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Niveau 2: Grammaire de la séquence 4.html

Niveau 2: Grammaire de la séquence 4.html 76 KB
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  129.                     <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 2</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><span class="notifications" id="user-notifications"></span><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire de la séquence 4</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=4&amp;sesskey=D4dSUvLswC&amp;section=4" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 4 En voyage">Revenir à Séquence 4 En voyage<span aria-hidden="true" class="fa-fw fa fa-sign-in"></span></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h2>L'aspect vécu</h2>
    130. 

  130. 

  131. <p>
    132. 

  132. <span class="hanzi">过</span> <span class="pinyin">guo</span> est un 
    133. 

  133. suffixe verbal qui indique l'aspect accompli. Cela veut dire que ce 
    134. 

  134. caractère se place après un verbe pour indiquer que l'on a déjà réalisé 
    135. 

  135. cette action dans le passé (idée d'expérience vécue) :<br>
    136. 

  136. <span class="hanzi">我去过中国。</span> Je suis déjà allé en Chine.<br>
    137. 

  137. <span class="hanzi">我喝过日本茶。</span> J'ai déjà bu du thé japonais.<br>
    138. 

  138. </p>
    139. 

  139. 

  140. <p>
    141. 

  141. La négation est toujours <span class="hanzi">没</span> <span class="pinyin">méi</span> ou  <span class="hanzi">没有</span> <span class="pinyin">méiyǒu</span> :<br>
    142. 

  142. <span class="hanzi">我没去过中国。</span> Je ne suis jamais allé en Chine.<br>
    143. 

  143. <span class="hanzi">我没有喝过日本茶。</span> Je n'ai jamais bu du thé japonais.<br>
    144. 

  144. </p>
    145. 

  145. 

  146. 

  147. <p>
    148. 

  148. Attention : pour dire simplement "non" à une question avec <span class="hanzi">过</span> <span class="pinyin">guo</span>, il faut employer   <span class="hanzi">没有</span> <span class="pinyin">méiyǒu</span> et non  <span class="hanzi">没</span> <span class="pinyin">méi</span> tout seul :<br>
    149. 

  149. <span class="hanzi">你去过中国吗？没有。</span> Es-tu déjà allé en Chine ? Non.<br>
    150. 

  150. </p>
    151. 

  151. 

  152. 

  153. <p>
    154. 

  154. La question alterno-interrogative avec <span class="hanzi">过</span> <span class="pinyin">guo</span> se construit ainsi :
    155. 

  155. </p>
    156. 

  156. 

  157. 

  158. <p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
    159. 

  159. <span class="gram">sujet + <span class="hanzi">有没有</span> + verbe + <span class="hanzi">过</span> + COD ?</span>
    160. 

  160. </p>
    161. 

  161. 

  162. <p>
    163. 

  163. Exemple :<br>
    164. 

  164.  <span class="hanzi">你有没有来过这儿？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ yǒu méi yǒu lái guo zhèr ?</span> Es-tu déjà venu ici ?
    165. 

  165. </p>
    166. 

  166. 

  167. 

  168. <hr>
    169. 

  169. 

  170. 

  171. 

  172. <h2>La structure potentielle - résultat</h2>
    173. 

  173. 

  174. 

  175. <p>Vous avez certainement observé que le mot "trouver" <span class="hanzi">找到</span> est formé des mots <span class="hanzi">找</span> "chercher" et <span class="hanzi">到</span> "arriver, atteindre". Il s'agit d'une structure résultative comme nous avons déjà vu dans la séquence 2 de ce niveau : <br>
    176. 

  176. <span class="hanzi">我找到了！</span> Je l'ai trouvé !<br>
    177. 

  177. <span class="hanzi">我没找到！</span> Je ne l'ai pas trouvé.<br>
    178. 

  178. </p>
    179. 

  179. 

  180. <p>La structure résultative indique que l'action a atteint ou non le 
    181. 

  181. résultat. Il existe une structure dite "potentielle" qui indique que 
    182. 

  182. l'action peut ou non atteindre un résultat. La construction est la 
    183. 

  183. suivante :
    184. 

  184. </p>
    185. 

  185. 

  186. 

  187. <p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
    188. 

  188. Forme affirmative : <br>
    189. 

  189. <span class="gram">verbe d'action + <span class="hanzi">得</span> + verbe de résultat</span>
    190. 

  190. </p>
    191. 

  191. 

  192. <p>Exemple : <br>
    193. 

  193. <span class="hanzi">找得到</span> trouvable<br>
    194. 

  194. <span class="hanzi">看得见</span> que l'on peut apercevoir<br>
    195. 

  195. </p>
    196. 

  196. 

  197. 

  198. <p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
    199. 

  199. Forme négative : <br>
    200. 

  200. <span class="gram">verbe d'action + <span class="hanzi">不</span> + verbe de résultat</span>
    201. 

  201. </p>
    202. 

  202. 

  203. <p>Exemple : <br>
    204. 

  204. <span class="hanzi">找不到</span> introuvable<br>
    205. 

  205. <span class="hanzi">我找不到我的书！</span> Je ne trouve pas mon livre !<br>
    206. 

  206. <span class="hanzi">看不见</span> que l'on ne peut pas apercevoir<br>
    207. 

  207. <span class="hanzi">我看不见他。</span> Je ne le vois pas.<br>
    208. 

  208. </p>
    209. 

  209. 

  210. 

  211. 

  212. <hr>
    213. 

  213. 

  214. 

  215. <h2>Le co-verbe <span class="hanzi">离</span></h2>
    216. 

  216. 

  217. <p>
    218. 

  218. Un "co-verbe" est un verbe qui tient lieu de préposition. Il s'agit 
    219. 

  219. d'une évolution historique de la langue chinoise qui fait que les verbes
    220. 

  220.  se transforment en préposition. Au cours de cette évolution, le verbe 
    221. 

  221. garde encore des particularités de verbe tout en servant de préposition.
    222. 

  222. </p>
    223. 

  223. 

  224. 

  225. <p>
    226. 

  226. Le co-verbe <span class="hanzi">离</span>, dont le sens originel est 
    227. 

  227. "quitter, séparer", sert à indiquer la séparation entre deux lieux.  La 
    228. 

  228. construction est la suivante :
    229. 

  229. </p>
    230. 

  230. 

  231. 

  232. <p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
    233. 

  233. <span class="gram">(lieu 1 + )<span class="hanzi">离</span> + lieu 2 + distance</span>
    234. 

  234. </p>
    235. 

  235. 

  236. <p>Exemple :<br>
    237. 

  237. <span class="hanzi">我家离学校很近。</span> Ma maison est proche de l'école.<br>
    238. 

  238. <span class="hanzi">火车站离这儿不远。</span> La gare ferroviaire n'est pas loin d'ici.<br>
    239. 

  239. </p>
    240. 

  240. 

  241. 

  242. <hr>
    243. 

  243. 

  244. 

  245. <h2><span class="hanzi">就。。。了</span></h2>
    246. 

  246. 

  247. <p>
    248. 

  248. <span class="hanzi">就</span> signifie "alors". Employé avec <span class="hanzi">了</span>, il peut aussi indiquer qu'une action arrive rapidement ou plus tôt que prévu :<br>
    249. 

  249. <span class="hanzi">你就来了。</span> Te voilà déjà !<br>
    250. 

  250. <span class="hanzi">五分钟就到了。</span> On arrive dans 5 minutes.<br>
    251. 

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tabindex="-1"><span class="item-content-wrap" tabindex="-1">Exercice d'entraînement oral sur le vocabulaire de...</span></a></p></li><li class="type_activity depth_5 item_with_icon" aria-labelledby="label_5_25" tabindex="-1"><p class="tree_item hasicon" role="treeitem" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false"><a tabindex="-1" id="label_5_25" title="Test" href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/mod/quiz/view.php?id=366"><img class="smallicon navicon" alt="Test" title="Test" src="Niveau%202:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%204_files/icon_004.svg" tabindex="-1"><span class="item-content-wrap" tabindex="-1">Exercice : retrouvez le mot chinois en pinyin d'ap...</span></a></p></li><li class="type_activity depth_5 item_with_icon" aria-labelledby="label_5_26" tabindex="-1"><p class="tree_item hasicon" role="treeitem" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false"><a tabindex="-1" id="label_5_26" title="Test" href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/mod/quiz/view.php?id=369"><img class="smallicon navicon" 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