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@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Describe what takes place during a visit to the doctor. Know how to give
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- normal body temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit. Tell ’“where it hurts”
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+ normal body temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit. Tell '“where it hurts”
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(using a list of the parts of the body, if necessary. ) </para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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@@ -60,191 +60,5135 @@
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
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+
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<section>
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- <title>Reference List</title>
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+ <title>References Notes</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Part 1</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference List</title>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān tiānqi hěn
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+ hǎo</foreignphrase>: Notice that the time word <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān</foreignphrase> “today” is placed
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+ before the subject, not directly before the verb here. Most time words of
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+ more than one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in
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+ either case before the verb. Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
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+ colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ
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+ hái bú huì xiě zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Last year I still couldn't write characters.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
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+ hui xiě yìdiǎn le. </foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Now I can write a little.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìhòu</foreignphrase>: “climate”
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+ Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >qìhòu</foreignphrase> (with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >hou</foreignphrase> in the neutral tone).</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngtiān hěn
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+ lěng.</foreignphrase>: “it's cold in winter” The adverb <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> is not translated here.
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+ Often <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> adds
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+ little or nothing to the intensity of the adjectival verb, and doesn't need
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+ to be translated by “very.” Later, you may notice that sometimes we
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+ translate the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase>
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+ literally and sometimes we choose to omit it from the translation. It is not
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+ a matter of right and wrong; it is more a matter of feeling, and may be, we
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+ admit, a somewhat arbitrary decision.</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>:
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+ “often, frequently, usually” An alternate form of this word is
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >cháng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
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+ chángcháng qù Xiānggǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>She often goes to Hong Kong.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cháng
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+ kàn bàozhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>He often reads the newspaper.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para>The phrase “very often” is NOT formed by using <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> with <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>; instead, Just use
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase> or
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>. If
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+ you must stress that something happens very often, use a phrase like “every
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+ few days.”</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià xuě</foreignphrase>: “to
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+ snow” or more literally ”(there) falls snow.” The subject <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuě</foreignphrase> “snow” normally follows
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+ the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase> “to
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+ descend.” This reversal of subject and verb is the rule, not the exception,
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+ in weather expressions. **English is no more logical when it comes to
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+ weather expressions: it uses the meaningless subject “it,” as in “it snows.”**<footnote>
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+ <para>English is no more logical when it comes to weather expressions:
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+ it uses the meaningless “it,”as in “it snows.”</para>
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+ </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, xià xuě
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+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Oh, it's snowing.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià xuě ma?
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+ Bu xià.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu méiyou
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+ xià xue? Méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià xuě le
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+ méiyou? Méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān xià
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+ xuě bu xià xuě?</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Is it going to snow today?</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài bù
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+ xià xuě le.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>It's not snowing anymore.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>: “heaven,
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+ sky, day.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āiya, wǒde
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+ tiān na!</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Oh my heavens!</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān
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+ zhǐdao!</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>Heaven only knows!</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíng</foreignphrase>: “to be
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+ clear, to clear up” In the sentence<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ > Tiān qíng</foreignphrase> le, the marker le tells us that a change has
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+ taken place. The meaning is not simply that the sky is clear, but that the
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+ sky is clear NOW, or rather, the sky has cleared up.</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Juéde</foreignphrase> “to feel”
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+ Here <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase> is used
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+ to mean “to feel, to think, to have an opinion about something.” It can also
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+ mean “to feel” in a physical way, as in “to feel sick.” <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ Juéde ... zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase> can
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+ be well translated as “How do you like ... ?</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn shǎo</foreignphrase>: “It
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+ seldom snows in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> in the winter.” The adjectival verb
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase> “to be
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+ few” is used here as an adverb “seldom,” and as such comes before the verb.
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+ Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn
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+ shǎo</foreignphrase>, “seldom,” and <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>, “often,” are used
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+ as opposites.</para>
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+ <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān zhèrde tiānqi hěn
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+ liángkuai</foreignphrase>: “Today the weather here is very cool.” Again,
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+ it is not necessary to translate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >hěn</foreignphrase> as “very” in this sentence; the meaning depends on
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+ the speaker's intonation and emphasis.</para>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
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+ <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase>: “to
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+ feel” This may mean “to feel (physically)” or “to feel (emotionally), to
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+ think.” It is often used, as in the Reference List sentence, to preface
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+ a statement of opinion. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
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+ juéde ...</foreignphrase> may sometimes be translated as “l think
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+ that ...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
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+ juéde tā kéyi zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>I think he can do it.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para>And here are some examples using <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase> to mean “feel
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+ (physically )”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
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+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
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+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
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+ juéde hěn rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>I feel hot.</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
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+ juéde bù shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry/>
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+ </row>
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+ <row>
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+ <entry>I don't feel well. (Literally, “I feel not
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+ well.”)</entry>
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+ </row>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </tgroup>
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+ </informaltable></para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ juéde Běijīng
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+ zěnmeyang?</foreignphrase>: “How do you like <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>?” or “What do you
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+ think of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Běijīng</foreignphrase>?” More literally, “You feel <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> is how?”</para>
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+ <para>t<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài lěng le</foreignphrase>:
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+ “it's been too cold” The marker le is the marker for new situations. It
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+ is often used to reinforce the idea of “excessive.” Another example is
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài guì
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+ le!</foreignphrase> “it's too expensive!”</para>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
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+ <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei.</para>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+ </section>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Part 2</title>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference List Part 2</title>
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+ <para/>
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+ </section>
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+ <section>
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+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā fēng</foreignphrase>:
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+ “(there) blows wind” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >Guā</foreignphrase> literally means “to scrape,” but when used in
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+ connection with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
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+ >fēng</foreignphrase>, “wind,” it means “to blow.” Like other weather
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+ expressions, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià
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+ xuě</foreignphrase> “to snow,” the subject <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēng</foreignphrase> usually follows the verb
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+ guā. To say “very windy,” you say that the wind is big, either
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēng hěn dà</foreignphrase> or
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+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guā dà
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+ fēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè</foreignphrase>: “by
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+ March” A time word before the verb may mean “by” a certain time as well as
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+ “at” a certain time.</para>
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+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè jiù kāishǐ nuǎnhuo
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+ le</foreignphrase>: “By March it is already starting to get warm.” When
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+ the time word before it is given extra stress, the adverb <foreignphrase
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+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> indicates that the event
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|
|
+ in question happens earlier than might be expected. The marker le after the
|
|
|
+ state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nuǎnhuo</foreignphrase>, “to be warm,” tells us that it is being used here
|
|
|
+ as a process verb “to get warm.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒude shiéhou</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “sometimes” This is also said as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yǒu shíyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià yǔ</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ rain” Literally, “(there) falls rain.” Now you have seen three weather
|
|
|
+ expressions where the subject normally follows the verb: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià xuě</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā fēng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià yǔ</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn xiǎng
|
|
|
+ Jiāzhōu</foreignphrase>: “I really miss California” The verb
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ translated here as “to miss,” is the same verb as “to think” (“I really
|
|
|
+ think of California [with nostalgia]”).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàtiān bú shi hěn
|
|
|
+ cháoshí</foreignphrase>: “it's not very humid in the summer.” The
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> is not
|
|
|
+ obligatory in the sentence. It would also be correct to say <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù hěn cháoshí</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táifěng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “typhoon” The Chinese word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >táifēng</foreignphrase> was borrowed into the English language as
|
|
|
+ “typhoon.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Hong Kong:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ líkāi zhème
|
|
|
+ jiǔ</foreignphrase>: “it's been so long since you left” You have seen
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>, which
|
|
|
+ means “to be long in time,” in the phrase <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō jiǔ</foreignphrase>, “how long (a
|
|
|
+ time)”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli</foreignphrase>: “in the
|
|
|
+ city,” literally “inside the city wall.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxià</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “country” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiāngxià</foreignphrase> (with neutral tone <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase>).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùjìn</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “vicinity” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fǔjìn</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huánjìng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “environment, surroundings,” In №24 the phrase <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ lǎojiā fùjìnde huānjìng</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ literally “the environment of the vicinity of your original home.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ lǎojiā nèige
|
|
|
+ dìfang</foreignphrase>: “your hometown” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎojiā</foreignphrase> by itself only means
|
|
|
+ “original home.”To get the meaning “hometown,” you must refer to the place
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige dìfang</foreignphrase>)
|
|
|
+ where your “original home” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >lǎojiā</foreignphrase>) is. Notice the different phrasing in the
|
|
|
+ following sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā
|
|
|
+ nèige dìfang yǒu duōshǎo
|
|
|
+ rénkǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What's the population of your hometown?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā
|
|
|
+ nàr yǒu méiyou shān?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are there mountains where your original home
|
|
|
+ is?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā
|
|
|
+ zài xiāngxià ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is your original home in the country?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shān</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hū</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “mountain,
|
|
|
+ lake, river” These three words are used with the four points of the compass
|
|
|
+ to make several province names.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>east of the (Tàiháng) mountains</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shānxǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>west of the (Tàiháng) mountains</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Héběi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>north of the (Yellow) river</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Hénán</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>south of the (Yellow) river</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Húběi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>north of the (Dòngtíng) lake</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Húnán</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>south of the (Dòngtíng) lake</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige xiǎo
|
|
|
+ chéng</foreignphrase>: “that little town” You've learned that <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli</foreignphrase> means “in the city.”
|
|
|
+ One word for “city” by itself is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >chéng</foreignphrase> [another is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chěngshì</foreignphrase>]. <informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
|
|
|
+ shi něige Huáshèngdùn? Shi zhōu háishi chéng?
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Which Washington are you talking about? The state or
|
|
|
+ the city?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ líkāi nàli yǐjīng yǒu wǔnián
|
|
|
+ le</foreignphrase>: “(Since) I left there it has been five years.” The
|
|
|
+ marker le at the end of the sentence is new-situation le, and is necessary
|
|
|
+ here. It shows that the duration stated (five years) is as of the present
|
|
|
+ moment (“so far”). Another point to bear in mind is that Le is used at the
|
|
|
+ end of most sentences containing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yǐjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhānghuà</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “Changsha,” is the name of a city and a county on the west coast of central
|
|
|
+ Taiwan. T'ienchung (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tiánzhōng</foreignphrase>) is a village in southeastern Changsha
|
|
|
+ county.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
<para/>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
- <title>References Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
- <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
- <para>Jīntiān tiānqi hěn hǎo: Notice that the time word jīntiān “today” is placed
|
|
|
- before the subject, not directly before the verb here. Most time words of more
|
|
|
- than one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in either
|
|
|
- case before the verb. Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
- <tbody>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě zì.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Last year I still couldn’t write characters.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Wǒ xiànzài hui xiě yìdiǎn le. </entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Now I can write a little.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- </tbody>
|
|
|
- </tgroup>
|
|
|
- </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>qìhòu: “climate” Also pronounced qìhòu (with hou in the neutral tone).</para>
|
|
|
- <para>Dōngtiān hěn lěng.: “it's cold in winter” The adverb hěn is not translated
|
|
|
- here. Often hěn adds little or nothing to the intensity of the adjectival verb,
|
|
|
- and doesn’t need to be translated by “very.” Later, you may notice that
|
|
|
- sometimes we translate the hěn literally and sometimes we choose to omit it from
|
|
|
- the translation. It is not a matter of right and wrong; it is more a matter of
|
|
|
- feeling, and may be, we admit, a somewhat arbitrary decision.</para>
|
|
|
- <para>chángcháng: “often, frequently, usually” An alternate form of this word is
|
|
|
- cháng.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
- <tbody>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tā chángcháng qù Xiānggǎng.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>She often goes to Hong Kong.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tā cháng kàn bàozhǐ.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>He often reads the newspaper.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- </tbody>
|
|
|
- </tgroup>
|
|
|
- </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>The phrase “very often” is NOT formed by using hěn with cháng; instead, Just
|
|
|
- use cháng or chángcháng. If you must stress that something happens very often,
|
|
|
- use a phrase like “every few days.”</para>
|
|
|
- <para>xià xuě: “to snow” or more literally ”(there) falls snow.” The subject xuě
|
|
|
- “snow” normally follows the verb xià “to descend.” This reversal of subject and
|
|
|
- verb is the rule, not the exception, in weather expressions.<footnote>
|
|
|
- <para>English is no more logical when it comes to weather expressions: it
|
|
|
- uses the meaningless “it,”as in “it snows.”</para>
|
|
|
- </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
- <tbody>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Òu, xià xuě le.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Oh, it’s snowing.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Xià xuě ma? Bu xià.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Yǒu méiyou xià xue? Méiyou.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Xià xuě le méiyou? Méiyou.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Jīntiān xià xuě bu xià xuě?</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Is it going to snow today?</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Xiànzài bù xià xuě le.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>It's not snowing anymore.</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- </tbody>
|
|
|
- </tgroup>
|
|
|
- </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>tiān: “heaven, sky, day.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>: “to put
|
|
|
+ on, to don” (clothes, shoes) Notice that Chinese uses an action verb, “to
|
|
|
+ put on,” where English uses a state verb, “to wear.” You have to adjust your
|
|
|
+ thinking a bit in order to use this verb correctly. When you want to say
|
|
|
+ “She's NOT WEARING her coat,” you actually say “She DIDN'T PUT ON her coat,”
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měi chuān
|
|
|
+ dàyī</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here are some example sentences using <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase> “to put
|
|
|
+ on.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chuānle
|
|
|
+ yìshuāng hóng xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm wearing a pair of red shoes. (I've put on a pair
|
|
|
+ of red shoes.)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
|
|
|
+ chuān xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm not wearing shoes. (I didn't put on shoes.
|
|
|
+ )</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní chuān
|
|
|
+ bái xié ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you wear white shoes? (HABIT) OR Will you wear
|
|
|
+ white shoes? (INTENTION)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù chuān
|
|
|
+ bái xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't wear white shoes (HABIT) OR I won't wear
|
|
|
+ white shoes. (INTENTION)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuān</foreignphrase> is not the
|
|
|
+ only verb meaning to put on in Chinese. There is another verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> which is used for wearing
|
|
|
+ or putting on hats, wristwatches, ornaments, jewelry, and gloves.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dài</foreignphrase> is taught in
|
|
|
+ Part II of this unit.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xūyào</foreignphrase>: “to need”
|
|
|
+ This word may be used as a main verb or as an auxiliary verb. In either
|
|
|
+ usage, it is always a state verb. It is, therefore, negated with
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >bù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
|
|
|
+ qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I need money.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
|
|
|
+ shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I need time.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
|
|
|
+ ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I need her.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
|
|
|
+ huàn qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I need to change money.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xūyào
|
|
|
+ zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He needs to know.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiàn</foreignphrase>: This is
|
|
|
+ the counter for articles of clothing, as well as for things (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngxi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqing</foreignphrase>), and
|
|
|
+ suitcases.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàyī</foreignphrase>: “overcoat”
|
|
|
+ literally “big clothes”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>: “to be old,
|
|
|
+ to be worn” This is the word to use when describing things, whether concrete
|
|
|
+ or abstract, but never people. [For people, use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lāo</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎo le</foreignphrase>. “She's gotten
|
|
|
+ old.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi wǒde
|
|
|
+ jiù dìzhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That's my old address.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā háishi
|
|
|
+ chuān jiù yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She's still wearing old clothes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi (yí)jiān
|
|
|
+ xīnde</foreignphrase>: The number yí- before a counter may be omitted
|
|
|
+ when it directly follows a verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>: “to need”
|
|
|
+ In sentence №4, you see a new usage of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ yào mǎi hòu yidiǎnrde </foreignphrase>“you
|
|
|
+ need to buy a heavier one”). In addition to meaning “to want”,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> has many
|
|
|
+ uses as an auxiliary verb. The meaning “to need” is one of the more common
|
|
|
+ ones.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ thick” In sentence No. 4 (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nǐ
|
|
|
+ yào mǎi hòu yidiǎnrde...</foreignphrase>), <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase> is translated as
|
|
|
+ “heavier.” The basic meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hòu</foreignphrase> is “to be thick.”<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
|
|
|
+ hěn hòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This book is very thick.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yèli xiàde
|
|
|
+ xuě hěn hòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The snow that fell last night is very deep.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Báo</foreignphrase> “to be thin,
|
|
|
+ to be flimsy (of cloth, paper, etc.),” is often the opposite of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuōxié</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “slipper,” literally “drag-shoes.” In most households in Taiwan shoes are
|
|
|
+ not worn into the house, so plenty of pairs of slippers are kept at the
|
|
|
+ front door. This custom, established by Japanese influence, has the
|
|
|
+ practical value of keeping the floors dry, which would otherwise be
|
|
|
+ difficult given Taiwan's rainy climate. (in mainland China, shoes are worn
|
|
|
+ into the house.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huài</foreignphrase>: This verb
|
|
|
+ has a different meaning depending on whether it is a state verb or a process
|
|
|
+ verb. As a state verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huài</foreignphrase> means “to be bad,” as a process verb, “to go bad,
|
|
|
+ to break.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>As a state verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
|
|
|
+ tiānqi zhēn huài, jīntiān hǎo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Yesterday the weather was really bad, but today it's
|
|
|
+ gotten better.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hē! Tāde
|
|
|
+ Zhōngguo huà zhēn bú huài,
|
|
|
+ a?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Well! His Chinese is really not bad, huh?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>As a process verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhèizhǐ
|
|
|
+ bǐ huài le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This pen of mine is broken.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
|
|
|
+ júzi huài le, bú yào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>These tangerines have gone bad; we don't want them
|
|
|
+ (throw them out).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>The couple in this dialogue have recently moved to Taipei from Kaohsiung
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>) in
|
|
|
+ southern Taiwan. Here they are taking a walk in downtown Taipei.
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Huá</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ their daughter.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>An American of Chinese descent (M) has gone back to visit relatives in
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. Here
|
|
|
+ he talks with his cousin (F).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiyī</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikù</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi</foreignphrase> means
|
|
|
+ “inner.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèikù</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means “underpants” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kù</foreignphrase> as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kùzi</foreignphrase>). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nèiyī</foreignphrase> means “underclothes” in general, but when
|
|
|
+ contrasted with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nèikù</foreignphrase> takes on the specific meaning “undershirt.” The
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> means
|
|
|
+ “clothing, garment,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yīfu</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākè</foreignphrase>: “jacket,”
|
|
|
+ a word borrowed from English. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Jiākè</foreignphrase> refers only to Jackets cut above the waist; a
|
|
|
+ suit Jacket would be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wàitào</foreignphrase> (see note below). Also pronounced <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiákè</foreignphrase>. In <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, this word has an -r
|
|
|
+ ending.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nílóng</foreignphrase>: “nylon,”
|
|
|
+ another borrowing from English.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “to put on,
|
|
|
+ to don” a hat, wristwatch, gloves, glasses, jewelry or other things which
|
|
|
+ are not necessary to one's apparel. As with the verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase> which you learned in
|
|
|
+ Part I, when you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dài</foreignphrase> you have to adjust your thinking from the idea of
|
|
|
+ “to wear” to the idea of “put on.” For “Do you wear glasses?” you would say
|
|
|
+ “Do you put on glasses?”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī dài
|
|
|
+ bu dài yǎnjìng?</foreignphrase> For “She's not wearing glasses” you
|
|
|
+ would say “She didn't put on glasses”: <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi dài yǎnjìng.</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ Contrast:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú dài
|
|
|
+ màozi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="2"/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She doesn't wear hats.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>OR</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She won't wear a hat. (HABIT) (INTENTION)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="4"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi dài
|
|
|
+ màozi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry morerows="4"/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She didn't put on a hat.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>OR</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She didn't wear a hat.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>OR</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She doesn't have a hat on.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>(The translations given only cover some of the possible ones. Other aspect
|
|
|
+ markers which you have not learned yet, such as the marker for action in
|
|
|
+ progress [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>],
|
|
|
+ the marker for duration [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-zhe</foreignphrase>], the marker for lack of change [<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>], etc., can be used to
|
|
|
+ make more precise the meaning of a sentence.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dǐng</foreignphrase>: The
|
|
|
+ counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màozi</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “hat.” Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-dǐng</foreignphrase> means “top.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “glasses” (counter: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-fù</foreignphrase>)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ broken/damaged/torn/worn out” In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >pò màozi</foreignphrase>, “old/ worn/ tattered hat,” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> stands before a noun to
|
|
|
+ modify it. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pò</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ also frequently used as a process verb, “to break, to become
|
|
|
+ damaged/torn/worn out.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànkan, nǐde jiākè shì bu shi
|
|
|
+ pò le?</foreignphrase> Let me have a look, has your jacket been
|
|
|
+ torn/worn through?</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In Part I you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >huài</foreignphrase>, “to go bad, to break.” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huài</foreignphrase> means that something
|
|
|
+ becomes unusable or stops working, while <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> means that something
|
|
|
+ develops a tear, cut, split, hole, break, etc. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> in Part I had for one
|
|
|
+ possible translation “to be worn,” but <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pō</foreignphrase> are quite different:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> le means
|
|
|
+ to have changed color or shape after a long period of time or use, whereas
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> le means
|
|
|
+ that the thing is no longer intact, whether the damage is caused by time,
|
|
|
+ use, or accident.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gòu</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ enough” This adjectival verb is only used as the main verb of a sentence,
|
|
|
+ never (like English “enough”) before a noun. You must therefore recast
|
|
|
+ English sentences with “enough” into the Chinese pattern when you translate,
|
|
|
+ e.g.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànkan,
|
|
|
+ nǐde jiākè shì bu shi pò le?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Let me have a look, has your jacket been torn/worn
|
|
|
+ through?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gòu</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ enough” This adjectival verb is only used as the main verb of a sentence,
|
|
|
+ never (like English “enough”) before a noun. You must therefore recast
|
|
|
+ English sentences with “enough” into the Chinese pattern when you translate,
|
|
|
+ e.g.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Do you have enough socks?</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are your socks enough?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde wàzi gòu bu
|
|
|
+ gòu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't have enough shirts</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My shirts aren't enough.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde chènshān bú
|
|
|
+ gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There aren't enough rice bowls.</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The rice bowls aren't enough.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fànwǎn bú
|
|
|
+ gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàitào</foreignphrase>: This
|
|
|
+ word has two meanings: </para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>coat, overcoat,” and</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>a “jacket” which extends below the waist, like a suit jacket. (A
|
|
|
+ jacket cut above the waist is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākè</foreignphrase>.)</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìjǐ</foreignphrase>: “oneself;
|
|
|
+ myself, yourself, himself, etc.” This is a special pronoun. It can be used
|
|
|
+ by itself, or it can follow another pronoun like <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>, etc. Here are some
|
|
|
+ examples. (For the first, you need to know <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhǒng</foreignphrase>, “kind,” and for the
|
|
|
+ last, you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuò</foreignphrase>, “to make.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎi yīfu,
|
|
|
+ zuì hǎo mǎi zìjī xǐhuande
|
|
|
+ nèizhǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When buying clothes, it is best to buy the kind one
|
|
|
+ likes oneself.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi wǒ
|
|
|
+ zìjīde shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That's my own business.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi tā
|
|
|
+ zìjī zuòde, bú shi mǎide.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She made this herself, it isn't
|
|
|
+ (store-)bought.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píxié</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Western-style “leather shoes,” a word commonly used where we would just say
|
|
|
+ “shoes,” since traditional Chinese shoes (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bùxié</foreignphrase>) are made of
|
|
|
+ cloth.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuìyī</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “pajamas,” literally, “sleep-garment” This word can use two different
|
|
|
+ counters, depending on the type of pajamas referred to. </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>1) For two-piece pajamas, that is, a shirt and pants, the counter is
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tào</foreignphrase>, “set.”
|
|
|
+ (Although we say “a pair of pajamas” in English, you cannot use the counter
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-shuāng</foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ Chinese. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Shuāng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ is only for things that match, like shoes.) </para>
|
|
|
+ <para>2) Old-style one-piece pajamas take the counter<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> -jiàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase>: “tote
|
|
|
+ bag, carryall,” literally, “book-sack.” Although still used with the
|
|
|
+ original meaning of a student's “book-bag,” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase> has now come to have a
|
|
|
+ more general meaning, since book-bags are often used to carry things other
|
|
|
+ than books. There are other words for “tote bag,” but <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase> is so useful that you
|
|
|
+ should learn it first. 3</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ forget; to forget to; to forget that”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wàng le
|
|
|
+ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You've forgotten, haven't you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
|
|
|
+ wàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I haven't forgotten.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo wàng(le)
|
|
|
+ qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I forgot to go.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàng(le)
|
|
|
+ dài màozi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I forgot to put on my hat.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle
|
|
|
+ tā jǐdiǎn zhōng lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I forgot what time he is coming.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle
|
|
|
+ tā jiào shénme míngzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I forgot what his name is.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle
|
|
|
+ wǒ jīntiān méi kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I forgot that I don't have any classes today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máoyí</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “sweater,” literally, “woolen-garment.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase>, “in that
|
|
|
+ case, then,” is always used at the very beginning of a sentence, for
|
|
|
+ example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà, wǒmen
|
|
|
+ shénme shíhou qù?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Then, when shall we go?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà nǐ děi qù mǎi xīnde
|
|
|
+ le</foreignphrase>: The le here is optional. It stresses that having to
|
|
|
+ go buy a new sweater is a new situation.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn</foreignphrase>. In the
|
|
|
+ home of two senior cadres, a husband (M) and wife (F) discuss shopping
|
|
|
+ plans. (They live together with the wife's older sister.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒde shūbāo ne?</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Questions with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ frequently ask for the whereabouts of something or someone; thus the
|
|
|
+ sentence may be translated, “Where is my tote bag?”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Taipei. Conversation between a husband and wife. (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Míng</foreignphrase> is their
|
|
|
+ son.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to make,”
|
|
|
+ but in the Reference List sentence it is used for “to have made.”
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò yīfu</foreignphrase> has
|
|
|
+ two possible meanings: “to make clothes” or “to have clothes made.” The
|
|
|
+ context will usually make clear which is meant.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiwān
|
|
|
+ zuò yīfu bù piányi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Having clothes made isn't cheap in Taiwan any
|
|
|
+ more.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénmeyàng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “what kind, like what”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde dìtǎn
|
|
|
+ shénmeyàngr?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is your carpet like?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Láide rén
|
|
|
+ shénmeyàngr?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What did the person who came look like?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yàode
|
|
|
+ dìtān shi shénmeyàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What kind of carpet is it that you want?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
|
|
|
+ péngyou shi shénmeyàngde
|
|
|
+ rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What kind of person is your friend?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase>: A
|
|
|
+ close-fitting woman's dress with high Chinese collar and slit side, now
|
|
|
+ called in English a “cheongsam,” from the Guangdong dialect name. Qí refers
|
|
|
+ to the Manchurian nationality; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >páo</foreignphrase> means a Chinese-style long gown. Thus the name
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase> comes
|
|
|
+ from the fact that the ancestor of the modern cheongsam was originally worn
|
|
|
+ by Manchurian women.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàozi</foreignphrase>: “cloth,
|
|
|
+ fabric, material”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuō...</foreignphrase> :
|
|
|
+ Literally, “You say...,” but often used as in this question to mean, “In
|
|
|
+ your opinion” or “Do you think...”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhǒng</foreignphrase>: “kind,
|
|
|
+ sort”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde lǚxíng
|
|
|
+ zhípiào shi nǎ yizhǒngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What kind are your traveler's checks?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù
|
|
|
+ nèizhǒng dìfang zuò shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What did you go to that kind of place to do?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
|
|
|
+ júzi hěn guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This kind of tangerine is very expensive.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàngzi</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“appearance,” </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“shape, form,” </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>“style, design.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yàngzi
|
|
|
+ hěn hāo kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Her appearance is very attractive.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn tā nèi
|
|
|
+ yàngzi!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Look at his appearance! (i.e., “Get a load of
|
|
|
+ him.”)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
|
|
|
+ nèige dōngxi shi shénme
|
|
|
+ yàngzide?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What does the thing you are talking about look
|
|
|
+ like?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
|
|
|
+ qípāode yàngzi hěn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The style of her cheongsam is quite nice.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde xīn
|
|
|
+ yīfu shi shénme yàngzide?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What's the style of your new dress?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnshang</foreignphrase>: “on
|
|
|
+ one's body, on one's person”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
|
|
|
+ shēnshang yǒu yíjiàn lán
|
|
|
+ dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has a blue overcoat on.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ shēnshang méiyou qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't have any money on me.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde qián
|
|
|
+ xiànzài dōu zài tā
|
|
|
+ shēnshang.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has all my money with him right now.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě bu kéyi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ another way to say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi bu
|
|
|
+ kéyi</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào</foreignphrase>: “according
|
|
|
+ to”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù zhào
|
|
|
+ zhèige niàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Just read it the way it is here (according to
|
|
|
+ this).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù zhào
|
|
|
+ zhèige páijià huàn ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Just exchange it according to this exchange
|
|
|
+ rate.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiù zhào
|
|
|
+ nǐde yìsi xiě, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'll just write it the way you want it written, all
|
|
|
+ right?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ measure”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gěi wǒ
|
|
|
+ liángliang zhèikuài liàozi gòu bu
|
|
|
+ gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Measure this piece of cloth for me to see if there's
|
|
|
+ enough.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǐcùn</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “measurements,” literally, “feet-inches.” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǐcun</foreignphrase> (with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cun</foreignphrase> in the neutral
|
|
|
+ tone).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mián'ǎo</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “Chinese-style cotton-padded Jacket”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héshì</foreignphrase>: “to fit;
|
|
|
+ to be suitable, to be appropriate”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
|
|
|
+ yīfu hěn héshì, bú dà yě bù
|
|
|
+ xiǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This garment fits well, it's neither too large nor
|
|
|
+ too small.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chuān
|
|
|
+ zhèige yánsè bú tài héshì, huàn (yi)jiàn biéde
|
|
|
+ ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That color doesn't look right on you, try a different
|
|
|
+ one.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijǐng</foreignphrase>. A man
|
|
|
+ (A) goes to a tailor shop to have some clothes made. (B) is the
|
|
|
+ tailor.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Taipei. A woman goes to a tailor shop to have some clothes made.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu shì</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ occupied, to have something to do,” literally, “to have
|
|
|
+ business.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài
|
|
|
+ yǒu shì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you busy now?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi
|
|
|
+ shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No, I'm not busy.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎn</foreignphrase>: “to cut
|
|
|
+ (with a scissors), to clip, to trim” Chinese has several different words for
|
|
|
+ English “to cut” depending on the method of cutting. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎn</foreignphrase> only refers to cutting
|
|
|
+ with a scissors or clipper.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yào</foreignphrase>: “don't”
|
|
|
+ In Transportation Module, Un t 3, you learned <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bié</foreignphrase> for “don't” in negative
|
|
|
+ commands. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means the same thing.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngbiān</foreignphrase>: “two
|
|
|
+ sides, both sides” In English it is enough to say just “the sides” and to
|
|
|
+ add “two” or “both” seems superfluous, but <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase> is necessary in
|
|
|
+ Chinese. Perhaps this is because Chinese has no way of indicating plural, as
|
|
|
+ does the s in English, “the sides.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Gòu duǎn le: “it's short enough now” There are two things to notice in
|
|
|
+ this short sentence: (1) In English we say “short enough,” but in Chinese
|
|
|
+ you say literally “enough short”; in other words, gòu is used as an adverb
|
|
|
+ to modify the adjectival verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >duǎn</foreignphrase>. (2) le here indicates a new state of affairs:
|
|
|
+ before, the hair wasn't short enough, but now it is. Thus le can be rendered
|
|
|
+ into English by the word “now.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase>: “to wash
|
|
|
+ the hair” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóu</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ literally “head,” but in many cases actually refers to the hair. In most
|
|
|
+ Chinese barbershops a shampoo after the haircut is standard procedure, and
|
|
|
+ you would not have to specify that you want one. (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> is translated as “to
|
|
|
+ shampoo.” Liquid shampoo is called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xǐfàjīng</foreignphrase>, “wash-hair-essence.”)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào xǐ
|
|
|
+ tóu</foreignphrase> has been translated idiomatically as “I want a
|
|
|
+ shampoo,” although literally <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ
|
|
|
+ tóu</foreignphrase> is a verb-object “to wash the head.” Many Chinese
|
|
|
+ phrases made up of a verb plus object are ambiguous as to who performs the
|
|
|
+ action. You might have been tempted to translate <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> as “I want to
|
|
|
+ wash the hair,” but in this context the sentence actually means “I want to
|
|
|
+ have (my) hair washed,” that is, by someone else (the barber). The context
|
|
|
+ should tell you which meaning is intended. Another example:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù xǐ
|
|
|
+ yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I am going to wash clothes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>OR</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù xǐ
|
|
|
+ yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I am going to have clothes washed.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Usually you won't have any trouble deciding which the speaker means; the
|
|
|
+ situation or other things the speaker says will make it clear.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóu</foreignphrase>: Literally,
|
|
|
+ “oil,” this word may be used in a looser sense to refer to all sorts of
|
|
|
+ liquid preparations applied to the hair by hand (e.g., Vitalis). The
|
|
|
+ specific word for “hair oil” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fàyóu</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tóuyóu</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
|
|
|
+ tóufa...</foreignphrase>: This is the sentence to say when the barber leaves
|
|
|
+ bits of hair on your neck. The average person would gesture to his neck and
|
|
|
+ say this sentence.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūfu</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ comfortable; to feel good”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yǐzi
|
|
|
+ zhēn shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This chair is really comfortable.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige xiǎo
|
|
|
+ fēng hǎo shūfu a!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This breeze (“little wind”) feels so good.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù shūfu</foreignphrase> can
|
|
|
+ either mean “to be uncomfortable” or “not to be well, that is, to feel
|
|
|
+ ill.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wáng
|
|
|
+ Xiáojie wèishénme jīntiān méi
|
|
|
+ lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Why didn't Miss <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase> come
|
|
|
+ today?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jintiān
|
|
|
+ bù shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She doesn't feel well today.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase>: An
|
|
|
+ extremely versatile verb because it has such a general meaning: “to
|
|
|
+ do/manage/handle/make.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nòng</foreignphrase> often substitutes for a more specific verb. Also
|
|
|
+ pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lòng</foreignphrase> or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >nèng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù nòng
|
|
|
+ fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'll go get the meal ready.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù nòng
|
|
|
+ nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'll go take care of that.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zìjǐ
|
|
|
+ nòng ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Let me do it myself.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié nòng
|
|
|
+ nèixie shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Don't mess around with that sort of thing.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nòngle
|
|
|
+ hěn duō qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He came up with a lot of money.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>But in the Reference List sentence, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase> is used in an even more
|
|
|
+ common way, meaning “to make (someone/something a certain way)” or “to get
|
|
|
+ (someone/ something into a certain condition).” Other examples:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònggānjing</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ make/get something clean”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònghuài</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ break, to put out of order, to ruin”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòngpò</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ tear, to break”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ shave”, literally, “to scrape the beard.” The verb object phrase
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>, like
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ Reference List Sentence No. 5, may be translated in either of two ways
|
|
|
+ depending on the context: either “to shave (someone)” or “to have someone
|
|
|
+ shave oneself.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi wǒ guā húzi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “shave me” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ the prepositional verb meaning “for.” When you have a verb-object phrase
|
|
|
+ like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase> you
|
|
|
+ indicate the person upon whom the action is performed by using a
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ phrase.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni gěi
|
|
|
+ wǒ xǐ tóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Please wash my hair for me (i.e., give me a
|
|
|
+ shampoo).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ pound (someone's) back” as in massage. Barbers in China often provide this
|
|
|
+ service after the haircut. Here once again, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase> is a verb-object
|
|
|
+ phrase with the same ambiguity as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >guā húzi</foreignphrase>: it may mean “to pound someone's back” or “to
|
|
|
+ have one's back pounded.” Again, the context determines the interpretation.
|
|
|
+ When the barber asks you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào
|
|
|
+ chuí bèi ma?</foreignphrase>, you can safely assume that he is offering
|
|
|
+ to pound your back rather than asking you to pound his.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ànmó</foreignphrase>: This is
|
|
|
+ the noun “massage.” In recent years, an increasing number of barbershops in
|
|
|
+ Taiwan, Hong Kong, and a few in the TRC have added massage to their list of
|
|
|
+ services. Chinese medical clinics and hospitals also give therapeutic
|
|
|
+ massage.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā píxíe</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ shine shoes/to have one's shoes shined” (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cā</foreignphrase> is literally, “to wipe, to
|
|
|
+ rub.”) Once again, there is potential ambiguity as to who is the performer
|
|
|
+ of the action. Also note that Chinese must use the verb-object; there is no
|
|
|
+ noun corresponding to English “a shoeshine.” The translation of the
|
|
|
+ Reference List sentence using “a shoeshine” is idiomatic. Literally the
|
|
|
+ sentence means, “is there someone who shines shoes here?” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cā píxiéde</foreignphrase> is a noun phrase
|
|
|
+ meaning “someone who shines shoes, a shoe shiner.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú húzi</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ grow a beard,” literally <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >liú</foreignphrase>, “to leave, to let be,” and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">húzi</foreignphrase> “beard,
|
|
|
+ mustache.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Taipei. A Chinese man (A) walks into a barbershop and sits down in a
|
|
|
+ barber's chair. The barber is B and the shoeshine boy is C.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngbiān me...:</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ me indicates hesitation, indecision or consideration. It is translated here
|
|
|
+ by the words “as for.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A barbershop in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Běijīng</foreignphrase>. An American goes into a medium-sized
|
|
|
+ barbershop. After sitting for a while in the waiting area, his number is
|
|
|
+ called, he pays his fee to the cashier, and then sits down in a barber's
|
|
|
+ chair. Since the American has been here three times before, the barber and
|
|
|
+ he are already acquainted.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi shíjiān na</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Na is a contraction of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >ne</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >a</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú cuò</foreignphrase>: “not
|
|
|
+ bad, pretty good” (MTG 2)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào nèibianr
|
|
|
+ zuò</foreignphrase>: The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qù</foreignphrase> is omitted from this phrase.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò tóufa</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ do hair” or “to have one's hair done” (See the Reference Notes for part I on
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā
|
|
|
+ píxié</foreignphrase>.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùyuē</foreignphrase>: “to make
|
|
|
+ an appointment” literally “beforehand make-an-appointment.” This is
|
|
|
+ relatively new PRC usage; this word used to have only the meanings “a
|
|
|
+ preliminary agreement” or “to pre-order a book which has not be published.”
|
|
|
+ In Taiwan (or the PRC for that matter), you may use instead the phrase
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiān yuē yige
|
|
|
+ shíjiān</foreignphrase>, “to arrange a time forehand.” Appointments are
|
|
|
+ not generally required or accepted in barbershops and beauty parlors in the
|
|
|
+ PRC or Taiwan.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèntí</foreignphrase>: “problem
|
|
|
+ or “question.”<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> méi (yǒu)
|
|
|
+ wèntí</foreignphrase> is just like the English “no problem.” In addition
|
|
|
+ to its literal meaning of “There is no problem,” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi wèntí</foreignphrase> can also “be used
|
|
|
+ to assure someone that you are extending a favor gladly.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bu kéyi
|
|
|
+ qǐng ni gěi wo wèn zhèijiàn
|
|
|
+ shì?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Could you please ask about this matter for
|
|
|
+ me?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi
|
|
|
+ wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No problem.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>: A Chinese
|
|
|
+ unit of length equal to 1/3 of a centimeter, or slightly more than 1/8 of an
|
|
|
+ inch. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēn</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ originally meant “one tenth.” You have also seen it meaning “one cent” (1/10
|
|
|
+ of a dime, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máo</foreignphrase>).
|
|
|
+ As a unit of length, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fēn</foreignphrase> is one tenth of a Chinese inch (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cùn</foreignphrase>). We have drawn a ruler
|
|
|
+ marking off <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cùn</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ (“inches”) and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ so that you can contrast it with our American (British) inch.<inlinemediaobject>
|
|
|
+ <imageobject>
|
|
|
+ <imagedata fileref="../images/mesures.png" width="14cm"/>
|
|
|
+ </imageobject>
|
|
|
+ </inlinemediaobject></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu diǎn</foreignphrase>: Used
|
|
|
+ before a state verb, you (yì)diǎn means “a little, slightly,” as
|
|
|
+ in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn
|
|
|
+ rè</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>a little hot</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn
|
|
|
+ nán</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>a little difficult</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> deserves your special attention, since English
|
|
|
+ speakers learning Chinese tend to make the mistake of saying <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn nán</foreignphrase> (which is
|
|
|
+ incorrect) for “a little difficult” instead of the correct
|
|
|
+ form<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu yìdiǎn
|
|
|
+ nán</foreignphrase>. Remember to put in that <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>!</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìyishi</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ try, to give it a try” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shì</foreignphrase> is “to try” in the sense of “to experiment.” It
|
|
|
+ does not mean “try” in the sense of “to make an effort” to do
|
|
|
+ something.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “certainly, surely, for sure, definitive(ly)” Literally, sentence 18 means
|
|
|
+ “I think it will surely be good-looking,” which can be translated more
|
|
|
+ smoothly as “I'm sure it will look good.” The phrase “I'm sure ...” will
|
|
|
+ often translate into Chinese as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ xiǎng ... yídìng ...</foreignphrase> , for example:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ
|
|
|
+ yídìng xǐhuan.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm sure you'll like it.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā
|
|
|
+ yídìng lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm sure he'll come.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng tóufa</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ get a permanent” The use of the verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase> for “to get a permanent”
|
|
|
+ has an interesting background and shows how Chinese adapts words already in
|
|
|
+ the language rather than borrow from other languages. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàng</foreignphrase> originally meant (and
|
|
|
+ still does) “to scald” or “to apply heat to” something. For example,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng yīfu
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>means “to iron clothes.” The earliest methods for giving a
|
|
|
+ permanent wave used heated curlers; in fact, today in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> (as in other parts of
|
|
|
+ the world) electrically heated curlers are still used in one type of
|
|
|
+ permanent called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàn
|
|
|
+ tàng</foreignphrase>, “electric permanent.” After the introduction of
|
|
|
+ chemical permanents, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tàng</foreignphrase> continued to be used, even though no heat is
|
|
|
+ applied in the new process. Chemical permanents are called <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lěng tàng</foreignphrase>, “cold
|
|
|
+ permanent.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn</foreignphrase>: “to curl,
|
|
|
+ to roll up” You will find this verb used in many contexts, not Just in the
|
|
|
+ area of hair styling. It is the all-purpose word for rolling or curling
|
|
|
+ ribbons, paper, pastry, and building materials. [Curly hair is
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎnfà</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ straight hair is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhífà</foreignphrase>.]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuǐgān</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ blow-dry” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuǐ</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ “to blow, to puff” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gān</foreignphrase> is the adjectival verb “to be dry.” These two verbs
|
|
|
+ used together to form a compound which indicates both the action and the
|
|
|
+ result: “to blow until dry” or “to blow with the result that (something)
|
|
|
+ becomes dry.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuīgān</foreignphrase> and the
|
|
|
+ English word “blow-dry,” look as if they are exactly parallel, but they are
|
|
|
+ not. In English you can leave off the word “blow” and just say “to dry
|
|
|
+ someone's hair,” whereas in Chinese you cannot use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān</foreignphrase> to mean the action of
|
|
|
+ drying something, only the state of being dry. You always need to use
|
|
|
+ another verb with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gān</foreignphrase> in order to tell the action which caused the
|
|
|
+ drying. For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >cāgān</foreignphrase> means “to wipe (something) dry.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A Canadian woman (C) walks into the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel hairdresser's. First she talks with the
|
|
|
+ cashier in front (A). Later the hairdresser (B) calls her.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Tipping is not permitted in the PRC. This is why the barber insists on giving
|
|
|
+ the woman her change.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>Taipei. A woman student about to have her hair done is talking with the
|
|
|
+ hairdresser.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn hǎo kànde</foreignphrase>: The
|
|
|
+ -de here means “hat's how it is.” This usage is typical of southern
|
|
|
+ dialects.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎndiǎn</foreignphrase>: “a very
|
|
|
+ little bit”, less than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “eyeglasses” Don't mix this up with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>, “eye.” In
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech
|
|
|
+ these words are pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yǎnjìngr</foreignphrase> (“eyeglasses”) and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjing</foreignphrase> (“eye”), keeping them
|
|
|
+ even more distinct from each other.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīpiàoběn</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “checkbook” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Zhípiào</foreignphrase> is a “check,” literally “pay-ticket.”
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běn(r)</foreignphrase> is a
|
|
|
+ booklet.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “to bring”
|
|
|
+ This word sounds exactly like another you learned in Unit 2, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>, “to wear, to put on
|
|
|
+ (glasses, gloves, a hat, a wristwatch, jewelry, etc.).” They are different
|
|
|
+ words, however, written With different characters ( 带 for “to bring” and 戴
|
|
|
+ for “to wear”). The translation of the first Reference List sentence is
|
|
|
+ idiomatic; we would say “I have ... with me” or “I have ... on me” when
|
|
|
+ Chinese says literally, “I have brought... .”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoběnzi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “notebook,” literally “small book.” In Reference List sentence No. 2,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoběnzi</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ translated specifically as “address book.” Actually the word is more neutral
|
|
|
+ in meaning (“notebook, booklet”), but picks up the specific translation from
|
|
|
+ the context.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngzi</foreignphrase>: “box,
|
|
|
+ trunk, case” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xiāngzi</foreignphrase> corresponds to the English “suitcase,” while
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíngli</foreignphrase> is the
|
|
|
+ equivalent of “luggage.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnbàodān</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “declaration form” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shēnbào</foreignphrase> is the verb “to report to a higher body, to
|
|
|
+ declare something at customs.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Dān</foreignphrase> is the noun meaning “bill, list, note.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zai
|
|
|
+ shēnbàodānshang</foreignphrase>: “write it on the declaration form.”
|
|
|
+ Notice that the place phrase (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
|
|
|
+ ... shang</foreignphrase>) is placed alter the verb here, rather than in
|
|
|
+ its usual place before the verb. When the location tells where the result of
|
|
|
+ the activity is supposed to end up, that location phrase may appear after
|
|
|
+ the verb (a position where other “results” also show up). Compare these two
|
|
|
+ sentences: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
|
|
|
+ zhuōzishang xiě zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Write (with paper) on the desk.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào xiě
|
|
|
+ zai zhuōzishang!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Don't write on the desk! (Said to a child making
|
|
|
+ marks on the table.)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase>: “women,
|
|
|
+ womankind” This the term for “women” in the general sense. The term
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚrén</foreignphrase> is less
|
|
|
+ polite and more biological: “female.” (in Taiwan, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase> refers only to married
|
|
|
+ women. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚde</foreignphrase> may be
|
|
|
+ used for “women, woman. ”)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhīdao hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnǚ
|
|
|
+ bú dài shǒushi, suóyi wǒ yě méi dài shǒushi lái</foreignphrase>: The
|
|
|
+ first verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means “to wear,” and the second verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> is “to bring with
|
|
|
+ one.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ xiāngzi dǎkai gěi wo
|
|
|
+ kànkan</foreignphrase>: “open the suitcase for me to take a look” or
|
|
|
+ “open the suitcase and let me take a look.” You have learned <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> as a main verb “to give”
|
|
|
+ and as a prepositional verb meaning “for” (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni gěi wo huànhuan</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “Please change it for me”). In Reference List sentence No. 9 you see
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> used in a
|
|
|
+ longer type of sentence. Compare the following examples:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ xiāngzi
|
|
|
+ dǎkai gěi wǒ kànkan</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>open the suitcase for me to take a look</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn gěi
|
|
|
+ wǒmen tīngting</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>read it aloud for us to listen</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi nèidǐng
|
|
|
+ màozi gěi tā dài</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi nèidǐng
|
|
|
+ màozi gěi tā dài</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>buy that hat to give it to me</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò nèige
|
|
|
+ diǎnxīn gěi háizi chī</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>make that pastry for the child to eat</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> comes
|
|
|
+ after the verb, it can mean either “to give” or “for, let.” For example,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ nèiběn shǔ náchulai gěi wo
|
|
|
+ kànkan</foreignphrase> could mean either “Take out the book and
|
|
|
+ (actually) give it to me to look at,” OR “Take out the book for me to see
|
|
|
+ (show it to me, not necessarily hand it to me).” The context will help you
|
|
|
+ decide which is meant; often, only one will make sense.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>CAUTION: Although <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gěi</foreignphrase> is sometimes idiomatically translated as “to let,”
|
|
|
+ you should not take this to mean that English “to let” may always be
|
|
|
+ translated into Chinese with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gěi</foreignphrase>. There is a very limited correspondence between
|
|
|
+ “let” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>.
|
|
|
+ Usually you will translate “to let” as <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>, which is introduced in
|
|
|
+ Unit 6, Part III, of this module.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shì le</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “Everything is all right now” OR “There's no further business.” Here, this
|
|
|
+ means “Now that I've looked over your suitcase I find that there isn't
|
|
|
+ anything further we need to take up.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùbeihǎo le</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “prepared” You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔnbèi</foreignphrase>, “to prepare, to get
|
|
|
+ ready” or “to plan to.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Yùbei</foreignphrase> is a close synonym. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yùbeihǎo</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùnbèihǎo</foreignphrase> both mean “to get
|
|
|
+ all ready.” The ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-hǎo</foreignphrase> on certain verbs indicates bringing something to a
|
|
|
+ satisfactory conclusion.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>An American woman is going through customs in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> (Canton).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A Chinese couple in Taipei are talking just before the husband is to leave
|
|
|
+ on a trip.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ take photographs” (WLF 6)</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “apartment building,” literally “public residence” In the PRC, the word
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ seldom used (only in the names of some buildings, and in technical
|
|
|
+ contexts), but in Taiwan it is widely used. “Apartment building” may be
|
|
|
+ translated as either <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngyù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gōngyùlōu</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Gōngyù</foreignphrase> is sometimes used for an
|
|
|
+ “apartment.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmende
|
|
|
+ gōngyù yǒu jǐjiān fángjiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How many rooms does your apartment have?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>But you would use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dānyuán</foreignphrase>, “unit,” not <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>, for “apartment”
|
|
|
+ in:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige gōngyùlóu yǒu duōshao
|
|
|
+ dānyuán?</foreignphrase> How many apartments are there in this apartment
|
|
|
+ building?</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Although an apartment-dweller will usually refer in English to his
|
|
|
+ “apartment,” in everyday conversation, Chinese usually just speak of their
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángzi</foreignphrase>. In
|
|
|
+ other words, any type of residence—house or apartment—can be called a
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángzi</foreignphrase>. Use
|
|
|
+ the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ when you need to distinguish clearly between “apartment” and “house.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiǎn</foreignphrase>: This is
|
|
|
+ the counter for rooms. Don't confuse it with the falling tone
|
|
|
+ -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàn</foreignphrase>, the
|
|
|
+ counter for articles of clothing, which you learned in WLF 2.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: This is the
|
|
|
+ verb you learned meaning “to bring (along), to take (along).” Here it is
|
|
|
+ used with the extended meaning of “to take” or “lead” someone to a
|
|
|
+ place.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dài ni
|
|
|
+ qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'll take you there.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàwu qǐng
|
|
|
+ ni dài háizi dào gōngyuán qu
|
|
|
+ wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>In the afternoon, please take the children to the
|
|
|
+ park to play.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zūchuqu</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ rent out” The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zū</foreignphrase> by itself means “to rent” in the opposite direction,
|
|
|
+ that is, to rent something from the owner. Contrast:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
|
|
|
+ fángzi zūchuqu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I rented out the house.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zūle
|
|
|
+ yige fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I rented a house (to live in).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kètīng</foreignphrase>: “living
|
|
|
+ room,” literally, “guest-hall.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào kètīng zuò
|
|
|
+ yíxià</foreignphrase>: “go to the living room and sit a while” This is
|
|
|
+ roughly the equivalent of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào
|
|
|
+ kètīng qù zuò yíxià</foreignphrase>. The verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> is sometimes omitted after
|
|
|
+ a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> phrase when
|
|
|
+ the meaning of “go” does not need to be emphasized.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hē chá</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ drink tea” This is not an involved ritual as the Japanese have, but it is
|
|
|
+ not simply the taking of a beverage, either. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hē chá</foreignphrase>, in a social setting
|
|
|
+ means talking and relaxing while sipping tea. Books have been written on tea
|
|
|
+ in China, its social significance, and the art of serving it. We cannot do
|
|
|
+ justice to the topic in this small note. Let us just leave you with two
|
|
|
+ tips:</para>
|
|
|
+ <orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Except with close friends, don't turn down a cup of tea when
|
|
|
+ offered. It is as much a gesture of friendship and a means of
|
|
|
+ communication as it is a beverage.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>Don't ask for sugar, lemon or milk. Unless you are in a restaurant
|
|
|
+ ordering it, lemon and milk will most likely be unavailable. It is a
|
|
|
+ double embarrassment to your host, who may not keep lemon and milk
|
|
|
+ on hand, and who hates to see someone defile the good taste of pure
|
|
|
+ tea.</para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </orderedlist>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ seem, it seems as if” Use this word as an adverb, placing it before the verb
|
|
|
+ phrase.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hǎoxiàng
|
|
|
+ bù dong.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He seemed not to understand. OR He didn't seem to
|
|
|
+ understand.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng
|
|
|
+ bú tài xǐhuan zhèige fāngzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You don't seem to like this house too much.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng
|
|
|
+ zài xiǎng shénme shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You seem to be thinking about something.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēge
|
|
|
+ hǎoxiàng chángcháng shēng
|
|
|
+ bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His older brother seems to get sick very
|
|
|
+ often.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ sometimes used merely to express that the speaker thinks a situation is so,
|
|
|
+ but cannot confirm his suspicion. In such sentences, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase> is best translated
|
|
|
+ as “it seems to me that ...”or “I think ...” or “I seem to remember ... .”
|
|
|
+ Notice that the word order in Chinese stays the same.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎoxiàng
|
|
|
+ zài nǎr kànjianguo zhèige
|
|
|
+ zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It seems to me I've seen this character somewhere
|
|
|
+ before.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng
|
|
|
+ gàosuguo wo zhèijiàn
|
|
|
+ shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I seem to remember your telling me about this
|
|
|
+ before.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nèige
|
|
|
+ shíhou, tā hǎoxiàng hái zhù zài
|
|
|
+ Jiāzhōu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>At that time, he was still living in California, I
|
|
|
+ think.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo
|
|
|
+ hǎoxiàng méiyou zhèige duì bu
|
|
|
+ dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It seems to me you don't have this in America, do
|
|
|
+ you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo wèishēng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “to. clean,” literally “to do sanitation” This is an expression used in the
|
|
|
+ PRC. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “to do,” originally a word found in southern dialects of Mandarin Chinese,
|
|
|
+ is now widely used in Standard Chinese, even in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. In Taiwan,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase> does not
|
|
|
+ have as wide a usage as in the PRC, where many new expressions have been
|
|
|
+ created since 1949 using this verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ troublesome, to be a nuisance, to be inconvenient” In the Money module, you
|
|
|
+ learned the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >máfan</foreignphrase> for “to bother, to inconvenience (someone),” as
|
|
|
+ in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máfan nǐ le</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “Sorry to trouble you.” Here you learn <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase> as an adjectival
|
|
|
+ verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà tài
|
|
|
+ máfan le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That's too much trouble.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn
|
|
|
+ máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What a bother.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngcháng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “usually, generally, ordinarily” Like other two-syllable time words,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngcháng</foreignphrase> may
|
|
|
+ come before or after the subject, but always before the verb.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngcháng wǒmen dōu zài kètīng
|
|
|
+ kàn diànshì.</foreignphrase> We usually watch television in the living
|
|
|
+ room.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
|
|
|
+ píngcháng dōu zài kètíng kàn
|
|
|
+ diànshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>We usually watch television in the living
|
|
|
+ room.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ píngcháng jiǔdiǎn zhōng cái xià
|
|
|
+ ban.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't usually get off work until nine
|
|
|
+ o'clock.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ straighten up, to tidy up (a place)” or “to put away, to put in order, to
|
|
|
+ clear away (things).” Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shōushi</foreignphrase> when you're talking about neatening up a place,
|
|
|
+ use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo wèishēng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ when you're talking about soap and water cleaning in the PRC [and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo qingjié
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>“to (soap and water) clean” in Taiwan].<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hǎoxiàng
|
|
|
+ yǒu bànnián méi shōushi wūzi
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It looks as if he hasn't picked up his place in half
|
|
|
+ a year.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kuài
|
|
|
+ yìdiǎnr shōushi xíngli, wǒmen yào zǒu
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Pack your things quickly, we want to leave.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wūzi</foreignphrase> and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángjiān</foreignphrase>: Both
|
|
|
+ of these words means “room, chamber.” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wūzi</foreignphrase> is seldom used in
|
|
|
+ Taiwan, however. For rooms in public places, like hotels, use <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángjiān</foreignphrase> rather than
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wūzi</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàntīng</foreignphrase>: “dining
|
|
|
+ room,” literally “meal-hall.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ eat,” literally “eat food.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Fàn</foreignphrase> is literally, “cooked rice,” but in the expression
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase> it
|
|
|
+ refers to food in general or a meal. This is another example of a verb plus
|
|
|
+ general object, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
|
|
|
+ shū</foreignphrase>, “to study” or <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō huà</foreignphrase> “to speak.” (See
|
|
|
+ BIO, Unit 7.) This verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >chī</foreignphrase> may, of course, be followed by a specific object
|
|
|
+ such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngguǒ</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “apples,” as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chīle
|
|
|
+ yíge píngguǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I ate an apple.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>But if you mean “eat” in the sense of “to eat food” or “to have a meal,”
|
|
|
+ then you should use the general object <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chī fàn
|
|
|
+ le méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Have you eaten? (Have you eaten a meal?)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuì ài
|
|
|
+ chī fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He loves to eat most of all.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò fàn</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ cook,” literally “to make food.” This is another verb general object
|
|
|
+ combination. As with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī
|
|
|
+ fàn</foreignphrase>, the verb alone may be used with more specific
|
|
|
+ objects.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chúfáng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “kitchen,” literally “kitchen-room.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐzǎofáng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “bathroom” This is a room for taking a bath, and not necessarily a room with
|
|
|
+ a toilet. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐzǎo</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ which is introduced in Part III of this unit, means “to take a bath.”
|
|
|
+ Remember, if you want to ask where there is a toilet, ask for the
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “toilet;” or use the polite Westernized term, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐshǒujiān</foreignphrase>, “washroom.” In
|
|
|
+ rural areas, you would ask where the <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase> is.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In Taiwan, modern houses and apartments usually have the toilet in the
|
|
|
+ same room as the bathtub. In the PRC, apartment buildings built during the
|
|
|
+ 1950's may have a room with a bathtub in the apartment. Apartment buildings
|
|
|
+ built since then usually only include a toilet and sink in each apartment,
|
|
|
+ and no bathtub.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>You should usually lower your voice to ask where the bathroom is. Many
|
|
|
+ people even consider it polite to put one's hand in front of the mouth when
|
|
|
+ asking <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cèsuǒ zài
|
|
|
+ náli?</foreignphrase> Another polite way to ask is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ keyi yòng yixià nǐmende cèsuǒ ma?
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>“May I use your toilet?”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūfáng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “study,” literally “book-room.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wòfáng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “bedroom,” literally “sleeping-room.” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wòfáng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wòshì</foreignphrase> are both used for
|
|
|
+ “bedroom.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A Chinese woman (Fl) has been invited to dinner at the home of an American
|
|
|
+ couple in Taipei.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note after the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiānshēng yǒu shì dào
|
|
|
+ Táizhōng qu le:</foreignphrase> “My husband has gone to T'aichung on
|
|
|
+ business.” More literally, “My husband had some business and went to
|
|
|
+ T'aichung.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>An American man (M) is talking with a Chinese women (F) in Běijīng.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái kéyi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Literally “still okay,” this phrase actually means “isn't too bad.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐng</foreignphrase>: “to wake
|
|
|
+ up” This is a process verb. It describes the change from sleep or
|
|
|
+ unconsciousness to waking or consciousness: “to become awake, to become
|
|
|
+ conscious, to become sober.” In completed affirmative sentences, you will
|
|
|
+ see the marker le; in negative sentences you will see <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> (not <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> — this is not a state
|
|
|
+ verb. Some of the quirks you faced with a verb like <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> “to get sick,” not “to
|
|
|
+ be sick”), you also face here. When you are thinking in English of “He IS
|
|
|
+ NOT awake,” you should think “He HAS NOT awakened” in Chinese.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xǐngle
|
|
|
+ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did he wake up? OR Is he awake yet?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
|
|
|
+ xǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He is not awake yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>: “to ask,
|
|
|
+ to order, to tell (someone to do something)” This is a prepositional verb,
|
|
|
+ which means that it and its object precede the verb.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùqin jiào
|
|
|
+ hàizimen huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The father told the children to come back.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiào ta
|
|
|
+ guòlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Ask him to come over.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì jiào</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ sleep, to go to bed”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bādiǎn
|
|
|
+ zhōng jiù shuì jiào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He went to bed at eight o'clock (already).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jǐdiǎn
|
|
|
+ zhōng shuì jiào?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What time do you go to bed?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měitiān
|
|
|
+ shuì bāge zhōngtóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He sleeps eight hours a night.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuìde
|
|
|
+ hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you sleep well?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
|
|
|
+ shuìhǎole ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you sleep well? OR Have you finished
|
|
|
+ sleeping?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā yá</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ brush teeth” Besides brushing teeth, you can <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā yǐfu</foreignphrase>, “brush clothes,”
|
|
|
+ and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā xié</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “brush (off) shoes.” Do not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shuā</foreignphrase> for use for brushing hair, however [see
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū tóu</foreignphrase> “to
|
|
|
+ comb or brush one's hair”, WLF, Unit 3)]. [The noun for a “brush” is
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shuāzi</foreignphrase>.J</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúnǎi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Literally, “cow-milk,” and used only to refer to cow's milk. The word
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎi</foreignphrase> by itself
|
|
|
+ does not specify the kind of milk.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bào</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ embrace, to hug” people, or “to hold in one's arms” a child, package,
|
|
|
+ etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái, baba
|
|
|
+ gěi ni bàobao.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Come, papa will hold you. (said to child as he is
|
|
|
+ handed from mother to father)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āyí</foreignphrase>: “auntie”
|
|
|
+ This is a term of address used by children for friends of the family, not
|
|
|
+ blood relatives.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì wǔjiào</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ take an afternoon nap,” literally, “sleep noon-nap.” The <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǔjiào</foreignphrase>, a nap after lunch, is
|
|
|
+ very popular in China. Many institutions, factories, and schools give time
|
|
|
+ off every day for this purpose.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase>: “to heat,
|
|
|
+ to cook” (Another meaning is “to burn.”) Since the verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase> by itself means to put
|
|
|
+ heat to something, a resultative ending is needed when you want to indicate
|
|
|
+ “boiling” or “heated up.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù shāo
|
|
|
+ diǎnr shuǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'll go put some water on (the stove).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rè shuǐ shāohǎo
|
|
|
+ le</foreignphrase>. The hot water has been heated up.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuǐ yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ shāokāi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The water is already boiling.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎlù</foreignphrase>: “paved
|
|
|
+ road.” This is the word usually used for paved city streets. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎlù</foreignphrase> is literally
|
|
|
+ “horse-road,” that is, a road on which horses and people can go. A theory
|
|
|
+ has also been advanced that the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >mǎ</foreignphrase> is a transliteration of the first syllable of
|
|
|
+ “macadam” (a road made with layers of rolled broken stones, with a tar or
|
|
|
+ asphalt base).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ careful,” literally “small-heart.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">É, xiǎoxīn
|
|
|
+ diǎnr!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Hey, be a little more careful!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūshu</foreignphrase>: “uncle”
|
|
|
+ This is a term of affection used by children for older male friends of the
|
|
|
+ family.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A Canadian woman (A) is talking to her new maid (C) in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>In Taipei on a Sunday afternoon, a young mother (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huìmǐn</foreignphrase>) and father
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíngsōng</foreignphrase>) are
|
|
|
+ at home:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíng</foreignphrase>” is the
|
|
|
+ wife's affectionate abbreviation of her husband's name, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíngsōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">è</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ hungry”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>: “to hurt,
|
|
|
+ to ache” When talking about body aches and pains, you use a topic-comment
|
|
|
+ pattern. For example “I have a headache,” in Chinese is literally ”As for
|
|
|
+ me, the head hurts”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >téng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>As for me,</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>head</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>hurts.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnmào</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ catch a cold; a cold” This may be used either as a verb or as a noun. [To
|
|
|
+ say “to have a bad cold,” use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >gǎnmào hěn lìhai</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìhai</foreignphrase> meaning
|
|
|
+ “severe.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gǎnmào
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've caught a cold.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde gǎnmào
|
|
|
+ hǎo yidiǎn le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Is your cold a little better now?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāshāo</foreignphrase>: “to have
|
|
|
+ a fever,” literally, “develop-fever” This may be used as a state or a
|
|
|
+ process: <variablelist>
|
|
|
+ <varlistentry>
|
|
|
+ <term>STATE</term>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have a fever.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ bù fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't have a fever.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ yǒu diǎn fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm a little feverish.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </varlistentry>
|
|
|
+ <varlistentry>
|
|
|
+ <term>PROCESS</term>
|
|
|
+ <listitem>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ fāshāo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have a fever (more literally, “I have
|
|
|
+ developed a fever”).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ méi fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't have a fever (more literally “I
|
|
|
+ haven't developed a fever”).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Wǒ fāshāo yǐhòu jiu bù xiǎng chī dōngxi
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>After the fever came on, I didn't feel like
|
|
|
+ eating anything.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ </para>
|
|
|
+ </listitem>
|
|
|
+ </varlistentry>
|
|
|
+ </variablelist>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī diǎn zhèige
|
|
|
+ yào</foreignphrase>: “take some of this medicine,” literally, “eat
|
|
|
+ medicine,” is the way to say, “to take medicine.” Of course, for liquid
|
|
|
+ medicines you could also say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >hē</foreignphrase>, “to drink,” but one still usually says
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn dàifu</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ see a doctor” Also <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn
|
|
|
+ yīshēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
<tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
<colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Āiya, wǒde tiān na!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi qù kàn
|
|
|
+ dàifu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
<entry/>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Oh my heavens!</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Tiān zhǐdao!</entry>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry/>
|
|
|
- </row>
|
|
|
- <row>
|
|
|
- <entry>Heaven only knows!</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have to go see a doctor.</entry>
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
- </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
- <para>qíng: “to be clear, to clear up” In the sentence Tiān qíng le, the marker le
|
|
|
- tells us that a change has taken place. The meaning is not simply that the sky
|
|
|
- is clear, but that the sky is clear NOW, or rather, the sky has cleared
|
|
|
- up.</para>
|
|
|
- <para/>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn shénme?</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ In another context, this could mean “What are you looking at?” Here,
|
|
|
+ however, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ used in the sense of “to have (a medical complaint) treated” or “diagnosed”
|
|
|
+ by a doctor.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù kàn
|
|
|
+ gǎnmào le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Did you go have that cold of yours treated?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
|
|
|
+ hóulong bú tài shūfu, děi qù
|
|
|
+ kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My throat doesn't feel too well; I'll have to go get
|
|
|
+ it treated.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige bìng
|
|
|
+ děi dào dà yīyuàn qù kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>For this illness you have to go to a large hospital
|
|
|
+ to get it treated.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">késou</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ cough”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikē</foreignphrase>: (1)
|
|
|
+ “department of internal medicine” (of a hospital), or (2) “internal
|
|
|
+ medicine” (as a field). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Nèi</foreignphrase> means “internal” and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kē</foreignphrase> means either (1)
|
|
|
+ “department, section” or (2) “branch (of a study).”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “doctor,” literally, “heal-er.” In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Bēijǐng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dàifu</foreignphrase> is the more conversational word and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase> the
|
|
|
+ more formal. In Taiwan, however, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dàifu</foreignphrase> is not used much.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikē yishēng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “physician”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàikē</foreignphrase>: (1)
|
|
|
+ “department of surgery” (of a hospital), or (2) “surgery,” (the branch of
|
|
|
+ medicine).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàikē yīshēng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “surgeon”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tòng</foreignphrase>: “to hurt,
|
|
|
+ to ache,” another pronunciation for <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āsipilín</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “aspirin” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >āsipilín</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >àsipilíng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >àsipǐlíng</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialog for Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A man from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Shànghài</foreignphrase> (A) is visiting his classmate (B) in
|
|
|
+ Beijing.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialog for Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a
|
|
|
+ parent drops in on a neighbor to talk about his daughter's illness:</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Notes after the Dialog</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to let,
|
|
|
+ to allow, to have (someone do something)” This is a prepositional verb which
|
|
|
+ you will see more of in Unit 6.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...duō xiūxi
|
|
|
+ xiuxi</foreignphrase>: “rest a lot” The adjectival verb “to be many, to
|
|
|
+ be much, to be a lot” is used here as an adverb modifying the verb “to
|
|
|
+ rest”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiūxi</foreignphrase>. As
|
|
|
+ an adverb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> may
|
|
|
+ mean “a lot,” “more,” or “too much,” depending on the context. In
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō xiūxi
|
|
|
+ xiuxi</foreignphrase> it obviously means “a lot” or
|
|
|
+ “more.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu, wǒ
|
|
|
+ yào duō xiàng nín xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>From now on, I shall learn from you more.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō shuō yě
|
|
|
+ bù hǎo, shǎo shuō yě bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It isn't good to say too much, nor is it good to say
|
|
|
+ too little.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐfà yǐhòu xiǎng chuí yixià bèi
|
|
|
+ shì bu shi yào duō gěi qián?</foreignphrase> If you want to have your
|
|
|
+ back pounded after a haircut, do you have to pay extra?</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Some students get into the bad habit of always translating <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> as “more.” Remember that
|
|
|
+ the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> can
|
|
|
+ also mean either “a lot” or “too much.” Thus, if someone invites you to
|
|
|
+ dinner, even before you have started to eat, the host may say to you
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō chī yidiǎnr!
|
|
|
+ </foreignphrase>Since you haven't yet touched the food this sentence cannot
|
|
|
+ mean, “Have some more”; it simply means “Eat amply.” We might say in
|
|
|
+ English, “Have as much as you like,” or “Help yourself.” Here are some more
|
|
|
+ examples showing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >duō</foreignphrase> does not always mean “more.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng píngguǒ zènme piányi
|
|
|
+ a? Nà wǒmen jiu duō mǎi diǎnr ba!</foreignphrase> These apples are this
|
|
|
+ inexpensive? In that case, let's get a whole bunch of them!<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō láile
|
|
|
+ yíge rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>One person too many came.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duō
|
|
|
+ gěile shíkuài qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He gave ten dollars too much.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō mǎi
|
|
|
+ jǐběnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Buy a few extra volumes.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō láile yíge
|
|
|
+ rén</foreignphrase>, “One person too many came,” with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu láile yíge rén</foreignphrase>, “One more
|
|
|
+ person came.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dùzi</foreignphrase>: “belly,
|
|
|
+ lower abdomen” This has often been translated as “stomach,” but actually
|
|
|
+ when someone says <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi
|
|
|
+ téng</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
|
|
|
+ dùzi bu shūfu</foreignphrase>, they are most often referring to lower
|
|
|
+ abdominal or intestinal pains. Nevertheless, you may sometimes want to
|
|
|
+ translate it as “stomach,” in the looser sense of “belly,” for
|
|
|
+ example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rénde
|
|
|
+ dùzi hěn dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>That man has a big stomach/belly.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi è
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm hungry. (Literally, “My stomach is
|
|
|
+ hungry.”)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>A colloquial expression for “to be pregnant” is <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dùzi dà le</foreignphrase>, literally, “the
|
|
|
+ abdomen has become big,” or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà
|
|
|
+ dùzi le</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè dù</foreignphrase>: “to have
|
|
|
+ diarrhea” There are several expressions for “diarrhea” in Chinese;
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè dù</foreignphrase> is a
|
|
|
+ good choice to use when talking to your doctor, since it is neither too
|
|
|
+ informal not too technical. (See also <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lā dùzi</foreignphrase>, below.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yūn</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ dizzy” Often used after <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tóu</foreignphrase>, “head”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >tóu yūn</foreignphrase>. Pronounced with the Falling tone,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase>, this word
|
|
|
+ is used in the expressions <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn
|
|
|
+ chē</foreignphrase>, “to be carsick/train sick,” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase> chuan, “to be seasick,”
|
|
|
+ and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn fēijǐ</foreignphrase>, “to
|
|
|
+ be airsick.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàn shū
|
|
|
+ kànde tóu dōu yūn le!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've been reading so much that I'm dizzy!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In this sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dōu</foreignphrase> doesn't mean “all,” but “even, to such an extent
|
|
|
+ that.” This type of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >dōu</foreignphrase> is always used with le at the end of the
|
|
|
+ sentence.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tù</foreignphrase>: “to vomit”
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng tù</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ literally “to feel like vomiting,” means “to feel nauseous.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǐwēn</foreignphrase>: “body
|
|
|
+ temperature” Only used for the temperature of a body. [The general word for
|
|
|
+ “temperature” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >wēndù</foreignphrase>, which is presented in Part 3 of this unit.]
|
|
|
+ [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǐwēnbiāo</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ a medical thermometer.]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dù</foreignphrase>: “degree”
|
|
|
+ This noun does not take a counter.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèibìng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “stomach trouble; gastric disease,” literally, “stomach illness.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbiàn bù tōng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “to be constipated” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Dàbiàn</foreignphrase> (literally “major-convenience)” means “to have a
|
|
|
+ bowel movement” or “feces.” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xiǎobiàn</foreignphrase>, “minor-convenience,” means “to urinate” or
|
|
|
+ “urine.”) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù tōng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means “doesn't go through, is blocked up.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: “to lie,
|
|
|
+ to recline” Notice that the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zài</foreignphrase> phrase goes after the verb tang in the sentence
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni tǎng zài
|
|
|
+ zhèr</foreignphrase>. This is because the zài phrase shows the result of
|
|
|
+ the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: you
|
|
|
+ end up being here (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
|
|
|
+ zhèr</foreignphrase>) as a result of the action of lying (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>). <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāngxià</foreignphrase> or<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> tǎng xiàlái</foreignphrase> means “to lie
|
|
|
+ down.” In some of the following sentences, notice that <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase> corresponds to “be in
|
|
|
+ bed.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gānmào
|
|
|
+ le, tǎngle yìtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He got a cold and stayed in bed for a day (OR and has
|
|
|
+ been in bed all day today).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xǐhuan
|
|
|
+ tǎngzhe kàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He likes to read lying down.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐjīng
|
|
|
+ bādiǎn zhōngle, nǐ hái tǎngzhe
|
|
|
+ ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's eight o'clock already, and you're still in
|
|
|
+ bed!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎngxialai
|
|
|
+ xiūxi yihuǐr ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Lie down and rest for a while.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngyǐ</foreignphrase>: “upper
|
|
|
+ garments” [Also sometimes means “coat.”]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuō</foreignphrase>: “to take
|
|
|
+ off” (clothes, shoes) This is the opposite of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>, “to put
|
|
|
+ on.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài bǎ
|
|
|
+ dàyī tuōxialai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Come on and take off your coat.*</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèng
|
|
|
+ tuōzhe yīfu, jìnlai yige
|
|
|
+ rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Right when he was taking off his clothes, someone
|
|
|
+ came in.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
|
|
|
+ tuōle xié zài jìnqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Please remove your shoes before going in.**</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>*This is said by the host to a guest when he arrives. You might have
|
|
|
+ thought that the use of the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kuài</foreignphrase>, usually translated as “hurry up and ...” sounds
|
|
|
+ impatient and impolite. Actually, it is the exact opposite. Here,
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài</foreignphrase> indicates
|
|
|
+ the host's concern that the guest, although wanting to take his coat off,
|
|
|
+ would be too polite to do so immediately.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>**In Taiwan, most households have kept the Japanese custom of removing
|
|
|
+ shoes before entering the living areas. (Guests, though, are not in every
|
|
|
+ case expected to take off their shoes, especially for short visits during
|
|
|
+ dry weather.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi</foreignphrase>: You have
|
|
|
+ seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi</foreignphrase> meaning
|
|
|
+ “to open.” Here it means “to write out” a prescription, list, receipt,
|
|
|
+ check, etc.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng bìng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ get sick” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēng</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ means literally, “to develop, to happen.” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēng bìng</foreignphrase> le means
|
|
|
+ virtually the same thing as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tā</foreignphrase> bìng le.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián
|
|
|
+ chūntiān shēng bìngde rén hěn
|
|
|
+ duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Lots of people are getting sick this spring.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēng
|
|
|
+ bìng shēngle liǎngge xīngqī le, hái méi
|
|
|
+ hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has been sick for two weeks now and hasn't
|
|
|
+ recovered yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
|
|
|
+ shēngzhe bìng ne, zěnme kéyi
|
|
|
+ chūqu?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You're still sick; how can you go out ?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēngde
|
|
|
+ shi shénme bìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What illness is it that he has?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lā dùzi</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ have diarrhea,” a more colloquial, but not at all improper, word for
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè
|
|
|
+ dù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lā dùzi
|
|
|
+ lāde hěn lìhai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He has a bad case of diarrhea.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A man in Taipei calls a doctor's office to ask what he should do for his
|
|
|
+ wife's illness.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a
|
|
|
+ young man (A) visits a clinic.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ measure” You first saw this verb in the context of taking measurements for
|
|
|
+ clothing. Here you see it used for taking temperatures. It can also be used
|
|
|
+ for measuring a piece of land or the dimensions of a room.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǐwēn</foreignphrase> and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù</foreignphrase>: Both of
|
|
|
+ these are translated as “temperature” in the sentences above, but they
|
|
|
+ should be distinguished. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Tǐwēn</foreignphrase> is literally “body temperature” and thus is used
|
|
|
+ when talking about taking human temperatures. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wēndù</foreignphrase> is literally
|
|
|
+ “temperature degree” and is generally used in measuring heat or
|
|
|
+ cold.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wūzilide
|
|
|
+ wēndù shi duōshǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What's the temperature in your room?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>[There is another word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >qìwén</foreignphrase>, literally “air temperature,” used, for example,
|
|
|
+ in weather reports.]</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù bù gāo</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “the temperature is not high” Normal body temperature (98.6' F) is 37°
|
|
|
+ Celsius. Each additional degree Celsius is 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāishuǐ</foreignphrase>: “boiled
|
|
|
+ water” This is water that has been boiled, but is not necessarily hot. Often
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāishuǐ</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ served as a hot beverage, however. The Chinese commonly believe that ice
|
|
|
+ cold beverages are not good.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuěyā</foreignphrase>: “blood
|
|
|
+ pressure,” literally “blood pressure.” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuěyā gāo</foreignphrase> is “high blood
|
|
|
+ pressure,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuěyā
|
|
|
+ dǐ</foreignphrase> is “low blood pressure.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēnjiū</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “acupuncture and moxibustion” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēnjiǔ</foreignphrase>. Acupuncture is a
|
|
|
+ practice of traditional (but not necessarily orthodox) Chinese medicine
|
|
|
+ where parts of the body are pierced with needles to treat disease or relieve
|
|
|
+ pain. This is based on the idea that the body's energy (qì) forms an
|
|
|
+ integral system which must be maintained for good health. This is done by
|
|
|
+ applying pressure or releasing pressure to restore the balance of qì.
|
|
|
+ Moxibustion (traditionally more important than acupuncture) involves the
|
|
|
+ smoldering of herbs on certain body points. In some cases the herbs are
|
|
|
+ placed directly on the skin and lit with a stick of incense; at other times,
|
|
|
+ a slice of ginger is first placed on the skin and the herbs burned on
|
|
|
+ top.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng zhǎo zhēnjiū
|
|
|
+ dàifu gěi ni kànkan?</foreignphrase>: This has been translated on the
|
|
|
+ Reference List as “Do you want to sean acupuncturist?” which is the
|
|
|
+ conversational English equivalent. A translation more revealing of the
|
|
|
+ structure of the question might be: “Do you want to look for an acupuncture
|
|
|
+ doctor to give you treatment?”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liúxíngxìng
|
|
|
+ gǎnmào</foreignphrase>: “influenza, flu,” literally “epidemic cold.”
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liúxíng</foreignphrase>: the
|
|
|
+ verb “to be prevalent, to be popular, to be common.” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Xìng</foreignphrase> means “quality,
|
|
|
+ characteristic,” and when used as a suffix corresponds to “<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-esque</foreignphrase>” in “picturesque,” or
|
|
|
+ “-like” in “childlike.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Liúxíngxìng</foreignphrase> is then “having the characteristic of being
|
|
|
+ prevalent,” specifically “epidemic.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi dāo</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ operate; to be operated on,” literally “to open or operate the
|
|
|
+ knife.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> a
|
|
|
+ worker pays a return visit to a health clinic.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kesou yishēng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ Literally, “cough one sound.” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Sheng</foreignphrase> is the counter for utterances.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
|
|
|
- </section>
|
|
|
- <section>
|
|
|
- <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes for Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zāogāo</foreignphrase>: “too
|
|
|
+ bad, oh darn, how terrible, what a mess,” literally, “rotten-cake.” This is
|
|
|
+ used as an exclamation of dismay. It is often equivalent to “Oh
|
|
|
+ no!”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zāogāo! Wǒ
|
|
|
+ wàngle dài fēijīpiào le!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Oh, no! I forgot to bring the plane tickets!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>As an adjectival verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zāogāo</foreignphrase> means “to be in a mess, to be in a bad state,”
|
|
|
+ as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàrde
|
|
|
+ qíngxing hěn zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>The situation there is a mess.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
|
|
|
+ xiěde zhēn zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This book is terribly written.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
|
|
|
+ zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He's in a very bad way.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi
|
|
|
+ zhèige bìngrén láide zài wǎn yìdiǎnr jiù zāogāo
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>If this patient had come any later than he did, he
|
|
|
+ would have been in a real mess (in big trouble).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū</foreignphrase>: “to lose”
|
|
|
+ You can analyze the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wode
|
|
|
+ hùzhào diū le</foreignphrase> this way:<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
|
|
|
+ hùzhào</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>As for my passport,</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>it has been) lost.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>In some areas of China (including Taiwan) you would hear the word
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diào</foreignphrase> instead
|
|
|
+ of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hùzhào diào
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyì</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ translate, to interpret; translator, interpreter” Also pronounced
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyi</foreignphrase> (with a
|
|
|
+ neutral-tone <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >yi</foreignphrase>).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqing</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “matter, affair, business, thing.” Shìqing refers to abstract things, while
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōngxi</foreignphrase> refers
|
|
|
+ to concrete things.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàshǐ zhízhào</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “driver's license” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >jiàshǐ</foreignphrase> is “to drive (a vehicle).” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhízhào</foreignphrase> is a “license,
|
|
|
+ permit.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ discover, to find, to find out”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr
|
|
|
+ fāxiànle yige wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I've discovered a problem here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
|
|
|
+ gāng fāxiànde yìzhǒng xǐnde
|
|
|
+ yào.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This is a new kind of medicine which has just been
|
|
|
+ discovered.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The object of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fāxiàn</foreignphrase> may also be a clause:<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huílaile
|
|
|
+ yǐhòu jiu fāxiàn tā yǐjīng zǒu
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>When I came back I discovered tha the had already
|
|
|
+ left.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The expression <foreignphrase/> can often be translated as “I notice that
|
|
|
+ ...”or “I find that ...”. It often prefaces a personal observation, as
|
|
|
+ in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn
|
|
|
+ hěn duō Měiguo rén juéde yǒu háizi hěn
|
|
|
+ máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I find that many Americans feel that it's a lot of
|
|
|
+ trouble to have children.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn
|
|
|
+ nǐ hěn xǐhuan xīnde dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I notice (or, “I get the impression”) that you like
|
|
|
+ new things very much.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>As a noun, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >fāxiàn</foreignphrase> means “discovery”:<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
|
|
|
+ yíge hěn zhòngyàode fāxiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>This is a very important discovery.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>: “then and
|
|
|
+ only then, not until” This adverb should be used when an event happens
|
|
|
+ relatively late: “not until this morning.” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> is the opposite of
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>, the word
|
|
|
+ for “then” when something happens sooner or earlier. When a sentence using
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> describes
|
|
|
+ a completed action, the verb will hardly ever take the ending -le; notice
|
|
|
+ that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ sentence 6 cannot have -le. Here is another example:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
|
|
|
+ cái gàosu wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He didn't tell me until yesterday.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>: “a
|
|
|
+ little more quickly,” or as in No. 7, “soon.” <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài yidiǎnr</foreignphrase> gives the
|
|
|
+ impression of being even sooner than <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>. Both mean
|
|
|
+ “soon.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ receive, to get, to pick up, to collect” something that is issued or given
|
|
|
+ (a prize, salary, materials, passport, etc.)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoburán</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “otherwise,” literally “if-not-thus.” Like <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěshi</foreignphrase> “but” and
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase> “but,
|
|
|
+ however,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoburán</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ always comes at the front of the clause in which it occurs.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
|
|
|
+ mǎshàng zǒu, yàoburán wǒ jiù wǎn
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have to go right away, otherwise I'll be
|
|
|
+ late.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi zuò
|
|
|
+ fēijī qù, yàoburán jiù tài màn
|
|
|
+ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I have to take a plane, otherwise it'll be too
|
|
|
+ slow.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ take a picture,” literally, “illuminate-image.” You already learned
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàoxiàngjī</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “camera,” in WLF Unit 4, Part I. The counter for <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> “-pictures” is
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> (the
|
|
|
+ same one as for tables, sheets of paper and other flat things).
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào jǐzhāng
|
|
|
+ xiàng</foreignphrase> thus means “to take a few pictures.” (When NOT
|
|
|
+ using the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiàng</foreignphrase> as the object of zhào, however, you should use
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàopiàn</foreignphrase> or
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàngpiàn</foreignphrase> for
|
|
|
+ “photograph.”)</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Like many verb-object expressions, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase> has the potential
|
|
|
+ ambiguity of meaning either “to (verb) an (object )” or “to have an (object)
|
|
|
+ (verb)-ed”: “to take a picture” or “to have one's picture taken.” You saw
|
|
|
+ this with several verb-object expressions in Unit 3:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c4" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎn
|
|
|
+ tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to cut hair</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to have one's hair cut</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ
|
|
|
+ tóu</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to give a shampoo </entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to get a shampoo</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā
|
|
|
+ húzi</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to shave</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to have a shave</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā
|
|
|
+ píxié</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to shine shoes</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to have one's shoes shined</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng
|
|
|
+ tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to give a permanent</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to get a permanent</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn
|
|
|
+ tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to curl hair</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to have one's hair curled</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào
|
|
|
+ xiàng</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to take a picture</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry>to have one's picture taken</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>For example, in the case of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào
|
|
|
+ xiàng</foreignphrase>, a photographer might say <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>, “I am going
|
|
|
+ to take pictures”; but a person going to a photographer's studio might say
|
|
|
+ the same sentence,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wǒ qù zhào
|
|
|
+ xiàng</foreignphrase>, meaning “I am going to have my picture
|
|
|
+ taken.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The fact that such sentences may mean either of two things rarely causes
|
|
|
+ any misunderstandings in practice. The context almost always makes it
|
|
|
+ perfectly clear which meaning is intended.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para>With these verb-object expressions, if you want to specify the person on
|
|
|
+ whom the action is performed, you have to use a <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> phrase (you can't make
|
|
|
+ the person the direct object because the verb already has a direct object).
|
|
|
+ For example, to say “I'm going to take a picture of you,” say:<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi nǐ
|
|
|
+ zhào xiàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm going to take a picture of you.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Likewise:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tàitai
|
|
|
+ gěi ta jiǎn tóufa.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>His wife cuts his hair.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>*Although misunderstandings are rare, they are not impossible. Here is a
|
|
|
+ short exchange illustrating how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhào xiàng</foreignphrase> might be misunderstood and how the
|
|
|
+ misunderstanding might be cleared up. (For this example you need to know
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàopiàn</foreignphrase>,
|
|
|
+ “photograph,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zhàoxiàngguǎn</foreignphrase>, “photography studio.”)<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
|
|
|
+ zhào xiàng qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Today I went to take pictures / to have my picture
|
|
|
+ taken.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>B:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
|
|
|
+ shénme? Zhào fēngjǐng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What did you take pictures of? Did you take pictures
|
|
|
+ of scenery?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>A:</entry>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì a.
|
|
|
+ Yīnwèi wǒ yào lǐng hùzhào, děi yǒu zhàopiàn, suóyi
|
|
|
+ wǒ qù zhàoxiàngguǎn qǐng tamen gěi wo zhào
|
|
|
+ xiàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ <entry>No. I'm going to get a passport and need photographs,
|
|
|
+ so I went to a photo studio and had them take my
|
|
|
+ picture.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Here “A” meant by his first sentence “Today I went to have my picture
|
|
|
+ taken.” but “B” understood him to mean “Today I went to take
|
|
|
+ pictures.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàishì jǐngchá</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “foreign affairs policemen,” those who Heal with foreign nationals.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue for Part 1</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A foreign official in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Běijǐng</foreignphrase> talks with a Chinese colleague.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nǎr diūd'a?</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “Where did you lose it?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >d'a</foreignphrase> is a contraction of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>. The whole sentence would
|
|
|
+ be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr diūde
|
|
|
+ a?</foreignphrase></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>: “someone”
|
|
|
+ The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >shéi</foreignphrase> “who” can also be used to mean “someone.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>: This is the
|
|
|
+ prepositional verb which indicates the doer of the action, similar to the
|
|
|
+ English “by” in passive sentences. In sentences with <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>, it is the subject
|
|
|
+ (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> in
|
|
|
+ sentence 12) which received the action and the object of <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐchē</foreignphrase> in sentence 12) which
|
|
|
+ did the action.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde zìdiǎn
|
|
|
+ bèi xuésheng názǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My dictionary was taken by a student.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bèi rén
|
|
|
+ dǎsǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He was beaten to death by someone. (<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎsǐ</foreignphrase> is
|
|
|
+ literally “hit to death”)</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bèi</foreignphrase> has a
|
|
|
+ special characteristic other prepositional verbs do not share: it can occur
|
|
|
+ WITHOUT AN OBJECT. Its passive meaning is still evident in the rest of the
|
|
|
+ sentence:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde xīn
|
|
|
+ qìchē bèi zhuàng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My new car was hit.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde yǔsān
|
|
|
+ bèi názǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>My umbrella was taken.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qí</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ ride/drive by straddling” While <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >zuò</foreignphrase> is the verb “to ride” down, qí is the verb “to
|
|
|
+ ride” used generally - and specifically when sitting with horses,
|
|
|
+ motorcycles and bicycles.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téngsǐ le</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ hurt a lot,” literally “to hurt to death (figuratively speaking)”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú xuě</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ bleed,” literally “to flow blood”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >Xuě</foreignphrase> is also pronounced <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuè</foreignphrase>.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tái</foreignphrase>: “to lift or
|
|
|
+ carry (by two or more persons)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ
|
|
|
+ zhèige zhuōzi táijìnlái.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Please carry this table in (with me or someone
|
|
|
+ else).</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ
|
|
|
+ zhèi liǎngjiàn dà xíngli táishang chē
|
|
|
+ qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Please carry (with me or someone else these two large
|
|
|
+ suitcases onto the train.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ diànshì
|
|
|
+ táixià 1óu lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Bring the television downstairs with me.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòng</foreignphrase>: “to move
|
|
|
+ (either oneself or something else)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
|
|
|
+ dòng!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Don't move.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiān bú yào
|
|
|
+ dòng ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Let's not move him just yet.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dòng</foreignphrase> can also
|
|
|
+ mean “to touch” something, so <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
|
|
|
+ dòng</foreignphrase> can also mean “Don't touch it.”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòngbuliǎo</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “unable to move” The endings<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
|
|
|
+ -deliǎo</foreignphrase> “able” and -<foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">buliǎo</foreignphrase> “unable” are used with
|
|
|
+ action verbs to show the result of the action.<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zènme duō
|
|
|
+ xíngli, wǒ yíge rén
|
|
|
+ nábuliǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I can't carry all this luggage by myself.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kāi dāo
|
|
|
+ bù jiǔ, hái zǒubuliāo lù.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It hasn't been long since the operation. She's not
|
|
|
+ yet able to walk.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià zhème
|
|
|
+ dà yǔ. Xiànzài zěubuliǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's raining so hard. We can't leave now.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎshàng</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “immediately, right away,” literally “on a horse”</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ diànhuà</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ make a phone call,” literally “to hit electric-speech.” To indicate who you
|
|
|
+ are calling, use the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for, to.”<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gěi shéi
|
|
|
+ dǎ diànhuà?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who are you calling?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng
|
|
|
+ yòu gěi ni dǎ diàn huà le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
|
|
|
+ Wáng</foreignphrase> called you again.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànhuà</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ by itself can mean either “telephone” or “telephone call.”<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
|
|
|
+ méiyou diànhuà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Are you still without a phone?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu nǐde
|
|
|
+ diànhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>There's a call for you.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>Sometimes you can use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >diànhuà</foreignphrase> where English would have “telephone number”:
|
|
|
+ <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
|
|
|
+ diànhuà shi duōshao?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is your telephone number?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhāojí</foreignphrase>: “to get
|
|
|
+ upset, to get excited with worry, to feel anxious”<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tài
|
|
|
+ zhāojí. Wǒmen zhèr méiyou shénme
|
|
|
+ wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>You're too anxious/worried. We don't have any
|
|
|
+ problems here.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kān</foreignphrase>: “to look
|
|
|
+ after (something)” The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >kàn</foreignphrase> “to look, to see” changes tones when it means “to
|
|
|
+ look after something.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù
|
|
|
+ Xiānggǎngde shíhou, shéi gěi ni kān
|
|
|
+ fángzi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who'll be looking after your house when you go to
|
|
|
+ Hong Kong?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi gěi ni
|
|
|
+ kān háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Who looks after the children (OR babysits) for
|
|
|
+ you?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase>: This is
|
|
|
+ the marker of DURATION. It may be added to an action or process verb to
|
|
|
+ indicate that the action lasts for some amount of time. In the sentence
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr kānzhe
|
|
|
+ ta</foreignphrase> “I'll stay here and look after him,” the speaker is
|
|
|
+ saying that he will do this and CONTINUE it for some time. <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Zhe</foreignphrase> can be used whether the
|
|
|
+ time is past, present or future.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
|
|
|
+ nèibiān zuòzhe, Xiǎo Lán pǎojinlai gàosu ta bàba
|
|
|
+ huílai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She was sitting there when <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāo Lán</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ ran in and told her papa had returned.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para>
|
|
|
+ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hāi bìngzhe ne.</foreignphrase>
|
|
|
+ He's still sick. (The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-zhe</foreignphrase> tells you that the illness is lasting for some
|
|
|
+ time. Without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >-zhe</foreignphrase>, bin, means “get sick,” not “be sick. Ne tells you
|
|
|
+ this is not a new situation [absence of change!]<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuòzhe
|
|
|
+ ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Sit for a while.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Dialogue for Part 2</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A passerby (B) on a street in Beijing is called by the driver of a motor
|
|
|
+ cycle (A) who has Just had an accident with a pedestrian (C).</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference List</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">páizi</foreignphrase>: “sign,
|
|
|
+ poster, plate,” also a “brand name, trademark”<informaltable frame="none"
|
|
|
+ rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ mǎide
|
|
|
+ shi shénme páizide
|
|
|
+ zhàoxiàngjī?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What brand of camera did you buy?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige hóng
|
|
|
+ páizishang xiěde shi shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>What is written on that red sign ?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùyì</foreignphrase>: “to pay
|
|
|
+ attention to, to take notice of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
|
|
|
+ zhùyì tā shi gēn shéi zǒude.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I didn't notice who he left with.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhùyì
|
|
|
+ diǎnr!</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Please pay a little more attention!</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi bù kéyi</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “cannot” Of the three auxiliary verbs <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase> is the one to use when
|
|
|
+ the “can” or “cannot” is due to someone granting or withholding
|
|
|
+ permission.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóuyǒng</foreignphrase>: “to
|
|
|
+ swim”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì bu
|
|
|
+ huì yóuyǒng? </foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>Can you swim?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yóuyǒng
|
|
|
+ yóude bú tài hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I don't swim too well.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wéixiǎn</foreignphrase>: “to be
|
|
|
+ dangerous, to be perilous” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēixiǎn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
|
|
|
+ frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiběi
|
|
|
+ qí mōtuōchē tài wéixiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>It's too dangerous to ride a motorcycle in
|
|
|
+ Taipei.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú pà
|
|
|
+ wéixiǎn, tā shénme dōu yào
|
|
|
+ zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>He's not afraid of danger. He'll do anything.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùyì</foreignphrase>:
|
|
|
+ “intentionally, willfully, on purpose”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gùyì bǎ
|
|
|
+ nèixie shū diū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She lost those books on purpose.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ, wǒ
|
|
|
+ bú shi gùyì (zuò)de.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>I'm sorry, I didn't do it on purpose.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to let,
|
|
|
+ to allow, to cause (someone to do something).” This is a prepositional verb,
|
|
|
+ i.e. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase> and its
|
|
|
+ object both precede the main verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
|
|
|
+ colsep="1">
|
|
|
+ <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
|
|
|
+ <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
|
|
|
+ <tbody>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú ràng
|
|
|
+ wǒ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>She won't let me leave.</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zěnme
|
|
|
+ kéyi ràng tā zènme bù
|
|
|
+ gāoxìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry/>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ <row>
|
|
|
+ <entry>How could you make her so unhappy?</entry>
|
|
|
+ </row>
|
|
|
+ </tbody>
|
|
|
+ </tgroup>
|
|
|
+ </informaltable></para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>A Canadian man (M) has Just entered an area in <foreignphrase
|
|
|
+ xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> prohibited to
|
|
|
+ foreigners, having failed to notice a sign in English to that effect. A
|
|
|
+ policewoman (F) calls out to him.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐdao le</foreignphrase>: “now
|
|
|
+ I know,” or “I understand” This is the marker le for new situations.</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
|
|
|
+ <para>An American woman and her two children are swimming along the beach in
|
|
|
+ Taiwan. A soldier calls to them.</para>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
|
|
|
+ <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì bú yào zài lai
|
|
|
+ le</foreignphrase>: “in the future don't come here again (any more).” In
|
|
|
+ addition to meaning “next time,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
|
|
|
+ >xiàcì</foreignphrase> can mean generally “in the future.”</para>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
+ <section>
|
|
|
+ <title>Vocabulary</title>
|
|
|
+ <para/>
|
|
|
+ </section>
|
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
<section>
|
|
|
<title>Appendixes</title>
|
Eric Streit
