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Histórico Raw

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    9. 

  9. <p>Two of the most common result complements in Chinese are 到 (dào)
    10. 

  10. and 见 (jiàn). On this page we're only going to be talking about
    11. 

  11. verbs related to the senses ("see," "hear," etc.), and for this
    12. 

  12. usage, the two are interchangeable.</p>
    13. 

  13. <h2 id="verbs-with-到-dào-and-见-jiàn">Verbs with 到 (dào) and 见
    14. 

  14. (jiàn)</h2>
    15. 

  15. <h3 id="structure">Structure</h3>
    16. 

  16. <p><a href="Result_complement" title="wikilink">Result
    17. 

  17. complements</a> are a huge topic in Chinese grammar, but you can
    18. 

  18. approach them in stages. The structure you come across the most is
    19. 

  19. a verb with 到 (dào):</p>
    20. 

  20. <div class="jiegou">
    21. 

  21. <p>Subj. + Verb + 到 + Obj.</p>
    22. 

  22. </div>
    23. 

  23. <p>What 到 (dào) does is indicate that the outcome of the verb is
    24. 

  24. achieved - what its <em>result</em> is. Without a result
    25. 

  25. complement, the sentence would describe only the action itself. To
    26. 

  26. illustrate, 看 (kàn) "to look" is the action of turning your head in
    27. 

  27. a particular direction and focusing your eyes, whereas 看到 (kàndào),
    28. 

  28. "to see," is the result of your brain taking in the visual input.
    29. 

  29. It may sound a little hokey, but it really is possible to "look but
    30. 

  30. not see," and Chinese makes a clear distinction between the action
    31. 

  31. and the result.</p>
    32. 

  32. <p>The complement 见 (jiàn) is very similar to 到 (dào), and it is
    33. 

  33. used in the same way:</p>
    34. 

  34. <div class="jiegou">
    35. 

  35. <p>Subj. + Verb + 见 + Obj.</p>
    36. 

  36. </div>
    37. 

  37. <p>However, there is a difference. 见 (jiàn) is generally
    38. 

  38. <em>only</em> used after verbs involving one of the senses, like 听
    39. 

  39. (tīng) and 看 (kàn), whereas 到 (dào) can be attached to a large
    40. 

  40. variety of verbs, which we will discuss <a href=
    41. 

  41. "Tricky_uses_of_&quot;dao&quot;" title="wikilink">at a higher level
    42. 

  42. later</a>.</p>
    43. 

  43. <h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
    44. 

  44. <div class="liju">
    45. 

  45. <ul>
    46. 

  46. <li>你 <strong>看</strong> <em>见</em> 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ <span class=
    47. 

  47. "pinyin">Nǐ <strong>kàn</strong><em>jiàn</em> nàge shuàigē le
    48. 

  48. ma?</span></li>
    49. 

  49. <li>你 <strong>看</strong><em>到</em> 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ <span class=
    50. 

  50. "pinyin">Nǐ <strong>kàn</strong><em>dào</em> nàge shuàigē le
    51. 

  51. ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you see that handsome
    52. 

  52. guy?</span></li>
    53. 

  53. </ul>
    54. 

  54. </div>
    55. 

  55. <div class="liju">
    56. 

  56. <ul>
    57. 

  57. <li>我 <strong>看</strong> <em>见</em> 了 。 <span class="expl">We
    58. 

  58. didn't say what "I" saw; you have to infer it from the
    59. 

  59. context.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ
    60. 

  60. <strong>kàn</strong><em>jiàn</em> le.</span></li>
    61. 

  61. <li>我 <strong>看</strong> <em>到</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ
    62. 

  62. <strong>kàn</strong><em>dào</em> le.</span><span class="trans">I
    63. 

  63. saw it.</span></li>
    64. 

  64. </ul>
    65. 

  65. </div>
    66. 

  66. <div class="liju">
    67. 

  67. <ul>
    68. 

  68. <li>你 <strong>听</strong> <em>见</em> 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ
    69. 

  69. <strong>tīng</strong><em>jiàn</em> le ma?</span></li>
    70. 

  70. <li>你 <strong>听</strong> <em>到</em> 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ
    71. 

  71. <strong>tīng</strong><em>dào</em> le ma?</span><span class=
    72. 

  72. "trans">Did you hear it?</span></li>
    73. 

  73. </ul>
    74. 

  74. </div>
    75. 

  75. <h2 id="negative-forms">Negative Forms</h2>
    76. 

  76. <h3 id="structure-1">Structure</h3>
    77. 

  77. <div class="jiegou">
    78. 

  78. <p>Subj. + 没 + Verb + 到 / 见 + Obj.</p>
    79. 

  79. </div>
    80. 

  80. <p>This structure can be negated using 没 (méi) on 没有 (méiyǒu). This
    81. 

  81. is because if there is a result, then it already happened. And you
    82. 

  82. need to <a href="Negation_of_&quot;you&quot;_with_&quot;mei&quot;"
    83. 

  83. title="wikilink">use 没 (méi) to negate past events</a>, not 不
    84. 

  84. (bù).</p>
    85. 

  85. <h3 id="examples-1">Examples</h3>
    86. 

  86. <div class="liju">
    87. 

  87. <ul>
    88. 

  88. <li>你 <strong>没</strong> 看 <em>到</em> 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ <span class=
    89. 

  89. "pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> kàn<em>dào</em> nàge shuàigē
    90. 

  90. ma?</span></li>
    91. 

  91. <li>你 <strong>没</strong> 看 <em>见</em> 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ <span class=
    92. 

  92. "pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> kàn<em>jiàn</em> nàge shuàigē
    93. 

  93. ma?</span><span class="trans">You didn't see that handsome
    94. 

  94. guy?</span></li>
    95. 

  95. </ul>
    96. 

  96. </div>
    97. 

  97. <div class="liju">
    98. 

  98. <ul>
    99. 

  99. <li>我 <strong>没有</strong> 看 <em>到</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ
    100. 

  100. <strong>méiyǒu</strong> kàn<em>dào</em>.</span></li>
    101. 

  101. <li>我 <strong>没有</strong> 看 <em>见</em> 。 <span class="expl">We
    102. 

  102. didn't say what "I" didn't see; you have to infer it from the
    103. 

  103. context.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>méiyǒu</strong>
    104. 

  104. kàn<em>jiàn</em>.</span><span class="trans">I didn't see
    105. 

  105. it.</span></li>
    106. 

  106. </ul>
    107. 

  107. </div>
    108. 

  108. <div class="liju">
    109. 

  109. <ul>
    110. 

  110. <li>你 <strong>没</strong> 听 <em>到</em> 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ
    111. 

  111. <strong>méi</strong> tīng<em>dào</em> ma?</span></li>
    112. 

  112. <li>你 <strong>没</strong> 听 <em>见</em> 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ
    113. 

  113. <strong>méi</strong> tīng<em>jiàn</em> ma?</span><span class=
    114. 

  114. "trans">You didn't hear it?</span></li>
    115. 

  115. </ul>
    116. 

  116. </div>
    117. 

  117. <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
    118. 

  118. <ul>
    119. 

  119. <li><a href="Result_complement_&quot;-wan&quot;_for_finishing"
    120. 

  120. title="wikilink">Result complement "-wan" for finishing</a></li>
    121. 

  121. <li><a href="Result_complement_&quot;-qilai&quot;" title=
    122. 

  122. "wikilink">Result complement "-qilai"</a></li>
    123. 

  123. <li><a href="Result_complement_&quot;-cuo&quot;" title=
    124. 

  124. "wikilink">Result complement "-cuo"</a></li>
    125. 

  125. </ul>
    126. 

  126. <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further
    127. 

  127. reading</h2>
    128. 

  128. <h3 id="books">Books</h3>
    129. 

  129. <ul>
    130. 

  130. <li><a href=
    131. 

  131. "Short-term_Spoken_Chinese:_Threshold_Vol._2_(%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8%E7%AF%87%E4%B8%8B)"
    132. 

  132. title="wikilink">Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2
    133. 

  133. (汉语口语入门篇下)</a> (p. 92) <a href=
    134. 

  134. "http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561913656/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=7561913656">
    135. 

  135. →buy</a></li>
    136. 

  136. <li><a href="Basic_Patterns_of_Chinese_Grammar" title=
    137. 

  137. "wikilink">Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar</a> (p. 109) <a href=
    138. 

  138. "http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399373&amp;creativeASIN=1933330899">
    139. 

  139. →buy</a></li>
    140. 

  140. <li><a href=
    141. 

  141. "40_Lessons_for_Basic_Chinese_Course_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD40%E8%AF%BE%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89"
    142. 

  142. title="wikilink">40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course
    143. 

  143. (基础汉语40课上册）</a> (pp. 205-6)<a href=
    144. 

  144. "http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=allset-20">→buy</a></li>
    145. 

  145. </ul>
    146. 

  146. <p><a href="Category:A2_grammar_points" title=
    147. 

  147. "wikilink">Category:A2 grammar points</a> <a href=
    148. 

  148. "Category:Result_complement" title="wikilink">Category:Result
    149. 

  149. complement</a></p>
    150. 

  150. </body>
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  151. </html>
    152.