FSI-Chinese-Docbook/OptionalModule-RST/FSI-OptionalModule-RST.xml.bak

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    version="5.1">
    <title>Restaurant</title>
    <para/>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <section>
            <title>General</title>
            <para>The purpose of the Restaurant Module (RST) is to acquaint you with Chinese cuisine
                and eating customs and to provide you with the linguistic skills you need to be able
                to order food in a restaurant or to dine at home.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Specific</title>
            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name four foods or dishes suitable as a snack or as an in-between
                        meal.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name four dishes in Chinese you might order for dinner.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name 5 types of meat, fish or fowl.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Translate the names of 10 Chinese dishes (either soups, main courses, or
                        desserts) into English.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>List the food which accompanies various main courses: rice, noodles,
                        pancakes, steamed bread, flower rolls.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order a Western-style breakfast.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order one of the "fixed meals" offered in small restaurants.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order Mongolian Barbecue or Mongolian Hot Pot.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Discuss with a friend what to order for a snack.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask for a menu and for help in reading it. Discuss with the waiter or
                        waitress what the various dishes are. Ask for suggestions in ordering the
                        meal.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Comment on the meal: how the dishes were made, which were most pleasing,
                        and when you’ve had enough.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask for the check and ask to have the tip figured into the total.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Call to make reservations for a dinner party. Discuss the menu and cost of
                        the dinner.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>List the different types of courses which go to make up a banquet: cold
                        dishes, main courses, soups, and desserts.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Partake in a formal banquet: toasting friends, wishing them well, and
                        responding to the host's hospitality.</para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>


                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes</title>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>: “to
                            eat”. The verb “to eat” is often expressed using a general object
                            compound, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī
                                fàn</foreignphrase>, instead of the simple verb <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>. <informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chī
                                                  fàn le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >你吃饭了马？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Have you eaten? </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái
                                                  méi chī fàn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >我还没吃饭。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry> I haven't eaten yet.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suíbiàn</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">随便</foreignphrase>: This word meaning
                            “as you please”, or more literally “following convenience”, has a
                            variety of uses.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ
                                                  suíbiàn mǎi ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你随便买吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Buy what you want. </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù
                                                  bu qu? Suí nǐde biàn ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你去不去？随你的便吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Are you going? Do what you like. </entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guōtiē</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">锅贴</foreignphrase>: This has been translated here as
                            “fried dumpling”, but actually a <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guōtiē</foreignphrase> differs from a
                            dumpling in several respects. We usually think of a dumpling as a solid
                            lump of leavened dough dropped in soup to cook. A <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guōtiē</foreignphrase>, however, is made
                            of thin, unleavened dough, which serves as a wrapper for a filling. This
                            filling may be Chinese cabbage, port, beef, lamb, or any combination,
                            thereof. Secondly, a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >guōtiē</foreignphrase> is not dropped in soup, but is steamed and
                            fried, so that the bottom is crisp and the top is soft. </para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāozi</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">包子</foreignphrase>: This is a round
                            of steamed bread filled with salty stuffing (cabbage, pork, beef,
                            shrimp, etc.) or sweet stuffing (red bean puree, walnuts, almonds,
                            etc.). The steamed bread is made from a raised dough and forms a thick
                            bun, somewhat similar in concept to a hamburger. </para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suān là tāng</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">酸辣汤</foreignphrase>: A thick spicy soup made of pork,
                            white bean curd, “red bean curd” (actually dried chicken or pork blood),
                            dried tiger lily flowers, mushrooms, bamboo shoots and egg.</para>
                        <para>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngwǎn...</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">两碗酸。。。</foreignphrase>: The word for “bowl”,
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn</foreignphrase>
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">碗</foreignphrase>, is used as a counter here.</para>
                        <section>
                            <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                            <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
                            <para/>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yào jige bāozi, zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase>: The
                                toneless syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ji-</foreignphrase> means “a few”
                                or “several”. It may be difficult to distinguish between
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jige</foreignphrase>. “a few”, from
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐge</foreignphrase>, “how many” in rapid speech.
                                Usually there will be other clues such as intonation and context to
                                help you distinguish them. This is discussed again in Unit 3 of the
                                Directions Module. </para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào diǎn tài duō le.</foreignphrase>: The phrase
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yào</foreignphrase> is used to mean “don't” in
                                sentences expressing a command. You'll learn more about this in the
                                Transportation Module. The marker le for new situation is used here
                                to reinforce the idea of “excessive”. Whenever a speaker says
                                something is excessive, he is actually saying that it has BECOME
                                excessive. </para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen diǎn dian shénme?</foreignphrase>: The first
                                word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diǎn</foreignphrase> is the verb “to order”. The
                                second word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diǎn</foreignphrase> (from
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>, “a little”) means “some”. </para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èrshige guōtiē, sìge bāozi</foreignphrase>: You can
                                tell from the amount ordered that the
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guōtiē</foreignphrase> are more or less
                                bite-sized, while the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāozi</foreignphrase> are
                                larger.</para>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                            <para>A conversation between an American student and a Chinese friend in
                                front of a small restaurant.</para>
                            <para/>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎochìdiàn</foreignphrase>: This is a small place
                                where you can grab something to eat.
                                    (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎochī</foreignphrase> means “snack”.) If you
                                are in a city in China, you are probably not far from one. A
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎochīdiàn</foreignphrase> is often run by one
                                or two people. It may be arranged so that the cooking area faces the
                                street, in which case you'll probably walk through the kitchen as
                                you head for a table. Putting the kitchen at the front, facing the
                                street, makes for better ventilation and allows people on the street
                                to see and smell what is being cooked. Inside you are likely to find
                                small tables without tablecloths, and stools. There is generally no
                                menu, but some of the dishes may be written on a blackboard or on
                                red pieces of paper which are hung on the wall. Since the
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎochīdiàn</foreignphrase> is often a small
                                operation, it may only offer a few things or it may specialize in
                                serving one type of food, such as noodles or dumplings. The word
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo</foreignphrase> in
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎochīdiàn</foreignphrase>, refers not to the
                                size of the establishment, but to the types of food offered.</para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen dōu yǒu shénme?</foreignphrase>: The word
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> in this sentence refers to
                                the object, not the subject. In other words, the sentence is
                                translated as “What all do they have?” in this context. In another
                                conversation the same sentence might mean “What do they all
                                have?”.</para>
                            <para>This type of question with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>
                                expects an answer with more than one item mentioned. The
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> may be thought to refer to
                                the object in the answer.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                    colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dōu mǎi shénme
                                                  le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>What all did you buy?</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǎile shíge bāozi, sānjīn
                                                  píngguo, liùpíng qìshuǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>I bought ten bāozi, three catties of apples,
                                                  six bottles of soda.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                            <para>But notice that in the answer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>
                                is NOT used even though the object is plural in number or a series
                                of items.</para>
                        </section>
                    </section>


                </section>

            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List </title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēng jiǎo</foreignphrase>: These are crescent-shaped
                        dumplings filled with cabbage and meat which are steam cooked. The steaming
                        is done by-placing the dumplings in a bamboo basket, which is one layer in a
                        stack of bamboo baskets called a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēng lóng</foreignphrase>,
                        and then placing the whole stack over a container of boiling water.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi wo lái ...</foreignphrase>: The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> here means not “to come” but “to
                        bring” since it is followed by a noun. The word gěi is the prepositional
                        verb “for”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìlóng zhēng jiǎo</foreignphrase>: Steamed dumplings are
                        sold by the basket and served in the basket that they are steamed in. The
                        word for one tier of such baskets is used as a counter,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-lòng</foreignphrase>
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìlòng</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liànglòng</foreignphrase>. etc.).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāng miàn</foreignphrase>: This is the name for a class of
                        dishes made of noodles and soup. Unlike the Western idea of soup with some
                        noodles, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tāng miàn</foreignphrase> is basically noodles with
                        some soup added. Because Northern China is a wheat growing area, noodles are
                        a staple in the diet of that region. A bowl of noodles can be used to make a
                        side dish for a large meal, or, with a little soup and meat added, can be a
                        meal in itself. Noodles are commonly made in six-to-ten-foot lengths in
                        China, and are regarded as a symbol of longevity.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo miàn</foreignphrase>: One of the verbs translated “to
                        fry” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase>. It is also sometimes translated
                        as “stir fry”. The Chinese language has several verbs meaning “to fry”.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chǎo</foreignphrase> means to fry in a little oil,
                        stirring rapidly and constantly, not unlike sautéing.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúròu miàn</foreignphrase>: This dish consists of noodles
                        in soup with pieces of beef. The word for “beef” is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúròu</foreignphrase>, literally “cow”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niú</foreignphrase> and “meat”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròu</foreignphrase>. In the names of Chinese dishes, the
                        thing the dish is primarily composed of, in this case noodles, is at the end
                        of the phrase. Those words coming before describe the additional foods with
                        which the dish is prepared or the style in which it is prepared.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎozi</foreignphrase>: A crescent-shaped dumpling, made of
                        white dough and stuffed with a mixture of meat and scallions or mixed
                        vegetables. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎozi</foreignphrase> may be served steamed,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēng jiǎo</foreignphrase> or boiled, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuǐ
                            jiǎo</foreignphrase>. It is said that Marco Polo took the idea of these
                        dumplings back to Italy inspiring the creation of ravioli.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròusī miàn</foreignphrase>: This is noodles in soup with
                        shreds of pork and vegetables. Actually, the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròu</foreignphrase> means simply “meat”, not “pork”. But
                        the basic meat of China has always been pork, and therefore
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròu</foreignphrase> on a menu refers to pork unless
                        otherwise specified.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénmede</foreignphrase>: This word, used after a series of
                        nouns, means “and so on” or “etcetera”.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qìshuǐ, píjiǔ, shénmede dōu děi
                                                mǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We need to buy soda, beer, and so on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation between a waiter and a customer at a small eatery.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshaoge</foreignphrase>: The word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshao</foreignphrase> may be used either with or
                        without a counter.</para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānxiān</foreignphrase>: This word occurs in the names of
                        rice dishes, noodle dishes and soups. It can be roughly translated as “three
                        delicacies”, more literally, “three fresh”. It means that the dish is made
                        with two different meats, such as chicken and pork, and a seafood, such as
                        shrimp, in addition to the vegetables.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation at another small eatery.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>

            </section>

        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo jīdàn</foreignphrase>: This is literally translated as
                        “fried eggs”. Since <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase> means “to stir fry”,
                        however, it actually refers to scrambled eggs.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎo miànbāo</foreignphrase>: “Toast”. This phrase is the
                        verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎo</foreignphrase> “to roast” and the word for “bread”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miànbāo</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng zài lái...</foreignphrase>: Here again you see the
                        verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> used to mean “bring”. The word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is the adverb “again”. Literally
                        translated, this phrase means something like “Please again bring...”. This
                        is the standard way to ask someone to bring more of something.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāobing</foreignphrase>: This is a baked roll with layers
                        of dough and covered with sesame seeds. It comes in two shapes, one oblong
                        and the other round like an English muffin, only not as thick. It is usually
                        eaten at breakfast.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎnggēn yóutiáo</foreignphrase>: This is a long, twisted,
                        puffy roll which is deep-fried. It resembles a cruller, but it is not sweet.
                        Literally, the name means “oil stick”. It is usually eaten at breakfast,
                        along with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòujiāng</foreignphrase> and perhaps a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎobing</foreignphrase>. The counter for long, thin
                        objects, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóutiáo</foreignphrase> is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-gēn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòujiāng</foreignphrase>: This is a liquid produced when
                        bean curd, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòufu</foreignphrase>, is made from soybeans. It
                        is white, resembling milk, and high in protein. It may be flavored so that
                        it is sweet or salty. It is sometimes called soybean milk.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiánde/xiānde</foreignphrase>: Many foods in China such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāozi</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòujiāng</foreignphrase> come in two sorts:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiánde</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānde</foreignphrase>. Although the Chinese categorize
                        foods as either salty or sweet, this does not mean that food which is
                        labeled “salty” is terribly salty. Sometimes the label “salty” simply means
                        “not sweet”.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                <para>A conversation at the Peking Hotel.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para>Breakfast at the Peking Hotel: The Peking Hotel is said to have the best
                    Western style food in the city. While they serve both Western and Chinese style
                    lunches and dinners, they are not always prepared to serve certain kinds of
                    Chinese breakfast foods, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāobing</foreignphrase> and
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóutiáo</foreignphrase>. If you would like to eat these
                    typical Chinese breakfast foods you should ask in advance.</para>
                <para/>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīfàn</foreignphrase>: This is another breakfast food. It is a
                    white porridge made of rice and water. In the northern parts of China it is
                    eaten along with salted pickles, ham, salted vegetables, salted eggs or
                    peanuts.</para>
                <para/>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mántou</foreignphrase>: “Steamed bread”. While the word
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miànbāo</foreignphrase> refers to Western style bread,
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mántou</foreignphrase> refers to a Chinese version of bread,
                    a large steamed roll made of white dough. It is heavy and moist with no
                    crust.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase>: This refers to a type of meal in which
                    soup, a main dish, rice and tea are all served for one price. Much of the meal
                    is prepared ahead of time, which makes it quick, convenient and inexpensive for
                    the customer. It is referred to here as a “fixed meal”. Other translations are
                    “fixed dinner”, “blue plate special” and “combination plate”.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kèfàn jiù yǒu yìzhǒng ma?</foreignphrase>: When you ask this
                    question, the person you are speaking to might think you are asking about the
                    different price categories that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase> is
                    available in. Restaurants which offer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase> often
                    have an inexpensive, a moderate and a top-of-the-line
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase> each day.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cài</foreignphrase>: This is the word for any dish which is not
                    soup, rice or noodles.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase>: Like the word
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>, “to give”, the word
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase> can act as either a full verb or a
                    prepositional verb. As a full verb, it means “to use”. As a prepositional verb,
                    it means “with”. Here are some examples of both usages.<informaltable
                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kéyi yòng wǒde
                                            diànshàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>You can use my electric fan.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yòng kuàizi chī
                                        fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He eats with chopsticks.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable></para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jī</foreignphrase>: While often the word for a type of meat,
                    such as “beef”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúròu</foreignphrase>, contains the syllable
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ròu</foreignphrase>, “meat”, the word for chicken does
                    not.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì</foreignphrase>: The words for “last time”, “this time”
                    and “next time” are formed according to the same principle as you've learned for
                    other time words, like “last week” and “last month”.</para>
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngcì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngge yuè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhècì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhège yuè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge xīngqī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàge yuè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                <para>A conversation between an American woman and a Chinese friend, who are out to
                    eat on their lunch hour.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase>: At the beginning of the sentence, nà means
                    “then” or “well then”.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu sān-sìzhǒng</foreignphrase>: “three or four kinds”. Two
                    consecutive numbers may be used together to give the idea of an approximate
                    figure. The exception to this rule is that 10 and multiples of 10 can not
                    combine with the number coming immediately before or after them. You will learn
                    this in more detail in the Transportation Module.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo. Nǐ yào yíge qīngjiāo niúròu.</foreignphrase>: While at an
                    informal meal each person at the table may choose one of the dishes, everyone at
                    a Chinese meal eats from all the dishes, which are put in the center of the
                    table.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo bu hǎochī?</foreignphrase>: The compound
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochī</foreignphrase>, “to be tasty”, can be broken apart to
                    form a question.</para>
                <para>Kèfàn dōu yǒu shénme yàngde cài<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">?</foreignphrase>: The adverb
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> in this sentence refers to the plural
                    subject <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèfàn</foreignphrase>, “fixed dinners”.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiārén</foreignphrase>: This word refers to small shrimp
                        without shells.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòufu</foreignphrase>: “Bean curd”. This is a soft white
                        substance made from soybeans, with the consistency of jello or custard. It
                        has only a faint taste, but is rich in protein and minerals. It is a staple
                        found all over the Orient and may be found in everyday food as well as
                        festive foods.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú cuò</foreignphrase>: This phrase is used for “not bad”,
                        in the sense of “pretty good”, “pretty well”, “all right”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié kèqi</foreignphrase>: Because this phrase is one of the
                        most basic phrases in the system of Chinese customs and manner, it is
                        difficult to translate. Here, it may be translated as “Don't be formal.” or
                        “Don't stand on ceremony.” But it should be viewed in context to determine
                        its full meaning.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎo</foreignphrase>: This is an adjectival verb meaning “to
                        be satisfied”, literally “to be full”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duō chī yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>: Notice the word order of
                        this sentence. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> is used as an
                        adverb, and therefore precedes the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>.
                        The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> is used as the object of the
                        action and therefore follows the verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài chī</foreignphrase>: The word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> can be used as a marker of ongoing
                        action. You’ll learn more about this in the Meeting Module.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī zài diǎn yíge ba.</foreignphrase>: The word zài here
                        means “additionally” or “more”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tài duō le, Bú yào cài le ba.</foreignphrase>;
                        Here are two examples of the marker le for new situations. In the first
                        sentence it is necessary to use le to indicate that the food order has now
                        become too much. In the second sentence, it is necessary to use the marker
                        le to indicate that the meat and vegetable is not wanted anymore.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>At another small restaurant.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài lai yíge tāng, zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase>: Here you see
                        another example of the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>. meaning
                        “additionally” or “more”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng bu xiang chī dian tiǎnde dōngxi?</foreignphrase>:
                        The Chinese are not accustomed to eating desserts as are some other
                        cultures. While they have invented some rather delicious desserts, these are
                        usually served only at more formal dinners. At a modest meal or in a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎochīdiàn</foreignphrase>, the only dessert available
                        is probably fruit.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīdao</foreignphrase>: The verb “to know”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīdao</foreignphrase> is a state verb and therefore can
                        be negated, only with the syllable
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuótian bù zhīdao tā zài
                                                nār.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yesterday I didn’t know where he was.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice also that the verb “to know, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīdao</foreignphrase>,
                        has a neutral tone on the last syllable. But when it is negated, the verb
                        “to know” has tones on all syllables,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> bù
                            zhīdào</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiàode tài duō le.</foreignphrase>: “You've ordered too
                        much.” A more literal translation might be “What you’ve ordered is too much.
                        The phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiàode</foreignphrase> is a modifying phrase
                        with the modified noun (perhaps “food” or “dishes”) deleted.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mápó dòufu</foreignphrase>: This is a peppery hot dish made
                        of bean curd, finely chopped beef or pork and hot bean paste. This dish is
                        typical of the Szechuan style of cooking, which is noted for hot spicy
                        dishes.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yúxiāng qiézi</foreignphrase>: This name literally means
                        “fragrant-fish eggplant”. However, there is no fish used in the preparation
                        of the dish. It is made with scallions, ginger, garlic, hot bean paste,
                        vinegar and soy sauce. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yúxiāng</foreignphrase> refers to a
                        famous Szechuan manner of preparation which was originally used to make fish
                        dishes, but was later applied to other foods, such as pork, beef, and
                        eggplant.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīdīng</foreignphrase>: Earlier you saw the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīpiān</foreignphrase>, “chicken slices”, now you see the
                        word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīdīng</foreignphrase>, which means “chicken cubes” or
                        “diced chicken. Both are commonly used in the names of dishes.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngbǎo jīdīng</foreignphrase>: This is a famous dish which
                        originated in Szechuan. It is made with diced chicken, bamboo shoots,
                        scallions, red peppers, soy sauce, and garlic.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiārén guōba tāng</foreignphrase>: This is a shrimp and
                        tomato soup into which squares of dried crispy rice are dropped. These
                        squares of rice bear some resemblance to “rice crisps”. They are the crisp
                        browned part of the rice left at the bottom of the pot. As the crispy rice
                        squares are poured into the hot soup, a sizzling, crackling sound is given
                        off.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">básī píngguo</foreignphrase>: This is a dessert made of
                        apple slices Which are covered with a light batter and deep fried. The fried
                        apples are then dipped in a hot mixture of sugar-syrup and sesame seeds. The
                        apples are coated much in the same way taffy apples are. These hot
                        sugar-coated apples are then dropped into a bowl of ice water, which hardens
                        the sugar syrup covering into a crisp candy coating. The result is a dessert
                        which combines a number of textures and tastes. The name for this dessert is
                        translated many ways: “spun taffy apples”, “caramel apple fritters”, “pulled
                        silk apples”. Bananas can also be prepared in this way.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation between two Chinese friends who are out to dinner in a
                        Szechwan restaurant.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Dinner in a Szechuan Restaurant; China has a rich and varied tradition of
                        cooking, due to the size of the country, the many different foods available,
                        and the long history of its culture. The numerous styles of cooking may be
                        grouped into the following schools: The Northern School (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīng
                            cài</foreignphrase>), The Sichuan School (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuān
                            Cài</foreignphrase>), The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húnán</foreignphrase> School
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāng Cài</foreignphrase>), The
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> School (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hù
                            Cài</foreignphrase>). The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fújiàn</foreignphrase> School
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǐn Cài</foreignphrase>), The Canton School
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuè Cài</foreignphrase>), each with its own distinct
                        style and famous dishes. It is common to find restaurants representing most
                        of these schools of cooking in many cities in China.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāngrán hái yào yíge tāng</foreignphrase>: The speaker says
                        “Naturally we'll also want a soup.” because soup is a part of every Chinese
                        meal, from the simplest lunch to the most elaborate dinner. The reason for
                        this is that, unless toasts are being drunk, the Chinese do not drink
                        beverages along with their meal. The soup, which is served at the end of the
                        meal, is the main liquid of the meal.</para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sháor (sháozi)/tiáogēng</foreignphrase>: The word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sháor</foreignphrase> is used more in Peking, while
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiáogēng</foreignphrase> is used in other parts of the
                        country, too.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāndedǒng</foreignphrase>: This is a compound verb of
                        result meaning “can read and understand (it)”. Its negative counterpart is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànbudǒng</foreignphrase>, “can’t read and understand
                        (it)”. See Meeting Module. Reference Notes for Unit 1 for a discussion of
                        compound verbs of result.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiěde zì, wǒ
                                                kānbudǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can't read (understand) his writing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huánghuā Yú</foreignphrase>: The Seiaena Schelegelì is
                        translated here as “yellow fish”. It is sometimes referred to in Chinese as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huáng yú</foreignphrase>. In English, it is also called
                        croaker, drum fish, or China Bass. Since the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huánghuā
                            yú</foreignphrase> is a fish native to China, any American fish name
                        given to it, such as croaker, is at best only a rough equivalent.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngshāo Yú</foreignphrase>: The “red-cooked” style of
                        cooking involves stewing the meat, or in this case, the fish, in soy sauce,
                        sherry and water. It is called “red-cooked” because of the reddish-brown
                        color the soy sauce gives the dish.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cōngbào Niúròu</foreignphrase>: Beef with Spring Onions.
                        Literally, this means “spring onions-fried beef”.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bào</foreignphrase> is another method of cooking. It is
                        similar to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase> “sauté”, but uses less oil
                        and highest heat.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhàci Ròusī Tāng</foreignphrase>: Although translated here
                        as “Szechuan Hot Pickled Cabbage,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàci</foreignphrase> is
                        properly made from mustard green roots preserved with salt and hot pepper.
                        It can be used to flavor foods or it can be eaten by itself.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǐfǎn</foreignphrase>: This word refers to cooked rice. It
                        can also refer to rice dishes, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo
                            fàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huājuǎr</foreignphrase>: Flower-rolls are made of steamed
                        bread, which has been shaped into layers resembling petals.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn yíxià zhàng</foreignphrase>: The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn</foreignphrase> means “to figure, to calculate”.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suàn zhàng </foreignphrase>means “to figure accounts”,
                        “to calculate the bill”. Here the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxià</foreignphrase>
                        follows the verb. The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíxià</foreignphrase> after a
                        verb has an effect similar to reduplicating the verb, that is it makes the
                        action more casual.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài hēibǎnshang xiězhe ne</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Zhe</foreignphrase> is the marker of DURATION of actions
                        and states. It indicates that an action or state lasted for an amount of
                        time. The marker ne, on the other hand, marks ONGOING (and therefore
                        present) actions or states. In this expression the marker
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase> tells us that at some time the
                        dishes CONTINUE in the state of being written on the blackboard, and the
                        marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> tells us that state is GOING ON
                        now. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Zhe</foreignphrase> is used in sentences to describe
                        activities which last over a period of time, whether that time is past,
                        present or future. A verb plus <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase> in
                        Chinese often corresponds to the “-ing” form of the verb in
                            English.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒuzhe qù kéyi
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you get there by walking?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zuòzhe shuō huà, hǎo bu
                                                hao?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let's sit awhile and talk, okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtian wǎnshang, wǒmen shi zuòzhe
                                                chī, háishi zhànzhe chī?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tomorrow night will it be a sit-down dinner or will
                                            we eat standing up?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái bìngzhe
                                            ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is still sick.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngnóngbíng</foreignphrase>: This expression is a
                        conglomeration of the words for “worker”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngren</foreignphrase>, “farmer”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngmín</foreignphrase>, and “soldier”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>. Notice that the first syllable (or
                        only syllable) of each is used to make this abbreviated form.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīdelái</foreignphrase>: This is a compound verb of result
                        with the syllable -de- inserted between the action verb and the ending verb.
                        This pattern is used to express the meaning “able to ____”. Usually the
                        second verb of the compound expresses the specific result of the action, but
                        here the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> expresses only the general
                        idea of result. (The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> in this
                        position has been called a “dummy result ending”.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qù</foreignphrase> can also be used this way.) Although
                        no specific result is expressed here, the pattern is still used because it
                        expresses the idea of “can” or “able to”.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo cài, wǒ zuòdelúi; Zhōngguo cài,
                                                wǒ zuòbulái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo cài, wǒ huì zuò; Zhōngguo cài,
                                                wǒ bú huì zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                    <para>Three American women, who have spent the morning sightseeing, enter a
                        cafeteria in a park. It is lunchtime and there are many people. As the women
                        get in line to order, an attendant in the cafeteria comes up to them.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
                    <para>Notice that in this situation the cafeteria attendant does not let the
                        foreigners stand in line for their food. Instead he waits on them getting
                        them special food when possible. The Chinese feel that foreigners are their
                        guests and should be treated accordingly.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù dōu kàndedǒng</foreignphrase>: Notice that the
                        American woman chooses a rather indirect way of letting the Chinese
                        attendant know that she cannot read. In the lines following, the attendant
                        answers back simply suggesting some of the more tasty dishes, a courteous
                        and face-saving response.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huì yòng, kěshi yòngde bú tài hǎo</foreignphrase>: This is
                        another courteous response. Here the American lets it be known that they can
                        handle chopsticks, but does so modestly.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīdelái ba?</foreignphrase>: Literally, “Was it edible?”
                        or “Could you eat it?”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>Three friends enter a restaurant in downtown Taipei at lunchtime. A waiter
                        comes up to them.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen gāng cóng Mèiguo lái</foreignphrase>: In this
                        sentence and the ones which follow the American modestly explains their
                        situation and then asks for help. The waiter replies in a friendly and
                        polite manner.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒumíng</foreignphrase>: “To be famous”, literally, “to
                        have a name”, is always negated with
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kǎo Yángròu</foreignphrase>: This is Mongolian Barbecued
                        Lamb. It is thin slices of lamb dipped in a sauce of soy sauce, scallions,
                        Chinese parsley, sugar, and sherry, and other condiments you can mix to your
                        own taste, then grilled quickly over high heat. This meal is prepared at
                        specialty restaurants which usually serve little else.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuàn Yángròu</foreignphrase>: This meal requires that a
                        pot with a source of heat beneath it (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huǒguō</foreignphrase>,
                        literally “fire pot”) be placed in the middle of the table. Usually the pot
                        is shaped in a ring with a chimney containing the heat source in the center.
                        Each guest cooks his meat and vegetables in the boiling water of the fire
                        pot, often with four or five people simultaneously keeping track of their
                        food as it is cooking. After his meat is cooked he then dips it into various
                        sauces and eats it. By the end of the meal, the water in the pot has become
                        a highly flavored soup. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fěnsī</foreignphrase> (see below) and
                        vegetables are then dropped into it, and it is eaten.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chúle...yǐwài</foreignphrase>: This pattern is used to
                        express the idea “except for...”, “besides...”, or “aside from...”. The
                        second part, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐwài</foreignphrase>, is sometimes
                            omitted.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chúle mǎi yìběn shū, hái yào mǎi
                                                yìběn zázhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In addition to buying one book, I also want to buy
                                            one magazine.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fěnsī</foreignphrase>: These are called “cellophane
                        noodles” because their appearance is clear and glass-like. They are made
                        from pea-starch and are sometimes called pea-starch noodles.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuóliào</foreignphrase>: This refers to various sauces used
                        to dip the lamb in, and therefore translates as “condiment”. In other
                        contexts, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuóliào</foreignphrase> can mean
                        “ingredient”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōde wǒ dōu è le</foreignphrase>: Here you see a verb,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō</foreignphrase>, the syllable de, and the result of
                        the action of talking (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ dōu è le.</foreignphrase>) A
                        literal translation of the expression might be “Talk to (the point that) I'm
                        already hungry.” The marker de carries the meaning “to the point of”, “to
                        the extent that” in this expression.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng cài</foreignphrase>: A coarse, leafy, strong tasting
                        type of parsley.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>This conversation takes place in late spring in Peking. A foreign student
                        talks with a few of his Chinese classmates.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>This conversation takes place in winter in Taipei. A foreign student and
                        some of his Chinese classmates are in a northern Chinese restaurant, waiting
                        for the food to come.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běifāng cài</foreignphrase>: The syllable
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fāng</foreignphrase> means “place” or “region”. It is
                        added to direction words to form the name of a place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běifāng
                            cài</foreignphrase> refers to Northern Chinese cuisine.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánfāng cài</foreignphrase> refers to cuisine south of
                        the Yangtze river, including the Shanghai school of cooking and the
                        Cantonese school of cooking. </para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes in Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báobǐng</foreignphrase>: These are thin, wheat cakes,
                        usually rolled out and cooked in pairs that are separated before use. They
                        resemble thin, French crepes in appearance. They are eaten with dishes
                        instead of rice.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùxu Ròu</foreignphrase>: This is a pork dish cooked with
                        egg. It is eaten with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báobǐng</foreignphrase>. A spoonful of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùxu Ròu</foreignphrase> is placed in the middle of a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báobǐng</foreignphrase>. Then it is rolled up and
                        eaten.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sùcài</foreignphrase>: This is a vegetable dish made with
                        no meat sauces or flavorings at all, and is therefore correctly called a
                        vegetarian vegetable dish. Although <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sùcài</foreignphrase> are
                        made without the use of meat sauces or meat flavorings, they are often
                        artfully seasoned and formed in such a way that they resemble meat very
                        closely.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng</foreignphrase>: This is the adjectival verb “to be
                        fragrant”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhège sùcài hěn xiāng.</foreignphrase>, could also
                        be translated as “This vegetarian vegetable dish has a good aroma”. The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāng</foreignphrase> is often used when talking about
                        food to refer to dishes with garlic or ginger.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>Miss Wang invites an American couple, Mr. and Mrs. White to her apartment
                        for dinner. They are just sitting down to dinner.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìng yìzhuō xí</foreignphrase>; “To arrange a formal
                        dinner”, more literally “to make arrangements for a one table banquet”. The
                        counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xí</foreignphrase>, “a feast or banquet”, is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhuō</foreignphrase>, “table”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshao qiánde biāozhǔn</foreignphrase>: “What price
                        level”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Biāozhún</foreignphrase> literally means “standard”.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōshao qiánde biāozhǔn</foreignphrase> could also be
                        translated more literally as “a standard costing how much”, where
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshao qián</foreignphrase> “how much does it cost?”
                        modifies <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biāozhǔn</foreignphrase>, “standard'.” You will also
                        hear <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshao qián biāozhǔnde</foreignphrase>, with the marker
                        de placed at the end of the phrase. In this case the whole phrase “what
                        price level” modifies the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔxí</foreignphrase>,
                        “banquet”, which has been left out of the sentence because it is
                        understood.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kè</foreignphrase>: This word for guest is interchangeable
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kèren</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōbàn</foreignphrase>: “Most of...”.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōbàn</foreignphrase> is a noun and is used in the
                        subject position.</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen duōbàn dōu bú
                                                qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Most of them are not going.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōbàn shi niàn Zhōngwén
                                                ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Most of them are studying Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng wǒmen pěi...</foreignphrase>: “Have us select...”, or
                        more literally “allow us to select...”. The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pěi</foreignphrase> means “to match”. Dishes are matched
                        to make a formal menu in Chinese.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lěngpán</foreignphrase>: “Cold dishes” or appetizers start
                        off the menu in a formal Chinese dinner. Four cold dishes followed by six to
                        eight main courses, a soup and a dessert is one type of menu arrangement
                        used for formal dinners. Four cold dishes, four sautéed dishes and four main
                        dishes, soup and dessert in another type of formal menu.</para>
                    <para>Cold dishes are usually prepared so as to be pleasing to the eye as well
                        as the palate. Cold cooked meats and vegetables are arranged in colorful
                        designs.</para>
                    <para>jiǔ: Literally, this means “liquor”. It is a term referring to any kind of
                        alcoholic beverage from light beers and wine to hard liquor.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éméi Cāntīng</foreignphrase>: This is the name of a
                        restaurant offering Szechuan style cuisine.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Omei</foreignphrase>
                        (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Émái</foreignphrase>) is the name of a mountain range
                        running through Szechuan.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>A conversation on the telephone.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes following Dialogue 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào duōshao qián biāozhǔnde?</foreignphrase>: In
                        restaurants in Peking, dinners for a group of people can be arranged on a
                        price per person basis. The restaurants often have several standard priced
                        menus to choose from.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge dà lěngpán</foreignphrase>: One large cold platter
                        instead of several smaller cold dishes may be used in making up the menu for
                        a dinner. One large cold platter, eight main courses, a soup and a dessert
                        is another type of menu for a dinner.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>12.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngshāo Yúchì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Red-cooked Shark's Fin</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>13.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngsū Yā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Fragrant Crispy Duck</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>14.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gānshāo
                                            Míngxiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Dry-cooked Jumbo Shrimp Szechuan Style</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>15.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùguì Jī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Beggar's Chicken</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>16.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tángcù Yú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Sweet and Sour Fish</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>17.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mìzhī Huǒtuǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Ham in Honey Sauce</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>18.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōnggua Zhōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Winter Melon Soup served in the Carved Melon
                                            Shell</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>19.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bābǎo Fàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Eight Jewel Rice</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>20.</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìngrén Dòufu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Almond Pudding</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Vocabulary №12-20</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngshāo Yúchì</foreignphrase>: Shark’s Fin is considered a
                        delicacy by the Chinese because it is rare, nutritious and has a smooth,
                        chewy texture when cooked. Some people think that it is best prepared in the
                        red-cooked style.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngsū Yā</foreignphrase>: Fragrant Crispy Duck is
                        marinated and steamed with onions, wine, ginger, pepper and anise, then deep
                        fried quickly for a crispy result. This method of preparing duck is an
                        example of southern style cooking.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùguì Jī</foreignphrase>: “Beggar’s Chicken” is a whole
                        chicken wrapped in wet clay, then roasted until very tender. It is said that
                        this method of preparation was first used by beggars. Originally this dish
                        was called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎohua Jī</foreignphrase>, literally “Beggar's
                        Chicken”; but as the dish became popular among the upper class, the name
                        changed to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùguì Jī</foreignphrase>, literally “Riches and
                        Honor Chicken”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōnggua Zhōng</foreignphrase>: Winter melon, mushrooms, and
                        ham go into this soup. On festive occasions the melon shell is carved with
                        decorations, such as dragons, and used as a bowl for serving the soup. This
                        is a Cantonese specialty.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìngrěn Dòufu</foreignphrase>: This is translated here as
                        “Almond Pudding”. Because <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xìngrén Dòufu</foreignphrase>, with
                        its light consistency, is somewhere between a pudding and a gelatin, “Almond
                        Gelatin” would also be a fitting translation of the name.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bābǎo Fàn</foreignphrase>: “Eight Jewel Rice”. This is
                        sweet sticky rice (nòmǐ) with preserved fruits. The rice is shaped into a
                        mound and decorated with some of the preserved fruit.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>An American woman calls a restaurant in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táiběi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>

            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔkè</foreignphrase>: At a Chinese banquet the guest of
                        honor sits farthest away from the door, the inner-most place in the room.
                        The host sits nearest the door, on the serving side of the table.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié jǐn gěi wo jiǎn cài</foreignphrase>: This expression is
                        often used at dinner parties. It is good hospitality for the host or hostess
                        to serve the guests individually from time to time, picking out tender
                        morsels for them. Fellow guests may also do this for the guest of
                        honor.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān yìbēi</foreignphrase>: Drink a glass”, literally “dry a
                        glass” (meaning “o make the glass dry by emptying it”). Since wine cups are
                        small, the usual toast is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gān bēi!</foreignphrase>. “Bottoms
                        up!” For people who don't like to drink too much, the phrase
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suíyì</foreignphrase>, “As you like”, will serve as a
                        reply indicating that the whole cup need not be emptied. See the note on
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suíyì</foreignphrase> below.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuì jī</foreignphrase>: “Drunken Chicken”. The name of this
                        dish comes from the way in which it is prepared. The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuì</foreignphrase> “to get drunk”, refers to the fact
                        that the chicken is marinated in wine at least over-night. This dish
                        originates with the Shanghai school of cooking. It is served cold.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú huì hē jiǔ. Dàjiā dōu suíyì ba.</foreignphrase>:
                        Chinese drinking etiquette requires that if someone doesn’t want to
                        participate in the full range of drinking activities, he should so indicate
                        early on.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes following Part 2 Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Most of the entertaining at a Chinese dinner party takes place at the
                        dinner table, although there is some tea drinking and chatting both before
                        and after the meal in other rooms. The dinner is served at a leisurely pace
                        so that each dish may be savored and talked about. A good dish is
                        appreciated for its appearance as much as its taste, texture and aroma. As
                        each dish is eaten, toasts will be made. The host will start off by toasting
                        the guest of honor and then other guests as a group. As the evening
                        progresses he will toast each guest in turn and each guest will probably
                        propose a toast of his own in honor of the host. A strongly flavored liquor
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāoliang jiǔ</foreignphrase>). a milder rice wine
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huáng jiǔ</foreignphrase>). or beer may be served.
                        Guests usually drink only when toasting. If you'd like to take a drink of
                        something you either propose a toast or catch someone's eye and silently
                        toast each other.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmār chī:</foreignphrase> In sentences expressing
                        commands or requests, an adjectival verb describing manner precedes the main
                            verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài yìdiǎr
                                            kāi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Drive a little faster!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài lái!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come here quickly!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmār chī</foreignphrase>, the adjectival
                        verb coming before the main verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màn</foreignphrase>, is
                        reduplicated with the second syllable changing to a high tone. This also
                        happens in a few other instances.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuàikuārde
                                            chī!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Quickly eat!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎohāode zuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do it well!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìng</foreignphrase>: This is the verb “to offer
                        (something) respectfully”. It is used here ceremonially in the phrase “offer
                        her a glass” meaning “to toast her”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎnqilai</foreignphrase>: This compound verb is made of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn</foreignphrase>. “to roll”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase>, “to rise, go or come up”, and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> “to come”. Both Peking Duck and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùxu Ròu</foreignphrase> are eaten rolled up in
                        pancakes.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xūn Jī</foreignphrase>: For this dish, chicken is smoked in
                        a vapor from burning tea leaves. This example of Peking cuisine is served as
                        a cold dish or a hot dish.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhá Xiāqiú</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhá</foreignphrase> is the verb “to deep fry”. This is a
                        Shanghai dish of shredded shrimp shaped into balls and then deep
                        fried.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàng</foreignphrase>: “Paste”. The paste which is eaten
                        with Peking Duck is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiánmiànjiàng</foreignphrase>. “sweet
                        bean paste”.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 3</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zìjī lái</foreignphrase>: This is a polite way for a
                        guest to respond when the host has been serving him specially.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià yícì wǒmen kéyi zài lái zhèli chī Kǎo
                            Yā.</foreignphrase>: The use of the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià
                            yícì</foreignphrase> makes it sound as if they are making definite plans
                        about the next time they come to eat here, when in fact they are Just
                        talking generally about some future time. In English, we use “sometime”
                        rather than “next time”, as in “We'll have to get together again
                        sometime.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Foods</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
</chapter>