eric
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Chinese-comet.cls.yale.edu-grammar


			
				
					
						
						
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        <text>Measure Words For Nouns</text>
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          <text>What are measure words?</text>
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          <text>When and where to use measure words</text>
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            <text>1. Between a numeral and a noun.</text>
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            <text>2. Between a demonstrative pronoun (zhè 这 this, nà 那 that) and a noun, when the numeral is yī 一 (one), yī 一 (one)  has been omitted. Note that when used before numeral and measure words zhè 这 and nà 那 are often pronounced as zhèi 这 and nèi 那 in spoken Chinese.</text>
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            <text>3. Between the interrogative pronoun nǎ/něi 哪 (which) and a noun, when the numeral is one but has been omitted.</text>
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            <text>4. Between the interrogative pronoun jǐ 几 (how many; how much) and a noun. Jǐ 几 is used for numbers smaller than ten. Jǐ 几 also means 'several', 'a few' 'some' or 'a couple of ' and it requires a measure word before the noun. If the number is expected to be greater than ten, the interrogative pronoun should be duō shǎo 多少 (how many; how much), which does not take a measure word.</text>
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          <text>Creating an emphasis on each individual</text>
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          <text>Measure words substituting for nouns to avoid repetition</text>
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          <text>Some commonly used measure words</text>
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        <text>Change of State le 了</text>
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          <text>What is the change-of-state le 了?</text>
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          <text>Change-of-state le 了 used in sentences with different predicates</text>
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            <text>le 了 at the end of a sentence with a noun predicate.</text>
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            <text>le 了 at the end of a sentence with a stative verb predicate.</text>
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            <text>le 了 at the end of a sentence with a verb predicate.</text>
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            <text>le 了 at the end of a sentence with a verb predicate in which an optative or modal verb occur before the main verb.</text>
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            <text>le 了 at the end of a shì 是 sentence.</text>
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            <text>le 了 at the end of a yǒu 有 sentence.</text>
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          <text>The change-of-state le 了 in negative sentences</text>
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          <text>Question forms</text>
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          <text>Change vs. no change</text>
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        <text>Perfective – le 了 Vs Particle le 了</text>
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          <text>Aspect versus tense</text>
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          <text>Perfective aspect particle le 了 (or verb-suffix le 了)</text>
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          <text>Modal particle le 了(or sentence-end le 了)</text>
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          <text>III. Modal particle le 了 (or sentence-end le 了)</text>
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          <text>Where verb suffix –le 了 is not used</text>
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        <text>'Shì ... de' (是 ... 的) Construction</text>
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          <text>The answers to these questions would be:</text>
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          <text>Circumstantial elements that the 'shì 是 ... de 的 ' construction highlights.</text>
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            <text>Focusing on manner (in what manner the action took place)</text>
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        <text>Simple Directional Complements</text>
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        <text>Compound Directional Complements</text>
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        <text>Extended meaning of some directional complements</text>
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        <text>The Complement Of Degree</text>
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        <text>The Complement Of Result</text>
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        <text>The Potential Complement</text>
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        <text>Bǎ “把” Construction</text>
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        <text>The elements after the predicate verb</text>
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