol>
- <h2 class="western">Patterns for Location</h2>
- <p>There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>respectively and with different meanings:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>To show that there is something in a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a>
- </span></font></font>+ indefinite noun:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What is behind?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- There is a garage behind.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9efadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">對面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4bdb6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">公園</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Across from our home, there is a park.
- </dd><li><p>
- To show that certain things exist in certain places: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>Definite noun + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>+ position word:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Where is the garden?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The garden is behind our house.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5kc3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">右邊</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The garden is to the right of the garage.
- </dd><li><p>
- To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p>Position word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>+ definite/indefinite noun:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- What's behind your house?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe1c3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">後邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1b6e9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花園</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Behind our house is a garden.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabec3e4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前邊</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學院</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- In front of their house is the college library.
- </dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Progressive aspect of an action</h2>
- <p>To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of
- the following patterns:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She is resting.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notes:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences
- excepted.
- </p>
- <li><p>The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the
- present, but also to past and future actions:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She is resting now. <i>present progressive</i>
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- When I went there, she was resting. <i>past progressive</i>
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一定</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting. <i>future
- progressive</i>
- </dd><li><p>
- As shown above, either <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a>
- </span></font></font>can be placed before a verb to indicate the
- progressive aspect of an action.
- </p>
- <li><p>Alternatively, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font></font>can be placed at the end of the sentence to
- perform the same function. Sometimes <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used together with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p>The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a></span></font></font>,
- not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a></span></font></font>,
- before the verb; and it can be shortened to <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or
- a short answer. Otherwise the full form of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
- </span></font></font>must be used:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報</a>。</span></font></font>(or
- simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a></span></font></font>)
- </dt><li><p>
- If both the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>of the progressive aspect and the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>of location exist in a sentence, only one
- should be used:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房間</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9d0b6a1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">房間</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5f0aea7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">休息</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers</h2>
- <p>An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause)
- such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used
- this way, there must be a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>inserted between the construction and the noun
- it modifies:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabaaec9add4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的時候</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bfa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">正在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Yb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃飯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- When I called her, she was eating.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漂亮</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8ca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7d3a4f9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">照片</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Who wrote this letter to you?
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a></span></font></font>,
- which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.</p>
- <h2 class="western">Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font>vs. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English.
- However, while <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font></font>implies <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">觀</a>
- </span></font></font>(to see), <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
- </span></font></font>stresses <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問</a>
- </span></font></font>(to ask). Hence <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font></font>really implies observation while visiting and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
- </span></font></font>means to visit people with specific purpose such
- as interviews. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a>
- </span></font></font>can be followed by places but not people;
- whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a>
- </span></font></font>can take either, but most commonly people.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0d1c6[', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">參觀</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學校</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3Xb0dd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">訪問</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0eaaea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">國家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1`b2ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">總統</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Grammar Notes</h2>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Measure word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
- </span></font></font>is a measure word showing indefinite quantity.
- It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪</a>
- </span></font></font>and after the numeral <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- some
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- these
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- those
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪些</a></span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- which (plural)
- </dd><p>
- Don't attempt to mix <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">些</a>
- </span></font></font>with definite measures. It is wrong to say
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>
- </span></font></font>(these three dictionaries); one can only say
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a></span></font></font>.
- </p>
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>construction
- </p>
- <p>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
- adjectives:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">黑</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ja9j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">姐姐</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6c2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">黑</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ja6e7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">大衣</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><p>
- But the <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a>
- </span></font></font>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>
- </span></font></font>construction can also be used with
- prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8baa8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Bb6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">丁雲</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2Ia4df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點心</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">束</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">束</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaae1a8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">花兒</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">借</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>。</span></font></font>=
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ba4j', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在大</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadc9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">借</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- This book is the one I borrowed from the university library.
- </dd></ol>
- <h2 class="western">The use of the Complement of Degree</h2>
- <h3 class="western">What is a complement?</h3>
- <p>A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain
- or complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
- duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility
- of an action. Complements always appear <b>after</b> the verbs they
- modify.
- </p>
- <p>We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the
- words they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because
- Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an
- action occurs. Notice, for example:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcvb0|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影院</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop.
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
- Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a
- verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent
- or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time
- sequence.
- </p>
- <h3 class="western">The complement of degree</h3>
- <p>This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
- adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to connect the verb and its complement:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- How is he studying?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- He's studying very well.</dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Verb without object: V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4ua7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">工作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">錯</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Verb with object: V + O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5c1baq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">民歌</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Verb with preposed object: O + V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oabdc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得很</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <p>Place <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font><i>before the adjective</i> to make the
- negative:
- </p>
- <ol start="4">
- <li><p>V + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>+ adjective
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaqb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>﹐
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbR', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">舞</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">也</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8f5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">跳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <p>Questions are formed as follows:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>. . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>adjective?
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">快</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a7d6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不快</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- . . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe7bbf2bccb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">怎麼樣</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- . . . <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a>
- </span></font></font>adjective <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游泳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <p>Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such
- as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a></span></font></font>,
- since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">The difference between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>
- </span></font>as sentence-ending particles</h2>
- <p>Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end
- of a question. However, they differ in usage.
- </p>
- <h3 class="western">In questions</h3>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font></font>is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry.
- It may appear in questions with interrogative words such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">什</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">麼</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a></span></font></font>;
- affirmative-negative questions such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6na6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖</span></font></font>;
- or alternative questions with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></font>,
- such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">面</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">包</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f5bbL', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">火腿</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a
- mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>﹖
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <h3 class="western">In affirmative statements</h3>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>
- </span></font></font>in this case is used to indicate the progressive
- aspect of an action (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>),
- or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration (e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4E', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">九</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">從</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ta4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。</span></font></font>)
- </p>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>
- </span></font></font>is often added at the end of an imperative
- sentence to soften the tone, as in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7a', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吧</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">The use of optative verbs</h2>
- <p>Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
- express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>subjective wish</i>, <i>desire</i> or <i>request</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = to want to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">橘子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = would like to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>objective necessity</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = to have to (especially in questions)
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Do I have to come tomorrow?
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We have to go.
- </dd><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不用</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = don't have to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- You don't have to come tomorrow.</dd></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>ability</i> or <i>skill acquired</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3f8afc8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">報紙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4X', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">幾</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladccb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4e5aaa', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">游泳</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>ability depending on circumstances</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = can, be able to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a></span></font></font>1<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <p>Note, in both cases use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a>
- </span></font></font>for negative sentences.
- </p>
- <li><p>To express <i>permission</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不可</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0b1a8ae', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">停車</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><li><p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = may, be permitted to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a5i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不可</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不能</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6bb3o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在這</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7lb7cf', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吸煙</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>possibility</i> or <i>probability</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = be likely to, will probably
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3b7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4UabB', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下雨</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <li><p>To express <i>need arising from moral or factual necessity</i>:
- </p>
- <ol type="a">
- <li><p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb = should, ought to
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1oa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">得不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbff9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">錯</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2bdc4b6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">翻譯</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- </ol>
- <p>Note:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>To make a negation, put the negative word <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a>
- </span></font></font>or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>
- </span></font></font>before the optative verb:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5b4b9qb8dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">打電話</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
- verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|a4a3b7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會不會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國民</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0eaa5c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國民</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbaq', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">歌</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5_a8caa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">北京人</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b3b8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">應該</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7|', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">會</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0db', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">唱</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8cabc@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">京劇</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <h2 class="western">The use of adverbs <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a></span></font></h2>
- <p><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
- </span></font></font>are often used before the main verb to indicate
- the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main
- verb is earlier (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a></span></font></font>)
- or later (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a></span></font></font>)
- than expected:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5iacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb2{a6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">現在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Qa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">十年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten
- years ago.
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Pbec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">同學</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wadd3acPb4c1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上個星期</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago.
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Compare the following sentences:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as
- this year.)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7b2df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學習</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
- they should have gone earlier.)
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
- sentence, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
- </span></font></font>should be placed after it; when there is an
- optative verb, on the other hand, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
- </span></font></font>should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Time-word + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a></span></font></font>/<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a>
- </span></font></font>+ optative verb + main verb
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出發</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4K', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">八</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc2I', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">點</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4~afe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">才能</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Word usage: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in
- English, but they differ in usage: in general, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
- </span></font></font>is used in non-interrogative sentences to
- indicate a choice:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9fa9f', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">妹妹</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEace3a8s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">研究</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadb5bcd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">音樂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e5bec7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">文學</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
- questions:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wa4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a>
- </span></font></font>etc:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dt><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">請</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7ib6D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">告訴</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">人</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6d1aev', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">老師</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- <p>
- In cases in which both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>can appear in questions, there are some subtle
- differences in their anticipations and tones:
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- <li><blockquote>A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4b0ea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中國</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4e9a5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">日本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font><br/>
- B:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地方</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>。</span></font></font></blockquote>
- </ol>
- <p>In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a
- choice from the answer. The two terms with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the
- question is a general one using <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end. It does not anticipate a strict
- choice from the answer, so B can give a general answer: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>
- </span></font></font>-- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific
- thought: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2add3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6aa4e8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">地方</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">都</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7Q', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">想</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a></span></font></font>.
- The two items with <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
- </span></font></font>in the question are therefore not mutually
- exclusive.
- </p>
- <p>Sometimes, however, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a>
- </span></font></font>can also be used in a non-interrogative
- sentence. For instance:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaBa4cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">朋友</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@aec9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一時</a></span></font></font>(??)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3a9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不定</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Db7N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">主意</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
- compelling <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>
- </span></font></font>to make a choice. In contrast, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a>
- </span></font></font>in this case can only convey a sort of
- explanatory note:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9acO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a9wadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一定要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">作</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Ma9w', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">決定</a>。
- </span></font></font>(interrogative)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9ceaacc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">或者</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e4a5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">其他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfefbedc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">選擇</a>。
- </span></font></font>(explanatory)</dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
- </p>
- <p>Both <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a>
- </span></font></font>can mean "to know". However, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>implies some level of understanding and
- comprehension of what one knows. Therefore <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>can be understood as a deeper or better knowing
- than <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>.
- Compare:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>(or <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7aed5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學校</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3aabe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不知</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd6', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">誰</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabc4a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">孩子</a>。</span></font></font>(Here
- one can not use <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a></span></font></font>.)
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a>
- </span></font></font>is used to indicate that one can recognise this
- as this and not others. It can also involve the process of acquiring
- such an ability.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEae@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哦</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a>﹗</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Oh, I know her!
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbb{c3d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">認識</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- Where did you get to know her?
- </dd></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand".
- Its definition is not as broad as that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a>
- </span></font></font>(to know and understand) and is different from
- that of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a>
- </span></font></font>(to know).
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">1. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbba1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">說</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaaba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">的</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba~bby', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漢語</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- 2. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaabeb9D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">知道</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5s', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">叫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacc6bbf2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">甚麼</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Wa6r', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">名字</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- 3. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Fb8d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了解</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about
- him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information
- than sentence 1.
- </p>
- <h2 class="western">The use of the Perfect Aspect</h2>
- <h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
- <p>The aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is added to the end of a verb to indicate the
- completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is
- equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future
- perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place
- in the past or in the future. For instance:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadfea8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">哪兒</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
- particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>,
- if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need
- to emphasise its completion:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ha6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1`b1`', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">常常</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以前</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ed', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">住</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbec7a5cd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">學生</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1Jaad9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">宿舍</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h3 class="western">
- Basic patterns</h3>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Affirmative sentence
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>(+ object)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8e2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">兩</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is dropped here)
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
- + verb (+ object)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
- + verb (+ <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a></span></font></font>)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9qbcv', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">電影</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6}a9l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">開始</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9O', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">呢</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><li><p>
- Interrogative sentence
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>(+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is usually
- monosyllabic)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">談</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdcd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">談</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3oadd3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">這個</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb0ddc3D', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">問題</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
- <ol>
- <li><p>If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the
- sentence, the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g.
- numeral + measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the
- sentence sounds incomplete:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4T', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">三</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5bb', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">本</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">在</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1a9b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書店</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8bd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">里</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- but not simply <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><li><p>
- If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
- those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is usually placed after the <i>last</i> verb.
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">a. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ce', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">用</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5b9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">給</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6fdb6fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">媽媽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbcg', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">寫</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabca', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">封</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabH', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">信</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- b. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6i', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">進</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEabb0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">城</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@a8c7', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一些</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a4a4e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">中文</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fca8e5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">詞典</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><p>
- In sentence a, "write" is related to "use"
- because the letter is written by using Chinese; in sentence b,
- similarly, "buy" is related to "enter the city"
- because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries.
- Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different
- structure:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4U', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><p>
- Here "class is over" (<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a></span></font></font>)
- and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained
- in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong
- to say
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ubdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下課</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">去</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb9cfaed1c0]', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">圖書館</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><li><p>
- When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is placed <i>before</i> the reduplicated verb:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">試</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8d5', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">試</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">那</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1f8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">條</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb8c8a4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">裙子</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafu', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">真</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEba}abG', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">漂亮</a>﹗
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></ol>
- <h2 class="western"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a></span></font>,
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
- </span></font>and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></h2>
- <p>All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action,
- like the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
- </p>
- <p>Whereas <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a>
- </span></font></font>indicates a repetition of an action that has
- already taken place, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
- </span></font></font>implies a repetition of an action in the future.
- Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
- </span></font></font>is only used in <i>declarative</i> sentences,
- plus questions ending in <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a></span></font></font>:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- (repetition in the past)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4b5a4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">今天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>﹔<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1df', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4a3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">不</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">讓</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6ia8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">進來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dd style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- (repetition in the future)
- </dd><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb3dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">喝</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4@c2Ia8e0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">一點兒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbeefa4l', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">橘子</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4f4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">水</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6n', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">好</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- Also, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a>
- </span></font></font>can be used for the repetition of a periodic
- action or occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacO', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">是</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacPb4c1a4@', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">星期一</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Wbdd2', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">上課</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb7sa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">新年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">又</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEadn', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">要</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a></span></font></font>,
- on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with
- an optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative
- verb and an optional <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a>
- </span></font></font>can be placed after:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">A:
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEafe0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">能</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- B: <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa6~', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明年</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1d9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">還</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5ia5H', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">可以</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6A', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">再</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1d0', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">教</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7Aadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">你們</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <h2 class="western">
- Use of the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></h2>
- <h3 class="western">Basic concept</h3>
- <p>The modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate
- that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference
- between <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>as modal particle and <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter
- only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former shows the
- completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some <i>change of
- situation</i>.
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- The first <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>in the sentence above indicates only the
- completion of the action of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6R', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">買</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEaed1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">書</a></span></font></font>,
- whereas the second <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>marks some change of situation on the part of <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5L', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他</a>
- </span></font></font>as a result of the completion of the book-buying
- process: originally he did not have the book, but now he has.
- </p>
- <h3 class="western">Basic patterns</h3>
- <p>(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
- previous section.)
- </p>
- <ol>
- <li><p>Affirmative sentence
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
- (+ object) + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Negative sentence (note <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>is dropped here)
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">有</a></span></font></font>)
- + verb (+ object)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- Interrogative sentence
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb +
- object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or Subject + verb + object + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- or Subject + verb + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb + object﹖ (here the verb is usually
- monosyllabic)
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6b3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒有</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb6dc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">嗎</a>﹖
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>﹖</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <h3 class="western">Notes</h3>
- <ol>
- <li><p>As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the
- perfect aspect <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>from the modal particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a></span></font></font>.
- In such a case, <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>can be regarded as fulfilling both functions:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">她</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8d3', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">來</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- <a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc0b4', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">懂</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。</span></font></font></dt><li><p>
- A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
- require a <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>at the end of the sentence:
- </p>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7da', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacQa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">昨天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4Ua4c8', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">下午</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEacdd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">看</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8acb2y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">足球</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc1c9', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">賽</a>﹐<a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb1dfa4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">晚上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8S', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xa5h', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出去</a>。</span></font></font></dt></ol>
- <h2 class="western">Sequential actions</h2>
- <p>To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
- other, we use the pattern
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">Subject + verb
- + <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a>
- </span></font></font>+ verb ...
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- e.g. <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">辦</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">簽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">証</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa9faa4d1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">明天</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早飯</a></span></font></font>(<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a></span></font></font>)<font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Xb5o', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">出發</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <p>
- The above pattern can be used for <i>future</i> actions as well. To
- indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>
- </span></font></font>has to be inserted at the end of the sentence:
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dl>
- <dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm"><font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa7daadcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">我們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEbfec', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">辦</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEc3b1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">簽</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb5fd', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">証</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Habe1', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">以後</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6^aea', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">回家</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt><dt style="margin-right: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.5cm">
- <font face="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="zh-CN"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa5Ladcc', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">他們</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6ada4W', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早上</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8Sa6Y', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">沒吃</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa6adb6ba', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">早飯</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEb4N', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">就</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa8ab', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">走</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" onmouseover="aEl('cEa4F', event)" onmouseout="cEl()">了</a>。
- </span></font></font>
- </dt></dl>
- </dl>
- <div id="cEa5ba5H" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa6edb1J" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEacPb4c1a4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEb6}a9l" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa5jaai" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"></td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
- <td style="border: none; padding: 0cm"><p><br/>
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <p><br/>
- <br/>
- </p>
- </div>
- <div id="cEa8Ca4d1" dir="ltr">
- <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
- <tr>
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