Browse Source

début du travail

Eric Streit 3 years ago
parent
commit
35bf53e3db
8 changed files with 2482 additions and 616 deletions
  1. 27 0
      DLI-Chinese.xml.bak
  2. 79 72
      Introduction.xml
  3. 128 0
      Introduction.xml.bak
  4. 274 537
      Lesson-1.xml
  5. 1760 0
      Lesson-1.xml.bak
  6. 7 7
      Module-1.xml
  7. 207 0
      Module-1.xml.bak
  8. BIN
      out/pdf/DLI-Chinese.pdf

+ 27 - 0
DLI-Chinese.xml.bak

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<set version="5.0" xml:lang="en_US" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+  xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+  xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+  <db:info>
+    <db:title>DLI Chinese</db:title>
+    <db:author>
+      <db:orgname>DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUT FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER</db:orgname>
+    </db:author>
+  </db:info>
+  <xi:include href="Module-1.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+  <!--
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-03.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-04.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-05.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-06.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-07.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-08.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-09.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-10.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-11.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-12.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-13.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="DLI-book-14.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+-->
+</set>

+ 79 - 72
Introduction.xml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     version="5.0">
     <title>Introduction</title>
     <subtitle>ABOUT CHINESE</subtitle>
-    <formalpara>
+    <section>
         <title>The Chinese Languages</title>
         <para> We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called 'Chinese.' We say, for
             example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that
@@ -13,55 +13,60 @@
             of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects of one
             language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language, but the
             facts are almost exactly parallel. </para>
-    </formalpara>
-    <para>In terms, then, of what we think of as a language when closer to home, 'Chinese' is not
-        one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius is part-way up the stem
-        of the family tree. Like Latin, it is a language which lived on as a literary language long
-        after its death as the language of the classics. The seven modern languages of China,
-        traditionally the 'dialects,' are on the branches of the tree. They share as strong a family
-        resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and are about as different from
-        one another. </para>
-    <para>The predominant language o£ China is now known as <foreignphrase
-            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>, or 'Standard Chinese' literally
-        'the common speech.' The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is <foreignphrase
-            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóyǔ</foreignphrase>, or 'Mandarin', literally 'the national
-        language.' Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost two-thirds of the population and
-        throughout :te greater part of the country.</para>
-    <formalpara>
+
+
+        <para>In terms, then, of what we think of as a language when closer to home, 'Chinese' is
+            not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius is part-way up
+            the stem of the family tree. Like Latin, it is a language which lived on as a literary
+            language long after its death as the language of the classics. The seven modern
+            languages of China, traditionally the 'dialects,' are on the branches of the tree. They
+            share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and
+            are about as different from one another. </para>
+        <para>The predominant language o£ China is now known as <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>, or 'Standard Chinese'
+            literally 'the common speech.' The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóyǔ</foreignphrase>, or 'Mandarin',
+            literally 'the national language.' Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost
+            two-thirds of the population and throughout :te greater part of the country.</para>
+
+    </section>
+    <section>
         <title>Standard Chinese</title>
         <para>Standard Chinese The term 'Standard Chinese' is often used more narrowly to refer to
             the true national language which is emerging. This national language, which is already
             the language of all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the Peking dialect but
             takes on elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese
             languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken, and
-            often spoken with some concessions to local speech,particularly in pronunciation.
-        </para>
-    </formalpara>
-    <para>The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in grammar
-        or vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese languages,
-        for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final consonants.</para>
-    <para> The remaining six Chinese languages, together spoken by approximately a quarter of the
-        population, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River. These are: the
-            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wú</foreignphrase> language (<foreignphrase
-            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吴</foreignphrase>),including the ' Shanghai dialect.' Hunanese
-            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">湘</foreignphrase>
-        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng</foreignphrase>); the Gan language
-            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">籍</foreignphrase>
-        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gàn</foreignphrase>), spoken in Kangsi province;
-        Cantonese (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">粤</foreignphrase>
-        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè</foreignphrase>), the language of Kuangtong
-        province and widely spoken in Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese
-            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">闽</foreignphrase>
-        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǐn</foreignphrase>), a variant of which is spoken
-        by the majority of Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (<foreignphrase
-            xml:lang="cmn-Hani">客家</foreignphrase>
-        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèjiā</foreignphrase>), spoken in a belt above the
-        Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka are also
-        widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia.</para>
-    <para>In addition to these Chinese languages, there are also non-Chinese languages spoken by
-        minority ethnic groups. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the Chinese
-        languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated. </para>
-    <formalpara>
+            often spoken with some concessions to local speech,particularly in pronunciation. </para>
+
+
+        <para>The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in
+            grammar or vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese
+            languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final
+            consonants.</para>
+        <para> The remaining six Chinese languages, together spoken by approximately a quarter of
+            the population, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River. These
+            are: the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wú</foreignphrase> language
+                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吴</foreignphrase>),including the ' Shanghai
+            dialect.' Hunanese (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">湘</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng</foreignphrase>); the Gan language
+                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">籍</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gàn</foreignphrase>), spoken in Kangsi
+            province; Cantonese (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">粤</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè</foreignphrase>), the language of
+            Kuangtong province and widely spoken in Chinese communities in the United States;
+            Fukienese (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">闽</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǐn</foreignphrase>), a variant of which is
+            spoken by the majority of Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (<foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Hani">客家</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèjiā</foreignphrase>), spoken in a belt above
+            the Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka
+            are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia.</para>
+        <para>In addition to these Chinese languages, there are also non-Chinese languages spoken by
+            minority ethnic groups. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the
+            Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated. </para>
+    </section>
+    <section>
         <title>Some characteristics of Chinese</title>
         <para>Some Characteristics of Chinese Perhaps the most striking feature of Chinese to us is
             the use of 'tones' to distinguish the meaning of individual syllables. All languages,
@@ -79,19 +84,21 @@
             the Low Tone and the Falling Tone, And yet these words are just as distinguishable as
             our words 'buy' and 'guy,' or 'buy' and 'boy.' Apart from the tones, the sound system of
             Standard Chinese is no more different from English than French is.</para>
-    </formalpara>
-    <para>The grammar of Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, it has no
-        conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have fewer forms
-        than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese grammar relies heavily
-        on word order, and often the word order is the same as in English: 'John loves Mary' versus
-        'Mary loves John.' For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to
-        speak as one might think. </para>
-    <para> It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a good
-        deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in ordinary
-        conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the dictionary have
-        two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always be broken down into
-        single-syllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words themselves</para>
-    <formalpara>
+        <para>The grammar of Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, it has no
+            conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have fewer
+            forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese grammar
+            relies heavily on word order, and often the word order is the same as in English: 'John
+            loves Mary' versus 'Mary loves John.' For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for
+            Americans to learn to speak as one might think. </para>
+        <para> It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a good
+            deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in ordinary
+            conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the dictionary
+            have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always be broken down
+            into single-syllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words
+            themselves</para>
+
+    </section>
+    <section>
         <title>Written Chinese</title>
         <para>Written Chinese Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an
             alphabet. The letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the
@@ -103,19 +110,19 @@
             'ideographs,' which suggests that they stand directly for ideas. But this is misleading;
             it is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken
             language.</para>
-    </formalpara>
-    <para>Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These thousand
-        characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand words. Full
-        literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to reduce the amount of
-        time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in the People's Republic of
-        China of the principle of character simplification, which has reduced the average number of
-        strokes per character by half. </para>
-    <para>One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read, with the
-        local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a stronger reason
-        for their retention is that the characters help keep alive distinctions of meaning between
-        words, which are fading in the spoken language. Against this, however, is the consideration
-        that a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least
-        as easily as he can learn several thousand characters. </para>
-    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīnyīn</foreignphrase> is used throughout this
-        course to provide a simple written representation of pronunciation.</para>
+        <para>Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These
+            thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand
+            words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to
+            reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in
+            the People's Republic of China of the principle of character simplification, which has
+            reduced the average number of strokes per character by half. </para>
+        <para>One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read, with
+            the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a stronger
+            reason for their retention is that the characters help keep alive distinctions of
+            meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken language. Against this, however,
+            is the consideration that a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard Chinese, and read it
+            alphabetically, at least as easily as he can learn several thousand characters. </para>
+        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīnyīn</foreignphrase> is used throughout
+            this course to provide a simple written representation of pronunciation.</para>
+    </section>
 </chapter>

+ 128 - 0
Introduction.xml.bak

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+    version="5.0">
+    <title>Introduction</title>
+    <subtitle>ABOUT CHINESE</subtitle>
+    <section>
+        <title>The Chinese Languages</title>
+        <para> We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called 'Chinese.' We say, for
+            example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that
+            Confucius wrote in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never think
+            of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects of one
+            language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language, but the
+            facts are almost exactly parallel. </para>
+
+
+        <para>In terms, then, of what we think of as a language when closer to home, 'Chinese' is
+            not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius is part-way up
+            the stem of the family tree. Like Latin, it is a language which lived on as a literary
+            language long after its death as the language of the classics. The seven modern
+            languages of China, traditionally the 'dialects,' are on the branches of the tree. They
+            share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and
+            are about as different from one another. </para>
+        <para>The predominant language o£ China is now known as <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>, or 'Standard Chinese'
+            literally 'the common speech.' The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guóyǔ</foreignphrase>, or 'Mandarin',
+            literally 'the national language.' Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost
+            two-thirds of the population and throughout :te greater part of the country.</para>
+
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Standard Chinese</title>
+        <para>Standard Chinese The term 'Standard Chinese' is often used more narrowly to refer to
+            the true national language which is emerging. This national language, which is already
+            the language of all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the Peking dialect but
+            takes on elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese
+            languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken, and
+            often spoken with some concessions to local speech,particularly in pronunciation. </para>
+
+
+        <para>The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in
+            grammar or vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese
+            languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final
+            consonants.</para>
+        <para> The remaining six Chinese languages, together spoken by approximately a quarter of
+            the population, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River. These
+            are: the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wú</foreignphrase> language
+                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吴</foreignphrase>),including the ' Shanghai
+            dialect.' Hunanese (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">湘</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng</foreignphrase>); the Gan language
+                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">籍</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gàn</foreignphrase>), spoken in Kangsi
+            province; Cantonese (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">粤</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè</foreignphrase>), the language of
+            Kuangtong province and widely spoken in Chinese communities in the United States;
+            Fukienese (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">闽</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǐn</foreignphrase>), a variant of which is
+            spoken by the majority of Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (<foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Hani">客家</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèjiā</foreignphrase>), spoken in a belt above
+            the Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka
+            are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia.</para>
+        <para>In addition to these Chinese languages, there are also non-Chinese languages spoken by
+            minority ethnic groups. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the
+            Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated. </para>
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Some characteristics of Chinese</title>
+        <para>Some Characteristics of Chinese Perhaps the most striking feature of Chinese to us is
+            the use of 'tones' to distinguish the meaning of individual syllables. All languages,
+            and Chinese is no exception, make use of sentence intonation to indicate how whole
+            sentences are to be understood. In English, for example, the rising pattern in 'He's
+            gone?' tells us that it is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a
+            different matter. They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole.
+            Each syllable of Standard Chinese has one of four distinctive tones as an inherent part.
+            The tone does just as much to distinguish the syllable from other possible syllables as
+            do the consonants and vowels. For example, the only difference between the verb 'to
+            buy,' <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">买</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi</foreignphrase>, and the verb 'to sell,'
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">卖</foreignphrase>
+            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase>, is the difference between
+            the Low Tone and the Falling Tone, And yet these words are just as distinguishable as
+            our words 'buy' and 'guy,' or 'buy' and 'boy.' Apart from the tones, the sound system of
+            Standard Chinese is no more different from English than French is.</para>
+        <para>The grammar of Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, it has no
+            conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have fewer
+            forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese grammar
+            relies heavily on word order, and often the word order is the same as in English: 'John
+            loves Mary' versus 'Mary loves John.' For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for
+            Americans to learn to speak as one might think. </para>
+        <para> It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a good
+            deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in ordinary
+            conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the dictionary
+            have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always be broken down
+            into single-syllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words
+            themselves</para>
+
+    </section>
+    <section>
+        <title>Written Chinese</title>
+        <para>Written Chinese Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an
+            alphabet. The letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the
+            principle is the same: One letter for each consonant or vowel sound, more or less.
+            Chinese, however, is written with 'characters' which stand for whole syllables. In fact,
+            for whole syllables with particular meanings. There are only about thirteen hundred
+            phonetically distinct syllables in everyday use, essentially one for each
+            single-syllable unit of meaning. Chinese characters are often referred to as
+            'ideographs,' which suggests that they stand directly for ideas. But this is misleading;
+            it is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken
+            language.</para>
+        <para>Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These
+            thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand
+            words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to
+            reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in
+            the People's Republic of China of the principle of character simplification, which has
+            reduced the average number of strokes per character by half. </para>
+        <para>One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read, with
+            the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a stronger
+            reason for their retention is that the characters help keep alive distinctions of
+            meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken language. Against this, however,
+            is the consideration that a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard Chinese, and read it
+            alphabetically, at least as easily as he can learn several thousand characters. </para>
+        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīnyīn</foreignphrase> is used throughout
+            this course to provide a simple written representation of pronunciation.</para>
+    </section>
+</chapter>

File diff suppressed because it is too large
+ 274 - 537
Lesson-1.xml


+ 1760 - 0
Lesson-1.xml.bak

@@ -0,0 +1,1760 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+    version="5.0">
+    <title>Lesson 1</title>
+    <section>
+        <title>Introduction</title>
+        <para> In this lesson you will be learning about full names, surnames, and titles ("Mr.,"
+            Mrs.," etc.). Also, you'll be introduced to the sound system of Standard Chinese and to
+            its written representation in Pinyin romanization.</para>
+        <mediaobject>
+            <imageobject>
+                <imagedata fileref="Images/Lesson%201-4.png" align="center"/>
+            </imageobject>
+            <caption>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, nǐ xìng
+                        shénme?</foreignphrase>
+                </para>
+            </caption>
+        </mediaobject>
+    </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
+    <section>
+        <title>Objectives</title>
+        <para> Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to identify yourself or someone else
+            by title, surname, and/or full name.</para>
+    </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
+    <section>
+        <title>Glossary</title>
+
+
+        <informaltable frame="all">
+            <tgroup cols="5">
+                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*" align="center"/>
+                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.4*"/>
+                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.5*"/>
+                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                <tbody>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>1.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>PN:</entry>
+                        <entry>you</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>2.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase><footnote>
+                                <para>
+                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi,
+                                        shénme.</foreignphrase> For the first several lessons, these
+                                    two words will be used as "question words" (QW). Later, you will
+                                    learn to use them in other ways.</para>
+                            </footnote></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>PN:</entry>
+                        <entry>who, whom</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>3.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生么</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>PN:</entry>
+                        <entry>what</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>4.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>EV:</entry>
+                        <entry>to be</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>5.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase><footnote>
+                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā.</foreignphrase>
+                                    The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >tā</foreignphrase> in the spoken language has no gender and
+                                    can mean "her" "she" and on occasion "it." In the written
+                                    language, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >tā</foreignphrase> has three different forms to indicate
+                                    gender. All are pronounced <foreignphrase
+                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>.</para>
+                            </footnote></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他,她,它</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>PN:</entry>
+                        <entry>he, she, it</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>6.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">太太</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>N:</entry>
+                        <entry>Mrs.; wife, married woman, lady</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>7.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >tóngzhì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同志</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>N:</entry>
+                        <entry>comrade</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>8.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>PN:</entry>
+                        <entry>I, me</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>9.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">先生</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>N:</entry>
+                        <entry>Mr., Sir, husband, teacher</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>10.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >xiáojie</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小姐</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>N:</entry>
+                        <entry>Miss, lady, daughter (polite)</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>11.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase><footnote>
+                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >xìng.</foreignphrase>
+                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>
+                                    is used in this lesson as a verb. In later lessons you will
+                                    learn to use it also as a noun.</para>
+                            </footnote></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姓</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>N/EV:</entry>
+                        <entry>to be surnamed</entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>12.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                            </foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>SN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>13.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大年</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>GN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>14.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú </foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>SN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>15.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美㸳</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>GN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>16.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā </foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>SN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>17.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明理</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>GN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>18.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                            Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王大年</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>FN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                            Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>19.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                            Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡美㸳</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>FN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                            Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                    <row>
+                        <entry>20.</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
+                            Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马明理</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        <entry>FN:</entry>
+                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
+                            Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
+                    </row>
+                </tbody>
+            </tgroup>
+        </informaltable>
+
+        <para><emphasis role="bold">Abbreviations for parts of speech above</emphasis> (see preface,
+            page <xref linkend="Abre"/>)</para>
+        <para>PN - Pronoun</para>
+        <para>N - Noun</para>
+        <para>EV - Equative verb. <note>
+                <title>Note</title>
+                <para>Equative verbs connect or equate two nouns or nominal expressions. They
+                    resemble in function the English verb is in the sentence "That man is my
+                    brother." The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase>
+                    is the most common EV.)</para>
+            </note></para>
+        <?custom-pagebreak?>
+        <section>
+            <title>Classroom expressions</title>
+            <para>
+                <emphasis role="bold">Learn and use these expressions in class .</emphasis></para>
+
+            <informaltable frame="all">
+                <tgroup cols="4">
+                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.7*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <tbody>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>1.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Zào</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>good morning</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>2.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen shàngkè
+                                    ba</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们上课八</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>let&apos;s begin class</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>3.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dǒng
+                                    ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你懂吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>do you understand?</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>4.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
+                                dǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我懂</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>I understand</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>5.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
+                                    bùdǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我不懂</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>I don&apos;t understand</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>6.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì
+                                le</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">对了</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>that&apos;s correct</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>7.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Búduì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不对</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>that&apos;s not correct, that&apos;s not right</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>8.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
+                                    bùzhīdào</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我不知道</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>I don&apos;t know</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>9.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàkè
+                                    le</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下课了</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>class is dismissed</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>10.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
+                                    jiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天见</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>see you tomorrow</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>11.</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
+                                    jiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">再见</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>good bye (see you again)</entry>
+                        </row>
+                    </tbody>
+                </tgroup>
+            </informaltable>
+        </section>
+    </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
+    <section>
+        <title>Communicative exchanges</title>
+        <section>
+            <title>Frame 1</title>
+            <formalpara>
+                <title>Frame 1</title>
+                <para>
+                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                        <tgroup cols="5">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>1.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì shéi?
+                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >你是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>Who are you?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
+                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>2.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì
+                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >你是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>Who are you?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Hú
+                                            Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >我是胡美㸳。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>I&apos;m <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>3.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
+                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mā
+                                            Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他是马明理。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
+                                            Mínglī</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>4.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì Hú
+                                            Měilíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >谁是胡美㸳?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>Who is ?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Hú
+                                            Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他是胡美㸳。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                            Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                </para>
+            </formalpara>
+            <note>
+                <title>Note №1</title>
+                <para>he verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
+                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase> means "to be" in the sense
+                    of "to be someone or something," as in "I am Daniel King." It expresses
+                    identity. (Later, you will learn a verb which means "to be" in another sense,
+                    "to be somewhere," as in "I am in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>.” That verb expresses location.)</para>
+            
+            <para> Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish first,
+                second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three persons.</para>
+            <para><informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                <tgroup cols="4">
+                    <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="left" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" align="left" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" align="left" colwidth="4.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colnum="4" colname="col2" align="left" colwidth="4.0*"/>
+                    <tbody>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                    Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                    Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                    Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>You are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                    Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
+                                    Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
+                                    Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        </row>
+                    </tbody>
+                </tgroup>
+            </informaltable></para>
+            <para>Later, you will find that Chinese verbs (and nouns) do not distinguish singular
+                and plural, either, and that they do not distinguish past, present, and future as
+                such. You need to learn only one form for each verb. </para>
+            </note>
+            <note>
+               <title>Note №2</title>
+            
+            <para>The question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì
+                        shéi?</foreignphrase> is actually too direct for most situations, although
+                    it is all right from teacher to student or from student to student. (A more
+                    polite question is introduced in Lesson 2.) </para></note>
+            <note><title>Note №3</title>
+            <para>The pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> is
+                    equivalent to "he," "she," or (in limited use) "it.”</para></note>
+            
+            <note><title>Note №4</title>
+            <para>Unlike English, changing a question into a statement does not alter word order.
+                    Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in statements. </para>
+            <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                <tgroup cols="5">
+                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
+                    <tbody>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>Q1</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>Who is he?</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>S1</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
+                                    Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
+                                    Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                        </row>
+                    </tbody>
+                </tgroup>
+            </informaltable>
+            <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                <tgroup cols="5">
+                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
+                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
+                    <tbody>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>Q2</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Shéi</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                    Měilíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry>Who is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                    Měilíng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
+                        </row>
+                        <row>
+                            <entry>S2</entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                    Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                            <entry> She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                    Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                        </row>
+                    </tbody>
+                </tgroup>
+            </informaltable>
+            <para>When you answer a question containing a question word like <foreignphrase
+                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>, "who," simply replace the
+                question word with the information it asks for. </para></note>
+            <?custom-pagebreak?>
+            <section>
+                <title>Frame 2</title>
+
+                <para>
+                    <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                        <tgroup cols="5">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>5.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
+                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >你姓生么?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>What is your surname?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
+                                            Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>My surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>6.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
+                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他姓生么?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>What is his surname?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
+                                            Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>His surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>7.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi xìng
+                                            Hú?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >谁姓胡?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>Whose surname is <foreignphrase
+                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú</foreignphrase>?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
+                                            Hú.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他姓胡。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>Her surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Hú</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                </para>
+                <note>
+                    <title>Note №5</title>
+                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìng</foreignphrase> is a
+                        verb, "to be surnamed." It is in the same position in the sentence as
+                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, "to
+                        be."</para>
+                
+                <para>
+                    <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                            Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>I </entry>
+                                    <entry>am</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                            Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                </para>
+                <para>
+                    <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry> I </entry>
+                                    <entry>am surnamed </entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                </para>
+                    </note>
+                <note><title>Note №6</title>
+                <para>Notice that the question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >shénme</foreignphrase>, "what," takes the same position as the question
+                    word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>,
+                    "who."</para>
+                <para>
+                    <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>You</entry>
+                                    <entry>are</entry>
+                                    <entry>who?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                </para>
+                <para>
+                    <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                        <tgroup cols="3">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>You</entry>
+                                    <entry>are surnamed</entry>
+                                    <entry>what?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                </para></note>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme</foreignphrase> is the
+                    official spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if it were spelled
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shémma</foreignphrase>, or even
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénma</foreignphrase> (often with
+                    a single rise in pitch extending over both syllables). </para>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
+            </section>
+            <section>
+                <title>Frame 3</title>
+                <para>
+                    <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                        <tgroup cols="5">
+                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
+                            <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                            <tbody>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>8.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
+                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                            Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他是马先生.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry>9.</entry>
+                                    <entry>A:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
+                                            shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                        >他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>Who is he?</entry>
+                                </row>
+                                <row>
+                                    <entry/>
+                                    <entry>B:</entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                            Mínglǐ xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                            >他是马明理先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
+                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                </row>
+                            </tbody>
+                        </tgroup>
+                    </informaltable>
+                </para>
+                <note>
+                    <title>Note №7</title>
+                    <para>After the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                            >shì</foreignphrase>, you may have the full name alone, the surname plus
+                        title, or the full name plus title.</para>
+                
+                <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                    <tgroup cols="5">
+                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                        <tbody>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry/>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry/>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng.
+                                    </foreignphrase></entry>
+                            </row>
+                            <row>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                    >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                        >Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng.
+                                    </foreignphrase></entry>
+                            </row>
+                        </tbody>
+                    </tgroup>
+                </informaltable>
+                </note>
+                <note><title>Note №8</title>
+                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>,
+                    literally "first-born," has more of a connotation of respectfulness than "Mr."
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> is
+                    usually applied only to people other than oneself. Do not use the title
+                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> (or any
+                    other respectful title, such as "Professor") when giving your own name. If you
+                    want to say "I am Mr. Jones," you should say "<foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng </foreignphrase>Jones. "</para>
+                <para>When a name and title are said together, logically enough it is the name which
+                    gets the heavy stress: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                        xiānsheng</foreignphrase> . You will often hear the title pronounced with no
+                    full tones: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                        xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. Sometimes, a westernized Chinese married woman
+                    may refer to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                        tàitai</foreignphrase>. "Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                        >Wáng</foreignphrase>" or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                        Dànián tàitai</foreignphrase> "Mrs. <foreignphrase
+                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>." </para>
+                </note>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Frame 4</title>
+                    <para>
+                        <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="5">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>10.</entry>
+                                        <entry>A:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                                Xiānsheng, tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >王先生,他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Mr <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is he?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>B:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                                Mínglǐ Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是马明里先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>11.</entry>
+                                        <entry>A:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng,
+                                                tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >先生,他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Sir, who is he?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>B:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                                Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>12.</entry>
+                                        <entry>A:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng,
+                                                tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >先生,他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Sir, who is he?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>B:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                                Tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是马太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>13.</entry>
+                                        <entry>A:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                                Xiānsheng, tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >王先生,他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is she?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>B:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                                Mínglǐ Tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是马明理太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>She is Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Mǎ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable>
+                    </para>
+
+                    <note>
+                        <title>Notes №11</title>
+                        <para>When you address someone directly, use either the name plus the title
+                            alone. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> must be translated as "sir" when it is
+                            used alone, since "Mr." would not capture its respectful tone.
+                                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>,
+                            however, is less respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs.
+                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase> as
+                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
+                            tàitai</foreignphrase>.) </para>
+                    </note>
+                </section>
+                <?custom-pagebreak?>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Frame 5</title>
+                    <para>
+                        <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="5">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>14.</entry>
+                                        <entry>A:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                                Xiānsheng, tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >王先生,他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>, who is she?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>B:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                                Xiáojie.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是马小姐。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>She is Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>15.</entry>
+                                        <entry>A:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
+                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Who is he?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>B:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                                Mínglǐ Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是马明理同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>He is Comrade <foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
+                                            Mínglǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>16.</entry>
+                                        <entry>A:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, tā
+                                                shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >同志,他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>B:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
+                                                Baǒlán.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是方宝兰。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
+                                                Baǒlán.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>17.</entry>
+                                        <entry>A:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngzhì, tā
+                                                shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >同志,塌是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>B:</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā shì Fāng
+                                                Bǎolán Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
+                                                >他是方宝兰同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>She is Comrade <foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
+                                                Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable>
+                    </para>
+                </section>
+                <section>
+                    <title>Note №15</title>
+                    <para>See the Background Notes on Chinese personal names and titles.</para>
+                </section>
+            </section>
+        </section>
+    </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
+    <section>
+        <title>Summary</title>
+        <formalpara>
+            <title>Frame 1</title>
+            <para>
+                <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
+                            "to be" expresses identity.</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>Chinese verbs and nouns do not indicate person, number, or
+                            tense.</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>The pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                >tā</foreignphrase> means either "he," or "she."</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>In Chinese changing a question into a statement does not alter word
+                            order.</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                </orderedlist>
+            </para>
+        </formalpara>
+        <formalpara>
+            <title>Frame 2</title>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìng</foreignphrase> means "to be
+                surnamed." It can also be used as a noun, "surname."</para>
+        </formalpara>
+        <formalpara>
+            <title>Frame 3</title>
+            <para>People do not use titles, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >xiānsheng</foreignphrase> etc. when referring to themselves.</para>
+        </formalpara>
+        <formalpara>
+            <title>Frame 4</title>
+            <para>
+                <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>When addressing someone directly, use the name plus <foreignphrase
+                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, or
+                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
+                            alone.</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                    <listitem>
+                        <para>
+                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
+                            means "Mr." when used with a name. It means "sir" when used
+                            alone.</para>
+                    </listitem>
+                </orderedlist>
+            </para>
+        </formalpara>
+        <formalpara>
+            <title>Frame 5</title>
+            <para>The title <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>,
+                "Comrade," is applied to all regardless of sex or marital status.</para>
+        </formalpara>
+    </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
+    <section>
+        <title>Background notes:</title>
+        <subtitle>About Chinese personal names and titles</subtitle>
+        <para>A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There is no
+            middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last. </para>
+        <para>The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by a
+            two-syllable given name: <footnote>
+                <para>The first version of each example is in Pinyon system pf romanization. The
+                    versions in parenthesis are conventional spellings from other romanization
+                    system.</para>
+            </footnote></para>
+        <informalexample>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Zédōng</foreignphrase> (Mao
+                Tse-tung)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu Enlái</foreignphrase> (Chou
+                En-lai)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng Jièshí</foreignphrase> (Chiang
+                Kai-shek)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Qìnglíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
+                Ch'ing-ling --- Mme Sun Yat-sen)</para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Mĕilíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
+                Mei-ling--Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</para>
+        </informalexample>
+        <para>It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single
+            syllable:</para>
+        <informalexample>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhŭ Dĕ</foreignphrase> (Chu Teh) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Biāo</foreignphrase> (Lin Piao) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Shì</foreignphrase> (Hu Shih) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiang Qĭng</foreignphrase> (Chiang
+                Ch'ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung) </para>
+            <para>There are a few two-syllable surnames. </para>
+            <para>These are usually followed by single-syllable given names: </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmă Guāng</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
+                Kuang) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ōuyáng Xiū</foreignphrase> (Ou-yang
+                Hsiu) </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhūgĕ Lìàng</foreignphrase> (Chu-ke
+                Liang) </para>
+        </informalexample>
+        <para>But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</para>
+        <informalexample>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmă Xiāngrú</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
+                Hsiang-ju) </para>
+        </informalexample>
+        <para>An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a single
+            character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable surnames
+            sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to distinguish them,
+            the Chinese nay occasionally have to describe the character or "write" it with a finger
+            on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter are fever than
+            a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they account for a good majority of
+            China’s population. </para>
+        <para>Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of
+            characters, Men's names are often but not always distinguishable from women's; the
+            difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not readily
+            apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of characters.</para>
+        <para>Outside the People's Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use. These
+            titles closely parallel our own "Mr.," "Mrs.," and "Miss." Notice, however, that all
+            Chinese titles follow the name — either the full name or the surname alone — rather than
+            preceding it.</para>
+        <informalexample>
+            <para>The title "Mr." is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+        </informalexample>
+        <informalexample>
+            <para>The title "Mrs." is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                    >Tàitai</foreignphrase>. It follows the husband's full name or surname alone. </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tàitai</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Tàitai</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+        </informalexample>
+<informalexample>
+        <para>The title "Miss" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>.
+            The Ma family's grown daughter, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                >Défēn</foreignphrase>, would be</para>
+        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase></para>
+        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Défēn Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>
+        </para>
+</informalexample>
+        <para>Even traditionally, outside the People's Republic, a married woman does not take her
+            husband's name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fang <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Băolán</foreignphrase> marries Mr. <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ma Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>, she becomes Mrs,
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>, but at the same
+            time she remains <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng~Băolán</foreignphrase>,
+            She does not become <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Băolán</foreignphrase>;
+            there is no equivalent of "Mrs. Mary Smith." She may, however, add her husband's surname
+            to her own full name and refer to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                >Mă Fāng Băolán</foreignphrase>. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>. </para>
+        <para>These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various
+            parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the PRC
+            today: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase> should not be
+            used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase> should not be used because it
+            carries the connotation of being from a rich family. </para>
+        <para>In the People's Republic, the title "Comrade," <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase> is used in place of the titles
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase> would be:</para>
+        <informalexample>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+        </informalexample>
+        <para>The title "Comrade" is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A married
+            woman does not take her husband's name in any sense. <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>' s wife would be: </para>
+        <informalexample>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Băolán
+                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+        </informalexample>
+        <para>Children may be given either the mother's or the father's surname at birth. In some
+            families one child has the father's surname, and another child has the mother's surname.
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>'s and
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Băolán</foreignphrase>'s grown
+            daughter could be </para>
+        <informalexample>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tŏngzhì </foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Dĕfēn Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
+            </para>
+            <para>Their grown son could be </para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Zìqiáng
+                Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
+        </informalexample>
+        <para>Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of
+            respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these will
+            be introduced later in the course. </para>
+        <para>The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration. In
+            the People's Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign
+            names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they might be, since
+            the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in non-phonetic considerations.
+            (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with attractive
+            meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at all resemble Chinese names.
+            For example, the official version of "David Anderson" is <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàiwĕi Āndésēn</foreignphrase>. </para>
+        <para>An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese name
+            that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, "David Anderson" might be
+                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">An Dàwèi</foreignphrase>. </para>
+        <para>Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname, semantic
+            suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example, <foreignphrase
+                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>, a common Chinese surname, means
+            "king," so "Daniel King" might be rendered <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                >Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>. </para>
+        <para>Your instructor will give you a Chinese name to facilitate conversation.</para>
+    </section>
+    <?custom-pagebreak?>
+    <section>
+        <title>Drills 1</title>
+        <para>
+            <orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Substitution Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher
+                        gives the stimulus, you (the student) place it in the indicated structured
+                            pattern.<informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="4">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
+                                                Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
+                                                Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">⻢明理</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他/她是⻢明理</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
+                                                Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
+                                                Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher gives
+                        the cue, you place it in the indicated structured pattern.<informaltable
+                            frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="5">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
+                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                                Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Wáng
+                                                Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王大年</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是王大年</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Who are you?</entry>
+                                        <entry>
+                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                                Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry> I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
+                                                Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
+                                                shéi? </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Hú
+                                                Měilíng. </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡美玲</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我是胡美玲</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Who are you?</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
+                                                Měilíng</foreignphrase>
+                                        </entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>.<informaltable frame="all"
+                            colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="5">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
+                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
+                                                xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
+                                                xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马先生</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是马先生</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Who is he?</entry>
+                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry> He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher gives
+                        the cue in English, you translate it into Chinese and place it in the
+                        indicated structured pattern. <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
+                            colsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="5">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
+                                                shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
+                                                xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王先生</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是王先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Who is he?</entry>
+                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Transformation Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher
+                        gives the stimulus, transform it into the structured pattern shown.
+                            <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="4">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
+                                                Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì
+                                                Fāng Bǎolán?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她是方宝 兰。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁是方宝 兰?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
+                                                Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Who is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
+                                                Bǎolán</foreignphrase>?</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Answer the teacher's
+                        questions using the cues and pattern shown.<informaltable frame="all"
+                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="5">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì Mǎ
+                                                tóngzhì? </foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
+                                                tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁是马同志?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他是马同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Who is comrade <foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>He is comrade <foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Respond to questions
+                        according to cues, using the pattern shown. <informaltable frame="all"
+                            colsep="0" rowsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="5">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi xìng
+                                                Mǎ?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>He</entry>
+                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
+                                                Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁姓</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Whose surname is <foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry> His surname is <foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </listitem>
+                <listitem>
+                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Respond to the questions
+                        with cued surnames using the pattern shown. <informaltable frame="all"
+                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
+                            <tgroup cols="5">
+                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
+                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
+                                <tbody>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry>(T)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
+                                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                                >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>(S)</entry>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
+                                                Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她姓什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                        <entry>马</entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                    <row>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>What is her surname? </entry>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry/>
+                                        <entry>Her surname is <foreignphrase
+                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
+                                            >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
+                                    </row>
+                                </tbody>
+                            </tgroup>
+                        </informaltable></para>
+                </listitem>
+            </orderedlist>
+        </para>
+    </section>
+</chapter>

+ 7 - 7
Module-1.xml

@@ -27,12 +27,11 @@
   </info>
   <preface>
     <title>Preface</title>
-    <para>This third validation edition is the result of the revision of Units 1 through 4,
-      Orientation Module, Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach (SCAMA), and the feedback received
-      during the second validation of these materials (April 87.)</para>
+    <para xml:id="Abbreviations">This third validation edition is the result of the revision of
+      Units 1 through 4, Orientation Module, Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach (SCAMA), and the
+      feedback received during the second validation of these materials (April 87.)</para>
     <para>
-      <informaltable frame="all">
-
+      <informaltable frame="all" xml:id="Abre">
         <tgroup cols="6">
           <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*"/>
           <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
@@ -42,8 +41,9 @@
           <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
           <thead>
             <row>
-              <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center"> Abbreviations used in the glossary of
-                this module (TODO: référence à ajouter)</entry>
+              <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">
+                <para>Abbreviations used in the glossary of this module </para>
+              </entry>
             </row>
           </thead>
           <tbody>

+ 207 - 0
Module-1.xml.bak

@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
+<book xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0"
+  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+  <info>
+    <title>CHINESE BASIC COURSE</title>
+    <subtitle>Textbook - Module 1</subtitle>
+    <subjectset>
+      <subject>
+        <subjectterm>Module I</subjectterm>
+        <subjectterm>Lessons 1-6</subjectterm>
+      </subject>
+    </subjectset>
+    <author>
+      <personname><firstname/><surname/></personname>
+      <affiliation>
+        <orgname>DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER</orgname>
+      </affiliation>
+    </author>
+    <pubdate>June 1983</pubdate>
+    <revhistory>
+      <revision>
+        <date>Revised August 1989</date>
+      </revision>
+    </revhistory>
+  </info>
+  <preface>
+    <title>Preface</title>
+    <para xml:id="Abbreviations">This third validation edition is the result of the revision of
+      Units 1 through 4, Orientation Module, Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach (SCAMA), and the
+      feedback received during the second validation of these materials (April 87.)</para>
+    <para>
+      <informaltable frame="all" xml:id="Abre">
+        <tgroup cols="6">
+          <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*"/>
+          <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+          <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.5*"/>
+          <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+          <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="0.5*"/>
+          <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
+          <thead>
+            <row>
+              <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6" align="center">
+                <para>Abbreviations used in the glossary of this module </para>
+              </entry>
+            </row>
+          </thead>
+          <tbody>
+            <row>
+              <entry>A:</entry>
+              <entry>Adverb</entry>
+              <entry>MA:</entry>
+              <entry>Movable Adverb</entry>
+              <entry>S/SUB:</entry>
+              <entry>Subject</entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>ADJ:</entry>
+              <entry>Adjective</entry>
+              <entry>N:</entry>
+              <entry>Noun</entry>
+              <entry>SP:</entry>
+              <entry>Specifier</entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>AV:</entry>
+              <entry>Auxiliary Verb</entry>
+              <entry>NU:</entry>
+              <entry>Number</entry>
+              <entry>SV:</entry>
+              <entry>Stative Verb</entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>BF:</entry>
+              <entry>Bound Form</entry>
+              <entry>O:</entry>
+              <entry>Object</entry>
+              <entry>Tt:</entry>
+              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>C/CONJ:</entry>
+              <entry>Conjunction </entry>
+              <entry>P:</entry>
+              <entry>Particle</entry>
+              <entry>TW:</entry>
+              <entry>Time Word</entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>CV:</entry>
+              <entry>Co-Verb</entry>
+              <entry>PH:</entry>
+              <entry>Phrase</entry>
+              <entry>Tz:</entry>
+              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngzhì</foreignphrase></entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>EV:</entry>
+              <entry>Eguative Verb</entry>
+              <entry>PN:</entry>
+              <entry>Pronoun</entry>
+              <entry>V:</entry>
+              <entry>Verb</entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>EX:</entry>
+              <entry>Exclamation</entry>
+              <entry>PT:</entry>
+              <entry>Pattern</entry>
+              <entry>VO:</entry>
+              <entry>Verb Object</entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>IE:</entry>
+              <entry>Idiomatic Expression</entry>
+              <entry>PW:</entry>
+              <entry>Place Word</entry>
+              <entry>Xj:</entry>
+              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎojiě</foreignphrase></entry>
+            </row>
+            <row>
+              <entry>M:</entry>
+              <entry>Measure</entry>
+              <entry>QW:</entry>
+              <entry>Question Word</entry>
+              <entry>Xs:</entry>
+              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
+            </row>
+          </tbody>
+        </tgroup>
+      </informaltable>
+    </para>
+  </preface>
+  <preface>
+    <title>Module Objectives</title>
+    <para> Upon successful completion of this module you will be able to recognize, discriminate and
+      produce the sounds of Chinese Mandarin and to write the <foreignphrase
+        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hànyǔ pīnyīn</foreignphrase> romanization of any of its
+      sounds.</para>
+  </preface>
+  <preface>
+    <title>Functional Objectives</title>
+    <para>At the end of the module you will be able to appropriately use Chinese to:<orderedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Identify yourself or someone else by title, surname and/or full name. </para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Affirm or negate someone's identity. </para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Greet someone and respond to a greeting. </para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Count from 0 to 99 to 999 in isolation.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>State location of people and places.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Identify your or someone else's place of origin and nationality. </para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Ask and respond to questions about where someone is staying or living.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Express possession and existence using the verb <foreignphrase
+              xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>. </para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Ask and respond to questions about the number of someone's family members, and their
+            relationship to each other. </para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Ask and respond to questions about birthday and birth places.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Ask and respond to questions about employment and places of employment.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Ask and respond to questions about specific location of place of employment.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Ask and respond to questions regarding location of specific building in relation to
+            other buildings or places of employment.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Dodge an impolite or embarrassing question. </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </orderedlist></para>
+    <para>Achievement of the above objectives will be evaluated by means of a CRT (Criterion
+      Referenced Test) administered at the end of the module</para>
+  </preface>
+  <toc/>
+  <xi:include href="Introduction.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+  <xi:include href="Lesson-1.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+
+  <!-- 
+  <xi:include href="book-1/lesson-05.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="book-1/lesson-06.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="book-1/lesson-07.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="book-1/lesson-08.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="book-1/lesson-09.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+  <xi:include href="book-1/lesson-10.xml" xpointer="element(/1)" />
+-->
+
+</book>

BIN
out/pdf/DLI-Chinese.pdf


Some files were not shown because too many files changed in this diff