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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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  2. <!DOCTYPE html>
    3. 

  3. 

  4. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
    5. 

  5. <head>
    6. 

  6.   <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for HTML5 for Linux version 5.2.0"/>
    7. 

  7.   <title></title>
    8. 

  8.   <link href="../Styles/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
    9. 

  9. <link href="../Styles/main.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/>
    10. 

  10. </head>
    11. 

  11. 

  12. <body>
    13. 

  13.   <p>Taiwanese Mandarin differs slightly from Mainland Mandarin. A characteristic of Taiwanese Mandarin is the usage of&#160;<span class="hanzi">有</span>.</p>
    14. 

  14. 

  15.   <h2 id="completed-verbs">Completed Verbs</h2>
    16. 

  16. 

  17.   <p>In the Chinese language, there are verbs called “<b>completed verbs.</b>” These verbs are usually followed by a compliment, as they are not verbs that are ongoing. This is referring to the past tense.</p>
    18. 

  18. 

  19.   <h3 id="structure">Structure</h3>
    20. 

  20. 

  21.   <div class="jiegou">
    22. 

  22.     <div class="deux">Subj. +&#160;<span class="hanzist">有</span>&#160;+ Verb + Obj.</div>
    23. 

  23.   </div>
    24. 

  24. 

  25.   <h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
    26. 

  26. 

  27.   <div class="exemple">
    28. 

  28.     <ul>
    29. 

  29.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 有 说 错 这 句 话 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">You said this sentence wrong.</span></li>
    30. 

  30. 

  31.       <li><span class="hanzi">老板 有 学 会 上海话 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">The boss studied the Shanghai dialect.</span></li>
    32. 

  32. 

  33.       <li><span class="hanzi">我们 有 听 懂 你的 话 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I understood what you said.</span></li>
    34. 

  34. 

  35.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 看到 她 跟 你 前男友 在 一起。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I saw her and your ex-boyfriend together.</span></li>
    36. 

  36. 

  37.       <li><span class="hanzi">我们 都 有 听到 宝宝 哭。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">We all heard the baby cry.</span></li>
    38. 

  38.     </ul>
    39. 

  39.   </div>
    40. 

  40. 

  41.   <h2 id="action-verbs">Action Verbs</h2>
    42. 

  42. 

  43.   <p>There are also verbs categorized as “<b>action verbs.</b>” In Taiwanese Mandarin, when&#160;<span class="hanzi">有</span>&#160;is put in front of these verbs, it actually indicates that the verb is still continuing.</p>
    44. 

  44. 

  45.   <h3 id="structure-1">Structure</h3>
    46. 

  46. 

  47.   <div class="jiegou">
    48. 

  48.     <div class="deux">Subj. +&#160;<span class="hanzist">有</span>&#160;+ Verb + Obj.</div>
    49. 

  49.   </div>
    50. 

  50. 

  51.   <h3 id="examples-1">Examples</h3>
    52. 

  52. 

  53.   <div class="exemple">
    54. 

  54.     <ul>
    55. 

  55.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 吃 药，可是 感冒 还是 美好 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I have taken medicine, but my cold hasn’t gotten better.</span></li>
    56. 

  56. 

  57.       <li><span class="hanzi">他 有 告诉 我 你的 电话 号码 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">He has told me your phone number.</span></li>
    58. 

  58. 

  59.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 考虑 你 提的 建议。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I have considered the suggestion you proposed.</span></li>
    60. 

  60. 

  61.       <li><span class="hanzi">她 有 拿 你的 钱 吗？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Has she taken your money?</span></li>
    62. 

  62.     </ul>
    63. 

  63.   </div>
    64. 

  64. 

  65.   <h2 id="adj.-that-follow-有-with-到">Adj. that follow&#160;<span class="hanzist">有</span>&#160;with&#160;<span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">到</span></h2>
    66. 

  66. 

  67.   <p>Adjectives can also follow&#160;<span class="hanzi">有</span>. These adjectives are all in the past tense, with a&#160;<span class="hanzi">到</span>&#160;following the adjective.</p>
    68. 

  68. 

  69.   <h3 id="structure-2">Structure</h3>
    70. 

  70. 

  71.   <div class="jiegou">
    72. 

  72.     <div class="deux">Subj. +&#160;<span class="hanzist">有</span>&#160;+ Adj. +&#160;<span class="hanzist">到</span></div>
    73. 

  73.   </div>
    74. 

  74. 

  75.   <h3 id="examples-2">Examples</h3>
    76. 

  76. 

  77.   <div class="exemple">
    78. 

  78.     <ul>
    79. 

  79.       <li><span class="hanzi">第一次 做 这么 多 运动，真的 有 累 到 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">The first time I exercised so much, I was so tired.</span></li>
    80. 

  80. 

  81.       <li><span class="hanzi">他 突然 提出 跟 我 分手，我 真的 有 伤 到 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">He asked to break up out of nowhere. I was so hurt.</span></li>
    82. 

  82. 

  83.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 买 了 那么 多 二手 家具，有 省 到 吗？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">You bought so many second-hand furniture. Does it save you a lot of money?</span></li>
    84. 

  84. 

  85.       <li><span class="hanzi">你们 突然 大叫 着 跑 出来，我 真的有 吓 到 ！</span>&#160;<span class="trans">You guys suddenly came running out screaming loudly. I was so scared!</span></li>
    86. 

  86. 

  87.       <li><span class="hanzi">这 家 店 今天 全场 打 一 折，我 买 了 好 多，有 赚 到！</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Everything in this store is 90% off today. I bought a lot. It was so cheap!</span></li>
    88. 

  88.     </ul>
    89. 

  89.   </div>
    90. 

  90. 

  91.   <h2 id="adj.-not-in-the-past-tense-using-有">Adj. not in the past tense using&#160;<span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">有</span></h2>
    92. 

  92. 

  93.   <p>Some adjectives can follow&#160;<span class="hanzi">有</span>&#160;and are not used as the past tense.</p>
    94. 

  94. 

  95.   <h3 id="structure-3">Structure</h3>
    96. 

  96. 

  97.   <div class="jiegou">
    98. 

  98.     <div class="deux">Subj. +&#160;<span class="hanzist">有</span>&#160;+ Adj.</div>
    99. 

  99.   </div>
    100. 

  100. 

  101.   <h3 id="examples-3">Examples</h3>
    102. 

  102. 

  103.   <div class="exemple">
    104. 

  104.     <ul>
    105. 

  105.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 跟 你 妈妈 有 像 耶 ！</span>&#160;<span class="trans">You and your mom look alike!</span></li>
    106. 

  106. 

  107.       <li><span class="hanzi">他 那天 有 生气。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">He was angry the other day.</span></li>
    108. 

  108. 

  109.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 紧张 吗？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Was I nervous?</span></li>
    110. 

  110. 

  111.       <li><span class="hanzi">她 当然 有 失望，你 又 忘了 她 的 生日！</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Of course she was disappointed. You forgot her birthday again!</span></li>
    112. 

  112. 

  113.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 那么 大声 说话，我们 都 有 害怕。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">We were all scared when you shout at us.</span></li>
    114. 

  114.     </ul>
    115. 

  115.   </div>
    116. 

  116. 

  117.   <h2 id="了-after-the-verb"><span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">了</span>&#160;after the verb</h2>
    118. 

  118. 

  119.   <p>When adding a&#160;<span class="hanzi">了</span> after the verb, you’re stressing that the action is completed.</p>
    120. 

  120. 

  121.   <h3 id="structure-4">Structure</h3>
    122. 

  122. 

  123.   <div class="jiegou">
    124. 

  124.     <div class="deux">Subj. +&#160;<span class="hanzist">有</span>&#160;+ Verb +&#160;<span class="hanzist">了</span></div>
    125. 

  125.   </div>
    126. 

  126. 

  127.   <h3 id="examples-4">Examples</h3>
    128. 

  128. 

  129.   <div class="exemple">
    130. 

  130.     <ul>
    131. 

  131.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 刚才 有上 厕所 了。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I just now finished using the restaurant.</span></li>
    132. 

  132. 

  133.       <li><span class="hanzi">他 有 吃 中饭 了 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">He finished eating lunch.</span></li>
    134. 

  134. 

  135.       <li><span class="hanzi">老板 早上有 喝 咖啡 了。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">The boss drank coffee this morning.</span></li>
    136. 

  136. 

  137.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 发 微信 给 你 了。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I already sent you a WeChat.</span></li>
    138. 

  138. 

  139.       <li><span class="hanzi">我们 昨晚 有 吵架 了 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">We fought last night.</span></li>
    140. 

  140.     </ul>
    141. 

  141.   </div>
    142. 

  142. 

  143.   <h2 id="过-after-the-verb"><span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">过</span>&#160;after the verb</h2>
    144. 

  144. 

  145.   <h3 id="structure-5">Structure</h3>
    146. 

  146. 

  147.   <div class="jiegou">
    148. 

  148.     <div class="deux">Subj. +&#160;<span class="hanzist">有</span>&#160;+ Verb +&#160;<span class="hanzist">过</span>&#160;+ Obj.</div>
    149. 

  149.   </div>
    150. 

  150. 

  151.   <h3 id="examples-5">Examples</h3>
    152. 

  152. 

  153.   <div class="exemple">
    154. 

  154.     <ul>
    155. 

  155.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 去 过 中国。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I have been to China.</span></li>
    156. 

  156. 

  157.       <li><span class="hanzi">他 有 吃 过 小笼包。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">He has eaten steamed dumplings.</span></li>
    158. 

  158. 

  159.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 有 见 过 那 个 人 吗？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Have you seen that person before?</span></li>
    160. 

  160. 

  161.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 做 过 这样 的 工作。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I have done work like this before.</span></li>
    162. 

  162. 

  163.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 有 自己 做 过 饭 吗？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Have you ever cooked for yourself?</span></li>
    164. 

  164. 

  165.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 有 学 过 中文？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Have you ever studied Chinese?</span></li>
    166. 

  166. 

  167.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 有 看 过 这 个 电影 吗？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Have you seen this movie?</span></li>
    168. 

  168. 

  169.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 学 过 这 个 词。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I have studied this word.</span></li>
    170. 

  170. 

  171.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 用 过 电脑，我 会 用。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I have used a computer before, I can use it.</span></li>
    172. 

  172. 

  173.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 买 过 这里 的 巧克力，不 好吃。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I have bought the chocolate here, it's not good.</span></li>
    174. 

  174.     </ul>
    175. 

  175.   </div>
    176. 

  176. 

  177.   <h2 id="在-after-有"><span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">在</span>&#160;after&#160;<span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">有</span></h2>
    178. 

  178. 

  179.   <p>In Standard Mandarin, using&#160;<span class="hanzi">在</span>&#160;before a verb is the equivalent to the English <b>–ing</b>. When used with&#160;<span class="hanzi">有</span>&#160;in front of it, it is usually referring to <b>habitual action</b>, or an <b>action that can be stopped</b>. This is not in the past tense, but rather a continuing action.</p>
    180. 

  180. 

  181.   <h3 id="structure-6">Structure</h3>
    182. 

  182. 

  183.   <div class="jiegou">
    184. 

  184.     <div class="deux">Subj. +&#160;<span class="hanzist">有</span>&#160;+&#160;<span class="hanzist">在</span>&#160;+ Verb</div>
    185. 

  185.   </div>
    186. 

  186. 

  187.   <h3 id="examples-6">Examples</h3>
    188. 

  188. 

  189.   <div class="exemple">
    190. 

  190.     <ul>
    191. 

  191.       <li><span class="hanzi">那 时候 你 有 在 工作 吗？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">At that time, were you working?</span></li>
    192. 

  192. 

  193.       <li><span class="hanzi">这家 店 有 在 卖 小孩子的 衣服 吗？</span>&#160;<span class="trans">Is this store selling children’s clothes?</span></li>
    194. 

  194. 

  195.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 有 在 考虑 跟 她 分手 。</span>&#160;<span class="trans">I am considering breaking up with her.</span></li>
    196. 

  196. 

  197.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 妈妈 有 在 吃素 。</span>&#160;&#160;<span class="trans">My mom is a vegetarian.</span></li>
    198. 

  198. 

  199.       <li><span class="hanzi">你的 学生 有 在 写 日记 吗？</span>&#160;&#160;<span class="trans">Do your students write diaries?</span></li>
    200. 

  200.     </ul>
    201. 

  201.   </div>
    202. 

  202. 

  203.   <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>
    204. 

  204. 

  205.   <h3 id="books">Books</h3>
    206. 

  206. 

  207.   <ul>
    208. 

  208.     <li>Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 59-60) </li>
    209. 

  209. 

  210.     <li>Chinese Grammar Without Tears (<span class="hanzi">简明汉语语法学习手册</span>) (pp. 73-4) </li>
    211. 

  211. 

  212.     <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 83- 4) </li>
    213. 

  213. 

  214.     <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 345-7) </li>
    215. 

  215. 

  216.     <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 49-51) </li>
    217. 

  217. 

  218.     <li>Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 76-7, 230-2) </li>
    219. 

  219. 

  220.     <li>New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (<span class="hanzi">新实用汉语课本2</span>) (pp. 175-6) </li>
    221. 

  221. 

  222.     <li>40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (<span class="hanzi">基础汉语40课上册</span>） (p. 188)</li>
    223. 

  223.   </ul>
    224. 

  224. 

  225.   <h3 id="websites">Websites</h3>
    226. 

  226. 

  227.   <ul>
    228. 

  228.     <li>ChinesePod: <a href="http://chinesepod.com/lessons/%E8%BF%87guo">Qing Wen - 过(guo)</a> (free podcast content)</li>
    229. 

  229. 

  230.     <li><a href="http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/60384/1/101501.pdf"> 1</a></li>
    231. 

  231.   </ul>
    232. 

  232. </body>
    233. 

  233. </html>
    234.