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Chinese-comet.cls.yale.edu-grammar


			
				
					
						
						
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  <title>III. Extended meaning of some directional complements</title>
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    III. Extended meaning of some directional complements
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  <p>Directional complements often work with verbs indicating physical movement. Typically, they are related to moving objects from one place to another or they indicate to what place the subject is moving or has moved. This is why these verbs often indicate moving something by hand or the subject 's own movement to a new place, such as <span class="pinyin">bān</span> <span class="hanzi">搬</span> (to move), <span class="pinyin">ná</span> <span class="hanzi">拿</span> (to take), <span class="pinyin">fàng</span> <span class="hanzi">放</span> (to put), <span class="pinyin">dài</span> <span class="hanzi">带</span> (to bring), <span class="pinyin">tái</span> <span class="hanzi">抬</span> (to lift), <span class="pinyin">tuī</span> <span class="hanzi">推</span> (to push), <span class="pinyin">lā</span> <span class="hanzi">拉</span> (to pull), <span class="pinyin">zǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">走</span> (to walk), <span class="pinyin">pǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">跑</span> (to run), and so on. When accompanied by directional complements, these verbs show the direction of the movement. However, many directional complements are stretched in meaning to make idiomatic expressions, so much so that when used with certain verbs they no longer indicate direction as in their original sense. For example, the complement chūlai <span class="hanzi">出来</span> (out), when used with the verb ná <span class="hanzi">拿</span> (to take) to form the combo 'náchūlai <span class="hanzi">拿出来</span> (to take out) ', indicates the direction of the movement; but when used with the verb <span class="pinyin">kàn</span> <span class="hanzi">看</span> (to look) to form the combo <span class="pinyin">‘kànchūlai</span> <span class="hanzi">看出来</span> (to detect by looking) ', it no longer indicates direction . The way the complement <span class="pinyin">‘chūlai</span> <span class="hanzi">出来</span> (out) ' is stretched to 'detect ' is perhaps based on the rationale that detection is the act of picking out something hidden. The following are examples of some directional complements used in their extended meanings.</p>

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    <li><div class="gris">
      <span class="pinyin">–qilai</span> <span class="hanzi">起来</span>
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    <ol>
      <li><div class="gris">
        indicating the beginning and continuation of an action or a state.
      </div>

<br/> 

      <ol>
        <li><audio src="../Audio/direction-IIIA1.1.1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Tiānqi <b>rè</b><span class="rouge">qǐlai</span>le.</span> <br/><span class="hanzi">天气热起来了。</span><br/> The weather is getting hotter.</li>

        <br/>

        <li><audio src="../Audio/direction-IIIA1.1.2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Xiànzài xué Zhōngwén de xuésheng <b>duō</b><span class="rouge">qǐlai</span>le.</span> <br/><span class="hanzi">现在学中文的学生多起来了。</span><br/> (Now students who study Chinese are becoming more numerous.)</li>
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      <br/>

      <li><div class="gris">
        indicating the result of recollection.
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<br/> 

      <ol>
        <li><audio src="../Audio/direction-IIIA1.2.1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <b>xiǎng</b><span class="rouge">qǐlai</span>le, tā jiào Wáng Dàshān, duì bú duì? </span><br/><span class="hanzi">我想起来了，他叫王大山，对不对？</span><br/> Now I remember. His name is Dashan Wang, right?</li>
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      <li><div class="gris">
        indicating concentration from a scattered state.
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      <ol>
        <li><audio src="../Audio/direction-IIIA1.3.1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Zhuōzishang de shū dōu <b>shōu</b><span class="rouge">qǐlai</span>le ma?</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">桌子上的书都收起来了吗？</span> <br/>Have the books on the desk been put away yet?</li>

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        <li><audio src="../Audio/direction-IIIA1.3.2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Rén zhǐyǒu <b>tuánjié</b><span class="rouge">qǐlai</span>, <b>zǔzhī</b><span class="rouge">qǐlai</span>, cái kěyi zuò dàshì. </span><br/><span class="hanzi">人只有团结起来，组织起来，才可以做大事。</span><br/> Only when people are united and organized, can they do greater things.</li>
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    </ol></li>
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