FSI-Chinese-Docbook/OptionalModule-WLF/FSI-OptionalModule-WLF.xml.bak

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.1">
    <title>Personal Welfare</title>
    <para/>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives for the Personal Welfare Module</title>
        <para>When you have finished this module, you will be able to:</para>
        <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe the weather in all four seasons for your present locale, a Chinese
                    city, and your hometown. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe the location, geographical setting, population, and air quality of
                    the three areas in No. 1. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Give the names of five or more items of clothing. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Get your hair cut or styled. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe several items you ordinarily carry with you when traveling. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Give the names of and describe the different rooms in a house. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Give simple directions to a babysitter. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Ask and answer questions about the common cold and its symptoms. Offer advice
                    on what to do for a simple ailment. Understand the use of kāishuǐ, “boiled
                    water.” </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe what takes place during a visit to the doctor. Know how to give
                    normal body temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit. Tell '“where it hurts”
                    (using a list of the parts of the body, if necessary. ) </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe accidents where injuries occur, and tell someone to call an
                    ambulance. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Report the loss of a passport to the appropriate officials. Find out where to
                    go to report the loss and be able to determine whether adequate translation
                    facilities will be available. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Use the words for “danger” and “caution” in grammatical, situationally
                    appropriate sentences. Describe how someone entered a restricted area and how
                    and for what reasons he was escorted out.</para>
            </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>

        <section>
            <title>References Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān tiānqi hěn hǎo</foreignphrase>: Notice that the
                        time word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān</foreignphrase> “today” is placed before
                        the subject, not directly before the verb here. Most time words of more than
                        one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in either case
                        before the verb. Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě
                                                zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Last year I still couldn't write characters.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài hui xiě yìdiǎn le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now I can write a little.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìhòu</foreignphrase>: “climate” Also pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìhòu</foreignphrase> (with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hou</foreignphrase> in the neutral tone).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngtiān hěn lěng.</foreignphrase>: “it's cold in winter”
                        The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> is not translated here. Often
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> adds little or nothing to the
                        intensity of the adjectival verb, and doesn't need to be translated by
                        “very.” Later, you may notice that sometimes we translate the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> literally and sometimes we choose to
                        omit it from the translation. It is not a matter of right and wrong; it is
                        more a matter of feeling, and may be, we admit, a somewhat arbitrary
                        decision.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>: “often, frequently, usually” An
                        alternate form of this word is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā chángcháng qù
                                                Xiānggǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She often goes to Hong Kong.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cháng kàn
                                            bàozhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He often reads the newspaper.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The phrase “very often” is NOT formed by using
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>; instead, Just use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>. If you must stress that
                        something happens very often, use a phrase like “every few days.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià xuě</foreignphrase>: “to snow” or more literally
                        ”(there) falls snow.” The subject <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuě</foreignphrase> “snow”
                        normally follows the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase> “to descend.”
                        This reversal of subject and verb is the rule, not the exception, in weather
                        expressions. **English is no more logical when it comes to weather
                        expressions: it uses the meaningless subject “it,” as in “it snows.”**<footnote>
                            <para>English is no more logical when it comes to weather expressions:
                                it uses the meaningless “it,”as in “it snows.”</para>
                        </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, xià xuě
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, it's snowing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià xuě ma? Bu
                                            xià.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu méiyou xià xue?
                                                Méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià xuě le méiyou?
                                                Méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān xià xuě bu xià
                                                xuě?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it going to snow today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài bù xià xuě
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's not snowing anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>: “heaven, sky, day.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āiya, wǒde tiān
                                            na!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh my heavens!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān zhǐdao!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Heaven only knows!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíng</foreignphrase>: “to be clear, to clear up” In the
                            sentence<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tiān qíng</foreignphrase> le, the marker le
                        tells us that a change has taken place. The meaning is not simply that the
                        sky is clear, but that the sky is clear NOW, or rather, the sky has cleared
                        up.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Juéde</foreignphrase> “to feel” Here
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase> is used to mean “to feel, to think,
                        to have an opinion about something.” It can also mean “to feel” in a
                        physical way, as in “to feel sick.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ Juéde ...
                            zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase> can be well translated as “How do you like
                        ... ?</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn shǎo</foreignphrase>: “It seldom snows in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> in the winter.” The adjectival
                        verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase> “to be few” is used here as an
                        adverb “seldom,” and as such comes before the verb. Notice that
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn shǎo</foreignphrase>, “seldom,” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>, “often,” are used as
                        opposites.</para>
                    <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān zhèrde tiānqi hěn liángkuai</foreignphrase>: “Today
                        the weather here is very cool.” Again, it is not necessary to translate
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> as “very” in this sentence; the
                        meaning depends on the speaker's intonation and emphasis.</para>
                    <section>
                        <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                        <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase>: “to feel” This may mean “to feel
                            (physically)” or “to feel (emotionally), to think.” It is often used, as
                            in the Reference List sentence, to preface a statement of opinion.
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde ...</foreignphrase> may sometimes be
                            translated as “l think that ...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde tā kéyi
                                                  zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I think he can do it.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>And here are some examples using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase>
                            to mean “feel (physically )”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde hěn
                                                rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I feel hot.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde bù
                                                shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I don't feel well. (Literally, “I feel not
                                                well.”)</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ juéde Běijīng zěnmeyang?</foreignphrase>: “How do
                            you like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>?” or “What do you think
                            of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>?” More literally, “You feel
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> is how?”</para>
                        <para>t<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài lěng le</foreignphrase>: “it's been too cold” The
                            marker le is the marker for new situations. It is often used to
                            reinforce the idea of “excessive.” Another example is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài
                                guì le!</foreignphrase> “it's too expensive!”</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                        <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei.</para>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List Part 2</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā fēng</foreignphrase>: “(there) blows wind”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guā</foreignphrase> literally means “to scrape,” but when
                        used in connection with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēng</foreignphrase>, “wind,” it
                        means “to blow.” Like other weather expressions, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià
                            xuě</foreignphrase> “to snow,” the subject
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēng</foreignphrase> usually follows the verb guā. To say
                        “very windy,” you say that the wind is big, either <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēng hěn
                            dà</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guā dà fēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè</foreignphrase>: “by March” A time word before the
                        verb may mean “by” a certain time as well as “at” a certain time.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè jiù kāishǐ nuǎnhuo le</foreignphrase>: “By March it
                        is already starting to get warm.” When the time word before it is given
                        extra stress, the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> indicates that
                        the event in question happens earlier than might be expected. The marker le
                        after the state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nuǎnhuo</foreignphrase>, “to be warm,”
                        tells us that it is being used here as a process verb “to get warm.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒude shiéhou</foreignphrase>: “sometimes” This is also
                        said as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu shíyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià yǔ</foreignphrase>: “to rain” Literally, “(there) falls
                        rain.” Now you have seen three weather expressions where the subject
                        normally follows the verb: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià xuě</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā fēng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià
                            yǔ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn xiǎng Jiāzhōu</foreignphrase>: “I really miss
                        California” The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, translated here
                        as “to miss,” is the same verb as “to think” (“I really think of California
                        [with nostalgia]”).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàtiān bú shi hěn cháoshí</foreignphrase>: “it's not very
                        humid in the summer.” The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> is not
                        obligatory in the sentence. It would also be correct to say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù hěn cháoshí</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táifěng</foreignphrase>: “typhoon” The Chinese word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táifēng</foreignphrase> was borrowed into the English
                        language as “typhoon.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Hong Kong:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ líkāi zhème jiǔ</foreignphrase>: “it's been so long
                        since you left” You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>, which
                        means “to be long in time,” in the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō
                            jiǔ</foreignphrase>, “how long (a time)”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>

            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli</foreignphrase>: “in the city,” literally “inside
                        the city wall.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxià</foreignphrase>: “country” Also pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxià</foreignphrase> (with neutral tone
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùjìn</foreignphrase>: “vicinity” Also pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǔjìn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huánjìng</foreignphrase>: “environment, surroundings,” In
                        №24 the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ lǎojiā fùjìnde huānjìng</foreignphrase> is
                        literally “the environment of the vicinity of your original home.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ lǎojiā nèige dìfang</foreignphrase>: “your hometown”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎojiā</foreignphrase> by itself only means “original
                        home.”To get the meaning “hometown,” you must refer to the place
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige dìfang</foreignphrase>) where your “original home”
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎojiā</foreignphrase>) is. Notice the different
                        phrasing in the following sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā nèige dìfang yǒu duōshǎo
                                                rénkǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's the population of your hometown?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā nàr yǒu méiyou
                                                shān?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are there mountains where your original home
                                            is?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā zài xiāngxià
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is your original home in the country?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shān</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hū</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “mountain, lake, river” These three
                        words are used with the four points of the compass to make several province
                            names.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>east of the (Tàiháng) mountains</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shānxǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>west of the (Tàiháng) mountains</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Héběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>north of the (Yellow) river</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hénán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>south of the (Yellow) river</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>north of the (Dòngtíng) lake</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húnán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>south of the (Dòngtíng) lake</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige xiǎo chéng</foreignphrase>: “that little town” You've
                        learned that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli</foreignphrase> means “in the city.” One
                        word for “city” by itself is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase> [another
                        is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chěngshì</foreignphrase>]. <informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde shi něige Huáshèngdùn? Shi
                                                zhōu háishi chéng? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Which Washington are you talking about? The state or
                                            the city?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ líkāi nàli yǐjīng yǒu wǔnián le</foreignphrase>:
                        “(Since) I left there it has been five years.” The marker le at the end of
                        the sentence is new-situation le, and is necessary here. It shows that the
                        duration stated (five years) is as of the present moment (“so far”). Another
                        point to bear in mind is that Le is used at the end of most sentences
                        containing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhānghuà</foreignphrase>, “Changsha,” is the name of a city
                        and a county on the west coast of central Taiwan. T'ienchung
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiánzhōng</foreignphrase>) is a village in southeastern
                        Changsha county.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>: “to put on, to don” (clothes, shoes)
                        Notice that Chinese uses an action verb, “to put on,” where English uses a
                        state verb, “to wear.” You have to adjust your thinking a bit in order to
                        use this verb correctly. When you want to say “She's NOT WEARING her coat,”
                        you actually say “She DIDN'T PUT ON her coat,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měi chuān
                            dàyī</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>Here are some example sentences using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>
                        “to put on.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chuānle yìshuāng hóng
                                                xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm wearing a pair of red shoes. (I've put on a pair
                                            of red shoes.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi chuān
                                            xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm not wearing shoes. (I didn't put on shoes.
                                            )</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní chuān bái xié
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you wear white shoes? (HABIT) OR Will you wear
                                            white shoes? (INTENTION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù chuān bái
                                            xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't wear white shoes (HABIT) OR I won't wear
                                            white shoes. (INTENTION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuān</foreignphrase> is not the only verb meaning to put
                        on in Chinese. There is another verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>
                        which is used for wearing or putting on hats, wristwatches, ornaments,
                        jewelry, and gloves.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dài</foreignphrase> is taught in Part II of this
                        unit.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xūyào</foreignphrase>: “to need” This word may be used as a
                        main verb or as an auxiliary verb. In either usage, it is always a state
                        verb. It is, therefore, negated with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I need money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
                                            shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I need time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I need her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào huàn
                                            qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I need to change money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xūyào
                                            zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He needs to know.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiàn</foreignphrase>: This is the counter for articles of
                        clothing, as well as for things (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngxi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqing</foreignphrase>), and suitcases.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàyī</foreignphrase>: “overcoat” literally “big
                        clothes”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>: “to be old, to be worn” This is the
                        word to use when describing things, whether concrete or abstract, but never
                        people. [For people, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lāo</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎo le</foreignphrase>. “She's gotten
                            old.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi wǒde jiù
                                            dìzhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's my old address.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā háishi chuān jiù
                                                yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She's still wearing old clothes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi (yí)jiān xīnde</foreignphrase>: The number yí- before a
                        counter may be omitted when it directly follows a verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>: “to need” In sentence №4, you see a
                        new usage of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ yào mǎi
                            hòu yidiǎnrde </foreignphrase>“you need to buy a heavier one”). In
                        addition to meaning “to want”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> has many
                        uses as an auxiliary verb. The meaning “to need” is one of the more common
                        ones.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase>: “to be thick” In sentence No. 4
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nǐ yào mǎi hòu yidiǎnrde...</foreignphrase>),
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase> is translated as “heavier.” The basic
                        meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase> is “to be
                            thick.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū hěn
                                            hòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This book is very thick.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yèli xiàde xuě hěn
                                                hòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The snow that fell last night is very deep.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Báo</foreignphrase> “to be thin, to be flimsy (of cloth,
                        paper, etc.),” is often the opposite of
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuōxié</foreignphrase>: “slipper,” literally “drag-shoes.”
                        In most households in Taiwan shoes are not worn into the house, so plenty of
                        pairs of slippers are kept at the front door. This custom, established by
                        Japanese influence, has the practical value of keeping the floors dry, which
                        would otherwise be difficult given Taiwan's rainy climate. (in mainland
                        China, shoes are worn into the house.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huài</foreignphrase>: This verb has a different meaning
                        depending on whether it is a state verb or a process verb. As a state verb,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huài</foreignphrase> means “to be bad,” as a process
                        verb, “to go bad, to break.”</para>
                    <para>As a state verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān tiānqi zhēn huài, jīntiān hǎo
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yesterday the weather was really bad, but today it's
                                            gotten better.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hē! Tāde Zhōngguo huà zhēn bú huài,
                                                a?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Well! His Chinese is really not bad, huh?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a process verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhèizhǐ bǐ huài
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This pen of mine is broken.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē júzi huài le, bú yào
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These tangerines have gone bad; we don't want them
                                            (throw them out).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>The couple in this dialogue have recently moved to Taipei from Kaohsiung
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>) in southern Taiwan. Here they
                        are taking a walk in downtown Taipei. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
                            Huá</foreignphrase> is their daughter.)</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>An American of Chinese descent (M) has gone back to visit relatives in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. Here he talks with his cousin
                        (F).</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiyī</foreignphrase>,
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikù</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi</foreignphrase>
                        means “inner.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèikù</foreignphrase> means “underpants”
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kù</foreignphrase> as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kùzi</foreignphrase>).
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiyī</foreignphrase> means “underclothes” in general,
                        but when contrasted with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikù</foreignphrase> takes on the
                        specific meaning “undershirt.” The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> means
                        “clothing, garment,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīfu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākè</foreignphrase>: “jacket,” a word borrowed from
                        English. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiākè</foreignphrase> refers only to Jackets cut
                        above the waist; a suit Jacket would be
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàitào</foreignphrase> (see note below). Also pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiákè</foreignphrase>. In
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, this word has an -r
                        ending.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nílóng</foreignphrase>: “nylon,” another borrowing from
                        English.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “to put on, to don” a hat, wristwatch,
                        gloves, glasses, jewelry or other things which are not necessary to one's
                        apparel. As with the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase> which you
                        learned in Part I, when you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> you have
                        to adjust your thinking from the idea of “to wear” to the idea of “put on.”
                        For “Do you wear glasses?” you would say “Do you put on glasses?”:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī dài bu dài yǎnjìng?</foreignphrase> For “She's not
                        wearing glasses” you would say “She didn't put on glasses”:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi dài yǎnjìng.</foreignphrase>
                            Contrast:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú dài
                                                màozi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="2"/>
                                        <entry>She doesn't wear hats.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She won't wear a hat. (HABIT) (INTENTION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="4"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi dài
                                                màozi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="4"/>
                                        <entry>She didn't put on a hat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She didn't wear a hat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She doesn't have a hat on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(The translations given only cover some of the possible ones. Other aspect
                        markers which you have not learned yet, such as the marker for action in
                        progress [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>], the marker for duration
                            [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase>], the marker for lack of change
                            [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>], etc., can be used to make more
                        precise the meaning of a sentence.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dǐng</foreignphrase>: The counter for
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màozi</foreignphrase>, “hat.” Literally,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dǐng</foreignphrase> means “top.”</para>
                    <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>: “glasses” (counter:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fù</foreignphrase>)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase>: “to be broken/damaged/torn/worn out” In
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò màozi</foreignphrase>, “old/ worn/ tattered hat,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> stands before a noun to modify it.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pò</foreignphrase> is also frequently used as a process
                        verb, “to break, to become damaged/torn/worn out.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànkan, nǐde jiākè shì bu shi pò le?</foreignphrase> Let
                        me have a look, has your jacket been torn/worn through?</para>
                    <para>In Part I you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huài</foreignphrase>, “to go bad, to
                        break.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huài</foreignphrase> means that something becomes
                        unusable or stops working, while <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> means
                        that something develops a tear, cut, split, hole, break, etc.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> in Part I had for one possible
                        translation “to be worn,” but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pō</foreignphrase> are quite different:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> le means to have changed color or
                        shape after a long period of time or use, whereas
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> le means that the thing is no longer
                        intact, whether the damage is caused by time, use, or accident.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gòu</foreignphrase>: “to be enough” This adjectival verb is
                        only used as the main verb of a sentence, never (like English “enough”)
                        before a noun. You must therefore recast English sentences with “enough”
                        into the Chinese pattern when you translate, e.g.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànkan, nǐde jiākè shì bu shi pò
                                                le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me have a look, has your jacket been torn/worn
                                            through?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gòu</foreignphrase>: “to be enough” This adjectival verb is
                        only used as the main verb of a sentence, never (like English “enough”)
                        before a noun. You must therefore recast English sentences with “enough”
                        into the Chinese pattern when you translate, e.g.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you have enough socks?</entry>
                                        <entry>Are your socks enough?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
                                                wàzi gòu bu gòu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't have enough shirts</entry>
                                        <entry>My shirts aren't enough.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                chènshān bú gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There aren't enough rice bowls.</entry>
                                        <entry>The rice bowls aren't enough.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fànwǎn
                                                bú gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàitào</foreignphrase>: This word has two meanings: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>coat, overcoat,” and</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>a “jacket” which extends below the waist, like a suit jacket. (A
                                jacket cut above the waist is
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākè</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìjǐ</foreignphrase>: “oneself; myself, yourself, himself,
                        etc.” This is a special pronoun. It can be used by itself, or it can follow
                        another pronoun like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>,
                        etc. Here are some examples. (For the first, you need to know
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhǒng</foreignphrase>, “kind,” and for the last, you
                        need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>, “to make.”)<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎi yīfu, zuì hǎo mǎi zìjī xǐhuande
                                                nèizhǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When buying clothes, it is best to buy the kind one
                                            likes oneself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi wǒ zìjīde
                                            shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's my own business.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi tā zìjī zuòde, bú shi
                                                mǎide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She made this herself, it isn't
                                            (store-)bought.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píxié</foreignphrase>: Western-style “leather shoes,” a
                        word commonly used where we would just say “shoes,” since traditional
                        Chinese shoes (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bùxié</foreignphrase>) are made of
                        cloth.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuìyī</foreignphrase>: “pajamas,” literally,
                        “sleep-garment” This word can use two different counters, depending on the
                        type of pajamas referred to. </para>
                    <para>1) For two-piece pajamas, that is, a shirt and pants, the counter is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tào</foreignphrase>, “set.” (Although we say “a pair of
                        pajamas” in English, you cannot use the counter
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-shuāng</foreignphrase> in Chinese.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Shuāng</foreignphrase> is only for things that match,
                        like shoes.) </para>
                    <para>2) Old-style one-piece pajamas take the counter<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                            -jiàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase>: “tote bag, carryall,” literally,
                        “book-sack.” Although still used with the original meaning of a student's
                        “book-bag,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase> has now come to have a
                        more general meaning, since book-bags are often used to carry things other
                        than books. There are other words for “tote bag,” but
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase> is so useful that you should learn
                        it first. 3</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàng</foreignphrase>: “to forget; to forget to; to forget
                            that”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wàng le ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You've forgotten, haven't you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi wàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, I haven't forgotten.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo wàng(le) qù
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot to go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàng(le) dài màozi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot to put on my hat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle tā jǐdiǎn zhōng
                                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot what time he is coming.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle tā jiào shénme
                                                míngzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot what his name is.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle wǒ jīntiān méi
                                                kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot that I don't have any classes today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máoyí</foreignphrase>: “sweater,” literally,
                        “woolen-garment.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase>, “in that case, then,” is always used at
                        the very beginning of a sentence, for example:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà, wǒmen shénme shíhou
                                                qù?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Then, when shall we go?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà nǐ děi qù mǎi xīnde le</foreignphrase>: The le here is
                        optional. It stresses that having to go buy a new sweater is a new
                        situation.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn</foreignphrase>. In the home of two senior cadres,
                        a husband (M) and wife (F) discuss shopping plans. (They live together with
                        the wife's older sister.)</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒde shūbāo ne?</foreignphrase>: Questions with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> frequently ask for the whereabouts of
                        something or someone; thus the sentence may be translated, “Where is my tote
                        bag?”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>Taipei. Conversation between a husband and wife. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
                            Míng</foreignphrase> is their son.)</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to make,” but in the Reference List
                        sentence it is used for “to have made.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò
                            yīfu</foreignphrase> has two possible meanings: “to make clothes” or “to
                        have clothes made.” The context will usually make clear which is
                            meant.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiwān zuò yīfu bù piányi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Having clothes made isn't cheap in Taiwan any
                                            more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénmeyàng</foreignphrase>: “what kind, like
                            what”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde dìtǎn
                                                shénmeyàngr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is your carpet like?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Láide rén
                                            shénmeyàngr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What did the person who came look like?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yàode dìtān shi
                                                shénmeyàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What kind of carpet is it that you want?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde péngyou shi shénmeyàngde
                                                rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What kind of person is your friend?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase>: A close-fitting woman's dress with
                        high Chinese collar and slit side, now called in English a “cheongsam,” from
                        the Guangdong dialect name. Qí refers to the Manchurian nationality;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">páo</foreignphrase> means a Chinese-style long gown. Thus
                        the name <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase> comes from the fact that the
                        ancestor of the modern cheongsam was originally worn by Manchurian
                        women.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàozi</foreignphrase>: “cloth, fabric, material”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuō...</foreignphrase> : Literally, “You say...,” but
                        often used as in this question to mean, “In your opinion” or “Do you
                        think...”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhǒng</foreignphrase>: “kind, sort”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde lǚxíng zhípiào shi nǎ
                                                yizhǒngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What kind are your traveler's checks?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù nèizhǒng dìfang zuò
                                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What did you go to that kind of place to do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng júzi hěn
                                                guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This kind of tangerine is very expensive.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàngzi</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“appearance,” </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“shape, form,” </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“style, design.”</para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yàngzi hěn hāo
                                                kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Her appearance is very attractive.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn tā nèi
                                            yàngzi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Look at his appearance! (i.e., “Get a load of
                                            him.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde nèige dōngxi shi shénme
                                                yàngzide?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What does the thing you are talking about look
                                            like?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde qípāode yàngzi hěn bú
                                                cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The style of her cheongsam is quite nice.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde xīn yīfu shi shénme
                                                yàngzide?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's the style of your new dress?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnshang</foreignphrase>: “on one's body, on one's
                            person”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēnshang yǒu yíjiàn lán
                                                dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has a blue overcoat on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shēnshang méiyou
                                                qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't have any money on me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde qián xiànzài dōu zài tā
                                                shēnshang.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has all my money with him right now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě bu kéyi</foreignphrase>: another way to say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi bu kéyi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào</foreignphrase>: “according to”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù zhào zhèige
                                            niàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Just read it the way it is here (according to
                                            this).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù zhào zhèige páijià huàn
                                                ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Just exchange it according to this exchange
                                            rate.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiù zhào nǐde yìsi xiě, hǎo bu
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll just write it the way you want it written, all
                                            right?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáng</foreignphrase>: “to measure”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gěi wǒ liángliang zhèikuài liàozi
                                                gòu bu gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Measure this piece of cloth for me to see if there's
                                            enough.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǐcùn</foreignphrase>: “measurements,” literally,
                        “feet-inches.” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǐcun</foreignphrase> (with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cun</foreignphrase> in the neutral tone).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mián'ǎo</foreignphrase>: “Chinese-style cotton-padded
                        Jacket”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héshì</foreignphrase>: “to fit; to be suitable, to be
                            appropriate”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn yīfu hěn héshì, bú dà yě bù
                                                xiǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This garment fits well, it's neither too large nor
                                            too small.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chuān zhèige yánsè bú tài héshì,
                                                huàn (yi)jiàn biéde ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That color doesn't look right on you, try a different
                                            one.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijǐng</foreignphrase>. A man (A) goes to a tailor shop to
                        have some clothes made. (B) is the tailor.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>Taipei. A woman goes to a tailor shop to have some clothes made.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu shì</foreignphrase>: “to be occupied, to have something
                        to do,” literally, “to have business.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài yǒu shì
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are you busy now?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, I'm not busy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎn</foreignphrase>: “to cut (with a scissors), to clip,
                        to trim” Chinese has several different words for English “to cut” depending
                        on the method of cutting. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎn</foreignphrase> only refers to
                        cutting with a scissors or clipper.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yào</foreignphrase>: “don't” In Transportation Module,
                        Un t 3, you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bié</foreignphrase> for “don't” in
                        negative commands. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào</foreignphrase> means the same
                        thing.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngbiān</foreignphrase>: “two sides, both sides” In
                        English it is enough to say just “the sides” and to add “two” or “both”
                        seems superfluous, but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase> is necessary in
                        Chinese. Perhaps this is because Chinese has no way of indicating plural, as
                        does the s in English, “the sides.”</para>
                    <para>Gòu duǎn le: “it's short enough now” There are two things to notice in
                        this short sentence: (1) In English we say “short enough,” but in Chinese
                        you say literally “enough short”; in other words, gòu is used as an adverb
                        to modify the adjectival verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duǎn</foreignphrase>. (2) le
                        here indicates a new state of affairs: before, the hair wasn't short enough,
                        but now it is. Thus le can be rendered into English by the word
                        “now.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase>: “to wash the hair”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóu</foreignphrase> is literally “head,” but in many
                        cases actually refers to the hair. In most Chinese barbershops a shampoo
                        after the haircut is standard procedure, and you would not have to specify
                        that you want one. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> is translated as
                        “to shampoo.” Liquid shampoo is called
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐfàjīng</foreignphrase>, “wash-hair-essence.”)</para>
                    <para>Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> has been
                        translated idiomatically as “I want a shampoo,” although literally
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> is a verb-object “to wash the
                        head.” Many Chinese phrases made up of a verb plus object are ambiguous as
                        to who performs the action. You might have been tempted to translate
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> as “I want to wash the
                        hair,” but in this context the sentence actually means “I want to have (my)
                        hair washed,” that is, by someone else (the barber). The context should tell
                        you which meaning is intended. Another example:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù xǐ yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I am going to wash clothes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù xǐ yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I am going to have clothes washed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Usually you won't have any trouble deciding which the speaker means; the
                        situation or other things the speaker says will make it clear.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóu</foreignphrase>: Literally, “oil,” this word may be
                        used in a looser sense to refer to all sorts of liquid preparations applied
                        to the hair by hand (e.g., Vitalis). The specific word for “hair oil” is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàyóu</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyóu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu tóufa...</foreignphrase>: This is the sentence to
                        say when the barber leaves bits of hair on your neck. The average person
                        would gesture to his neck and say this sentence.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūfu</foreignphrase>: “to be comfortable; to feel
                            good”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yǐzi zhēn
                                                shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This chair is really comfortable.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige xiǎo fēng hǎo shūfu
                                                a!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This breeze (“little wind”) feels so good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù shūfu</foreignphrase> can either mean “to be
                        uncomfortable” or “not to be well, that is, to feel ill.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wáng Xiáojie wèishénme jīntiān méi
                                                lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Why didn't Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
                                            come today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jintiān bù
                                            shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She doesn't feel well today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase>: An extremely versatile verb because
                        it has such a general meaning: “to do/manage/handle/make.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nòng</foreignphrase> often substitutes for a more
                        specific verb. Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lòng</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù nòng
                                            fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll go get the meal ready.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù nòng
                                            nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll go take care of that.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zìjǐ nòng
                                            ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me do it myself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié nòng nèixie
                                                shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't mess around with that sort of thing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nòngle hěn duō
                                                qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He came up with a lot of money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But in the Reference List sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase> is
                        used in an even more common way, meaning “to make (someone/something a
                        certain way)” or “to get (someone/ something into a certain condition).”
                        Other examples:</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònggānjing</foreignphrase>: “to make/get something
                        clean”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònghuài</foreignphrase>: “to break, to put out of order,
                        to ruin”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòngpò</foreignphrase>: “to tear, to break”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>: “to shave”, literally, “to scrape
                        the beard.” The verb object phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>,
                        like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> in Reference List Sentence No. 5,
                        may be translated in either of two ways depending on the context: either “to
                        shave (someone)” or “to have someone shave oneself.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi wǒ guā húzi</foreignphrase>: “shave me”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> is the prepositional verb meaning
                        “for.” When you have a verb-object phrase like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā
                            húzi</foreignphrase> you indicate the person upon whom the action is
                        performed by using a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>
                            phrase.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni gěi wǒ xǐ
                                            tóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please wash my hair for me (i.e., give me a
                                            shampoo).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase>: “to pound (someone's) back” as in
                        massage. Barbers in China often provide this service after the haircut. Here
                        once again, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase> is a verb-object phrase
                        with the same ambiguity as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>: it may mean “to pound someone's
                        back” or “to have one's back pounded.” Again, the context determines the
                        interpretation. When the barber asks you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào chuí bèi
                            ma?</foreignphrase>, you can safely assume that he is offering to pound
                        your back rather than asking you to pound his.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ànmó</foreignphrase>: This is the noun “massage.” In recent
                        years, an increasing number of barbershops in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and a few
                        in the TRC have added massage to their list of services. Chinese medical
                        clinics and hospitals also give therapeutic massage.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā píxíe</foreignphrase>: “to shine shoes/to have one's
                        shoes shined” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cā</foreignphrase> is literally, “to wipe, to
                        rub.”) Once again, there is potential ambiguity as to who is the performer
                        of the action. Also note that Chinese must use the verb-object; there is no
                        noun corresponding to English “a shoeshine.” The translation of the
                        Reference List sentence using “a shoeshine” is idiomatic. Literally the
                        sentence means, “is there someone who shines shoes here?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cā
                            píxiéde</foreignphrase> is a noun phrase meaning “someone who shines
                        shoes, a shoe shiner.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú húzi</foreignphrase>: “to grow a beard,” literally
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú</foreignphrase>, “to leave, to let be,” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">húzi</foreignphrase> “beard, mustache.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue on Part 1</title>
                    <para>Taipei. A Chinese man (A) walks into a barbershop and sits down in a
                        barber's chair. The barber is B and the shoeshine boy is C.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngbiān me...:</foreignphrase> me indicates hesitation,
                        indecision or consideration. It is translated here by the words “as
                        for.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>A barbershop in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. An American goes
                        into a medium-sized barbershop. After sitting for a while in the waiting
                        area, his number is called, he pays his fee to the cashier, and then sits
                        down in a barber's chair. Since the American has been here three times
                        before, the barber and he are already acquainted.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi shíjiān na</foreignphrase>: Na is a contraction of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> and
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú cuò</foreignphrase>: “not bad, pretty good” (MTG
                        2)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào nèibianr zuò</foreignphrase>: The
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> is omitted from this phrase.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò tóufa</foreignphrase>: “to do hair” or “to have one's
                        hair done” (See the Reference Notes for part I on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ
                            tóu</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā
                            píxié</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùyuē</foreignphrase>: “to make an appointment” literally
                        “beforehand make-an-appointment.” This is relatively new PRC usage; this
                        word used to have only the meanings “a preliminary agreement” or “to
                        pre-order a book which has not be published.” In Taiwan (or the PRC for that
                        matter), you may use instead the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiān yuē yige
                            shíjiān</foreignphrase>, “to arrange a time forehand.” Appointments are
                        not generally required or accepted in barbershops and beauty parlors in the
                        PRC or Taiwan.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèntí</foreignphrase>: “problem or
                            “question.”<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> méi (yǒu) wèntí</foreignphrase> is just like
                        the English “no problem.” In addition to its literal meaning of “There is no
                        problem,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi wèntí</foreignphrase> can also “be used to
                        assure someone that you are extending a favor gladly.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bu kéyi qǐng ni gěi wo wèn zhèijiàn
                                                shì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Could you please ask about this matter for
                                            me?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No problem.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>: A Chinese unit of length equal to 1/3
                        of a centimeter, or slightly more than 1/8 of an inch.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēn</foreignphrase> originally meant “one tenth.” You
                        have also seen it meaning “one cent” (1/10 of a dime,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máo</foreignphrase>). As a unit of length,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase> is one tenth of a Chinese inch
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cùn</foreignphrase>). We have drawn a ruler marking off
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cùn</foreignphrase> (“inches”) and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase> so that you can contrast it with our
                        American (British) inch.<inlinemediaobject>
                            <imageobject>
                                <imagedata fileref="../images/mesures.png" width="14cm"/>
                            </imageobject>
                        </inlinemediaobject></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu diǎn</foreignphrase>: Used before a state verb, you
                        (yì)diǎn means “a little, slightly,” as in:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn rè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>a little hot</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn nán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>a little difficult</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> deserves your special
                        attention, since English speakers learning Chinese tend to make the mistake
                        of saying <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn nán</foreignphrase> (which is incorrect) for
                        “a little difficult” instead of the correct form<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu yìdiǎn
                            nán</foreignphrase>. Remember to put in that
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>!</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìyishi</foreignphrase>: “to try, to give it a try”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase> is “to try” in the sense of “to
                        experiment.” It does not mean “try” in the sense of “to make an effort” to
                        do something.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>: “certainly, surely, for sure,
                        definitive(ly)” Literally, sentence 18 means “I think it will surely be
                        good-looking,” which can be translated more smoothly as “I'm sure it will
                        look good.” The phrase “I'm sure ...” will often translate into Chinese as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng ... yídìng ...</foreignphrase> , for
                            example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ yídìng
                                                xǐhuan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm sure you'll like it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā yídìng
                                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm sure he'll come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng tóufa</foreignphrase>: “to get a permanent” The use of
                        the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase> for “to get a permanent” has an
                        interesting background and shows how Chinese adapts words already in the
                        language rather than borrow from other languages.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàng</foreignphrase> originally meant (and still does)
                        “to scald” or “to apply heat to” something. For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng
                            yīfu </foreignphrase>means “to iron clothes.” The earliest methods for
                        giving a permanent wave used heated curlers; in fact, today in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> (as in other parts of the world)
                        electrically heated curlers are still used in one type of permanent called
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàn tàng</foreignphrase>, “electric permanent.” After
                        the introduction of chemical permanents, the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase> continued to be used, even though no
                        heat is applied in the new process. Chemical permanents are called
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lěng tàng</foreignphrase>, “cold permanent.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn</foreignphrase>: “to curl, to roll up” You will find
                        this verb used in many contexts, not Just in the area of hair styling. It is
                        the all-purpose word for rolling or curling ribbons, paper, pastry, and
                        building materials. [Curly hair is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎnfà</foreignphrase>,
                        straight hair is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhífà</foreignphrase>.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuǐgān</foreignphrase>: “to blow-dry”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuǐ</foreignphrase> is “to blow, to puff” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān</foreignphrase> is the adjectival verb “to be dry.”
                        These two verbs used together to form a compound which indicates both the
                        action and the result: “to blow until dry” or “to blow with the result that
                        (something) becomes dry.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuīgān</foreignphrase> and the English word “blow-dry,”
                        look as if they are exactly parallel, but they are not. In English you can
                        leave off the word “blow” and just say “to dry someone's hair,” whereas in
                        Chinese you cannot use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān</foreignphrase> to mean the action
                        of drying something, only the state of being dry. You always need to use
                        another verb with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān</foreignphrase> in order to tell the
                        action which caused the drying. For example,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cāgān</foreignphrase> means “to wipe (something)
                        dry.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                <para>A Canadian woman (C) walks into the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                    Hotel hairdresser's. First she talks with the cashier in front (A). Later the
                    hairdresser (B) calls her.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                <para>Tipping is not permitted in the PRC. This is why the barber insists on giving
                    the woman her change.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                <para>Taipei. A woman student about to have her hair done is talking with the
                    hairdresser.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn hǎo kànde</foreignphrase>: The -de here means “hat's how it
                    is.” This usage is typical of southern dialects.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎndiǎn</foreignphrase>: “a very little bit”, less than
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>: “eyeglasses” Don't mix this up
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>, “eye.” In
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech these words are pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìngr</foreignphrase> (“eyeglasses”) and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjing</foreignphrase> (“eye”), keeping them even more
                        distinct from each other.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīpiàoběn</foreignphrase>: “checkbook”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhípiào</foreignphrase> is a “check,” literally
                        “pay-ticket.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běn(r)</foreignphrase> is a booklet.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “to bring” This word sounds exactly
                        like another you learned in Unit 2, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>, “to
                        wear, to put on (glasses, gloves, a hat, a wristwatch, jewelry, etc.).” They
                        are different words, however, written With different characters ( 带 for “to
                        bring” and 戴 for “to wear”). The translation of the first Reference List
                        sentence is idiomatic; we would say “I have ... with me” or “I have ... on
                        me” when Chinese says literally, “I have brought... .”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoběnzi</foreignphrase>: “notebook,” literally “small
                        book.” In Reference List sentence No. 2,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoběnzi</foreignphrase> is translated specifically as
                        “address book.” Actually the word is more neutral in meaning (“notebook,
                        booklet”), but picks up the specific translation from the context.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngzi</foreignphrase>: “box, trunk, case”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngzi</foreignphrase> corresponds to the English
                        “suitcase,” while <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíngli</foreignphrase> is the equivalent of
                        “luggage.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnbàodān</foreignphrase>: “declaration form”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnbào</foreignphrase> is the verb “to report to a
                        higher body, to declare something at customs.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dān</foreignphrase> is the noun meaning “bill, list,
                        note.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zai shēnbàodānshang</foreignphrase>: “write it on the
                        declaration form.” Notice that the place phrase (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài ...
                            shang</foreignphrase>) is placed alter the verb here, rather than in its
                        usual place before the verb. When the location tells where the result of the
                        activity is supposed to end up, that location phrase may appear after the
                        verb (a position where other “results” also show up). Compare these two
                        sentences: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhuōzishang xiě
                                                zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Write (with paper) on the desk.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào xiě zai
                                                zhuōzishang!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't write on the desk! (Said to a child making
                                            marks on the table.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase>: “women, womankind” This the term for
                        “women” in the general sense. The term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚrén</foreignphrase>
                        is less polite and more biological: “female.” (in Taiwan,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase> refers only to married women.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚde</foreignphrase> may be used for “women, woman.
                        ”)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhīdao hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnǚ bú dài shǒushi, suóyi wǒ yě
                            méi dài shǒushi lái</foreignphrase>: The first verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> means “to wear,” and the second verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> is “to bring with one.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ xiāngzi dǎkai gěi wo kànkan</foreignphrase>: “open the
                        suitcase for me to take a look” or “open the suitcase and let me take a
                        look.” You have learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> as a main verb
                        “to give” and as a prepositional verb meaning “for” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
                            gěi wo huànhuan</foreignphrase>, “Please change it for me”). In
                        Reference List sentence No. 9 you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>
                        used in a longer type of sentence. Compare the following
                            examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ xiāngzi dǎkai gěi wǒ
                                                kànkan</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>open the suitcase for me to take a look</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn gěi wǒmen
                                                tīngting</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>read it aloud for us to listen</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi nèidǐng màozi gěi tā
                                                dài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi nèidǐng màozi gěi tā
                                                dài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>buy that hat to give it to me</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò nèige diǎnxīn gěi háizi
                                                chī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>make that pastry for the child to eat</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> comes after the verb, it can mean
                        either “to give” or “for, let.” For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ nèiběn shǔ
                            náchulai gěi wo kànkan</foreignphrase> could mean either “Take out the
                        book and (actually) give it to me to look at,” OR “Take out the book for me
                        to see (show it to me, not necessarily hand it to me).” The context will
                        help you decide which is meant; often, only one will make sense.</para>
                    <para>CAUTION: Although <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is sometimes
                        idiomatically translated as “to let,” you should not take this to mean that
                        English “to let” may always be translated into Chinese with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>. There is a very limited
                        correspondence between “let” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>. Usually
                        you will translate “to let” as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>, which is
                        introduced in Unit 6, Part III, of this module.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shì le</foreignphrase>: “Everything is all right now”
                        OR “There's no further business.” Here, this means “Now that I've looked
                        over your suitcase I find that there isn't anything further we need to take
                        up.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùbeihǎo le</foreignphrase>: “prepared” You have already
                        learned the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔnbèi</foreignphrase>, “to prepare, to get
                        ready” or “to plan to.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yùbei</foreignphrase> is a close
                        synonym. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yùbeihǎo</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùnbèihǎo</foreignphrase> both mean “to get all ready.”
                        The ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hǎo</foreignphrase> on certain verbs indicates
                        bringing something to a satisfactory conclusion.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>An American woman is going through customs in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> (Canton).</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for part 1</title>
                    <para>A Chinese couple in Taipei are talking just before the husband is to leave
                        on a trip.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to take photographs” (WLF
                        6)</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes for Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>: “apartment building,” literally
                        “public residence” In the PRC, the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase> is seldom used (only in the names
                        of some buildings, and in technical contexts), but in Taiwan it is widely
                        used. “Apartment building” may be translated as either
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyùlōu</foreignphrase>.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngyù</foreignphrase> is sometimes used for an
                            “apartment.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmende gōngyù yǒu jǐjiān
                                                fángjiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many rooms does your apartment have?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But you would use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānyuán</foreignphrase>, “unit,” not
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>, for “apartment” in:</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige gōngyùlóu yǒu duōshao dānyuán?</foreignphrase> How
                        many apartments are there in this apartment building?</para>
                    <para>Although an apartment-dweller will usually refer in English to his
                        “apartment,” in everyday conversation, Chinese usually just speak of their
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángzi</foreignphrase>. In other words, any type of
                        residence—house or apartment—can be called a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángzi</foreignphrase>. Use the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase> when you need to distinguish
                        clearly between “apartment” and “house.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiǎn</foreignphrase>: This is the counter for rooms. Don't
                        confuse it with the falling tone -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàn</foreignphrase>, the
                        counter for articles of clothing, which you learned in WLF 2.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: This is the verb you learned meaning
                        “to bring (along), to take (along).” Here it is used with the extended
                        meaning of “to take” or “lead” someone to a place.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dài ni qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll take you there.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàwu qǐng ni dài háizi dào gōngyuán
                                                qu wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the afternoon, please take the children to the
                                            park to play.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zūchuqu</foreignphrase>: “to rent out” The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zū</foreignphrase> by itself means “to rent” in the
                        opposite direction, that is, to rent something from the owner.
                            Contrast:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ fángzi zūchuqu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I rented out the house.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zūle yige
                                            fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I rented a house (to live in).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kètīng</foreignphrase>: “living room,” literally,
                        “guest-hall.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào kètīng zuò yíxià</foreignphrase>: “go to the living
                        room and sit a while” This is roughly the equivalent of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào
                            kètīng qù zuò yíxià</foreignphrase>. The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> is sometimes omitted after a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> phrase when the meaning of “go” does
                        not need to be emphasized.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hē chá</foreignphrase>: “to drink tea” This is not an
                        involved ritual as the Japanese have, but it is not simply the taking of a
                        beverage, either. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hē chá</foreignphrase>, in a social setting
                        means talking and relaxing while sipping tea. Books have been written on tea
                        in China, its social significance, and the art of serving it. We cannot do
                        justice to the topic in this small note. Let us just leave you with two
                        tips:</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Except with close friends, don't turn down a cup of tea when
                                offered. It is as much a gesture of friendship and a means of
                                communication as it is a beverage.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Don't ask for sugar, lemon or milk. Unless you are in a restaurant
                                ordering it, lemon and milk will most likely be unavailable. It is a
                                double embarrassment to your host, who may not keep lemon and milk
                                on hand, and who hates to see someone defile the good taste of pure
                                tea.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase>: “to seem, it seems as if” Use
                        this word as an adverb, placing it before the verb phrase.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hǎoxiàng bù
                                            dong.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He seemed not to understand. OR He didn't seem to
                                            understand.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng bú tài xǐhuan zhèige
                                                fāngzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You don't seem to like this house too much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng zài xiǎng shénme
                                                shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You seem to be thinking about something.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēge hǎoxiàng chángcháng shēng
                                                bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His older brother seems to get sick very
                                            often.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase> is sometimes used merely to
                        express that the speaker thinks a situation is so, but cannot confirm his
                        suspicion. In such sentences, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase> is
                        best translated as “it seems to me that ...”or “I think ...” or “I seem to
                        remember ... .” Notice that the word order in Chinese stays the
                            same.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎoxiàng zài nǎr kànjianguo zhèige
                                                zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It seems to me I've seen this character somewhere
                                            before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng gàosuguo wo zhèijiàn
                                                shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I seem to remember your telling me about this
                                            before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nèige shíhou, tā hǎoxiàng hái zhù
                                                zài Jiāzhōu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>At that time, he was still living in California, I
                                            think.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo hǎoxiàng méiyou zhèige duì bu
                                                dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It seems to me you don't have this in America, do
                                            you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo wèishēng</foreignphrase>: “to. clean,” literally “to do
                        sanitation” This is an expression used in the PRC. The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase>, “to do,” originally a word found in
                        southern dialects of Mandarin Chinese, is now widely used in Standard
                        Chinese, even in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. In Taiwan,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase> does not have as wide a usage as in
                        the PRC, where many new expressions have been created since 1949 using this
                        verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase>: “to be troublesome, to be a
                        nuisance, to be inconvenient” In the Money module, you learned the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase> for “to bother, to inconvenience
                        (someone),” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máfan nǐ le</foreignphrase>, “Sorry to
                        trouble you.” Here you learn <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase> as an
                        adjectival verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà tài máfan
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's too much trouble.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What a bother.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngcháng</foreignphrase>: “usually, generally, ordinarily”
                        Like other two-syllable time words, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngcháng</foreignphrase>
                        may come before or after the subject, but always before the verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngcháng wǒmen dōu zài kètīng kàn diànshì.</foreignphrase>
                        We usually watch television in the living room.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen píngcháng dōu zài kètíng kàn
                                                diànshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We usually watch television in the living
                                            room.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ píngcháng jiǔdiǎn zhōng cái xià
                                                ban.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't usually get off work until nine
                                            o'clock.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi</foreignphrase>: “to straighten up, to tidy up (a
                        place)” or “to put away, to put in order, to clear away (things).” Use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi</foreignphrase> when you're talking about
                        neatening up a place, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo wèishēng</foreignphrase> when
                        you're talking about soap and water cleaning in the PRC [and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo qingjié </foreignphrase>“to (soap and water) clean”
                        in Taiwan].<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hǎoxiàng yǒu bànnián méi shōushi
                                                wūzi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It looks as if he hasn't picked up his place in half
                                            a year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kuài yìdiǎnr shōushi xíngli, wǒmen
                                                yào zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Pack your things quickly, we want to leave.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wūzi</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángjiān</foreignphrase>: Both of these words means
                        “room, chamber.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wūzi</foreignphrase> is seldom used in
                        Taiwan, however. For rooms in public places, like hotels, use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángjiān</foreignphrase> rather than
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wūzi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàntīng</foreignphrase>: “dining room,” literally
                        “meal-hall.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase>: “to eat,” literally “eat food.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàn</foreignphrase> is literally, “cooked rice,” but in
                        the expression <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase> it refers to food in
                        general or a meal. This is another example of a verb plus general object,
                        like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn shū</foreignphrase>, “to study” or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō huà</foreignphrase> “to speak.” (See BIO, Unit 7.)
                        This verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase> may, of course, be followed by
                        a specific object such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngguǒ</foreignphrase>, “apples,”
                        as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chīle yíge
                                            píngguǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I ate an apple.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But if you mean “eat” in the sense of “to eat food” or “to have a meal,”
                        then you should use the general object
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chī fàn le
                                            méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have you eaten? (Have you eaten a meal?)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuì ài chī
                                            fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He loves to eat most of all.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò fàn</foreignphrase>: “to cook,” literally “to make
                        food.” This is another verb general object combination. As with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase>, the verb alone may be used with
                        more specific objects.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chúfáng</foreignphrase>: “kitchen,” literally
                        “kitchen-room.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐzǎofáng</foreignphrase>: “bathroom” This is a room for
                        taking a bath, and not necessarily a room with a toilet.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐzǎo</foreignphrase>, which is introduced in Part III of
                        this unit, means “to take a bath.” Remember, if you want to ask where there
                        is a toilet, ask for the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase>, “toilet;” or
                        use the polite Westernized term, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐshǒujiān</foreignphrase>,
                        “washroom.” In rural areas, you would ask where the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase> is.</para>
                    <para>In Taiwan, modern houses and apartments usually have the toilet in the
                        same room as the bathtub. In the PRC, apartment buildings built during the
                        1950's may have a room with a bathtub in the apartment. Apartment buildings
                        built since then usually only include a toilet and sink in each apartment,
                        and no bathtub.</para>
                    <para>You should usually lower your voice to ask where the bathroom is. Many
                        people even consider it polite to put one's hand in front of the mouth when
                        asking <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cèsuǒ zài náli?</foreignphrase> Another polite way to
                        ask is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ keyi yòng yixià nǐmende cèsuǒ ma?
                        </foreignphrase>“May I use your toilet?”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūfáng</foreignphrase>: “study,” literally
                        “book-room.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wòfáng</foreignphrase>: “bedroom,” literally
                        “sleeping-room.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wòfáng</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wòshì</foreignphrase> are both used for “bedroom.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>A Chinese woman (Fl) has been invited to dinner at the home of an American
                        couple in Taipei.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note after the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiānshēng yǒu shì dào Táizhōng qu le:</foreignphrase>
                        “My husband has gone to T'aichung on business.” More literally, “My husband
                        had some business and went to T'aichung.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>An American man (M) is talking with a Chinese women (F) in Běijīng.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái kéyi</foreignphrase>: Literally “still okay,” this
                        phrase actually means “isn't too bad.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes for Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐng</foreignphrase>: “to wake up” This is a process verb.
                        It describes the change from sleep or unconsciousness to waking or
                        consciousness: “to become awake, to become conscious, to become sober.” In
                        completed affirmative sentences, you will see the marker le; in negative
                        sentences you will see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> (not
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> — this is not a state verb. Some of
                        the quirks you faced with a verb like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>
                        “to get sick,” not “to be sick”), you also face here. When you are thinking
                        in English of “He IS NOT awake,” you should think “He HAS NOT awakened” in
                            Chinese.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xǐngle
                                            méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did he wake up? OR Is he awake yet?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                            xǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is not awake yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>: “to ask, to order, to tell (someone
                        to do something)” This is a prepositional verb, which means that it and its
                        object precede the verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùqin jiào hàizimen
                                                huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The father told the children to come back.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiào ta
                                            guòlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Ask him to come over.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì jiào</foreignphrase>: “to sleep, to go to
                            bed”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bādiǎn zhōng jiù shuì jiào
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He went to bed at eight o'clock (already).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jǐdiǎn zhōng shuì
                                                jiào?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What time do you go to bed?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měitiān shuì bāge
                                                zhōngtóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He sleeps eight hours a night.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuìde hǎo bu
                                            hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did you sleep well?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuìhǎole
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did you sleep well? OR Have you finished
                                            sleeping?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā yá</foreignphrase>: “to brush teeth” Besides brushing
                        teeth, you can <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā yǐfu</foreignphrase>, “brush clothes,”
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā xié</foreignphrase>, “brush (off) shoes.” Do not use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā</foreignphrase> for use for brushing hair, however
                        [see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū tóu</foreignphrase> “to comb or brush one's hair”,
                        WLF, Unit 3)]. [The noun for a “brush” is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāzi</foreignphrase>.J</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúnǎi</foreignphrase>: Literally, “cow-milk,” and used
                        only to refer to cow's milk. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎi</foreignphrase> by
                        itself does not specify the kind of milk.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bào</foreignphrase>: “to embrace, to hug” people, or “to
                        hold in one's arms” a child, package, etc.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái, baba gěi ni
                                                bàobao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come, papa will hold you. (said to child as he is
                                            handed from mother to father)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āyí</foreignphrase>: “auntie” This is a term of address
                        used by children for friends of the family, not blood relatives.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì wǔjiào</foreignphrase>: “to take an afternoon nap,”
                        literally, “sleep noon-nap.” The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǔjiào</foreignphrase>, a
                        nap after lunch, is very popular in China. Many institutions, factories, and
                        schools give time off every day for this purpose.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase>: “to heat, to cook” (Another meaning
                        is “to burn.”) Since the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase> by itself
                        means to put heat to something, a resultative ending is needed when you want
                        to indicate “boiling” or “heated up.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù shāo diǎnr
                                            shuǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll go put some water on (the stove).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rè shuǐ shāohǎo le</foreignphrase>. The hot water has been
                        heated up.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuǐ yǐjīng shāokāi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The water is already boiling.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎlù</foreignphrase>: “paved road.” This is the word
                        usually used for paved city streets. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎlù</foreignphrase> is
                        literally “horse-road,” that is, a road on which horses and people can go. A
                        theory has also been advanced that the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎ</foreignphrase> is
                        a transliteration of the first syllable of “macadam” (a road made with
                        layers of rolled broken stones, with a tar or asphalt base).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “to be careful,” literally
                            “small-heart.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">É, xiǎoxīn
                                            diǎnr!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Hey, be a little more careful!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūshu</foreignphrase>: “uncle” This is a term of affection
                        used by children for older male friends of the family.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>A Canadian woman (A) is talking to her new maid (C) in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>In Taipei on a Sunday afternoon, a young mother
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huìmǐn</foreignphrase>) and father
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíngsōng</foreignphrase>) are at home:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíng</foreignphrase>” is the wife's affectionate
                        abbreviation of her husband's name,
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíngsōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">è</foreignphrase>: “to be hungry”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>: “to hurt, to ache” When talking about
                        body aches and pains, you use a topic-comment pattern. For example “I have a
                        headache,” in Chinese is literally ”As for me, the head
                            hurts”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for me,</entry>
                                        <entry>head</entry>
                                        <entry>hurts.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnmào</foreignphrase>: “to catch a cold; a cold” This may
                        be used either as a verb or as a noun. [To say “to have a bad cold,” use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnmào hěn lìhai</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìhai</foreignphrase> meaning “severe.”]<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gǎnmào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've caught a cold.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde gǎnmào hǎo yidiǎn le
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is your cold a little better now?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāshāo</foreignphrase>: “to have a fever,” literally,
                        “develop-fever” This may be used as a state or a process: <variablelist>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>STATE</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I have a fever.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ bù fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I don't have a fever.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ yǒu diǎn fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I'm a little feverish.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>PROCESS</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāshāo
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I have a fever (more literally, “I have
                                                  developed a fever”).</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
                                                  fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I don't have a fever (more literally “I
                                                  haven't developed a fever”).</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāshāo yǐhòu jiu bù xiǎng
                                                  chī dōngxi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>After the fever came on, I didn't feel like
                                                  eating anything.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                        </variablelist>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī diǎn zhèige yào</foreignphrase>: “take some of this
                        medicine,” literally, “eat medicine,” is the way to say, “to take medicine.”
                        Of course, for liquid medicines you could also say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hē</foreignphrase>, “to drink,” but one still usually
                        says <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn dàifu</foreignphrase>: “to see a doctor” Also
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn yīshēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi qù kàn
                                        dàifu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>I have to go see a doctor.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn shénme?</foreignphrase>: In another context, this
                        could mean “What are you looking at?” Here, however,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase> is used in the sense of “to have (a
                        medical complaint) treated” or “diagnosed” by a doctor.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù kàn gǎnmào le
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did you go have that cold of yours treated?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hóulong bú tài shūfu, děi qù
                                                kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My throat doesn't feel too well; I'll have to go get
                                            it treated.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige bìng děi dào dà yīyuàn qù
                                                kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>For this illness you have to go to a large hospital
                                            to get it treated.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">késou</foreignphrase>: “to cough”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikē</foreignphrase>: (1) “department of internal
                        medicine” (of a hospital), or (2) “internal medicine” (as a field).
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi</foreignphrase> means “internal” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kē</foreignphrase> means either (1) “department, section”
                        or (2) “branch (of a study).”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase>: “doctor,” literally, “heal-er.” In
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bēijǐng</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàifu</foreignphrase> is the more conversational word and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase> the more formal. In Taiwan,
                        however, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàifu</foreignphrase> is not used much.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikē yishēng</foreignphrase>: “physician”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàikē</foreignphrase>: (1) “department of surgery” (of a
                        hospital), or (2) “surgery,” (the branch of medicine).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàikē yīshēng</foreignphrase>: “surgeon”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tòng</foreignphrase>: “to hurt, to ache,” another
                        pronunciation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āsipilín</foreignphrase>: “aspirin” Also pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āsipilín</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àsipilíng</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àsipǐlíng</foreignphrase>.</para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialog for Part 1</title>
                    <para>A man from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghài</foreignphrase> (A) is visiting his
                        classmate (B) in Beijing.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialog for Part 1</title>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a parent drops in on a neighbor
                        to talk about his daughter's illness:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after the Dialog</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to let, to allow, to have (someone
                        do something)” This is a prepositional verb which you will see more of in
                        Unit 6.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...duō xiūxi xiuxi</foreignphrase>: “rest a lot” The
                        adjectival verb “to be many, to be much, to be a lot” is used here as an
                        adverb modifying the verb “to rest”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiūxi</foreignphrase>.
                        As an adverb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> may mean “a lot,” “more,”
                        or “too much,” depending on the context. In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō xiūxi
                            xiuxi</foreignphrase> it obviously means “a lot” or
                            “more.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu, wǒ yào duō xiàng nín
                                                xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>From now on, I shall learn from you more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō shuō yě bù hǎo, shǎo shuō yě bù
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It isn't good to say too much, nor is it good to say
                                            too little.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐfà yǐhòu xiǎng chuí yixià bèi shì bu shi yào duō gěi
                            qián?</foreignphrase> If you want to have your back pounded after a
                        haircut, do you have to pay extra?</para>
                    <para>Some students get into the bad habit of always translating
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> as “more.” Remember that the adverb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> can also mean either “a lot” or “too
                        much.” Thus, if someone invites you to dinner, even before you have started
                        to eat, the host may say to you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō chī yidiǎnr!
                        </foreignphrase>Since you haven't yet touched the food this sentence cannot
                        mean, “Have some more”; it simply means “Eat amply.” We might say in
                        English, “Have as much as you like,” or “Help yourself.” Here are some more
                        examples showing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> does not always mean
                        “more.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng píngguǒ zènme piányi a? Nà wǒmen jiu duō mǎi
                            diǎnr ba!</foreignphrase> These apples are this inexpensive? In that
                        case, let's get a whole bunch of them!<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō láile yíge
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>One person too many came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duō gěile shíkuài
                                                qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He gave ten dollars too much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō mǎi
                                            jǐběnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Buy a few extra volumes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō láile yíge rén</foreignphrase>, “One person
                        too many came,” with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu láile yíge rén</foreignphrase>, “One
                        more person came.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dùzi</foreignphrase>: “belly, lower abdomen” This has often
                        been translated as “stomach,” but actually when someone says
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi téng</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi bu
                            shūfu</foreignphrase>, they are most often referring to lower abdominal
                        or intestinal pains. Nevertheless, you may sometimes want to translate it as
                        “stomach,” in the looser sense of “belly,” for example:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rénde dùzi hěn
                                                dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That man has a big stomach/belly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi è le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm hungry. (Literally, “My stomach is
                                            hungry.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>A colloquial expression for “to be pregnant” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dùzi dà
                            le</foreignphrase>, literally, “the abdomen has become big,” or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà dùzi le</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè dù</foreignphrase>: “to have diarrhea” There are
                        several expressions for “diarrhea” in Chinese; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè
                            dù</foreignphrase> is a good choice to use when talking to your doctor,
                        since it is neither too informal not too technical. (See also
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lā dùzi</foreignphrase>, below.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yūn</foreignphrase>: “to be dizzy” Often used after
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóu</foreignphrase>, “head”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóu
                            yūn</foreignphrase>. Pronounced with the Falling tone,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase>, this word is used in the expressions
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn chē</foreignphrase>, “to be carsick/train sick,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase> chuan, “to be seasick,” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn fēijǐ</foreignphrase>, “to be airsick.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàn shū kànde tóu dōu yūn
                                                le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've been reading so much that I'm dizzy!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In this sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> doesn't mean “all,”
                        but “even, to such an extent that.” This type of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is always used with le at the end of
                        the sentence.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tù</foreignphrase>: “to vomit” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng
                            tù</foreignphrase>, literally “to feel like vomiting,” means “to feel
                        nauseous.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǐwēn</foreignphrase>: “body temperature” Only used for the
                        temperature of a body. [The general word for “temperature” is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù</foreignphrase>, which is presented in Part 3 of
                        this unit.] [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǐwēnbiāo</foreignphrase> is a medical
                        thermometer.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dù</foreignphrase>: “degree” This noun does not take a
                        counter.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèibìng</foreignphrase>: “stomach trouble; gastric
                        disease,” literally, “stomach illness.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbiàn bù tōng</foreignphrase>: “to be constipated”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàbiàn</foreignphrase> (literally “major-convenience)”
                        means “to have a bowel movement” or “feces.”
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎobiàn</foreignphrase>, “minor-convenience,” means “to
                        urinate” or “urine.”) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù tōng</foreignphrase> means “doesn't
                        go through, is blocked up.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: “to lie, to recline” Notice that the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> phrase goes after the verb tang in
                        the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni tǎng zài zhèr</foreignphrase>. This is
                        because the zài phrase shows the result of the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: you end up being here
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài zhèr</foreignphrase>) as a result of the action of
                        lying (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>).
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāngxià</foreignphrase> or<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> tǎng
                            xiàlái</foreignphrase> means “to lie down.” In some of the following
                        sentences, notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase> corresponds to
                        “be in bed.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gānmào le, tǎngle
                                                yìtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He got a cold and stayed in bed for a day (OR and has
                                            been in bed all day today).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xǐhuan tǎngzhe kàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He likes to read lying down.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐjīng bādiǎn zhōngle, nǐ hái tǎngzhe
                                                ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's eight o'clock already, and you're still in
                                            bed!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎngxialai xiūxi yihuǐr
                                                ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Lie down and rest for a while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngyǐ</foreignphrase>: “upper garments” [Also sometimes
                        means “coat.”]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuō</foreignphrase>: “to take off” (clothes, shoes) This is
                        the opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>, “to put
                            on.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài bǎ dàyī
                                                tuōxialai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come on and take off your coat.*</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèng tuōzhe yīfu, jìnlai yige
                                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Right when he was taking off his clothes, someone
                                            came in.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni tuōle xié zài
                                                jìnqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please remove your shoes before going in.**</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>*This is said by the host to a guest when he arrives. You might have
                        thought that the use of the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài</foreignphrase>,
                        usually translated as “hurry up and ...” sounds impatient and impolite.
                        Actually, it is the exact opposite. Here,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài</foreignphrase> indicates the host's concern that
                        the guest, although wanting to take his coat off, would be too polite to do
                        so immediately.</para>
                    <para>**In Taiwan, most households have kept the Japanese custom of removing
                        shoes before entering the living areas. (Guests, though, are not in every
                        case expected to take off their shoes, especially for short visits during
                        dry weather.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi</foreignphrase>: You have seen
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi</foreignphrase> meaning “to open.” Here it means “to
                        write out” a prescription, list, receipt, check, etc.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng bìng</foreignphrase>: “to get sick”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēng</foreignphrase> means literally, “to develop, to
                        happen.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēng bìng</foreignphrase> le means virtually the
                        same thing as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase> bìng le.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián chūntiān shēng bìngde rén hěn
                                                duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Lots of people are getting sick this spring.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēng bìng shēngle liǎngge xīngqī
                                                le, hái méi hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has been sick for two weeks now and hasn't
                                            recovered yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái shēngzhe bìng ne, zěnme kéyi
                                                chūqu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're still sick; how can you go out ?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēngde shi shénme
                                                bìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What illness is it that he has?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lā dùzi</foreignphrase>: “to have diarrhea,” a more
                        colloquial, but not at all improper, word for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè
                            dù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lā dùzi lāde hěn
                                                lìhai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has a bad case of diarrhea.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>A man in Taipei calls a doctor's office to ask what he should do for his
                        wife's illness.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a young man (A) visits a
                        clinic.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáng</foreignphrase>: “to measure” You first saw this verb
                        in the context of taking measurements for clothing. Here you see it used for
                        taking temperatures. It can also be used for measuring a piece of land or
                        the dimensions of a room.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǐwēn</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù</foreignphrase>: Both of these are translated as
                        “temperature” in the sentences above, but they should be distinguished.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǐwēn</foreignphrase> is literally “body temperature” and
                        thus is used when talking about taking human temperatures.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wēndù</foreignphrase> is literally “temperature degree”
                        and is generally used in measuring heat or cold.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wūzilide wēndù shi
                                                duōshǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's the temperature in your room?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>[There is another word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìwén</foreignphrase>, literally
                        “air temperature,” used, for example, in weather reports.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù bù gāo</foreignphrase>: “the temperature is not high”
                        Normal body temperature (98.6' F) is 37° Celsius. Each additional degree
                        Celsius is 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāishuǐ</foreignphrase>: “boiled water” This is water that
                        has been boiled, but is not necessarily hot. Often
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāishuǐ</foreignphrase> is served as a hot beverage,
                        however. The Chinese commonly believe that ice cold beverages are not
                        good.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuěyā</foreignphrase>: “blood pressure,” literally “blood
                        pressure.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuěyā gāo</foreignphrase> is “high blood
                        pressure,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuěyā dǐ</foreignphrase> is “low blood
                        pressure.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēnjiū</foreignphrase>: “acupuncture and moxibustion” Also
                        pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēnjiǔ</foreignphrase>. Acupuncture is a practice
                        of traditional (but not necessarily orthodox) Chinese medicine where parts
                        of the body are pierced with needles to treat disease or relieve pain. This
                        is based on the idea that the body's energy (qì) forms an integral system
                        which must be maintained for good health. This is done by applying pressure
                        or releasing pressure to restore the balance of qì. Moxibustion
                        (traditionally more important than acupuncture) involves the smoldering of
                        herbs on certain body points. In some cases the herbs are placed directly on
                        the skin and lit with a stick of incense; at other times, a slice of ginger
                        is first placed on the skin and the herbs burned on top.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng zhǎo zhēnjiū dàifu gěi ni
                            kànkan?</foreignphrase>: This has been translated on the Reference List
                        as “Do you want to sean acupuncturist?” which is the conversational English
                        equivalent. A translation more revealing of the structure of the question
                        might be: “Do you want to look for an acupuncture doctor to give you
                        treatment?”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liúxíngxìng gǎnmào</foreignphrase>: “influenza, flu,”
                        literally “epidemic cold.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liúxíng</foreignphrase>: the verb
                        “to be prevalent, to be popular, to be common.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Xìng</foreignphrase> means “quality, characteristic,”
                        and when used as a suffix corresponds to
                            “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-esque</foreignphrase>” in “picturesque,” or “-like” in
                        “childlike.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liúxíngxìng</foreignphrase> is then “having the
                        characteristic of being prevalent,” specifically “epidemic.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi dāo</foreignphrase>: “to operate; to be operated on,”
                        literally “to open or operate the knife.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> a worker pays a return visit to
                        a health clinic.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kesou yishēng</foreignphrase>: Literally, “cough one
                        sound.” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sheng</foreignphrase> is the counter for
                        utterances.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes for Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zāogāo</foreignphrase>: “too bad, oh darn, how terrible,
                        what a mess,” literally, “rotten-cake.” This is used as an exclamation of
                        dismay. It is often equivalent to “Oh no!”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zāogāo! Wǒ wàngle dài fēijīpiào
                                                le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, no! I forgot to bring the plane tickets!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As an adjectival verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zāogāo</foreignphrase> means “to be
                        in a mess, to be in a bad state,” as in:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàrde qíngxing hěn
                                                zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The situation there is a mess.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū xiěde zhēn
                                                zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This book is terribly written.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He's in a very bad way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi zhèige bìngrén láide zài wǎn
                                                yìdiǎnr jiù zāogāo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If this patient had come any later than he did, he
                                            would have been in a real mess (in big trouble).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū</foreignphrase>: “to lose” You can analyze the sentence
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wode hùzhào diū le</foreignphrase> this
                            way:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hùzhào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for my passport,</entry>
                                        <entry>it has been) lost.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In some areas of China (including Taiwan) you would hear the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diào</foreignphrase> instead of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hùzhào diào
                            le.</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyì</foreignphrase>: “to translate, to interpret;
                        translator, interpreter” Also pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyi</foreignphrase> (with a neutral-tone
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yi</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqing</foreignphrase>: “matter, affair, business, thing.”
                        Shìqing refers to abstract things, while
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōngxi</foreignphrase> refers to concrete things.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàshǐ zhízhào</foreignphrase>: “driver's license”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàshǐ</foreignphrase> is “to drive (a vehicle).”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhízhào</foreignphrase> is a “license, permit.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to discover, to find, to find
                            out”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr fāxiànle yige
                                                wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've discovered a problem here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi gāng fāxiànde yìzhǒng xǐnde
                                                yào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is a new kind of medicine which has just been
                                            discovered.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The object of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase> may also be a
                            clause:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huílaile yǐhòu jiu fāxiàn tā yǐjīng
                                                zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When I came back I discovered tha the had already
                                            left.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The expression <foreignphrase/> can often be translated as “I notice that
                        ...”or “I find that ...”. It often prefaces a personal observation, as
                            in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn hěn duō Měiguo rén juéde yǒu
                                                háizi hěn máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I find that many Americans feel that it's a lot of
                                            trouble to have children.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn nǐ hěn xǐhuan xīnde
                                                dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I notice (or, “I get the impression”) that you like
                                            new things very much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a noun, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase> means
                            “discovery”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi yíge hěn zhòngyàode
                                                fāxiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is a very important discovery.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>: “then and only then, not until” This
                        adverb should be used when an event happens relatively late: “not until this
                        morning.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> is the opposite of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>, the word for “then” when something
                        happens sooner or earlier. When a sentence using
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> describes a completed action, the
                        verb will hardly ever take the ending -le; notice that
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase> in sentence 6 cannot have -le.
                        Here is another example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān cái gàosu
                                                wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He didn't tell me until yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>: “a little more quickly,” or
                        as in No. 7, “soon.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài yidiǎnr</foreignphrase> gives the
                        impression of being even sooner than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo
                            yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>. Both mean “soon.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐng</foreignphrase>: “to receive, to get, to pick up, to
                        collect” something that is issued or given (a prize, salary, materials,
                        passport, etc.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoburán</foreignphrase>: “otherwise,” literally
                        “if-not-thus.” Like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěshi</foreignphrase> “but” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase> “but, however,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoburán</foreignphrase> always comes at the front of the
                        clause in which it occurs.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi mǎshàng zǒu, yàoburán wǒ jiù
                                                wǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have to go right away, otherwise I'll be
                                            late.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi zuò fēijī qù, yàoburán jiù tài
                                                màn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have to take a plane, otherwise it'll be too
                                            slow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to take a picture,” literally,
                        “illuminate-image.” You already learned
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàoxiàngjī</foreignphrase>, “camera,” in WLF Unit 4,
                        Part I. The counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> “-pictures” is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> (the same one as for tables,
                        sheets of paper and other flat things). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào jǐzhāng
                            xiàng</foreignphrase> thus means “to take a few pictures.” (When NOT
                        using the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> as the object of zhào,
                        however, you should use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàopiàn</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàngpiàn</foreignphrase> for “photograph.”)</para>
                    <para>Like many verb-object expressions, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào
                            xiàng</foreignphrase> has the potential ambiguity of meaning either “to
                        (verb) an (object )” or “to have an (object) (verb)-ed”: “to take a picture”
                        or “to have one's picture taken.” You saw this with several verb-object
                        expressions in Unit 3:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎn tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to cut hair</entry>
                                        <entry>to have one's hair cut</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to give a shampoo </entry>
                                        <entry>to get a shampoo</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to shave</entry>
                                        <entry>to have a shave</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā píxié</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to shine shoes</entry>
                                        <entry>to have one's shoes shined</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to give a permanent</entry>
                                        <entry>to get a permanent</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to curl hair</entry>
                                        <entry>to have one's hair curled</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to take a picture</entry>
                                        <entry>to have one's picture taken</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For example, in the case of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>, a
                        photographer might say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>, “I
                        am going to take pictures”; but a person going to a photographer's studio
                        might say the same sentence,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wǒ qù zhào
                        xiàng</foreignphrase>, meaning “I am going to have my picture taken.”</para>
                    <para>The fact that such sentences may mean either of two things rarely causes
                        any misunderstandings in practice. The context almost always makes it
                        perfectly clear which meaning is intended.</para>
                    <para>With these verb-object expressions, if you want to specify the person on
                        whom the action is performed, you have to use a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> phrase (you can't make the person the
                        direct object because the verb already has a direct object). For example, to
                        say “I'm going to take a picture of you,” say:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi nǐ zhào
                                            xiàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm going to take a picture of you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Likewise:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tàitai gěi ta jiǎn
                                                tóufa.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His wife cuts his hair.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>*Although misunderstandings are rare, they are not impossible. Here is a
                        short exchange illustrating how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>
                        might be misunderstood and how the misunderstanding might be cleared up.
                        (For this example you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàopiàn</foreignphrase>,
                        “photograph,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàoxiàngguǎn</foreignphrase>, “photography
                            studio.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān zhào xiàng qu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Today I went to take pictures / to have my picture
                                            taken.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào shénme? Zhào fēngjǐng
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>What did you take pictures of? Did you take pictures
                                            of scenery?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì a. Yīnwèi wǒ yào lǐng hùzhào,
                                                děi yǒu zhàopiàn, suóyi wǒ qù zhàoxiàngguǎn qǐng
                                                tamen gěi wo zhào xiàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>No. I'm going to get a passport and need photographs,
                                            so I went to a photo studio and had them take my
                                            picture.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Here “A” meant by his first sentence “Today I went to have my picture
                        taken.” but “B” understood him to mean “Today I went to take
                        pictures.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàishì jǐngchá</foreignphrase>: “foreign affairs
                        policemen,” those who Heal with foreign nationals.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>A foreign official in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijǐng</foreignphrase> talks with a
                        Chinese colleague.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nǎr diūd'a?</foreignphrase>: “Where did you lose it?”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">d'a</foreignphrase> is a contraction of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>.
                        The whole sentence would be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr diūde
                            a?</foreignphrase></para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes for Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>: “someone” The question word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase> “who” can also be used to mean
                        “someone.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>: This is the prepositional verb which
                        indicates the doer of the action, similar to the English “by” in passive
                        sentences. In sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>, it is the
                        subject (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> in sentence 12) which received
                        the action and the object of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐchē</foreignphrase> in sentence 12) which did the
                            action.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde zìdiǎn bèi xuésheng názǒu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My dictionary was taken by a student.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bèi rén dǎsǐ
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He was beaten to death by someone.
                                                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎsǐ</foreignphrase> is literally
                                            “hit to death”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bèi</foreignphrase> has a special characteristic other
                        prepositional verbs do not share: it can occur WITHOUT AN OBJECT. Its
                        passive meaning is still evident in the rest of the sentence:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde xīn qìchē bèi zhuàng
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My new car was hit.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde yǔsān bèi názǒu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My umbrella was taken.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qí</foreignphrase>: “to ride/drive by straddling” While
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase> is the verb “to ride” down, qí is the
                        verb “to ride” used generally - and specifically when sitting with horses,
                        motorcycles and bicycles.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téngsǐ le</foreignphrase>: “to hurt a lot,” literally “to
                        hurt to death (figuratively speaking)”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú xuě</foreignphrase>: “to bleed,” literally “to flow
                        blood”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuě</foreignphrase> is also pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuè</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tái</foreignphrase>: “to lift or carry (by two or more
                            persons)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ zhèige zhuōzi
                                                táijìnlái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please carry this table in (with me or someone
                                            else).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ zhèi liǎngjiàn dà xíngli
                                                táishang chē qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please carry (with me or someone else these two large
                                            suitcases onto the train.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ diànshì táixià 1óu
                                                lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Bring the television downstairs with me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòng</foreignphrase>: “to move (either oneself or something
                            else)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié dòng!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't move.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiān bú yào dòng
                                            ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let's not move him just yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dòng</foreignphrase> can also mean “to touch” something, so
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié dòng</foreignphrase> can also mean “Don't touch
                        it.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòngbuliǎo</foreignphrase>: “unable to move” The
                            endings<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> -deliǎo</foreignphrase> “able” and
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">buliǎo</foreignphrase> “unable” are used with action
                        verbs to show the result of the action.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zènme duō xíngli, wǒ yíge rén
                                                nábuliǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can't carry all this luggage by myself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kāi dāo bù jiǔ, hái zǒubuliāo
                                                lù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It hasn't been long since the operation. She's not
                                            yet able to walk.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià zhème dà yǔ. Xiànzài
                                                zěubuliǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's raining so hard. We can't leave now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎshàng</foreignphrase>: “immediately, right away,”
                        literally “on a horse”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ diànhuà</foreignphrase>: “to make a phone call,”
                        literally “to hit electric-speech.” To indicate who you are calling, use the
                        prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for,
                            to.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gěi shéi dǎ
                                                diànhuà?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who are you calling?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng yòu gěi ni dǎ diàn huà
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng</foreignphrase> called you
                                            again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànhuà</foreignphrase> by itself can mean either
                        “telephone” or “telephone call.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái méiyou diànhuà
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are you still without a phone?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu nǐde
                                            diànhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There's a call for you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes you can use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànhuà</foreignphrase> where English
                        would have “telephone number”: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde diànhuà shi
                                                duōshao?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is your telephone number?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhāojí</foreignphrase>: “to get upset, to get excited with
                        worry, to feel anxious”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tài zhāojí. Wǒmen zhèr méiyou
                                                shénme wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're too anxious/worried. We don't have any
                                            problems here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kān</foreignphrase>: “to look after (something)” The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase> “to look, to see” changes tones when
                        it means “to look after something.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù Xiānggǎngde shíhou, shéi gěi ni
                                                kān fángzi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who'll be looking after your house when you go to
                                            Hong Kong?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi gěi ni kān
                                            háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who looks after the children (OR babysits) for
                                            you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase>: This is the marker of DURATION. It
                        may be added to an action or process verb to indicate that the action lasts
                        for some amount of time. In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr kānzhe
                            ta</foreignphrase> “I'll stay here and look after him,” the speaker is
                        saying that he will do this and CONTINUE it for some time.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Zhe</foreignphrase> can be used whether the time is
                        past, present or future.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài nèibiān zuòzhe, Xiǎo Lán
                                                pǎojinlai gàosu ta bàba huílai
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She was sitting there when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāo
                                                Lán</foreignphrase> ran in and told her papa had
                                            returned.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hāi bìngzhe ne.</foreignphrase> He's still sick. (The
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase> tells you that the illness is
                        lasting for some time. Without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase>, bin,
                        means “get sick,” not “be sick. Ne tells you this is not a new situation
                        [absence of change!]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuòzhe ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Sit for a while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>A passerby (B) on a street in Beijing is called by the driver of a motor
                        cycle (A) who has Just had an accident with a pedestrian (C).</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">páizi</foreignphrase>: “sign, poster, plate,” also a “brand
                        name, trademark”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ mǎide shi shénme páizide
                                                zhàoxiàngjī?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What brand of camera did you buy?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige hóng páizishang xiěde shi
                                                shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is written on that red sign ?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùyì</foreignphrase>: “to pay attention to, to take notice
                            of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi zhùyì tā shi gēn shéi
                                                zǒude.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I didn't notice who he left with.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhùyì diǎnr!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please pay a little more attention!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi bù kéyi</foreignphrase>: “cannot” Of the three
                        auxiliary verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>
                        is the one to use when the “can” or “cannot” is due to someone granting or
                        withholding permission.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóuyǒng</foreignphrase>: “to swim”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì bu huì yóuyǒng?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you swim?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yóuyǒng yóude bú tài
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't swim too well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wéixiǎn</foreignphrase>: “to be dangerous, to be perilous”
                        Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēixiǎn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiběi qí mōtuōchē tài wéixiǎn
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's too dangerous to ride a motorcycle in
                                            Taipei.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú pà wéixiǎn, tā shénme dōu yào
                                                zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He's not afraid of danger. He'll do anything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùyì</foreignphrase>: “intentionally, willfully, on
                            purpose”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gùyì bǎ nèixie shū diū
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She lost those books on purpose.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ, wǒ bú shi gùyì
                                                (zuò)de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm sorry, I didn't do it on purpose.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to let, to allow, to cause (someone
                        to do something).” This is a prepositional verb, i.e.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase> and its object both precede the main
                            verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú ràng wǒ
                                            zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She won't let me leave.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zěnme kéyi ràng tā zènme bù
                                                gāoxìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How could you make her so unhappy?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>A Canadian man (M) has Just entered an area in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> prohibited to foreigners, having
                        failed to notice a sign in English to that effect. A policewoman (F) calls
                        out to him.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐdao le</foreignphrase>: “now I know,” or “I understand”
                        This is the marker le for new situations.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>An American woman and her two children are swimming along the beach in
                        Taiwan. A soldier calls to them.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì bú yào zài lai le</foreignphrase>: “in the future
                        don't come here again (any more).” In addition to meaning “next time,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì</foreignphrase> can mean generally “in the
                        future.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Appendixes</title>
        <section>
            <title>Parts of the body</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Medical Conditions and Illnesses</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Furniture and Household Items</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Parts of the House</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Module Vocabulary List</title>
    </section>
</chapter>