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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
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+<?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
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+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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+ version="5.0">
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+ <title>Lesson 1</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Introduction</title>
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+ <para> In this lesson you will be learning about full names, surnames, and titles ("Mr.,"
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+ Mrs.," etc.). Also, you'll be introduced to the sound system of Standard Chinese and to
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+ its written representation in Pinyin romanization.</para>
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+ <mediaobject>
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+ <imageobject>
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+ <imagedata fileref="Images/Lesson%201-4.png" align="center"/>
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+ </imageobject>
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+ <caption>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, nǐ xìng
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+ shénme?</foreignphrase>
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+ </para>
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+ </caption>
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+ </mediaobject>
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+ </section>
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+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Objectives</title>
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+ <para> Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to identify yourself or someone else
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+ by title, surname, and/or full name.</para>
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+ </section>
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+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Glossary</title>
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+
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+
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+ <informaltable frame="all">
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+ <tgroup cols="5">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.1*" align="center"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.4*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.5*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.2*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>1.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>PN:</entry>
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+ <entry>you</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>2.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase><footnote>
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+ <para>
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi,
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+ shénme.</foreignphrase> For the first several lessons, these
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+ two words will be used as "question words" (QW). Later, you will
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+ learn to use them in other ways.</para>
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+ </footnote></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>PN:</entry>
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+ <entry>who, whom</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>3.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生么</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>PN:</entry>
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+ <entry>what</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>4.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>EV:</entry>
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+ <entry>to be</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>5.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase><footnote>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā.</foreignphrase>
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+ The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >tā</foreignphrase> in the spoken language has no gender and
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+ can mean "her" "she" and on occasion "it." In the written
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+ language, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >tā</foreignphrase> has three different forms to indicate
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+ gender. All are pronounced <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>.</para>
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+ </footnote></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他，她，它</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>PN:</entry>
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+ <entry>he, she, it</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>6.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">太太</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>N:</entry>
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+ <entry>mrs.; wife, married woman, lady</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>7.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >tóngzhì</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同志</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>N:</entry>
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+ <entry>comrade</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>8.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>PN:</entry>
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+ <entry>I, me</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>9.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">先生</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>N:</entry>
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+ <entry>Mr., Sir, husband, teacher</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>10.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >xiáojie</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小姐</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>N:</entry>
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+ <entry>Miss, lady, daughter (polite)</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>11.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase><footnote>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >xìng.</foreignphrase>
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>
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+ is used in this lesson as a verb. In later lessons you will
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+ learn to use it also as a noun.</para>
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+ </footnote></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姓</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>N/EV:</entry>
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+ <entry>to be surnamed</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>12.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
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+ </foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>SN</entry>
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+ <entry>Wáng</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>13.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大年</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>GN</entry>
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+ <entry>Dànián</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>14.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú </foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>SN</entry>
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+ <entry>Hú</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>15.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美㸳</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>GN</entry>
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+ <entry>Měilíng</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>16.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā </foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>SN</entry>
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+ <entry>Mā</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>17.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明理</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>GN</entry>
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+ <entry>Mínglī</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>18.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
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+ Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">王大年</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>FN</entry>
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+ <entry>Wáng Dànián</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>19.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
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+ Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡美㸳</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>FN</entry>
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+ <entry>Hú Měilíng</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>20.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
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+ Mínglī</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">马明理</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>FN</entry>
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+ <entry>Mā Mínglī</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable>
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+
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+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Abbreviations for parts of speech above</emphasis> (see preface,
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+ page TODO: référence à ajouter)</para>
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+ <para>PN - Pronoun</para>
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+ <para>N - Noun</para>
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+ <para>EV - Equative verb. (Note: Equative verbs connect or equate two nouns or nominal
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+ expressions. They resemble in function the English verb is in the sentence "That man is
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+ my brother." The verb <foreignphrase>shi</foreignphrase> is the most common EV.)</para>
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+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
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+ <para>
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+ <emphasis role="bold">Classroom expressions: Learn and use these expressions in class
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+ .</emphasis></para>
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+
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+ <informaltable frame="all">
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+ <tgroup cols="4">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="0.7*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>1.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zào</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>good morning</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>2.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen shàngkè
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+ ba</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们上课八</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>let's begin class</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>3.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dǒng
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+ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你懂吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>do you understand?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>4.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
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+ dǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我懂</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>I understand</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>5.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
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+ bùdǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我不懂</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>I don't understand</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>6.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì
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+ le</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">对了</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>that's correct</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>7.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Búduì</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不对</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>that's not correct, that's not right</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>8.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
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+ bùzhīdào</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我不知道</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>I don't know</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>9.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàkè
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+ le</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下课了</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>class is dismissed</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>10.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
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+ jiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天见</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>see you tomorrow</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>11.</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
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+ jiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">再见</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>good bye (see you again)</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable>
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+ </section>
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+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Communicative exchanges</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title/>
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+ <formalpara>
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+ <title>Frame 1</title>
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+ <para>
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+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
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+ <tgroup cols="5">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
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+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>1.</entry>
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+ <entry>A:</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì shéi?
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+ </foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
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+ >你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry>Who are you?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ <entry>B:</entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Wáng
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+ Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是王大年。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm Wáng Dànián.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>2.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shì Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我是胡美㸳。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm Hú Měilíng.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>3.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mā
|
|
|
+ Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马明理。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is Mā Mínglī.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>4.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >谁是胡美㸳？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is ?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是胡美㸳。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is Hú Měilíng.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <para> $1 The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是</foreignphrase> means "to be" in the sense
|
|
|
+ of "to be someone or something," as in "I am Daniel King." It expresses
|
|
|
+ identity. (Later, you will learn a verb which means "to be" in another sense,
|
|
|
+ "to be somewhere," as in "I am in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Beǐjīng</foreignphrase>.” That verb expresses location.)</para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <para> Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish first,
|
|
|
+ second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three persons.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="4">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="left" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" align="left" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" align="left" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col2" align="left" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
|
|
|
+ Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
|
|
|
+ Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
|
|
|
+ Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
|
|
|
+ Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>Later, you will find that Chinese verbs (and nouns) do not distinguish singular
|
|
|
+ and plural, either, and that they do not distinguish past, present, and future as
|
|
|
+ such. You need to learn only one form for each verb. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>$2 The question <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase> is actually too direct for most situations, although it is
|
|
|
+ all right from teacher to student or from student to student. (A more polite
|
|
|
+ question is introduced in Lesson 2.) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>$3 The pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ equivalent to "he," "she," or (in limited use) "it.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>$4 Unlike English, changing a question into a statement does not alter word order.
|
|
|
+ Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in statements. </para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Q1</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>S1</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
|
|
|
+ Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā
|
|
|
+ Mínglī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="3.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Q2</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shéi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>S2</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry> She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>When you answer a question containing a question word like
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase>shéi</foreignphrase>, "who," simply replace the question word
|
|
|
+ with the information it asks for. </para>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>5.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xìng
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >你姓生么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is your surname?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
|
|
|
+ Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >我姓王。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My surname is Wáng.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>6.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他姓生么？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is his surname?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
|
|
|
+ Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他姓马。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His surname is Mǎ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>7.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi xìng
|
|
|
+ Hú?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >谁姓胡？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Whose surname is Hú?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
|
|
|
+ Hú.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他姓胡。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Her surname is Hú.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes </title>
|
|
|
+ <para>$5 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìng</foreignphrase> is a verb,
|
|
|
+ "to be surnamed." It is in the same position in the sentence as <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>, "to be."</para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
|
|
|
+ Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>am</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
|
|
|
+ Dànián</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry> I </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>am surnamed </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>§5 Notice that the question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shénme</foreignphrase>, "what," takes the same position as the question word
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>, "who."</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>are</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>who?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xìng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>are surnamed</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>what?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme</foreignphrase> is the official
|
|
|
+ spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if it were spelled <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shémma</foreignphrase>, or even <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénma</foreignphrase> (often with a single rise in
|
|
|
+ pitch extending over both syllables). </para>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>8.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马先生.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is Mr. Mǎ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>9.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马明理先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>$5 After the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase>, you may have the full name alone, the surname plus
|
|
|
+ title, or the full name plus title.</para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng.
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shì</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng.
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para>$8 <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, literally
|
|
|
+ "first-born," has more of a connotation of respectfulness than "Mr." <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> is usually applied only to
|
|
|
+ people other than oneself. Do not use the title <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> (or any other respectful
|
|
|
+ title, such as "Professor") when giving your own name. If you want to say "I am Mr.
|
|
|
+ Jones," you should say "<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xìng
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>Jones. "</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>When a name and title are said together, logically enough it is the name which
|
|
|
+ gets the heavy stress: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
|
|
|
+ xiānsheng</foreignphrase> . You will often hear the title pronounced with no
|
|
|
+ full tones: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
|
|
|
+ xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. Sometimes, a westernized Chinese married woman may refer
|
|
|
+ to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng tàitai</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ "Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>" or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Dànián tàitai</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ "Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>." </para>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 4</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>10.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Xiānsheng,
|
|
|
+ tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >王先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mr Wáng, who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马明里先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>11.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng, tā
|
|
|
+ shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Sir, who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马先生。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is Mr. Mǎ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>12.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng, tā
|
|
|
+ shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Sir, who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is Mrs. Mǎ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>13.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Xiānsheng,
|
|
|
+ tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >王先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mr. Wáng, who is she?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ Tàitai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马明理太太。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglǐ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>$11 When you address_someone directly, use either the name plus the title
|
|
|
+ alone. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase> must
|
|
|
+ be translated as "sir" when it is used alone, since "Mr." would not capture its
|
|
|
+ respectful tone. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tàitai</foreignphrase>, however, is less respectful when used alone. You
|
|
|
+ should address Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ tàitai</foreignphrase>.) </para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 5</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="0.7*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>14.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Xiānsheng,
|
|
|
+ tā shì shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >王先生，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mr. Wáng, who is she?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Xiáojie.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马小姐。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is Miss Mǎ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>15.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是马明理同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is Comrade Mǎ Mínglǐ.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>16.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì, tā shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >同志，他是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
|
|
|
+ Baǒlán.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是方宝兰。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is Fāng Baǒlán.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>17.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngzhì, tā shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >同志，塌是谁？</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Comrade, who is she?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā shì Fāng
|
|
|
+ Bǎolán Tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
|
|
|
+ >他是方宝兰同志。</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>$15 See the Background Notes on Chinese personal names and titles.</para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Summary</title>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ "to be" expresses identity.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Chinese verbs and nouns do not indicate person, number, or
|
|
|
+ tense.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>The pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tā</foreignphrase> means either "he," or "she."</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>In Chinese changing a question into a statement does not alter word
|
|
|
+ order.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìng</foreignphrase> means "to be
|
|
|
+ surnamed." It can also be used as a noun, "surname."</para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>People do not use titles, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiānsheng</foreignphrase> etc. when referring to themselves.</para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 4</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>When addressing someone directly, use the name plus <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ alone.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means "Mr." when used with a name. It means "sir" when used
|
|
|
+ alone.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <formalpara>
|
|
|
+ <title>Frame 5</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>The title <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ "Comrade," is applied to all regardless of sex or marital status.</para>
|
|
|
+ </formalpara>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Background notes:</title>
|
|
|
+ <subtitle>About Chinese personal names and titles</subtitle>
|
|
|
+ <para>A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There is no
|
|
|
+ middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by a
|
|
|
+ two-syllable given name: <footnote>
|
|
|
+ <para>The first version of each example is in Pinyon system pf romanization. The
|
|
|
+ versions in parentesis are conventional spellings from other romanization
|
|
|
+ system.</para>
|
|
|
+ </footnote></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo Zédōng</foreignphrase> (Mao
|
|
|
+ Tse-tung)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu Enlái</foreignphrase> (Chou
|
|
|
+ En-lai)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng Jièshí</foreignphrase> (Chiang
|
|
|
+ Kai-shek)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Qìnglíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
|
|
|
+ Ch'ing-ling --- Mme Sun Yat-sen)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng Mĕilíng</foreignphrase> (Soong
|
|
|
+ Mei-ling--Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single
|
|
|
+ syllable:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhŭ Dĕ</foreignphrase> (Chu Teh) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Biāo</foreignphrase> (Lin Piao) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú Shì</foreignphrase> (Hu Shih) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiang Qĭng</foreignphrase> (Chiang
|
|
|
+ Ch'ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>There are a few two-syllable surnames. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>These are usually followed by single-syllable given names: </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmă Guāng</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma Kuang) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ōuyáng Xiū</foreignphrase> (Ou-yang Hsiu) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhūgĕ Lìàng</foreignphrase> (Chu-ke Liang) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sīmă Xiāngrú</foreignphrase> (Ssu-ma
|
|
|
+ Hsiang-ju) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a single
|
|
|
+ character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable surnames
|
|
|
+ sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to distinguish them,
|
|
|
+ the Chinese nay occasionally have to describe the character or "write" it with a finger
|
|
|
+ on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter are fever than
|
|
|
+ a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they account for a good majority of
|
|
|
+ China’s population. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of
|
|
|
+ characters, Men's names are often but not always distinguishable from women's; the
|
|
|
+ difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not readily
|
|
|
+ apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of characters.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Outside the People's Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use. These
|
|
|
+ titles closely parallel our own "Mr.," "Mrs.," and "Miss." Notice, however, that all
|
|
|
+ Chinese titles follow the name — either the full name or the surname alone — rather than
|
|
|
+ preceding it.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The title "Mr." is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The title "Mrs." is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ It follows the husband's full name or surname alone. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tàitai</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Tàitai</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The title "Miss" is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ The Ma family's grown daughter, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Défēn</foreignphrase>, would be</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Défēn Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Even traditionally, outside the People's Republic, a married woman does not take her
|
|
|
+ husband's name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fang <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Băolán</foreignphrase> marries Mr. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ma Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>, she becomes Mrs,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>, but at the same
|
|
|
+ time she remains <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng~Băolán</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ She does not become <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Băolán</foreignphrase>;
|
|
|
+ there is no equivalent of "Mrs. Mary Smith." She may, however, add her husband's surname
|
|
|
+ to her own full name and refer to herself as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mă Fāng Băolán</foreignphrase>. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various
|
|
|
+ parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the PRC
|
|
|
+ today: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase> should not be
|
|
|
+ used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase> should not be used because it
|
|
|
+ carries the connotation of being from a rich family. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In the People's Republic, the title "Comrade," <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóngzhì</foreignphrase> is used in place of the titles
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānsheng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiăojiĕ</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase> would be:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The title "Comrade" is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A married
|
|
|
+ woman does not take her husband's name in any sense. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>' s wife would be: </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Băolán Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Children may be given either the mother's or the father's surname at birth. In some
|
|
|
+ families one child has the father's surname, and another child has the mother's surname.
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Mínglĭ</foreignphrase>'s and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Băolán</foreignphrase>'s grown
|
|
|
+ daughter could be </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Tŏngzhì </foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mă Dĕfēn Tóngzhì</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Their grown son could be </para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Zìqiáng Tóngzhì</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of
|
|
|
+ respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these will
|
|
|
+ be introduced later in the course. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration. In
|
|
|
+ the People's Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign
|
|
|
+ names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they might be, since
|
|
|
+ the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in non-phonetic considerations.
|
|
|
+ (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with attractive
|
|
|
+ meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at all resemble Chinese names.
|
|
|
+ For example, the official version of "David Anderson" is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàiwĕi Āndésēn</foreignphrase>. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese name
|
|
|
+ that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, "David Anderson" might be
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">An Dàwèi</foreignphrase>. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname, semantic
|
|
|
+ suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>, a common Chinese surname, means
|
|
|
+ "king," so "Daniel King" might be rendered <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wáng Dànián</foreignphrase>. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Your instructor will give you a Chinese name to facilitate conversation.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <?custom-pagebreak?>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Drills 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist numeration="upperalpha">
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Substitution Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher
|
|
|
+ gives the stimulus, you (the student) place it in the indicated structured
|
|
|
+ pattern.<informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(T)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(S)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
|
|
|
+ Mínglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher gives
|
|
|
+ the cue, you place it in the indicated structured pattern.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(T)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
|
|
|
+ Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(S)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Wáng
|
|
|
+ Dànián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry> I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
|
|
|
+ Dànián</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
|
|
|
+ shéi? </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng. </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who are you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I am <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hú
|
|
|
+ Měilíng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ </entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>.<informaltable frame="all"
|
|
|
+ colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(T)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎ
|
|
|
+ xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(S)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi Mǎ
|
|
|
+ xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry> He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher gives
|
|
|
+ the cue in English, you translate it into Chinese and place it in the
|
|
|
+ indicated structured pattern. <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
|
|
|
+ colsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(T)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì
|
|
|
+ shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wáng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(S)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Wáng
|
|
|
+ xiānsheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is he?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Transformation Drill</emphasis>. After the teacher
|
|
|
+ gives the stimulus, transform it into the structured pattern shown.
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="all" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(T)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Fāng
|
|
|
+ Bǎolán.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(S)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì
|
|
|
+ Fāng Bǎolán?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
|
|
|
+ Bǎolán</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng
|
|
|
+ Bǎolán</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Answer the teacher's
|
|
|
+ questions using the cues and pattern shown.<informaltable frame="all"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="0" colsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(T)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì? </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(S)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shì Mǎ
|
|
|
+ tóngzhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is comrade <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Respond to questions
|
|
|
+ according to cues, using the pattern shown. <informaltable frame="all"
|
|
|
+ colsep="0" rowsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(T)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi xìng
|
|
|
+ Mǎ?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(S)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
|
|
|
+ Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Whose surname is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase>?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry> His surname is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">Response Drill</emphasis>. Respond to the questions
|
|
|
+ with cued surnames using the pattern shown. <informaltable frame="all"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="0" colsep="0">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="5">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="4.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*" align="center"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="4.0*" align="left"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(T)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
|
|
|
+ shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>(S)</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xìng
|
|
|
+ Mǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is her surname? </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Her surname is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Mǎ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+</chapter>
|
