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  <p>Notional passive (without 被, 让, 叫 and 给)</p>
  <p>6. A notional passive sentence is formed without the co-verbs
  被 bèi 让 ràng 叫 jiào and 给</p>
  <p>gěi. Let‟s use the examples that we have used in the previous
  section to form some notional</p>
  <p>passive sentences.</p>
  <p>93Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>我 的 车</p>
  <p>wǒ de chē</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>开</p>
  <p>回 家 去了</p>
  <p>kāi</p>
  <p>huí jiā qù le</p>
  <p>My car has been driven back home.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>电 视</p>
  <p>diànshì</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>修</p>
  <p>好了</p>
  <p>xiū hǎo le</p>
  <p>The TV has been mended.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>房间</p>
  <p>fángjiān</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>打 扫 得 很 干 净</p>
  <p>dǎsǎo de hěn gānjìng</p>
  <p>The room has been cleaned up very nicely.</p>
  <p>As the subjects in the above examples cannot carry out actions
  themselves, then we assume</p>
  <p>that the actions must have been undertaken by someone else. In
  fact this sentence pattern is</p>
  <p>very useful for describing how an object has been dealt with.
  For example:</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>书</p>
  <p>shū</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>放 在 桌 子 上</p>
  <p>了</p>
  <p>fàng zài zhuōzi shàng le</p>
  <p>The book has been put on the table.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>饭</p>
  <p>fàn</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>拿 上</p>
  <p>楼 去了</p>
  <p>ná shàng lóu qù le</p>
  <p>The meal has been brought upstairs.</p>
  <p>The verb components in the notional passive are very similar
  to those of the 被 bèi</p>
  <p>construction. They are action verbs with other elements, as
  shown below.</p>
  <p>94Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>--resultative complements</p>
  <p>--directional complements</p>
  <p>--the complement of degree</p>
  <p>--action measures</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>饭</p>
  <p>fàn</p>
  <p>verb + resultative complement</p>
  <p>作</p>
  <p>好 了</p>
  <p>zuò</p>
  <p>hǎo le</p>
  <p>The book has been put on the table.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>饭</p>
  <p>fàn</p>
  <p>verb + directional complement</p>
  <p>拿</p>
  <p>上</p>
  <p>楼 去 了</p>
  <p>ná</p>
  <p>shàng lóu qù le</p>
  <p>The meal has been brought upstairs.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>房间</p>
  <p>fángjiān</p>
  <p>verb + complement of degree</p>
  <p>打 扫 得 很 干 净</p>
  <p>dǎsǎo de hěn gānjìng</p>
  <p>The room has been cleaned up very nicely.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>课文</p>
  <p>kèwén</p>
  <p>verb + action measure</p>
  <p>念 了 两 遍</p>
  <p>niàn le liǎng biàn</p>
  <p>The text has been read twice.</p>
  <p>没 méi not can be used to deny that the above actions have
  taken place, but 不 bu is used</p>
  <p>with the complement of degree.</p>
  <p>95Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>饭</p>
  <p>fàn</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>méi verb + resultative complement</p>
  <p>没 作</p>
  <p>好</p>
  <p>méi zuò</p>
  <p>hǎo</p>
  <p>The meal hasn’t been prepared.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>饭</p>
  <p>fàn</p>
  <p>méi verb + directional complement</p>
  <p>没 拿 上</p>
  <p>楼 去</p>
  <p>méi ná shàng lóu qù</p>
  <p>The meal hasn’t been brought upstairs.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>房 间</p>
  <p>fángjiān</p>
  <p>verb + complement of degree (bu)</p>
  <p>打扫 得 不 很 干 净</p>
  <p>dǎsǎo de bu hěn gānjìng</p>
  <p>The room hasn’t been cleaned up very nicely.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>课文</p>
  <p>kèwén</p>
  <p>méi verb + action measure</p>
  <p>没 念 两 遍</p>
  <p>méi niàn liǎng biàn</p>
  <p>The text hasn’t been read twice. (It implies that the text may
  only have been read once, or</p>
  <p>possibly three times.)</p>
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