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- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
- <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
- version="5.1">
- <title>Personal Welfare</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Objectives for the Personal Welfare Module</title>
- <para>When you have finished this module, you will be able to:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Describe the weather in all four seasons for your present locale, a Chinese
- city, and your hometown. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Describe the location, geographical setting, population, and air quality of
- the three areas in No. 1. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Give the names of five or more items of clothing. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Get your hair cut or styled. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Describe several items you ordinarily carry with you when traveling. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Give the names of and describe the different rooms in a house. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Give simple directions to a babysitter. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask and answer questions about the common cold and its symptoms. Offer advice
- on what to do for a simple ailment. Understand the use of kāishuǐ, “boiled
- water.” </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Describe what takes place during a visit to the doctor. Know how to give
- normal body temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit. Tell '“where it hurts”
- (using a list of the parts of the body, if necessary. ) </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Describe accidents where injuries occur, and tell someone to call an
- ambulance. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Report the loss of a passport to the appropriate officials. Find out where to
- go to report the loss and be able to determine whether adequate translation
- facilities will be available. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Use the words for “danger” and “caution” in grammatical, situationally
- appropriate sentences. Describe how someone entered a restricted area and how
- and for what reasons he was escorted out.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
- <section>
- <title>References Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān tiānqi hěn hǎo</foreignphrase>: Notice that the
- time word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān</foreignphrase> “today” is placed before
- the subject, not directly before the verb here. Most time words of more than
- one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in either case
- before the verb. Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ hái bú huì xiě
- zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Last year I still couldn't write characters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài hui xiě yìdiǎn le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now I can write a little.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìhòu</foreignphrase>: “climate” Also pronounced
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìhòu</foreignphrase> (with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hou</foreignphrase> in the neutral tone).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngtiān hěn lěng.</foreignphrase>: “it's cold in winter”
- The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> is not translated here. Often
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> adds little or nothing to the
- intensity of the adjectival verb, and doesn't need to be translated by
- “very.” Later, you may notice that sometimes we translate the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> literally and sometimes we choose to
- omit it from the translation. It is not a matter of right and wrong; it is
- more a matter of feeling, and may be, we admit, a somewhat arbitrary
- decision.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>: “often, frequently, usually” An
- alternate form of this word is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā chángcháng qù
- Xiānggǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She often goes to Hong Kong.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cháng kàn
- bàozhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He often reads the newspaper.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The phrase “very often” is NOT formed by using
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>; instead, Just use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>. If you must stress that
- something happens very often, use a phrase like “every few days.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià xuě</foreignphrase>: “to snow” or more literally
- ”(there) falls snow.” The subject <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuě</foreignphrase> “snow”
- normally follows the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase> “to descend.”
- This reversal of subject and verb is the rule, not the exception, in weather
- expressions. **English is no more logical when it comes to weather
- expressions: it uses the meaningless subject “it,” as in “it snows.”**<footnote>
- <para>English is no more logical when it comes to weather expressions:
- it uses the meaningless “it,”as in “it snows.”</para>
- </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, xià xuě
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh, it's snowing.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià xuě ma? Bu
- xià.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu méiyou xià xue?
- Méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià xuě le méiyou?
- Méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān xià xuě bu xià
- xuě?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is it going to snow today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài bù xià xuě
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's not snowing anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>: “heaven, sky, day.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āiya, wǒde tiān
- na!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh my heavens!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān zhǐdao!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Heaven only knows!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíng</foreignphrase>: “to be clear, to clear up” In the
- sentence<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tiān qíng</foreignphrase> le, the marker le
- tells us that a change has taken place. The meaning is not simply that the
- sky is clear, but that the sky is clear NOW, or rather, the sky has cleared
- up.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Juéde</foreignphrase> “to feel” Here
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase> is used to mean “to feel, to think,
- to have an opinion about something.” It can also mean “to feel” in a
- physical way, as in “to feel sick.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ Juéde ...
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase> can be well translated as “How do you like
- ... ?</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn shǎo</foreignphrase>: “It seldom snows in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> in the winter.” The adjectival
- verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase> “to be few” is used here as an
- adverb “seldom,” and as such comes before the verb. Notice that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn shǎo</foreignphrase>, “seldom,” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>, “often,” are used as
- opposites.</para>
- <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān zhèrde tiānqi hěn liángkuai</foreignphrase>: “Today
- the weather here is very cool.” Again, it is not necessary to translate
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> as “very” in this sentence; the
- meaning depends on the speaker's intonation and emphasis.</para>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
- <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase>: “to feel” This may mean “to feel
- (physically)” or “to feel (emotionally), to think.” It is often used, as
- in the Reference List sentence, to preface a statement of opinion.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde ...</foreignphrase> may sometimes be
- translated as “l think that ...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde tā kéyi
- zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I think he can do it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>And here are some examples using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase>
- to mean “feel (physically )”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde hěn
- rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I feel hot.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde bù
- shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't feel well. (Literally, “I feel not
- well.”)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ juéde Běijīng zěnmeyang?</foreignphrase>: “How do
- you like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>?” or “What do you think
- of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>?” More literally, “You feel
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> is how?”</para>
- <para>t<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài lěng le</foreignphrase>: “it's been too cold” The
- marker le is the marker for new situations. It is often used to
- reinforce the idea of “excessive.” Another example is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài
- guì le!</foreignphrase> “it's too expensive!”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
- <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List Part 2</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā fēng</foreignphrase>: “(there) blows wind”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guā</foreignphrase> literally means “to scrape,” but when
- used in connection with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēng</foreignphrase>, “wind,” it
- means “to blow.” Like other weather expressions, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià
- xuě</foreignphrase> “to snow,” the subject
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēng</foreignphrase> usually follows the verb guā. To say
- “very windy,” you say that the wind is big, either <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēng hěn
- dà</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guā dà fēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè</foreignphrase>: “by March” A time word before the
- verb may mean “by” a certain time as well as “at” a certain time.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè jiù kāishǐ nuǎnhuo le</foreignphrase>: “By March it
- is already starting to get warm.” When the time word before it is given
- extra stress, the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> indicates that
- the event in question happens earlier than might be expected. The marker le
- after the state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nuǎnhuo</foreignphrase>, “to be warm,”
- tells us that it is being used here as a process verb “to get warm.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒude shiéhou</foreignphrase>: “sometimes” This is also
- said as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu shíyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià yǔ</foreignphrase>: “to rain” Literally, “(there) falls
- rain.” Now you have seen three weather expressions where the subject
- normally follows the verb: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià xuě</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā fēng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià
- yǔ</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn xiǎng Jiāzhōu</foreignphrase>: “I really miss
- California” The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, translated here
- as “to miss,” is the same verb as “to think” (“I really think of California
- [with nostalgia]”).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàtiān bú shi hěn cháoshí</foreignphrase>: “it's not very
- humid in the summer.” The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> is not
- obligatory in the sentence. It would also be correct to say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù hěn cháoshí</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táifěng</foreignphrase>: “typhoon” The Chinese word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táifēng</foreignphrase> was borrowed into the English
- language as “typhoon.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Hong Kong:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ líkāi zhème jiǔ</foreignphrase>: “it's been so long
- since you left” You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>, which
- means “to be long in time,” in the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō
- jiǔ</foreignphrase>, “how long (a time)”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 3</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli</foreignphrase>: “in the city,” literally “inside
- the city wall.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxià</foreignphrase>: “country” Also pronounced
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxià</foreignphrase> (with neutral tone
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùjìn</foreignphrase>: “vicinity” Also pronounced
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǔjìn</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huánjìng</foreignphrase>: “environment, surroundings,” In
- №24 the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ lǎojiā fùjìnde huānjìng</foreignphrase> is
- literally “the environment of the vicinity of your original home.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ lǎojiā nèige dìfang</foreignphrase>: “your hometown”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎojiā</foreignphrase> by itself only means “original
- home.”To get the meaning “hometown,” you must refer to the place
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige dìfang</foreignphrase>) where your “original home”
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎojiā</foreignphrase>) is. Notice the different
- phrasing in the following sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā nèige dìfang yǒu duōshǎo
- rénkǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What's the population of your hometown?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā nàr yǒu méiyou
- shān?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Are there mountains where your original home
- is?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā zài xiāngxià
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is your original home in the country?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shān</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hū</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “mountain, lake, river” These three
- words are used with the four points of the compass to make several province
- names.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>east of the (Tàiháng) mountains</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shānxǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>west of the (Tàiháng) mountains</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Héběi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>north of the (Yellow) river</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hénán</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>south of the (Yellow) river</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húběi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>north of the (Dòngtíng) lake</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Húnán</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>south of the (Dòngtíng) lake</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige xiǎo chéng</foreignphrase>: “that little town” You've
- learned that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli</foreignphrase> means “in the city.” One
- word for “city” by itself is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase> [another
- is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chěngshì</foreignphrase>]. <informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde shi něige Huáshèngdùn? Shi
- zhōu háishi chéng? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Which Washington are you talking about? The state or
- the city?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ líkāi nàli yǐjīng yǒu wǔnián le</foreignphrase>:
- “(Since) I left there it has been five years.” The marker le at the end of
- the sentence is new-situation le, and is necessary here. It shows that the
- duration stated (five years) is as of the present moment (“so far”). Another
- point to bear in mind is that Le is used at the end of most sentences
- containing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhānghuà</foreignphrase>, “Changsha,” is the name of a city
- and a county on the west coast of central Taiwan. T'ienchung
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiánzhōng</foreignphrase>) is a village in southeastern
- Changsha county.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>: “to put on, to don” (clothes, shoes)
- Notice that Chinese uses an action verb, “to put on,” where English uses a
- state verb, “to wear.” You have to adjust your thinking a bit in order to
- use this verb correctly. When you want to say “She's NOT WEARING her coat,”
- you actually say “She DIDN'T PUT ON her coat,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měi chuān
- dàyī</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>Here are some example sentences using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>
- “to put on.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chuānle yìshuāng hóng
- xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm wearing a pair of red shoes. (I've put on a pair
- of red shoes.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi chuān
- xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm not wearing shoes. (I didn't put on shoes.
- )</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní chuān bái xié
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you wear white shoes? (HABIT) OR Will you wear
- white shoes? (INTENTION)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù chuān bái
- xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't wear white shoes (HABIT) OR I won't wear
- white shoes. (INTENTION)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuān</foreignphrase> is not the only verb meaning to put
- on in Chinese. There is another verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>
- which is used for wearing or putting on hats, wristwatches, ornaments,
- jewelry, and gloves.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dài</foreignphrase> is taught in Part II of this
- unit.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xūyào</foreignphrase>: “to need” This word may be used as a
- main verb or as an auxiliary verb. In either usage, it is always a state
- verb. It is, therefore, negated with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I need money.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
- shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I need time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I need her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào huàn
- qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I need to change money.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xūyào
- zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He needs to know.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiàn</foreignphrase>: This is the counter for articles of
- clothing, as well as for things (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngxi</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqing</foreignphrase>), and suitcases.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàyī</foreignphrase>: “overcoat” literally “big
- clothes”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>: “to be old, to be worn” This is the
- word to use when describing things, whether concrete or abstract, but never
- people. [For people, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lāo</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎo le</foreignphrase>. “She's gotten
- old.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi wǒde jiù
- dìzhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's my old address.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā háishi chuān jiù
- yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's still wearing old clothes.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi (yí)jiān xīnde</foreignphrase>: The number yí- before a
- counter may be omitted when it directly follows a verb.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>: “to need” In sentence №4, you see a
- new usage of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ yào mǎi
- hòu yidiǎnrde </foreignphrase>“you need to buy a heavier one”). In
- addition to meaning “to want”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> has many
- uses as an auxiliary verb. The meaning “to need” is one of the more common
- ones.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase>: “to be thick” In sentence No. 4
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nǐ yào mǎi hòu yidiǎnrde...</foreignphrase>),
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase> is translated as “heavier.” The basic
- meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase> is “to be
- thick.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū hěn
- hòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This book is very thick.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yèli xiàde xuě hěn
- hòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The snow that fell last night is very deep.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Báo</foreignphrase> “to be thin, to be flimsy (of cloth,
- paper, etc.),” is often the opposite of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuōxié</foreignphrase>: “slipper,” literally “drag-shoes.”
- In most households in Taiwan shoes are not worn into the house, so plenty of
- pairs of slippers are kept at the front door. This custom, established by
- Japanese influence, has the practical value of keeping the floors dry, which
- would otherwise be difficult given Taiwan's rainy climate. (in mainland
- China, shoes are worn into the house.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huài</foreignphrase>: This verb has a different meaning
- depending on whether it is a state verb or a process verb. As a state verb,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huài</foreignphrase> means “to be bad,” as a process
- verb, “to go bad, to break.”</para>
- <para>As a state verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān tiānqi zhēn huài, jīntiān hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Yesterday the weather was really bad, but today it's
- gotten better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hē! Tāde Zhōngguo huà zhēn bú huài,
- a?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Well! His Chinese is really not bad, huh?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As a process verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhèizhǐ bǐ huài
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This pen of mine is broken.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē júzi huài le, bú yào
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These tangerines have gone bad; we don't want them
- (throw them out).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
- <para>The couple in this dialogue have recently moved to Taipei from Kaohsiung
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>) in southern Taiwan. Here they
- are taking a walk in downtown Taipei. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Huá</foreignphrase> is their daughter.)</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
- <para>An American of Chinese descent (M) has gone back to visit relatives in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. Here he talks with his cousin
- (F).</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiyī</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikù</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi</foreignphrase>
- means “inner.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèikù</foreignphrase> means “underpants”
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kù</foreignphrase> as in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kùzi</foreignphrase>).
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiyī</foreignphrase> means “underclothes” in general,
- but when contrasted with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikù</foreignphrase> takes on the
- specific meaning “undershirt.” The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> means
- “clothing, garment,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīfu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākè</foreignphrase>: “jacket,” a word borrowed from
- English. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiākè</foreignphrase> refers only to Jackets cut
- above the waist; a suit Jacket would be
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàitào</foreignphrase> (see note below). Also pronounced
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiákè</foreignphrase>. In
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, this word has an -r
- ending.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nílóng</foreignphrase>: “nylon,” another borrowing from
- English.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “to put on, to don” a hat, wristwatch,
- gloves, glasses, jewelry or other things which are not necessary to one's
- apparel. As with the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase> which you
- learned in Part I, when you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> you have
- to adjust your thinking from the idea of “to wear” to the idea of “put on.”
- For “Do you wear glasses?” you would say “Do you put on glasses?”:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī dài bu dài yǎnjìng?</foreignphrase> For “She's not
- wearing glasses” you would say “She didn't put on glasses”:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi dài yǎnjìng.</foreignphrase>
- Contrast:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú dài
- màozi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="2"/>
- <entry>She doesn't wear hats.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>OR</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She won't wear a hat. (HABIT) (INTENTION)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="4"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi dài
- màozi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="4"/>
- <entry>She didn't put on a hat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>OR</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She didn't wear a hat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>OR</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She doesn't have a hat on.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>(The translations given only cover some of the possible ones. Other aspect
- markers which you have not learned yet, such as the marker for action in
- progress [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>], the marker for duration
- [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase>], the marker for lack of change
- [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>], etc., can be used to make more
- precise the meaning of a sentence.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dǐng</foreignphrase>: The counter for
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màozi</foreignphrase>, “hat.” Literally,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dǐng</foreignphrase> means “top.”</para>
- <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>: “glasses” (counter:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fù</foreignphrase>)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase>: “to be broken/damaged/torn/worn out” In
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò màozi</foreignphrase>, “old/ worn/ tattered hat,”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> stands before a noun to modify it.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pò</foreignphrase> is also frequently used as a process
- verb, “to break, to become damaged/torn/worn out.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànkan, nǐde jiākè shì bu shi pò le?</foreignphrase> Let
- me have a look, has your jacket been torn/worn through?</para>
- <para>In Part I you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huài</foreignphrase>, “to go bad, to
- break.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huài</foreignphrase> means that something becomes
- unusable or stops working, while <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> means
- that something develops a tear, cut, split, hole, break, etc.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> in Part I had for one possible
- translation “to be worn,” but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pō</foreignphrase> are quite different:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> le means to have changed color or
- shape after a long period of time or use, whereas
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> le means that the thing is no longer
- intact, whether the damage is caused by time, use, or accident.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gòu</foreignphrase>: “to be enough” This adjectival verb is
- only used as the main verb of a sentence, never (like English “enough”)
- before a noun. You must therefore recast English sentences with “enough”
- into the Chinese pattern when you translate, e.g.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànkan, nǐde jiākè shì bu shi pò
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let me have a look, has your jacket been torn/worn
- through?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gòu</foreignphrase>: “to be enough” This adjectival verb is
- only used as the main verb of a sentence, never (like English “enough”)
- before a noun. You must therefore recast English sentences with “enough”
- into the Chinese pattern when you translate, e.g.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you have enough socks?</entry>
- <entry>Are your socks enough?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
- wàzi gòu bu gòu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't have enough shirts</entry>
- <entry>My shirts aren't enough.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
- chènshān bú gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There aren't enough rice bowls.</entry>
- <entry>The rice bowls aren't enough.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fànwǎn
- bú gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàitào</foreignphrase>: This word has two meanings: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>coat, overcoat,” and</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>a “jacket” which extends below the waist, like a suit jacket. (A
- jacket cut above the waist is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākè</foreignphrase>.)</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìjǐ</foreignphrase>: “oneself; myself, yourself, himself,
- etc.” This is a special pronoun. It can be used by itself, or it can follow
- another pronoun like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>,
- etc. Here are some examples. (For the first, you need to know
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhǒng</foreignphrase>, “kind,” and for the last, you
- need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>, “to make.”)<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎi yīfu, zuì hǎo mǎi zìjī xǐhuande
- nèizhǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When buying clothes, it is best to buy the kind one
- likes oneself.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi wǒ zìjīde
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's my own business.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi tā zìjī zuòde, bú shi
- mǎide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She made this herself, it isn't
- (store-)bought.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píxié</foreignphrase>: Western-style “leather shoes,” a
- word commonly used where we would just say “shoes,” since traditional
- Chinese shoes (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bùxié</foreignphrase>) are made of
- cloth.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuìyī</foreignphrase>: “pajamas,” literally,
- “sleep-garment” This word can use two different counters, depending on the
- type of pajamas referred to. </para>
- <para>1) For two-piece pajamas, that is, a shirt and pants, the counter is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tào</foreignphrase>, “set.” (Although we say “a pair of
- pajamas” in English, you cannot use the counter
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-shuāng</foreignphrase> in Chinese.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Shuāng</foreignphrase> is only for things that match,
- like shoes.) </para>
- <para>2) Old-style one-piece pajamas take the counter<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- -jiàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase>: “tote bag, carryall,” literally,
- “book-sack.” Although still used with the original meaning of a student's
- “book-bag,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase> has now come to have a
- more general meaning, since book-bags are often used to carry things other
- than books. There are other words for “tote bag,” but
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase> is so useful that you should learn
- it first. 3</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàng</foreignphrase>: “to forget; to forget to; to forget
- that”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wàng le ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You've forgotten, haven't you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi wàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No, I haven't forgotten.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo wàng(le) qù
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I forgot to go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàng(le) dài màozi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I forgot to put on my hat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle tā jǐdiǎn zhōng
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I forgot what time he is coming.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle tā jiào shénme
- míngzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I forgot what his name is.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle wǒ jīntiān méi
- kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I forgot that I don't have any classes today.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máoyí</foreignphrase>: “sweater,” literally,
- “woolen-garment.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase>, “in that case, then,” is always used at
- the very beginning of a sentence, for example:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà, wǒmen shénme shíhou
- qù?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Then, when shall we go?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà nǐ děi qù mǎi xīnde le</foreignphrase>: The le here is
- optional. It stresses that having to go buy a new sweater is a new
- situation.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn</foreignphrase>. In the home of two senior cadres,
- a husband (M) and wife (F) discuss shopping plans. (They live together with
- the wife's older sister.)</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒde shūbāo ne?</foreignphrase>: Questions with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> frequently ask for the whereabouts of
- something or someone; thus the sentence may be translated, “Where is my tote
- bag?”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>Taipei. Conversation between a husband and wife. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Míng</foreignphrase> is their son.)</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 3</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to make,” but in the Reference List
- sentence it is used for “to have made.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò
- yīfu</foreignphrase> has two possible meanings: “to make clothes” or “to
- have clothes made.” The context will usually make clear which is
- meant.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiwān zuò yīfu bù piányi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Having clothes made isn't cheap in Taiwan any
- more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para/>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénmeyàng</foreignphrase>: “what kind, like
- what”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde dìtǎn
- shénmeyàngr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is your carpet like?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Láide rén
- shénmeyàngr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What did the person who came look like?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yàode dìtān shi
- shénmeyàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What kind of carpet is it that you want?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde péngyou shi shénmeyàngde
- rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What kind of person is your friend?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase>: A close-fitting woman's dress with
- high Chinese collar and slit side, now called in English a “cheongsam,” from
- the Guangdong dialect name. Qí refers to the Manchurian nationality;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">páo</foreignphrase> means a Chinese-style long gown. Thus
- the name <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase> comes from the fact that the
- ancestor of the modern cheongsam was originally worn by Manchurian
- women.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàozi</foreignphrase>: “cloth, fabric, material”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuō...</foreignphrase> : Literally, “You say...,” but
- often used as in this question to mean, “In your opinion” or “Do you
- think...”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhǒng</foreignphrase>: “kind, sort”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde lǚxíng zhípiào shi nǎ
- yizhǒngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What kind are your traveler's checks?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù nèizhǒng dìfang zuò
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What did you go to that kind of place to do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng júzi hěn
- guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This kind of tangerine is very expensive.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàngzi</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“appearance,” </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“shape, form,” </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“style, design.”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yàngzi hěn hāo
- kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Her appearance is very attractive.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn tā nèi
- yàngzi!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Look at his appearance! (i.e., “Get a load of
- him.”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde nèige dōngxi shi shénme
- yàngzide?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What does the thing you are talking about look
- like?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde qípāode yàngzi hěn bú
- cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The style of her cheongsam is quite nice.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde xīn yīfu shi shénme
- yàngzide?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What's the style of your new dress?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnshang</foreignphrase>: “on one's body, on one's
- person”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēnshang yǒu yíjiàn lán
- dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has a blue overcoat on.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shēnshang méiyou
- qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't have any money on me.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde qián xiànzài dōu zài tā
- shēnshang.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has all my money with him right now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě bu kéyi</foreignphrase>: another way to say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi bu kéyi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào</foreignphrase>: “according to”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù zhào zhèige
- niàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Just read it the way it is here (according to
- this).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù zhào zhèige páijià huàn
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Just exchange it according to this exchange
- rate.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiù zhào nǐde yìsi xiě, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll just write it the way you want it written, all
- right?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáng</foreignphrase>: “to measure”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gěi wǒ liángliang zhèikuài liàozi
- gòu bu gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Measure this piece of cloth for me to see if there's
- enough.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǐcùn</foreignphrase>: “measurements,” literally,
- “feet-inches.” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǐcun</foreignphrase> (with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cun</foreignphrase> in the neutral tone).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mián'ǎo</foreignphrase>: “Chinese-style cotton-padded
- Jacket”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héshì</foreignphrase>: “to fit; to be suitable, to be
- appropriate”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn yīfu hěn héshì, bú dà yě bù
- xiǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This garment fits well, it's neither too large nor
- too small.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chuān zhèige yánsè bú tài héshì,
- huàn (yi)jiàn biéde ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That color doesn't look right on you, try a different
- one.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijǐng</foreignphrase>. A man (A) goes to a tailor shop to
- have some clothes made. (B) is the tailor.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para>Taipei. A woman goes to a tailor shop to have some clothes made.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu shì</foreignphrase>: “to be occupied, to have something
- to do,” literally, “to have business.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài yǒu shì
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Are you busy now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No, I'm not busy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎn</foreignphrase>: “to cut (with a scissors), to clip,
- to trim” Chinese has several different words for English “to cut” depending
- on the method of cutting. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎn</foreignphrase> only refers to
- cutting with a scissors or clipper.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yào</foreignphrase>: “don't” In Transportation Module,
- Un t 3, you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bié</foreignphrase> for “don't” in
- negative commands. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào</foreignphrase> means the same
- thing.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngbiān</foreignphrase>: “two sides, both sides” In
- English it is enough to say just “the sides” and to add “two” or “both”
- seems superfluous, but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase> is necessary in
- Chinese. Perhaps this is because Chinese has no way of indicating plural, as
- does the s in English, “the sides.”</para>
- <para>Gòu duǎn le: “it's short enough now” There are two things to notice in
- this short sentence: (1) In English we say “short enough,” but in Chinese
- you say literally “enough short”; in other words, gòu is used as an adverb
- to modify the adjectival verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duǎn</foreignphrase>. (2) le
- here indicates a new state of affairs: before, the hair wasn't short enough,
- but now it is. Thus le can be rendered into English by the word
- “now.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase>: “to wash the hair”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóu</foreignphrase> is literally “head,” but in many
- cases actually refers to the hair. In most Chinese barbershops a shampoo
- after the haircut is standard procedure, and you would not have to specify
- that you want one. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> is translated as
- “to shampoo.” Liquid shampoo is called
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐfàjīng</foreignphrase>, “wash-hair-essence.”)</para>
- <para>Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> has been
- translated idiomatically as “I want a shampoo,” although literally
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> is a verb-object “to wash the
- head.” Many Chinese phrases made up of a verb plus object are ambiguous as
- to who performs the action. You might have been tempted to translate
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> as “I want to wash the
- hair,” but in this context the sentence actually means “I want to have (my)
- hair washed,” that is, by someone else (the barber). The context should tell
- you which meaning is intended. Another example:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù xǐ yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I am going to wash clothes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>OR</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù xǐ yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I am going to have clothes washed.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Usually you won't have any trouble deciding which the speaker means; the
- situation or other things the speaker says will make it clear.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóu</foreignphrase>: Literally, “oil,” this word may be
- used in a looser sense to refer to all sorts of liquid preparations applied
- to the hair by hand (e.g., Vitalis). The specific word for “hair oil” is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàyóu</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóuyóu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu tóufa...</foreignphrase>: This is the sentence to
- say when the barber leaves bits of hair on your neck. The average person
- would gesture to his neck and say this sentence.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūfu</foreignphrase>: “to be comfortable; to feel
- good”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yǐzi zhēn
- shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This chair is really comfortable.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige xiǎo fēng hǎo shūfu
- a!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This breeze (“little wind”) feels so good.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù shūfu</foreignphrase> can either mean “to be
- uncomfortable” or “not to be well, that is, to feel ill.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wáng Xiáojie wèishénme jīntiān méi
- lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why didn't Miss <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
- come today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jintiān bù
- shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She doesn't feel well today.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase>: An extremely versatile verb because
- it has such a general meaning: “to do/manage/handle/make.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nòng</foreignphrase> often substitutes for a more
- specific verb. Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lòng</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù nòng
- fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll go get the meal ready.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù nòng
- nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll go take care of that.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zìjǐ nòng
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let me do it myself.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié nòng nèixie
- shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't mess around with that sort of thing.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nòngle hěn duō
- qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He came up with a lot of money.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>But in the Reference List sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase> is
- used in an even more common way, meaning “to make (someone/something a
- certain way)” or “to get (someone/ something into a certain condition).”
- Other examples:</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònggānjing</foreignphrase>: “to make/get something
- clean”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònghuài</foreignphrase>: “to break, to put out of order,
- to ruin”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòngpò</foreignphrase>: “to tear, to break”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>: “to shave”, literally, “to scrape
- the beard.” The verb object phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>,
- like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> in Reference List Sentence No. 5,
- may be translated in either of two ways depending on the context: either “to
- shave (someone)” or “to have someone shave oneself.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi wǒ guā húzi</foreignphrase>: “shave me”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> is the prepositional verb meaning
- “for.” When you have a verb-object phrase like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā
- húzi</foreignphrase> you indicate the person upon whom the action is
- performed by using a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>
- phrase.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni gěi wǒ xǐ
- tóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please wash my hair for me (i.e., give me a
- shampoo).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase>: “to pound (someone's) back” as in
- massage. Barbers in China often provide this service after the haircut. Here
- once again, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase> is a verb-object phrase
- with the same ambiguity as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>: it may mean “to pound someone's
- back” or “to have one's back pounded.” Again, the context determines the
- interpretation. When the barber asks you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào chuí bèi
- ma?</foreignphrase>, you can safely assume that he is offering to pound
- your back rather than asking you to pound his.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ànmó</foreignphrase>: This is the noun “massage.” In recent
- years, an increasing number of barbershops in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and a few
- in the TRC have added massage to their list of services. Chinese medical
- clinics and hospitals also give therapeutic massage.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā píxíe</foreignphrase>: “to shine shoes/to have one's
- shoes shined” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cā</foreignphrase> is literally, “to wipe, to
- rub.”) Once again, there is potential ambiguity as to who is the performer
- of the action. Also note that Chinese must use the verb-object; there is no
- noun corresponding to English “a shoeshine.” The translation of the
- Reference List sentence using “a shoeshine” is idiomatic. Literally the
- sentence means, “is there someone who shines shoes here?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cā
- píxiéde</foreignphrase> is a noun phrase meaning “someone who shines
- shoes, a shoe shiner.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú húzi</foreignphrase>: “to grow a beard,” literally
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú</foreignphrase>, “to leave, to let be,” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">húzi</foreignphrase> “beard, mustache.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue on Part 1</title>
- <para>Taipei. A Chinese man (A) walks into a barbershop and sits down in a
- barber's chair. The barber is B and the shoeshine boy is C.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngbiān me...:</foreignphrase> me indicates hesitation,
- indecision or consideration. It is translated here by the words “as
- for.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
- <para>A barbershop in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. An American goes
- into a medium-sized barbershop. After sitting for a while in the waiting
- area, his number is called, he pays his fee to the cashier, and then sits
- down in a barber's chair. Since the American has been here three times
- before, the barber and he are already acquainted.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi shíjiān na</foreignphrase>: Na is a contraction of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú cuò</foreignphrase>: “not bad, pretty good” (MTG
- 2)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào nèibianr zuò</foreignphrase>: The
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> is omitted from this phrase.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò tóufa</foreignphrase>: “to do hair” or “to have one's
- hair done” (See the Reference Notes for part I on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ
- tóu</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā
- píxié</foreignphrase>.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùyuē</foreignphrase>: “to make an appointment” literally
- “beforehand make-an-appointment.” This is relatively new PRC usage; this
- word used to have only the meanings “a preliminary agreement” or “to
- pre-order a book which has not be published.” In Taiwan (or the PRC for that
- matter), you may use instead the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiān yuē yige
- shíjiān</foreignphrase>, “to arrange a time forehand.” Appointments are
- not generally required or accepted in barbershops and beauty parlors in the
- PRC or Taiwan.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèntí</foreignphrase>: “problem or
- “question.”<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> méi (yǒu) wèntí</foreignphrase> is just like
- the English “no problem.” In addition to its literal meaning of “There is no
- problem,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi wèntí</foreignphrase> can also “be used to
- assure someone that you are extending a favor gladly.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bu kéyi qǐng ni gěi wo wèn zhèijiàn
- shì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Could you please ask about this matter for
- me?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No problem.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>: A Chinese unit of length equal to 1/3
- of a centimeter, or slightly more than 1/8 of an inch.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēn</foreignphrase> originally meant “one tenth.” You
- have also seen it meaning “one cent” (1/10 of a dime,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máo</foreignphrase>). As a unit of length,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase> is one tenth of a Chinese inch
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cùn</foreignphrase>). We have drawn a ruler marking off
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cùn</foreignphrase> (“inches”) and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase> so that you can contrast it with our
- American (British) inch.<inlinemediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="../images/mesures.png" width="14cm"/>
- </imageobject>
- </inlinemediaobject></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu diǎn</foreignphrase>: Used before a state verb, you
- (yì)diǎn means “a little, slightly,” as in:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn rè</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>a little hot</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn nán</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>a little difficult</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> deserves your special
- attention, since English speakers learning Chinese tend to make the mistake
- of saying <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn nán</foreignphrase> (which is incorrect) for
- “a little difficult” instead of the correct form<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu yìdiǎn
- nán</foreignphrase>. Remember to put in that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>!</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìyishi</foreignphrase>: “to try, to give it a try”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase> is “to try” in the sense of “to
- experiment.” It does not mean “try” in the sense of “to make an effort” to
- do something.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>: “certainly, surely, for sure,
- definitive(ly)” Literally, sentence 18 means “I think it will surely be
- good-looking,” which can be translated more smoothly as “I'm sure it will
- look good.” The phrase “I'm sure ...” will often translate into Chinese as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng ... yídìng ...</foreignphrase> , for
- example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ yídìng
- xǐhuan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm sure you'll like it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā yídìng
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm sure he'll come.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng tóufa</foreignphrase>: “to get a permanent” The use of
- the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase> for “to get a permanent” has an
- interesting background and shows how Chinese adapts words already in the
- language rather than borrow from other languages.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàng</foreignphrase> originally meant (and still does)
- “to scald” or “to apply heat to” something. For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng
- yīfu </foreignphrase>means “to iron clothes.” The earliest methods for
- giving a permanent wave used heated curlers; in fact, today in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> (as in other parts of the world)
- electrically heated curlers are still used in one type of permanent called
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàn tàng</foreignphrase>, “electric permanent.” After
- the introduction of chemical permanents, the verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase> continued to be used, even though no
- heat is applied in the new process. Chemical permanents are called
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lěng tàng</foreignphrase>, “cold permanent.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn</foreignphrase>: “to curl, to roll up” You will find
- this verb used in many contexts, not Just in the area of hair styling. It is
- the all-purpose word for rolling or curling ribbons, paper, pastry, and
- building materials. [Curly hair is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎnfà</foreignphrase>,
- straight hair is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhífà</foreignphrase>.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuǐgān</foreignphrase>: “to blow-dry”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuǐ</foreignphrase> is “to blow, to puff” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān</foreignphrase> is the adjectival verb “to be dry.”
- These two verbs used together to form a compound which indicates both the
- action and the result: “to blow until dry” or “to blow with the result that
- (something) becomes dry.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuīgān</foreignphrase> and the English word “blow-dry,”
- look as if they are exactly parallel, but they are not. In English you can
- leave off the word “blow” and just say “to dry someone's hair,” whereas in
- Chinese you cannot use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān</foreignphrase> to mean the action
- of drying something, only the state of being dry. You always need to use
- another verb with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān</foreignphrase> in order to tell the
- action which caused the drying. For example,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cāgān</foreignphrase> means “to wipe (something)
- dry.”</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>A Canadian woman (C) walks into the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- Hotel hairdresser's. First she talks with the cashier in front (A). Later the
- hairdresser (B) calls her.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para>Tipping is not permitted in the PRC. This is why the barber insists on giving
- the woman her change.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>Taipei. A woman student about to have her hair done is talking with the
- hairdresser.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn hǎo kànde</foreignphrase>: The -de here means “hat's how it
- is.” This usage is typical of southern dialects.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎndiǎn</foreignphrase>: “a very little bit”, less than
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>: “eyeglasses” Don't mix this up
- with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>, “eye.” In
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech these words are pronounced
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìngr</foreignphrase> (“eyeglasses”) and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjing</foreignphrase> (“eye”), keeping them even more
- distinct from each other.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīpiàoběn</foreignphrase>: “checkbook”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhípiào</foreignphrase> is a “check,” literally
- “pay-ticket.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běn(r)</foreignphrase> is a booklet.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “to bring” This word sounds exactly
- like another you learned in Unit 2, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>, “to
- wear, to put on (glasses, gloves, a hat, a wristwatch, jewelry, etc.).” They
- are different words, however, written With different characters ( 带 for “to
- bring” and 戴 for “to wear”). The translation of the first Reference List
- sentence is idiomatic; we would say “I have ... with me” or “I have ... on
- me” when Chinese says literally, “I have brought... .”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoběnzi</foreignphrase>: “notebook,” literally “small
- book.” In Reference List sentence No. 2,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoběnzi</foreignphrase> is translated specifically as
- “address book.” Actually the word is more neutral in meaning (“notebook,
- booklet”), but picks up the specific translation from the context.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngzi</foreignphrase>: “box, trunk, case”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngzi</foreignphrase> corresponds to the English
- “suitcase,” while <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíngli</foreignphrase> is the equivalent of
- “luggage.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnbàodān</foreignphrase>: “declaration form”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnbào</foreignphrase> is the verb “to report to a
- higher body, to declare something at customs.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dān</foreignphrase> is the noun meaning “bill, list,
- note.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zai shēnbàodānshang</foreignphrase>: “write it on the
- declaration form.” Notice that the place phrase (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài ...
- shang</foreignphrase>) is placed alter the verb here, rather than in its
- usual place before the verb. When the location tells where the result of the
- activity is supposed to end up, that location phrase may appear after the
- verb (a position where other “results” also show up). Compare these two
- sentences: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhuōzishang xiě
- zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Write (with paper) on the desk.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào xiě zai
- zhuōzishang!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't write on the desk! (Said to a child making
- marks on the table.)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase>: “women, womankind” This the term for
- “women” in the general sense. The term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚrén</foreignphrase>
- is less polite and more biological: “female.” (in Taiwan,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase> refers only to married women.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚde</foreignphrase> may be used for “women, woman.
- ”)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhīdao hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnǚ bú dài shǒushi, suóyi wǒ yě
- méi dài shǒushi lái</foreignphrase>: The first verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> means “to wear,” and the second verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> is “to bring with one.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ xiāngzi dǎkai gěi wo kànkan</foreignphrase>: “open the
- suitcase for me to take a look” or “open the suitcase and let me take a
- look.” You have learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> as a main verb
- “to give” and as a prepositional verb meaning “for” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
- gěi wo huànhuan</foreignphrase>, “Please change it for me”). In
- Reference List sentence No. 9 you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>
- used in a longer type of sentence. Compare the following
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ xiāngzi dǎkai gěi wǒ
- kànkan</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>open the suitcase for me to take a look</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn gěi wǒmen
- tīngting</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>read it aloud for us to listen</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi nèidǐng màozi gěi tā
- dài</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi nèidǐng màozi gěi tā
- dài</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>buy that hat to give it to me</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò nèige diǎnxīn gěi háizi
- chī</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>make that pastry for the child to eat</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> comes after the verb, it can mean
- either “to give” or “for, let.” For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ nèiběn shǔ
- náchulai gěi wo kànkan</foreignphrase> could mean either “Take out the
- book and (actually) give it to me to look at,” OR “Take out the book for me
- to see (show it to me, not necessarily hand it to me).” The context will
- help you decide which is meant; often, only one will make sense.</para>
- <para>CAUTION: Although <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is sometimes
- idiomatically translated as “to let,” you should not take this to mean that
- English “to let” may always be translated into Chinese with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>. There is a very limited
- correspondence between “let” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>. Usually
- you will translate “to let” as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>, which is
- introduced in Unit 6, Part III, of this module.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shì le</foreignphrase>: “Everything is all right now”
- OR “There's no further business.” Here, this means “Now that I've looked
- over your suitcase I find that there isn't anything further we need to take
- up.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùbeihǎo le</foreignphrase>: “prepared” You have already
- learned the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔnbèi</foreignphrase>, “to prepare, to get
- ready” or “to plan to.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yùbei</foreignphrase> is a close
- synonym. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yùbeihǎo</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùnbèihǎo</foreignphrase> both mean “to get all ready.”
- The ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-hǎo</foreignphrase> on certain verbs indicates
- bringing something to a satisfactory conclusion.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
- <para>An American woman is going through customs in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> (Canton).</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for part 1</title>
- <para>A Chinese couple in Taipei are talking just before the husband is to leave
- on a trip.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to take photographs” (WLF
- 6)</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes for Part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>: “apartment building,” literally
- “public residence” In the PRC, the word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase> is seldom used (only in the names
- of some buildings, and in technical contexts), but in Taiwan it is widely
- used. “Apartment building” may be translated as either
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyùlōu</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngyù</foreignphrase> is sometimes used for an
- “apartment.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmende gōngyù yǒu jǐjiān
- fángjiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How many rooms does your apartment have?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>But you would use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānyuán</foreignphrase>, “unit,” not
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>, for “apartment” in:</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige gōngyùlóu yǒu duōshao dānyuán?</foreignphrase> How
- many apartments are there in this apartment building?</para>
- <para>Although an apartment-dweller will usually refer in English to his
- “apartment,” in everyday conversation, Chinese usually just speak of their
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángzi</foreignphrase>. In other words, any type of
- residence—house or apartment—can be called a
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángzi</foreignphrase>. Use the word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase> when you need to distinguish
- clearly between “apartment” and “house.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiǎn</foreignphrase>: This is the counter for rooms. Don't
- confuse it with the falling tone -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàn</foreignphrase>, the
- counter for articles of clothing, which you learned in WLF 2.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: This is the verb you learned meaning
- “to bring (along), to take (along).” Here it is used with the extended
- meaning of “to take” or “lead” someone to a place.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dài ni qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll take you there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàwu qǐng ni dài háizi dào gōngyuán
- qu wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the afternoon, please take the children to the
- park to play.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zūchuqu</foreignphrase>: “to rent out” The verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zū</foreignphrase> by itself means “to rent” in the
- opposite direction, that is, to rent something from the owner.
- Contrast:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ fángzi zūchuqu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I rented out the house.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zūle yige
- fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I rented a house (to live in).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kètīng</foreignphrase>: “living room,” literally,
- “guest-hall.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào kètīng zuò yíxià</foreignphrase>: “go to the living
- room and sit a while” This is roughly the equivalent of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào
- kètīng qù zuò yíxià</foreignphrase>. The verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> is sometimes omitted after a
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> phrase when the meaning of “go” does
- not need to be emphasized.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hē chá</foreignphrase>: “to drink tea” This is not an
- involved ritual as the Japanese have, but it is not simply the taking of a
- beverage, either. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hē chá</foreignphrase>, in a social setting
- means talking and relaxing while sipping tea. Books have been written on tea
- in China, its social significance, and the art of serving it. We cannot do
- justice to the topic in this small note. Let us just leave you with two
- tips:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Except with close friends, don't turn down a cup of tea when
- offered. It is as much a gesture of friendship and a means of
- communication as it is a beverage.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Don't ask for sugar, lemon or milk. Unless you are in a restaurant
- ordering it, lemon and milk will most likely be unavailable. It is a
- double embarrassment to your host, who may not keep lemon and milk
- on hand, and who hates to see someone defile the good taste of pure
- tea.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase>: “to seem, it seems as if” Use
- this word as an adverb, placing it before the verb phrase.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hǎoxiàng bù
- dong.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He seemed not to understand. OR He didn't seem to
- understand.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng bú tài xǐhuan zhèige
- fāngzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You don't seem to like this house too much.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng zài xiǎng shénme
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You seem to be thinking about something.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēge hǎoxiàng chángcháng shēng
- bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His older brother seems to get sick very
- often.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase> is sometimes used merely to
- express that the speaker thinks a situation is so, but cannot confirm his
- suspicion. In such sentences, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase> is
- best translated as “it seems to me that ...”or “I think ...” or “I seem to
- remember ... .” Notice that the word order in Chinese stays the
- same.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎoxiàng zài nǎr kànjianguo zhèige
- zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It seems to me I've seen this character somewhere
- before.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng gàosuguo wo zhèijiàn
- shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I seem to remember your telling me about this
- before.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nèige shíhou, tā hǎoxiàng hái zhù
- zài Jiāzhōu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>At that time, he was still living in California, I
- think.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo hǎoxiàng méiyou zhèige duì bu
- dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It seems to me you don't have this in America, do
- you?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo wèishēng</foreignphrase>: “to. clean,” literally “to do
- sanitation” This is an expression used in the PRC. The verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase>, “to do,” originally a word found in
- southern dialects of Mandarin Chinese, is now widely used in Standard
- Chinese, even in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. In Taiwan,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase> does not have as wide a usage as in
- the PRC, where many new expressions have been created since 1949 using this
- verb.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase>: “to be troublesome, to be a
- nuisance, to be inconvenient” In the Money module, you learned the verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase> for “to bother, to inconvenience
- (someone),” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máfan nǐ le</foreignphrase>, “Sorry to
- trouble you.” Here you learn <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase> as an
- adjectival verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà tài máfan
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's too much trouble.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What a bother.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngcháng</foreignphrase>: “usually, generally, ordinarily”
- Like other two-syllable time words, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngcháng</foreignphrase>
- may come before or after the subject, but always before the verb.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngcháng wǒmen dōu zài kètīng kàn diànshì.</foreignphrase>
- We usually watch television in the living room.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen píngcháng dōu zài kètíng kàn
- diànshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We usually watch television in the living
- room.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ píngcháng jiǔdiǎn zhōng cái xià
- ban.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't usually get off work until nine
- o'clock.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi</foreignphrase>: “to straighten up, to tidy up (a
- place)” or “to put away, to put in order, to clear away (things).” Use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi</foreignphrase> when you're talking about
- neatening up a place, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo wèishēng</foreignphrase> when
- you're talking about soap and water cleaning in the PRC [and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo qingjié </foreignphrase>“to (soap and water) clean”
- in Taiwan].<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hǎoxiàng yǒu bànnián méi shōushi
- wūzi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It looks as if he hasn't picked up his place in half
- a year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kuài yìdiǎnr shōushi xíngli, wǒmen
- yào zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Pack your things quickly, we want to leave.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wūzi</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángjiān</foreignphrase>: Both of these words means
- “room, chamber.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wūzi</foreignphrase> is seldom used in
- Taiwan, however. For rooms in public places, like hotels, use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángjiān</foreignphrase> rather than
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wūzi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàntīng</foreignphrase>: “dining room,” literally
- “meal-hall.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase>: “to eat,” literally “eat food.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàn</foreignphrase> is literally, “cooked rice,” but in
- the expression <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase> it refers to food in
- general or a meal. This is another example of a verb plus general object,
- like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn shū</foreignphrase>, “to study” or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō huà</foreignphrase> “to speak.” (See BIO, Unit 7.)
- This verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase> may, of course, be followed by
- a specific object such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngguǒ</foreignphrase>, “apples,”
- as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chīle yíge
- píngguǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I ate an apple.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>But if you mean “eat” in the sense of “to eat food” or “to have a meal,”
- then you should use the general object
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chī fàn le
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have you eaten? (Have you eaten a meal?)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuì ài chī
- fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He loves to eat most of all.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò fàn</foreignphrase>: “to cook,” literally “to make
- food.” This is another verb general object combination. As with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase>, the verb alone may be used with
- more specific objects.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chúfáng</foreignphrase>: “kitchen,” literally
- “kitchen-room.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐzǎofáng</foreignphrase>: “bathroom” This is a room for
- taking a bath, and not necessarily a room with a toilet.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐzǎo</foreignphrase>, which is introduced in Part III of
- this unit, means “to take a bath.” Remember, if you want to ask where there
- is a toilet, ask for the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase>, “toilet;” or
- use the polite Westernized term, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐshǒujiān</foreignphrase>,
- “washroom.” In rural areas, you would ask where the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase> is.</para>
- <para>In Taiwan, modern houses and apartments usually have the toilet in the
- same room as the bathtub. In the PRC, apartment buildings built during the
- 1950's may have a room with a bathtub in the apartment. Apartment buildings
- built since then usually only include a toilet and sink in each apartment,
- and no bathtub.</para>
- <para>You should usually lower your voice to ask where the bathroom is. Many
- people even consider it polite to put one's hand in front of the mouth when
- asking <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cèsuǒ zài náli?</foreignphrase> Another polite way to
- ask is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ keyi yòng yixià nǐmende cèsuǒ ma?
- </foreignphrase>“May I use your toilet?”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūfáng</foreignphrase>: “study,” literally
- “book-room.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wòfáng</foreignphrase>: “bedroom,” literally
- “sleeping-room.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wòfáng</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wòshì</foreignphrase> are both used for “bedroom.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>A Chinese woman (Fl) has been invited to dinner at the home of an American
- couple in Taipei.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note after the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiānshēng yǒu shì dào Táizhōng qu le:</foreignphrase>
- “My husband has gone to T'aichung on business.” More literally, “My husband
- had some business and went to T'aichung.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>An American man (M) is talking with a Chinese women (F) in Běijīng.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái kéyi</foreignphrase>: Literally “still okay,” this
- phrase actually means “isn't too bad.”</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 3</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes for Part 3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐng</foreignphrase>: “to wake up” This is a process verb.
- It describes the change from sleep or unconsciousness to waking or
- consciousness: “to become awake, to become conscious, to become sober.” In
- completed affirmative sentences, you will see the marker le; in negative
- sentences you will see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> (not
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> — this is not a state verb. Some of
- the quirks you faced with a verb like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase>
- “to get sick,” not “to be sick”), you also face here. When you are thinking
- in English of “He IS NOT awake,” you should think “He HAS NOT awakened” in
- Chinese.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xǐngle
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did he wake up? OR Is he awake yet?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
- xǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is not awake yet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>: “to ask, to order, to tell (someone
- to do something)” This is a prepositional verb, which means that it and its
- object precede the verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùqin jiào hàizimen
- huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The father told the children to come back.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiào ta
- guòlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Ask him to come over.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì jiào</foreignphrase>: “to sleep, to go to
- bed”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bādiǎn zhōng jiù shuì jiào
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He went to bed at eight o'clock (already).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jǐdiǎn zhōng shuì
- jiào?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What time do you go to bed?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měitiān shuì bāge
- zhōngtóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He sleeps eight hours a night.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuìde hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you sleep well?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuìhǎole
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you sleep well? OR Have you finished
- sleeping?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā yá</foreignphrase>: “to brush teeth” Besides brushing
- teeth, you can <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā yǐfu</foreignphrase>, “brush clothes,”
- and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā xié</foreignphrase>, “brush (off) shoes.” Do not use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā</foreignphrase> for use for brushing hair, however
- [see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū tóu</foreignphrase> “to comb or brush one's hair”,
- WLF, Unit 3)]. [The noun for a “brush” is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāzi</foreignphrase>.J</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúnǎi</foreignphrase>: Literally, “cow-milk,” and used
- only to refer to cow's milk. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎi</foreignphrase> by
- itself does not specify the kind of milk.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bào</foreignphrase>: “to embrace, to hug” people, or “to
- hold in one's arms” a child, package, etc.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái, baba gěi ni
- bàobao.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Come, papa will hold you. (said to child as he is
- handed from mother to father)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āyí</foreignphrase>: “auntie” This is a term of address
- used by children for friends of the family, not blood relatives.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì wǔjiào</foreignphrase>: “to take an afternoon nap,”
- literally, “sleep noon-nap.” The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǔjiào</foreignphrase>, a
- nap after lunch, is very popular in China. Many institutions, factories, and
- schools give time off every day for this purpose.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase>: “to heat, to cook” (Another meaning
- is “to burn.”) Since the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase> by itself
- means to put heat to something, a resultative ending is needed when you want
- to indicate “boiling” or “heated up.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù shāo diǎnr
- shuǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll go put some water on (the stove).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rè shuǐ shāohǎo le</foreignphrase>. The hot water has been
- heated up.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuǐ yǐjīng shāokāi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The water is already boiling.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎlù</foreignphrase>: “paved road.” This is the word
- usually used for paved city streets. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎlù</foreignphrase> is
- literally “horse-road,” that is, a road on which horses and people can go. A
- theory has also been advanced that the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎ</foreignphrase> is
- a transliteration of the first syllable of “macadam” (a road made with
- layers of rolled broken stones, with a tar or asphalt base).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “to be careful,” literally
- “small-heart.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">É, xiǎoxīn
- diǎnr!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Hey, be a little more careful!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūshu</foreignphrase>: “uncle” This is a term of affection
- used by children for older male friends of the family.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para>A Canadian woman (A) is talking to her new maid (C) in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para>In Taipei on a Sunday afternoon, a young mother
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huìmǐn</foreignphrase>) and father
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíngsōng</foreignphrase>) are at home:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíng</foreignphrase>” is the wife's affectionate
- abbreviation of her husband's name,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíngsōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">è</foreignphrase>: “to be hungry”</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on part 1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>: “to hurt, to ache” When talking about
- body aches and pains, you use a topic-comment pattern. For example “I have a
- headache,” in Chinese is literally ”As for me, the head
- hurts”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As for me,</entry>
- <entry>head</entry>
- <entry>hurts.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnmào</foreignphrase>: “to catch a cold; a cold” This may
- be used either as a verb or as a noun. [To say “to have a bad cold,” use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnmào hěn lìhai</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìhai</foreignphrase> meaning “severe.”]<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gǎnmào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've caught a cold.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde gǎnmào hǎo yidiǎn le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is your cold a little better now?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāshāo</foreignphrase>: “to have a fever,” literally,
- “develop-fever” This may be used as a state or a process: <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>STATE</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have a fever.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ bù fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I don't have a fever.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ yǒu diǎn fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I'm a little feverish.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>PROCESS</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāshāo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I have a fever (more literally, “I have
- developed a fever”).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
- fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>I don't have a fever (more literally “I
- haven't developed a fever”).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāshāo yǐhòu jiu bù xiǎng
- chī dōngxi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>After the fever came on, I didn't feel like
- eating anything.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī diǎn zhèige yào</foreignphrase>: “take some of this
- medicine,” literally, “eat medicine,” is the way to say, “to take medicine.”
- Of course, for liquid medicines you could also say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hē</foreignphrase>, “to drink,” but one still usually
- says <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn dàifu</foreignphrase>: “to see a doctor” Also
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn yīshēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi qù kàn
- dàifu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have to go see a doctor.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn shénme?</foreignphrase>: In another context, this
- could mean “What are you looking at?” Here, however,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase> is used in the sense of “to have (a
- medical complaint) treated” or “diagnosed” by a doctor.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù kàn gǎnmào le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you go have that cold of yours treated?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hóulong bú tài shūfu, děi qù
- kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My throat doesn't feel too well; I'll have to go get
- it treated.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige bìng děi dào dà yīyuàn qù
- kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>For this illness you have to go to a large hospital
- to get it treated.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">késou</foreignphrase>: “to cough”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikē</foreignphrase>: (1) “department of internal
- medicine” (of a hospital), or (2) “internal medicine” (as a field).
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi</foreignphrase> means “internal” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kē</foreignphrase> means either (1) “department, section”
- or (2) “branch (of a study).”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase>: “doctor,” literally, “heal-er.” In
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bēijǐng</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàifu</foreignphrase> is the more conversational word and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase> the more formal. In Taiwan,
- however, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàifu</foreignphrase> is not used much.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikē yishēng</foreignphrase>: “physician”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàikē</foreignphrase>: (1) “department of surgery” (of a
- hospital), or (2) “surgery,” (the branch of medicine).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàikē yīshēng</foreignphrase>: “surgeon”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tòng</foreignphrase>: “to hurt, to ache,” another
- pronunciation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āsipilín</foreignphrase>: “aspirin” Also pronounced
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āsipilín</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àsipilíng</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àsipǐlíng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialog for Part 1</title>
- <para>A man from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghài</foreignphrase> (A) is visiting his
- classmate (B) in Beijing.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialog for Part 1</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a parent drops in on a neighbor
- to talk about his daughter's illness:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes after the Dialog</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to let, to allow, to have (someone
- do something)” This is a prepositional verb which you will see more of in
- Unit 6.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...duō xiūxi xiuxi</foreignphrase>: “rest a lot” The
- adjectival verb “to be many, to be much, to be a lot” is used here as an
- adverb modifying the verb “to rest”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiūxi</foreignphrase>.
- As an adverb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> may mean “a lot,” “more,”
- or “too much,” depending on the context. In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō xiūxi
- xiuxi</foreignphrase> it obviously means “a lot” or
- “more.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu, wǒ yào duō xiàng nín
- xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>From now on, I shall learn from you more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō shuō yě bù hǎo, shǎo shuō yě bù
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It isn't good to say too much, nor is it good to say
- too little.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐfà yǐhòu xiǎng chuí yixià bèi shì bu shi yào duō gěi
- qián?</foreignphrase> If you want to have your back pounded after a
- haircut, do you have to pay extra?</para>
- <para>Some students get into the bad habit of always translating
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> as “more.” Remember that the adverb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> can also mean either “a lot” or “too
- much.” Thus, if someone invites you to dinner, even before you have started
- to eat, the host may say to you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō chī yidiǎnr!
- </foreignphrase>Since you haven't yet touched the food this sentence cannot
- mean, “Have some more”; it simply means “Eat amply.” We might say in
- English, “Have as much as you like,” or “Help yourself.” Here are some more
- examples showing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> does not always mean
- “more.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng píngguǒ zènme piányi a? Nà wǒmen jiu duō mǎi
- diǎnr ba!</foreignphrase> These apples are this inexpensive? In that
- case, let's get a whole bunch of them!<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō láile yíge
- rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>One person too many came.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duō gěile shíkuài
- qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He gave ten dollars too much.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō mǎi
- jǐběnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Buy a few extra volumes.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō láile yíge rén</foreignphrase>, “One person
- too many came,” with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu láile yíge rén</foreignphrase>, “One
- more person came.”</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dùzi</foreignphrase>: “belly, lower abdomen” This has often
- been translated as “stomach,” but actually when someone says
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi téng</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi bu
- shūfu</foreignphrase>, they are most often referring to lower abdominal
- or intestinal pains. Nevertheless, you may sometimes want to translate it as
- “stomach,” in the looser sense of “belly,” for example:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rénde dùzi hěn
- dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That man has a big stomach/belly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi è le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm hungry. (Literally, “My stomach is
- hungry.”)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>A colloquial expression for “to be pregnant” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dùzi dà
- le</foreignphrase>, literally, “the abdomen has become big,” or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà dùzi le</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè dù</foreignphrase>: “to have diarrhea” There are
- several expressions for “diarrhea” in Chinese; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè
- dù</foreignphrase> is a good choice to use when talking to your doctor,
- since it is neither too informal not too technical. (See also
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lā dùzi</foreignphrase>, below.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yūn</foreignphrase>: “to be dizzy” Often used after
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóu</foreignphrase>, “head”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóu
- yūn</foreignphrase>. Pronounced with the Falling tone,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase>, this word is used in the expressions
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn chē</foreignphrase>, “to be carsick/train sick,”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase> chuan, “to be seasick,” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn fēijǐ</foreignphrase>, “to be airsick.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàn shū kànde tóu dōu yūn
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been reading so much that I'm dizzy!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In this sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> doesn't mean “all,”
- but “even, to such an extent that.” This type of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is always used with le at the end of
- the sentence.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tù</foreignphrase>: “to vomit” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng
- tù</foreignphrase>, literally “to feel like vomiting,” means “to feel
- nauseous.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǐwēn</foreignphrase>: “body temperature” Only used for the
- temperature of a body. [The general word for “temperature” is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù</foreignphrase>, which is presented in Part 3 of
- this unit.] [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǐwēnbiāo</foreignphrase> is a medical
- thermometer.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dù</foreignphrase>: “degree” This noun does not take a
- counter.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèibìng</foreignphrase>: “stomach trouble; gastric
- disease,” literally, “stomach illness.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbiàn bù tōng</foreignphrase>: “to be constipated”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàbiàn</foreignphrase> (literally “major-convenience)”
- means “to have a bowel movement” or “feces.”
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎobiàn</foreignphrase>, “minor-convenience,” means “to
- urinate” or “urine.”) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù tōng</foreignphrase> means “doesn't
- go through, is blocked up.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: “to lie, to recline” Notice that the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> phrase goes after the verb tang in
- the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni tǎng zài zhèr</foreignphrase>. This is
- because the zài phrase shows the result of the verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: you end up being here
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài zhèr</foreignphrase>) as a result of the action of
- lying (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>).
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāngxià</foreignphrase> or<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> tǎng
- xiàlái</foreignphrase> means “to lie down.” In some of the following
- sentences, notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase> corresponds to
- “be in bed.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gānmào le, tǎngle
- yìtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He got a cold and stayed in bed for a day (OR and has
- been in bed all day today).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xǐhuan tǎngzhe kàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He likes to read lying down.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐjīng bādiǎn zhōngle, nǐ hái tǎngzhe
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's eight o'clock already, and you're still in
- bed!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎngxialai xiūxi yihuǐr
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Lie down and rest for a while.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngyǐ</foreignphrase>: “upper garments” [Also sometimes
- means “coat.”]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuō</foreignphrase>: “to take off” (clothes, shoes) This is
- the opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>, “to put
- on.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài bǎ dàyī
- tuōxialai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Come on and take off your coat.*</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèng tuōzhe yīfu, jìnlai yige
- rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Right when he was taking off his clothes, someone
- came in.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni tuōle xié zài
- jìnqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please remove your shoes before going in.**</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>*This is said by the host to a guest when he arrives. You might have
- thought that the use of the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài</foreignphrase>,
- usually translated as “hurry up and ...” sounds impatient and impolite.
- Actually, it is the exact opposite. Here,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài</foreignphrase> indicates the host's concern that
- the guest, although wanting to take his coat off, would be too polite to do
- so immediately.</para>
- <para>**In Taiwan, most households have kept the Japanese custom of removing
- shoes before entering the living areas. (Guests, though, are not in every
- case expected to take off their shoes, especially for short visits during
- dry weather.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi</foreignphrase>: You have seen
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi</foreignphrase> meaning “to open.” Here it means “to
- write out” a prescription, list, receipt, check, etc.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng bìng</foreignphrase>: “to get sick”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēng</foreignphrase> means literally, “to develop, to
- happen.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēng bìng</foreignphrase> le means virtually the
- same thing as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā</foreignphrase> bìng le.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián chūntiān shēng bìngde rén hěn
- duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Lots of people are getting sick this spring.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēng bìng shēngle liǎngge xīngqī
- le, hái méi hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has been sick for two weeks now and hasn't
- recovered yet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái shēngzhe bìng ne, zěnme kéyi
- chūqu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're still sick; how can you go out ?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēngde shi shénme
- bìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What illness is it that he has?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lā dùzi</foreignphrase>: “to have diarrhea,” a more
- colloquial, but not at all improper, word for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè
- dù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lā dùzi lāde hěn
- lìhai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has a bad case of diarrhea.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>A man in Taipei calls a doctor's office to ask what he should do for his
- wife's illness.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a young man (A) visits a
- clinic.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 3</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáng</foreignphrase>: “to measure” You first saw this verb
- in the context of taking measurements for clothing. Here you see it used for
- taking temperatures. It can also be used for measuring a piece of land or
- the dimensions of a room.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǐwēn</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù</foreignphrase>: Both of these are translated as
- “temperature” in the sentences above, but they should be distinguished.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǐwēn</foreignphrase> is literally “body temperature” and
- thus is used when talking about taking human temperatures.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wēndù</foreignphrase> is literally “temperature degree”
- and is generally used in measuring heat or cold.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wūzilide wēndù shi
- duōshǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What's the temperature in your room?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>[There is another word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìwén</foreignphrase>, literally
- “air temperature,” used, for example, in weather reports.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù bù gāo</foreignphrase>: “the temperature is not high”
- Normal body temperature (98.6' F) is 37° Celsius. Each additional degree
- Celsius is 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāishuǐ</foreignphrase>: “boiled water” This is water that
- has been boiled, but is not necessarily hot. Often
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāishuǐ</foreignphrase> is served as a hot beverage,
- however. The Chinese commonly believe that ice cold beverages are not
- good.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuěyā</foreignphrase>: “blood pressure,” literally “blood
- pressure.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuěyā gāo</foreignphrase> is “high blood
- pressure,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuěyā dǐ</foreignphrase> is “low blood
- pressure.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēnjiū</foreignphrase>: “acupuncture and moxibustion” Also
- pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēnjiǔ</foreignphrase>. Acupuncture is a practice
- of traditional (but not necessarily orthodox) Chinese medicine where parts
- of the body are pierced with needles to treat disease or relieve pain. This
- is based on the idea that the body's energy (qì) forms an integral system
- which must be maintained for good health. This is done by applying pressure
- or releasing pressure to restore the balance of qì. Moxibustion
- (traditionally more important than acupuncture) involves the smoldering of
- herbs on certain body points. In some cases the herbs are placed directly on
- the skin and lit with a stick of incense; at other times, a slice of ginger
- is first placed on the skin and the herbs burned on top.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng zhǎo zhēnjiū dàifu gěi ni
- kànkan?</foreignphrase>: This has been translated on the Reference List
- as “Do you want to sean acupuncturist?” which is the conversational English
- equivalent. A translation more revealing of the structure of the question
- might be: “Do you want to look for an acupuncture doctor to give you
- treatment?”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liúxíngxìng gǎnmào</foreignphrase>: “influenza, flu,”
- literally “epidemic cold.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liúxíng</foreignphrase>: the verb
- “to be prevalent, to be popular, to be common.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Xìng</foreignphrase> means “quality, characteristic,”
- and when used as a suffix corresponds to
- “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-esque</foreignphrase>” in “picturesque,” or “-like” in
- “childlike.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liúxíngxìng</foreignphrase> is then “having the
- characteristic of being prevalent,” specifically “epidemic.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi dāo</foreignphrase>: “to operate; to be operated on,”
- literally “to open or operate the knife.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> a worker pays a return visit to
- a health clinic.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kesou yishēng</foreignphrase>: Literally, “cough one
- sound.” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sheng</foreignphrase> is the counter for
- utterances.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes for Part 1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zāogāo</foreignphrase>: “too bad, oh darn, how terrible,
- what a mess,” literally, “rotten-cake.” This is used as an exclamation of
- dismay. It is often equivalent to “Oh no!”:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zāogāo! Wǒ wàngle dài fēijīpiào
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh, no! I forgot to bring the plane tickets!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As an adjectival verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zāogāo</foreignphrase> means “to be
- in a mess, to be in a bad state,” as in:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàrde qíngxing hěn
- zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The situation there is a mess.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū xiěde zhēn
- zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This book is terribly written.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's in a very bad way.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi zhèige bìngrén láide zài wǎn
- yìdiǎnr jiù zāogāo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If this patient had come any later than he did, he
- would have been in a real mess (in big trouble).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū</foreignphrase>: “to lose” You can analyze the sentence
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wode hùzhào diū le</foreignphrase> this
- way:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hùzhào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As for my passport,</entry>
- <entry>it has been) lost.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In some areas of China (including Taiwan) you would hear the word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diào</foreignphrase> instead of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hùzhào diào
- le.</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyì</foreignphrase>: “to translate, to interpret;
- translator, interpreter” Also pronounced
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyi</foreignphrase> (with a neutral-tone
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yi</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqing</foreignphrase>: “matter, affair, business, thing.”
- Shìqing refers to abstract things, while
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōngxi</foreignphrase> refers to concrete things.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàshǐ zhízhào</foreignphrase>: “driver's license”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàshǐ</foreignphrase> is “to drive (a vehicle).”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhízhào</foreignphrase> is a “license, permit.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to discover, to find, to find
- out”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr fāxiànle yige
- wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've discovered a problem here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi gāng fāxiànde yìzhǒng xǐnde
- yào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is a new kind of medicine which has just been
- discovered.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The object of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase> may also be a
- clause:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huílaile yǐhòu jiu fāxiàn tā yǐjīng
- zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When I came back I discovered tha the had already
- left.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The expression <foreignphrase/> can often be translated as “I notice that
- ...”or “I find that ...”. It often prefaces a personal observation, as
- in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn hěn duō Měiguo rén juéde yǒu
- háizi hěn máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I find that many Americans feel that it's a lot of
- trouble to have children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn nǐ hěn xǐhuan xīnde
- dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I notice (or, “I get the impression”) that you like
- new things very much.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As a noun, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase> means
- “discovery”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi yíge hěn zhòngyàode
- fāxiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is a very important discovery.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>: “then and only then, not until” This
- adverb should be used when an event happens relatively late: “not until this
- morning.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> is the opposite of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>, the word for “then” when something
- happens sooner or earlier. When a sentence using
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> describes a completed action, the
- verb will hardly ever take the ending -le; notice that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase> in sentence 6 cannot have -le.
- Here is another example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān cái gàosu
- wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He didn't tell me until yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>: “a little more quickly,” or
- as in No. 7, “soon.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài yidiǎnr</foreignphrase> gives the
- impression of being even sooner than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo
- yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>. Both mean “soon.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐng</foreignphrase>: “to receive, to get, to pick up, to
- collect” something that is issued or given (a prize, salary, materials,
- passport, etc.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoburán</foreignphrase>: “otherwise,” literally
- “if-not-thus.” Like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěshi</foreignphrase> “but” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase> “but, however,”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoburán</foreignphrase> always comes at the front of the
- clause in which it occurs.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi mǎshàng zǒu, yàoburán wǒ jiù
- wǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have to go right away, otherwise I'll be
- late.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi zuò fēijī qù, yàoburán jiù tài
- màn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have to take a plane, otherwise it'll be too
- slow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to take a picture,” literally,
- “illuminate-image.” You already learned
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàoxiàngjī</foreignphrase>, “camera,” in WLF Unit 4,
- Part I. The counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> “-pictures” is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> (the same one as for tables,
- sheets of paper and other flat things). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào jǐzhāng
- xiàng</foreignphrase> thus means “to take a few pictures.” (When NOT
- using the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> as the object of zhào,
- however, you should use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàopiàn</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàngpiàn</foreignphrase> for “photograph.”)</para>
- <para>Like many verb-object expressions, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào
- xiàng</foreignphrase> has the potential ambiguity of meaning either “to
- (verb) an (object )” or “to have an (object) (verb)-ed”: “to take a picture”
- or “to have one's picture taken.” You saw this with several verb-object
- expressions in Unit 3:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎn tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to cut hair</entry>
- <entry>to have one's hair cut</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to give a shampoo </entry>
- <entry>to get a shampoo</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to shave</entry>
- <entry>to have a shave</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā píxié</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to shine shoes</entry>
- <entry>to have one's shoes shined</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to give a permanent</entry>
- <entry>to get a permanent</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to curl hair</entry>
- <entry>to have one's hair curled</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to take a picture</entry>
- <entry>to have one's picture taken</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>For example, in the case of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>, a
- photographer might say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>, “I
- am going to take pictures”; but a person going to a photographer's studio
- might say the same sentence,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wǒ qù zhào
- xiàng</foreignphrase>, meaning “I am going to have my picture taken.”</para>
- <para>The fact that such sentences may mean either of two things rarely causes
- any misunderstandings in practice. The context almost always makes it
- perfectly clear which meaning is intended.</para>
- <para>With these verb-object expressions, if you want to specify the person on
- whom the action is performed, you have to use a
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> phrase (you can't make the person the
- direct object because the verb already has a direct object). For example, to
- say “I'm going to take a picture of you,” say:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi nǐ zhào
- xiàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to take a picture of you.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Likewise:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tàitai gěi ta jiǎn
- tóufa.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His wife cuts his hair.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>*Although misunderstandings are rare, they are not impossible. Here is a
- short exchange illustrating how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>
- might be misunderstood and how the misunderstanding might be cleared up.
- (For this example you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàopiàn</foreignphrase>,
- “photograph,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàoxiàngguǎn</foreignphrase>, “photography
- studio.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān zhào xiàng qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Today I went to take pictures / to have my picture
- taken.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào shénme? Zhào fēngjǐng
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What did you take pictures of? Did you take pictures
- of scenery?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì a. Yīnwèi wǒ yào lǐng hùzhào,
- děi yǒu zhàopiàn, suóyi wǒ qù zhàoxiàngguǎn qǐng
- tamen gěi wo zhào xiàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No. I'm going to get a passport and need photographs,
- so I went to a photo studio and had them take my
- picture.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Here “A” meant by his first sentence “Today I went to have my picture
- taken.” but “B” understood him to mean “Today I went to take
- pictures.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàishì jǐngchá</foreignphrase>: “foreign affairs
- policemen,” those who Heal with foreign nationals.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue for Part 1</title>
- <para>A foreign official in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijǐng</foreignphrase> talks with a
- Chinese colleague.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nǎr diūd'a?</foreignphrase>: “Where did you lose it?”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">d'a</foreignphrase> is a contraction of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>.
- The whole sentence would be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr diūde
- a?</foreignphrase></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes for Part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>: “someone” The question word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase> “who” can also be used to mean
- “someone.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>: This is the prepositional verb which
- indicates the doer of the action, similar to the English “by” in passive
- sentences. In sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>, it is the
- subject (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> in sentence 12) which received
- the action and the object of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐchē</foreignphrase> in sentence 12) which did the
- action.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde zìdiǎn bèi xuésheng názǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My dictionary was taken by a student.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bèi rén dǎsǐ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He was beaten to death by someone.
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎsǐ</foreignphrase> is literally
- “hit to death”)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para/>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bèi</foreignphrase> has a special characteristic other
- prepositional verbs do not share: it can occur WITHOUT AN OBJECT. Its
- passive meaning is still evident in the rest of the sentence:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde xīn qìchē bèi zhuàng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My new car was hit.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde yǔsān bèi názǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My umbrella was taken.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qí</foreignphrase>: “to ride/drive by straddling” While
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase> is the verb “to ride” down, qí is the
- verb “to ride” used generally - and specifically when sitting with horses,
- motorcycles and bicycles.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téngsǐ le</foreignphrase>: “to hurt a lot,” literally “to
- hurt to death (figuratively speaking)”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú xuě</foreignphrase>: “to bleed,” literally “to flow
- blood”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuě</foreignphrase> is also pronounced
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuè</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tái</foreignphrase>: “to lift or carry (by two or more
- persons)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ zhèige zhuōzi
- táijìnlái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please carry this table in (with me or someone
- else).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ zhèi liǎngjiàn dà xíngli
- táishang chē qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please carry (with me or someone else these two large
- suitcases onto the train.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ diànshì táixià 1óu
- lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Bring the television downstairs with me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòng</foreignphrase>: “to move (either oneself or something
- else)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié dòng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't move.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiān bú yào dòng
- ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's not move him just yet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dòng</foreignphrase> can also mean “to touch” something, so
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié dòng</foreignphrase> can also mean “Don't touch
- it.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòngbuliǎo</foreignphrase>: “unable to move” The
- endings<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> -deliǎo</foreignphrase> “able” and
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">buliǎo</foreignphrase> “unable” are used with action
- verbs to show the result of the action.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zènme duō xíngli, wǒ yíge rén
- nábuliǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I can't carry all this luggage by myself.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kāi dāo bù jiǔ, hái zǒubuliāo
- lù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It hasn't been long since the operation. She's not
- yet able to walk.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià zhème dà yǔ. Xiànzài
- zěubuliǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's raining so hard. We can't leave now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎshàng</foreignphrase>: “immediately, right away,”
- literally “on a horse”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ diànhuà</foreignphrase>: “to make a phone call,”
- literally “to hit electric-speech.” To indicate who you are calling, use the
- prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for,
- to.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gěi shéi dǎ
- diànhuà?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who are you calling?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng yòu gěi ni dǎ diàn huà
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng</foreignphrase> called you
- again.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànhuà</foreignphrase> by itself can mean either
- “telephone” or “telephone call.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái méiyou diànhuà
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Are you still without a phone?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu nǐde
- diànhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's a call for you.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes you can use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànhuà</foreignphrase> where English
- would have “telephone number”: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde diànhuà shi
- duōshao?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is your telephone number?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhāojí</foreignphrase>: “to get upset, to get excited with
- worry, to feel anxious”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tài zhāojí. Wǒmen zhèr méiyou
- shénme wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're too anxious/worried. We don't have any
- problems here.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kān</foreignphrase>: “to look after (something)” The verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase> “to look, to see” changes tones when
- it means “to look after something.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù Xiānggǎngde shíhou, shéi gěi ni
- kān fángzi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who'll be looking after your house when you go to
- Hong Kong?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi gěi ni kān
- háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who looks after the children (OR babysits) for
- you?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase>: This is the marker of DURATION. It
- may be added to an action or process verb to indicate that the action lasts
- for some amount of time. In the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr kānzhe
- ta</foreignphrase> “I'll stay here and look after him,” the speaker is
- saying that he will do this and CONTINUE it for some time.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Zhe</foreignphrase> can be used whether the time is
- past, present or future.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài nèibiān zuòzhe, Xiǎo Lán
- pǎojinlai gàosu ta bàba huílai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She was sitting there when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāo
- Lán</foreignphrase> ran in and told her papa had
- returned.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hāi bìngzhe ne.</foreignphrase> He's still sick. (The
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase> tells you that the illness is
- lasting for some time. Without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase>, bin,
- means “get sick,” not “be sick. Ne tells you this is not a new situation
- [absence of change!]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuòzhe ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Sit for a while.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue for Part 2</title>
- <para>A passerby (B) on a street in Beijing is called by the driver of a motor
- cycle (A) who has Just had an accident with a pedestrian (C).</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 3</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">páizi</foreignphrase>: “sign, poster, plate,” also a “brand
- name, trademark”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ mǎide shi shénme páizide
- zhàoxiàngjī?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What brand of camera did you buy?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige hóng páizishang xiěde shi
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is written on that red sign ?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùyì</foreignphrase>: “to pay attention to, to take notice
- of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi zhùyì tā shi gēn shéi
- zǒude.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I didn't notice who he left with.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhùyì diǎnr!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please pay a little more attention!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi bù kéyi</foreignphrase>: “cannot” Of the three
- auxiliary verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>
- is the one to use when the “can” or “cannot” is due to someone granting or
- withholding permission.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóuyǒng</foreignphrase>: “to swim”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì bu huì yóuyǒng?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Can you swim?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yóuyǒng yóude bú tài
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't swim too well.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wéixiǎn</foreignphrase>: “to be dangerous, to be perilous”
- Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēixiǎn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiběi qí mōtuōchē tài wéixiǎn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's too dangerous to ride a motorcycle in
- Taipei.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú pà wéixiǎn, tā shénme dōu yào
- zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's not afraid of danger. He'll do anything.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùyì</foreignphrase>: “intentionally, willfully, on
- purpose”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gùyì bǎ nèixie shū diū
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She lost those books on purpose.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ, wǒ bú shi gùyì
- (zuò)de.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm sorry, I didn't do it on purpose.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to let, to allow, to cause (someone
- to do something).” This is a prepositional verb, i.e.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase> and its object both precede the main
- verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú ràng wǒ
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She won't let me leave.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zěnme kéyi ràng tā zènme bù
- gāoxìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How could you make her so unhappy?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para>A Canadian man (M) has Just entered an area in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> prohibited to foreigners, having
- failed to notice a sign in English to that effect. A policewoman (F) calls
- out to him.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐdao le</foreignphrase>: “now I know,” or “I understand”
- This is the marker le for new situations.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
- <para>An American woman and her two children are swimming along the beach in
- Taiwan. A soldier calls to them.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì bú yào zài lai le</foreignphrase>: “in the future
- don't come here again (any more).” In addition to meaning “next time,”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì</foreignphrase> can mean generally “in the
- future.”</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendixes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Parts of the body</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Medical Conditions and Illnesses</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Furniture and Household Items</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Parts of the House</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Module Vocabulary List</title>
- </section>
- </chapter>
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