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Chinese-comet.cls.yale.edu-grammar


			
				
					
						
						
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  <span class="grisleger">IX. Verbs as complements</span>

  <p><span class="gris">Only stative verbs and verbs can be used as resultative complements.</span></p>

  <p>Verbs are often used as complements to indicate different resultative aspects of an action, such as <span class="pinyin">wán</span> <span class="hanzi">完</span> <span class="pinyin">finish</span>, <span class="pinyin">jiàn</span> <span class="hanzi">见</span>, <span class="pinyin">dào</span> <span class="hanzi">到</span>, <span class="pinyin">zháo</span> <span class="hanzi">着</span>, <span class="pinyin">liǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>, <span class="pinyin">zhù</span> <span class="hanzi">住</span>, <span class="pinyin">dǒng</span> <span class="hanzi">懂</span>, <span class="pinyin">dòng</span> <span class="hanzi">动</span>, <span class="pinyin">kāi</span> <span class="hanzi">开</span>, <span class="pinyin">huì</span> <span class="hanzi">会</span>, <span class="pinyin">zài</span> <span class="hanzi">在</span>, <span class="pinyin">gěi</span> <span class="hanzi">给</span>, <span class="pinyin">chéng</span> <span class="hanzi">成</span>, <span class="pinyin">zuò</span> <span class="hanzi">作</span>, <span class="pinyin">wéi</span> <span class="hanzi">为</span>, <span class="pinyin">zǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">走</span>, <span class="pinyin">pǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">跑</span>, <span class="pinyin">sǐ</span> <span class="hanzi">死</span>, <span class="pinyin">tòu</span> <span class="hanzi">透</span>, etc.</p>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-wán</span> <span class="hanzi">完</span> finish (can go with many verbs to indicate that someone has finished doing the action)</span></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">kàn<span class="encadrevert">wán</span></span> <span class="hanzi">看<span class="encadrevert">完</span></span> finish (reading/watching/seeing)</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">shuō<span class="encadrevert">wán</span></span> <span class="hanzi">说<span class="encadrevert">完</span></span> finish (speaking/talking)</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">xué<span class="encadrevert">wán</span></span> <span class="hanzi">学<span class="encadrevert">完</span></span> finish (studying)</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">zuò<span class="encadrevert">wán</span></span> <span class="hanzi">做<span class="encadrevert">完</span></span> finish (doing)</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">xiě<span class="encadrevert">wán</span></span> <span class="hanzi">写<span class="encadrevert">完</span></span> finish (writing)</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">kànwán</span> <span class="hanzi">看完</span> (<span class="pinyin">kàn</span> <span class="hanzi">看</span> read + <span class="pinyin">wán</span> <span class="hanzi">完</span> finish) finish reading</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Zhèi běn shū nǐ kàn<span class="encadrevert">wán</span> le méi yǒu?</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">这本书你看<span class="encadrevert">完</span>了没有？</span> <br/>

      Have you finished reading the book?
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-jiàn</span> <span class="hanzi">见</span> perceive (<span class="pinyin">jiàn</span> <span class="hanzi">见</span> indicates perception)</span></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">kànjiàn</span> <span class="hanzi">看见</span> see</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">tīngjiàn</span> <span class="hanzi">听见</span> hear</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">pèngjiàn</span> <span class="hanzi">碰见</span> bump into</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">yùjiàn</span> <span class="hanzi">遇见</span> run into</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune">kànjiàn 看见 (kàn 看 look + jiàn 见 perceive) see</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Zuótiān wǒ méi (yǒu) kànjiàn Lǎo Wáng.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">昨天我没(有)看见老王。</span> <br/>

      Yesterday I did not see Old Wang.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-dào</span> <span class="hanzi">到</span> (1). implying that an action has attained the expected aim or result</span></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">kàndào</span> <span class="hanzi">看到</span> see</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">tīngdào</span> <span class="hanzi">听到</span> hear</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">yùdào</span> <span class="hanzi">遇到</span> run into</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">jiēdào</span> <span class="hanzi">接到</span> receive</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">shōudào</span> <span class="hanzi">收到</span> receive</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">zhǎodào</span> <span class="hanzi">找到</span> find</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">mǎidào</span> <span class="hanzi">买到</span> succeed in buying</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example 1</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">zhǎodào</span> <span class="hanzi">找到</span> (<span class="pinyin">zhǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">找</span> to look for + <span class="pinyin">dào</span> <span class="hanzi">到</span> [attain the expected result]) find</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zhǎodào Lǐ Xiānsheng le.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">我找到李先生了。</span> <br/>

      I have found Mr. Li.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example 2</b>:

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">mǎidào</span> <span class="hanzi">买到</span> (<span class="pinyin">mǎi</span> <span class="hanzi">买</span> to buy + <span class="pinyin">dào</span> <span class="hanzi">到</span> [attain the expected result]) succeed in buying</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Wǒ qùwǎn le. Méi yǒu mǎidào diànyǐng piào. </span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">我去晚了。没有买到电影票。</span> <br/>

      I was late./ I got there late. [So,] I did not manage to get the movie tickets.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-dào</span> <span class="hanzi">到</span> (2) : reach or arrive at (a place or a point of time)</span></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">zǒudào</span> <span class="hanzi">走到</span> walk to /until/up to</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">pǎodào</span> <span class="hanzi">跑到</span> run to /until/up to</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">xuédào</span> <span class="hanzi">学到</span> study until/up to,</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">shuìdào</span> <span class="hanzi">睡到</span> sleep until/up to</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">mángdào</span> <span class="hanzi">忙到</span> be busy until/up to</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">kàndào</span> <span class="hanzi">看到</span> read or watch until/up to</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">tīngdào</span> <span class="hanzi">听到</span> listen until/up to</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example 1</b>: 
	

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">xuédào</span> <span class="hanzi">学到</span> (<span class="pinyin">xué</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span> to study + <span class="pinyin">dào</span> <span class="hanzi">到</span> until/up to) study until/up to</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-5.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen xuédào Dì Bā Kè le</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">我们学到第八课了。</span> <br/>

      We have studied up to Lesson 8 so far.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example 2</b>:
    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-6.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Zuótiān wǎnshang wǒmen xué Zhōngwén xuédào shíyī diǎn.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">昨天晚上我们学中文学到十一点。</span> <br/>

      We studied Chinese until 11 o 'clock last night.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p></p>

  <span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-zhá</span> <span class="hanzi">着</span> implying that an action has attained the expected aim or result</span>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">zhǎozháo</span> <span class="hanzi">找着</span> find (<span class="hanzi">找着</span> is the same as <span class="pinyin">zhǎodào</span> <span class="hanzi">找到</span>.)</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">shuìzháo</span> <span class="hanzi">睡着</span> fall asleep (not the same as <span class="hanzi">睡到</span>)</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>: 
	

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">shuìzháo</span> <span class="hanzi">睡着</span> (<span class="pinyin">shuì</span> <span class="hanzi">睡</span> to sleep + <span class="pinyin">zháo</span> <span class="hanzi">着</span>[attain the expected result]) fall asleep</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-7.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Háizi-men dōu shuìzháo le.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">孩子们都睡着了。</span> <br/>

      The children have all fallen asleep.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-zhù</span> <span class="hanzi">住</span> has the meaning of retaining or keeping something at a certain place as the result of the action</span></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">jìzhù</span> <span class="hanzi">记住</span> remember; learn by heart; bear in mind</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">názhù</span> <span class="hanzi">拿住</span> hold in place by hand(s)</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">jìzhù</span> <span class="hanzi">记住</span> (<span class="pinyin">jì</span> <span class="hanzi">记</span> to remember + <span class="pinyin">zhù</span> <span class="hanzi">住</span> retain/keep) learn by heart, bear in mind</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-8.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Tā-de dìzhǐ wǒ méi jìzhù. </span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">他的地址我没记住。</span> <br/>

      I did not learn his address by heart.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-dǒng</span> <span class="hanzi">懂</span> understand; comprehend</span></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">kàndǒng</span> <span class="hanzi">看懂</span> understand by reading/looking</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">tīngdǒng</span> <span class="hanzi">听懂</span> understand by listening</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>: <br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">tīngdǒng</span> <span class="hanzi">听懂</span> (<span class="pinyin">tīng</span> <span class="hanzi">听</span> to listen + <span class="pinyin">dǒng</span> <span class="hanzi">懂</span> understand) understand by listening </span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-9.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Nǐ-de huà wǒ méi tīngdǒng. Néng bù néng zài shuō yí biàn.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">你的话我没听懂。能不能再说一遍？</span> <br/>

      I did not understand what you said. Can you say it again?
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-kāi</span> <span class="hanzi">开</span> to be open as a result of opening</span><br/></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">dǎkāi</span> <span class="hanzi">打开</span> to open</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">kāikāi</span> <span class="hanzi">开开</span> to open</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune">kāikāi 开开 (kāi 开 to open + kāi 开 being open) to make ... open </span><br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Qǐng bǎ mén kāikāi. </span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-10.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">请把门开开。</span> <br/>

      Please open the door.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-huì</span> <span class="hanzi">会</span> know how to do something/master a skill through the action</span><br/></p>

  <p><span class="pinyin">xuéhuì</span> <span class="hanzi">学会</span> learn; master</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:
    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">xuéhuì</span> <span class="hanzi">学会</span> (<span class="pinyin">xué</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span> to learn + <span class="pinyin">huì</span> <span class="hanzi">会</span> know how to) learn; master</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-11.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Wǒ xuéhuì kāichē le.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">我学会开车了。</span> <br/>

      I have learnt how to drive a car.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-zài</span> <span class="hanzi">在</span> located at a place as a result of the action</span><br/></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">fàngzài</span> <span class="hanzi">放在</span> put at; to be put at</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">zhùzài</span> <span class="hanzi">住在</span> to live at ...</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">zuòzài</span> <span class="hanzi">坐在</span> to sit at</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">zhànzài</span> <span class="hanzi">站在</span> stand at</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">xiězài</span> <span class="hanzi">写在</span> write on</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">guàzài</span> <span class="hanzi">挂在</span> hang on</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>: <br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">zhànzài</span> <span class="hanzi">站在</span> (<span class="pinyin">zhàn</span> <span class="hanzi">站</span> to stand + <span class="pinyin">zài</span> <span class="hanzi">在</span> at) to stand at a place</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-12.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Tiānqi zhème lěng, bié zhànzài wàitou.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">天气这么冷，别站在外头。</span> <br/>

      It is so cold, don't stand outside.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-gěi</span> <span class="hanzi">给</span> to (pointing out the recipient)</span><br/></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">sònggěi</span> <span class="hanzi">送给</span> to give to</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">jìgěi</span> <span class="hanzi">寄给</span> to send to</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">jiègěi</span> <span class="hanzi">借给</span> to lend to</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">màigěi</span> <span class="hanzi">卖给</span> to sell to</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune">jiègěi 借给 (jiè 借 to lend + gěi 给 to) to lend to </span><br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Tā jiègěi wǒ yì běn shū.</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-13.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">他借给我一本书。</span> <br/>

      He lent me a book.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-chéng</span> <span class="hanzi">成</span> become; as</span><br/></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">fānyìchéng</span> <span class="hanzi">翻译成</span> to translate into</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">biànchéng</span> <span class="hanzi">变成</span> to change into</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">kànchéng</span> <span class="hanzi">看成</span> to regard as; to recognize ... mistakenly as ...</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">tīngchéng</span> <span class="hanzi">听成</span> to hear ... mistakenly as ...</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">xiěchéng</span> <span class="hanzi">写成</span> to write ... mistakenly as ...; to adapt...into</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune">xiěchéng 写成 (xiě 写 to write + chéng 成 become) to write ... mistakenly as ...; to adapt...into</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-14.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Wǒ bǎ “tiān” xiěchéng “fū” le.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">我把“天”写成“夫”了。</span> <br/>

      I wrote <span class="hanzi">夫</span> instead of <span class="hanzi">天</span>.
    </div>
  </div>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">-zuò</span> <span class="hanzi">作</span></li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">kànzuò</span> <span class="hanzi">看作</span> to regard as ...</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">dāngzuò</span> <span class="hanzi">当作</span> to regard as ...</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">dāngzuò</span> <span class="hanzi">当作</span> to regard as ...</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-15.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Wáng tàitai bǎ wǒ dāngzuò zìjǐ-de érzi.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">王太太把我当作自己的儿子。</span> <br/>

      Mrs. Wang regards me as her own son.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-zǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">走</span> away</span><br/></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">názǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">拿走</span> to take away</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">bānzǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">搬走</span> to move away</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">sòngzǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">送走</span> to see off</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">dàizǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">带走</span> to take away</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">bānzǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">搬走</span> (<span class="pinyin">bān</span> <span class="hanzi">搬</span> to move + <span class="pinyin">zǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">走</span> away) to move away </span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-16.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Lǎo Zhāng jiā bānzǒu le.</span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">老张家搬走了。</span> <br/>

      The Old Zhangs moved away.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p><span class="gris"><span class="pinyin">-sǐ</span> <span class="hanzi">死</span> death; (exaggeration indicating extreme)</span><br/></p>

  <p></p>

  <ol>
    <li><span class="pinyin">lèisǐ</span> <span class="hanzi">累死</span> extremely tired; tired to death</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">rèsǐ</span> <span class="hanzi">热死</span> extremely hot; deathly hot</li>

    <li><span class="pinyin">èsǐ</span> <span class="hanzi">饿死</span> starving; extremely hungry</li>

    <li>etc.</li>
  </ol>

  <p></p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <b>Example</b>:<br/>

    <div class="exampleCorps">
      <span class="fondjaune"><span class="pinyin">rèsǐ</span> <span class="hanzi">热死</span> (<span class="pinyin">rè</span> <span class="hanzi">热</span> hot + <span class="pinyin">sǐ</span> <span class="hanzi">死</span> death) extremely hot</span> <br/>

      <audio src="../Audio/Complement-result-VIIverb-17.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Tiānqi rèsǐ le. </span> <br/>

      <span class="hanzi">天气热死了。</span> <br/>

      The weather is extremely hot.
    </div>
  </div>
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