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    <div id="page-navbar" class="clearfix row-fluid"><div class="breadcrumb-nav span9"><span class="accesshide" id="navbar-label">Chemin de la page</span><nav aria-labelledby="navbar-label"><ul class="breadcrumb style1"><li class="first"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/">Accueil</a></li><li><span style="display: inline-block; width: 17px;"><a title="Niveau 1" href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3" style="width: 72px;">Niveau 1</a></span></li><li><span style="display: inline-block; width: 17px;"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;section=9" style="width: 208px;">Séquence 9 Faire les courses</a></span></li><li class="last"><a title="Page" href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/mod/page/view.php?id=325">Grammaire</a></li></ul></nav></div><nav class="breadcrumb-button span3"></nav></div>    <section role="main-content">
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                    <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 1</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=9" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 9 Fai...">Revenir à Séquence 9 Fai...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h2><span class="hanzi">多少</span></h2>

<p>Nous avons déjà vu le mot interrogatif <span class="hanzi">几</span> <span class="pinyin">jǐ</span> "combien ?". <br>
Exemple : <span class="hanzi">有几个人？</span> Combien y a-t-il de personnes ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">有七个人。</span> Il y a 7 personnes. 
</p>

<p>On emploie <span class="hanzi">几</span> quand on pense que la réponse
 n'est pas très élevée, environ moins de 10. Ainsi, pour demander l'âge 
d'un enfant, il faudra dire <span class="hanzi">你几岁？</span> Alors que pour un adulte on dira <span class="hanzi">你多大？</span> </p>


<p>Le mot interrogatif <span class="hanzi">多少</span> <span class="pinyin">duōshǎo</span> "combien ?" est employé lorsque la réponse est élevée (plus de 10 environ). <strong><span class="hanzi">多少</span> s'emploie sans classificateur</strong>, qu'il ne faudra toutefois pas oublier dans la réponse :<br>
<span class="hanzi">有多少人？</span> Combien y a-t-il de personnes ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">有二十八个人。</span> Il y a 28 personnes.
</p>

<p>L'expression "Combien ça coûte?" est donc souvent <span class="hanzi">多少钱？</span> <span class="pinyin">duōshǎoqián ?</span> Le classificateur de l'argent est <span class="hanzi">块</span> <span class="pinyin">kuài</span>. La réponse se construira ainsi : <span class="hanzi">三十块。</span>
 30 (yuan). Yuan, la monnaie chinoise, est entre parenthèses, car dans 
cette phrase il n'est pas précisé de quelle monnaie il s'agit. C'est le 
contexte qui permet de le spécifier. <br>
On rajoute parfois le mot "argent" <span class="hanzi">钱</span> après le classificateur : <span class="hanzi">三十块钱。</span>
</p>

<p>Si l'on veut savoir combien ça coûte et que le prix nous semble inférieur à 10, on peut très bien dire <span class="hanzi">几块钱？</span>
</p>

<p>L'usage veut que l'on mette le nom de ou des objets avant "combien ça coûte ?" :<br>
<span class="hanzi">这些杯子多少钱？</span> Combien coûtent ces verres ?<br>
mais la réponse est souvent dans le sens inverse :<br>
<span class="hanzi">五块钱一个</span> 5 yuans l'unité. 
</p>


<hr>


<h2>Les moyens de transport</h2>

<p>En chinois le mot <span class="hanzi">车</span> <span class="pinyin">chē</span>
 désigne en général la voiture, mais il a le sens plus large de 
"véhicule" et, suivant le contexte, peut aussi bien désigner le vélo, le
 bus, etc. </p>

<p>Dans une phrase, si le moyen de transport est un complément circonstanciel, il se place avant le verbe. Il est introduit par <span class="hanzi">坐</span> <span class="pinyin">zuò</span> "s'asseoir" qui prend alors le sens de "prendre un moyen de transport" :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我坐车去买东西。</span> Je vais faire les courses en voiture/bus/...<br>
<span class="hanzi">我坐火车去北京。</span> Je vais en train à Beijing. 
</p>

<p>Si l'on veut préciser que c'est soi-même qui conduit, il faudra employer le mot <span class="hanzi">开车</span> <span class="pinyin">kāichē</span> "conduire" :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我开车去商店买东西。</span> Je vais en voiture <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 20px; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">faire les courses&nbsp;</span>au magasin. 
</p>

<p>Le mot interrogatif correspondant est <span class="hanzi">怎么？</span> <span class="pinyin">zěnme ?</span> "comment ?" : <br>
<span class="hanzi">你怎么去买东西？</span> Comment vas-tu faire les courses ?
</p>


<hr>


<h2>Le climat</h2>

<p>Il ne faut pas confondre <span class="hanzi">怎么？</span> <span class="pinyin">zěnme ?</span> "comment ?" avec <span class="hanzi">怎么样？</span> <span class="pinyin">zěnmeyàng ?</span> : "être comment ?"</p>

<p>Par exemple :  <span class="hanzi">中国怎么样？</span> Comment est la Chine ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">你怎么样？</span> Comment vas-tu ? (différent de <span class="hanzi">你好吗？</span> qui signifie "Est-ce que ça va ?")<br>
<span class="hanzi">他的中文怎么样？</span> Comment est son chinois ?
</p>

<p>Le climat / temps se dit <span class="hanzi">天气</span> <span class="pinyin">tiānqì</span>, littéralement "souffle céleste". Dans la tradition chinoise, le mot "souffle" <span class="hanzi">气</span> <span class="pinyin">qì</span> sert souvent à qualifier ce qui est dynamique. </p>

<p>Pour demander le temps qu'il fait, il faut dire : <span class="hanzi">天气怎么样？</span><br>
Les réponses possibles à votre niveau sont : <br>
<span class="hanzi">天气很好。</span> Il fait beau.<br>
<span class="hanzi">天气不好。</span> Il fait mauvais.<br>
<span class="hanzi">下雨。</span>  Il pleut. (Notez qu'il ne faut pas rajouter <span class="hanzi">天气</span> juste avant.)<br>
<span class="hanzi">天气很热。</span> Il fait chaud.<br>
<span class="hanzi">天气很冷。</span> Il fait froid.
</p>


<p>Une petite révision du <span class="hanzi">了</span>  <span class="pinyin">le</span> modal. Comparez :<br>
<span class="hanzi">下雨。</span>  Il pleut. / <span class="hanzi">下雨了。</span>  Il se met à pleuvoir.<br>
<span class="hanzi">天气很冷。</span> Il fait froid. / <span class="hanzi">天气冷了。</span> Le temps s'est refroidi. 
</p>

<p>Le <span class="hanzi">很</span> <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> qui enlève la comparaison avec un verbe adjectival n'est plus nécessaire avec le <span class="hanzi">了</span>  <span class="pinyin">le</span> modal, car celui-ci sous-entend justement une comparaison avec un état antérieur (changement de situation). 
</p>


<hr>


<h2>Le verbe <span class="hanzi">出</span></h2>

<p>Le verbe <span class="hanzi">出</span> <span class="pinyin">chū</span> "sortir"  ne s'emploie pas seul. Si vous voulez dire "sortir" il faudra rajouter un directionnel <span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="pinyin">qù</span> (éloignement) ou <span class="hanzi">来</span> <span class="pinyin">lái</span> (rapprochement) : <br>
<span class="hanzi">他们出去了吗？</span> Sont-ils sortis ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">出来！</span> Sors de là ! (s'il y a rapprochement)<br>
<span class="hanzi">出去！</span> Sors d'ici ! (s'il y a éloignement)
</p>

<p>
<span class="hanzi">租</span> <span class="pinyin">zū</span> signifie 
"louer". Comme en français, ce mot est à double sens : celui du 
propriétaire qui loue, ou celui du locataire qui loue....</p>

<p>Si vous êtes locataire, vous direz seulement <span class="hanzi">租</span>. Mais si vous êtes propriétaire, vous direz <span class="hanzi">出租</span>.
</p>

<p>Cette petite subtilité n'est pas du programme du HSK niveau 1, mais 
elle permet d'illustrer un peu comment se construit la langue chinoise. 
</p>


<hr>


<h2>La semi-virgule</h2>

<p>Dans une énumération, le chinois utilisera une "semi-virgule" <span class="hanzi">、</span> (seulement avec les caractères, pas avec le pinyin) :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我想买中国茶杯、水果、米。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng mǎi zhōngguó chábēi, shuǐguǒ, mǐ.</span> Je veux acheter des tasses à thé chinoises, des fruits, du riz.<br>
</p>


<hr>


<h2>La probabilité</h2>

<p>Nous avons déjà vu le verbe <span class="hanzi">会</span> <span class="pinyin">huì</span> dans le sens de "savoir (faire)". Exemple : <span class="hanzi">我会说汉语。</span> "Je sais parler le chinois".
</p>


<p><span class="hanzi">会</span> <span class="pinyin">huì</span> peut également exprimer la probabilité proche de la certitude : <br>
<span class="hanzi">会下雨。</span> "Il se peut qu'il pleuve." Ou bien "Il pleuvra certainement."<br>
</p>


<p>On peut accentuer le sens de certitude en ajoutant <span class="hanzi">的</span> <span class="pinyin">de</span> à la fin de la phrase : <br>
<span class="hanzi">他会来吗？他会来的。</span> "Viendra-t-il ? Il viendra sûrement. "<br>
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