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- 字 解釋
- 雖 Moveable adverb
- In front of VP = “Although”
- In front of NP = “Even”
- 乃 Adverb
- In Verbal S = “Then” “Only then”
- In Nominal S = “Actually” “Turns out to be”
- 焉 Fusion Particle
- = 之 + 於
- Interrogative Adverb
- = "how, where, what"
- 而 Connector
- Connects two VP or S, either co-ordinately or subordinately
- 卽 Adverb
- In Verbal S = “Then, Immediately”
- In Nominal S = “Is precisely, exactly”
- Verb
- = “Approach, go to”
- “卽位” = “assume the throne”
- 乎 Final Particle
- = Rhetorical meaning e.g. “How essential it is to rectify names”
- = Question mark, like 嗎
- = Emphasis marker
- Coverb
- = 於 (all-purpose preposition)
- 所 Nominalizing particle
- Replaces object, goes before VP, result is NP = “that which...”
- “所以” = “the way in which...”
- = 所 + 於
- 矣 Final Particle
- = Indicating completed action
- = Indicating change of state, sometimes in if... then sentences
- 諸 Modifier
- = “All the...”, “All the various...”
- 其 Possessive particle, Nominalizing Particle
- = Sub + 之, result is NP n.b. can be impersonal - translated as 'the'
- Adverb
- Casts mood of query
- 之 Possessive particle, Nominalizing Particle
- Showing adjunct-head relationship of two elements, result is NP
- Verb
- = “To go to...”
- Resuming Particle
- [Obj + 之 + Verb] Emphasizes Object
- 非 Negative Copula
- In nominal Sentences = “is not”
- Movable Adverb
- Before VP = “unless”
- Before NP = “only”
- Stative Verb
- = ‘To be wrong’ (often as opposed to 是)
- Verb
- = ‘To reject’
- 也 Final Particle
- i.e. A term, B term 也
- Emphasis marker
- can mark off verb or topic
- 以 Coverb
- 1. = “with”, “by means of”, “using”
- 2. = “because of”
- 3. = 以 + 之
- 4. used with transfer verb
- 5. used with position word
- 6. used in compounds: 可以 , 以為 , 是以 , 所以 , 足以 , 何以
- Connector
- Connects two VPs = “in order to”, “and”
- Noun
- = “means, purpose”
- 為 Verb (wei2)
- 1. = “to do”, “to make” (most common), “to act as”, “to constitute”, “to become”
- 2. used in 為...奈何
- 3. used in compounds: 以為
- 4. = “to be”
- 5. = “to give” (fairly rare)
- Coverb (wei4)
- 1. = “on behalf of”, “for the sake of”
- 2. = “about to”
- 3. = “in relation to”, “for”
- Verb (wei4)
- = “to be because of”
- 不 Adverb
- Negates VPs
- Fusion Particle
- = 不 + 之
- 與 (Interrogative) Fusion Particle
- = 也 + 乎
- Coverb
- = “together with”, “and”
- 莫 Adverb
- = “in no case”
- 何 Interrogative pronoun
- = “what, why, where, how”
- n.b. always preposed, can be used as subject, object, adjunct, or adverb
- 者 Nominalizing particle
- Nominalizes VP
- - Finite, often with the sense of “one who....”
- - Infinite, “doing x”
- Final Particle
- Marks off end of 所 nominalization
- 於 Coverb
- ‘All purpose preposition’ = “In relation to”
- 於 coverb phrases usually come after the main VP
- Can be used in comparitives = “than”
- 且 Movable Adverb
- = “Furthermore”, “moreover”
- Adverb
- = “Be going to”
- 則 Noun
- = “principle”, “pattern”, “rule”, “model”
- Movable adverb
- = “if... then”
- Emphasis marker
- Emphasizes non-verbal element such as NP
- 故 Movable adverb
- = “thus”
- Adverb
- = “background circumstances”, “reason”
- Stative Verb
- = “old, former”
- 亦 Adverb
- = “for its part”, “also”, “as for...”
- used in [A 不亦 B 乎?]
- 己 Pronoun
- = “себя”
- 猶 Adverb
- Verbal Sentence: = “still”
- Nominal Sentence: = “be like, analogous to”
- 如 Verb
- = “be like, similar to”
- used in 不如 = “not as good as”
- Movable adverb
- = “if”
- 是 Pronoun, Adjunct
- = “this”
- Noun
- = “the right”
- Stative verb
- = “be right, consider right, approve”
- 見 Verb
- = “To see”
- Passive marker
- Makes main verb passive
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