FSI-Chinese-Docbook/OptionalModule-RST/FSI-OptionalModule-RST.xml

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.1">
    <title>Restaurant</title>
    <para/>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <section>
            <title>General</title>
            <para>The purpose of the Restaurant Module (RST) is to acquaint you with Chinese cuisine
                and eating customs and to provide you with the linguistic skills you need to be able
                to order food in a restaurant or to dine at home.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Specific</title>
            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name four foods or dishes suitable as a snack or as an in-between
                        meal.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name four dishes in Chinese you might order for dinner.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Name 5 types of meat, fish or fowl.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Translate the names of 10 Chinese dishes (either soups, main courses, or
                        desserts) into English.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>List the food which accompanies various main courses: rice, noodles,
                        pancakes, steamed bread, flower rolls.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order a Western-style breakfast.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order one of the "fixed meals" offered in small restaurants.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Order Mongolian Barbecue or Mongolian Hot Pot.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Discuss with a friend what to order for a snack.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask for a menu and for help in reading it. Discuss with the waiter or
                        waitress what the various dishes are. Ask for suggestions in ordering the
                        meal.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Comment on the meal: how the dishes were made, which were most pleasing,
                        and when you’ve had enough.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask for the check and ask to have the tip figured into the total.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Call to make reservations for a dinner party. Discuss the menu and cost of
                        the dinner.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>List the different types of courses which go to make up a banquet: cold
                        dishes, main courses, soups, and desserts.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Partake in a formal banquet: toasting friends, wishing them well, and
                        responding to the host's hospitality.</para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>


                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes</title>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                        <para>chī: “to eat”. The verb “to eat” is often expressed using a general
                            object compound, chī fàn, instead of the simple verb chī. <informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Nǐ chī fàn le ma?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>你吃饭了马？</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Have you eaten? </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Wǒ hái méi chī fàn. </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>我还没吃饭。</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry> I haven't eaten yet.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para> suíbiàn 随便: This word meaning “as you please”, or more literally
                            “following convenience”, has a variety of uses.<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry> Nǐ suíbiàn mài ba.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>你随便买吧。</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Buy what you want. </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Nǐ qù bu qu? Suí nǐde biàn ba.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>你去不去？随你的便吧。</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Are you going? Do what you like. </entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>guōtiē 锅贴: This has been translated here as “fried dumpling”, but
                            actually a guōtiē differs from a dumpling in several respects. We
                            usually think of a dumpling as a solid lump of leavened dough dropped in
                            soup to cook. A guōtiē, however, is made of thin, unleavened dough,
                            which serves as a wrapper for a filling. This filling may be Chinese
                            cabbage, port, beef, lamb, or any combination, thereof. Secondly, a
                            guōtiē is not dropped in soup, but is steamed and fried, so that the
                            bottom is crisp and the top is soft. </para>
                        <para>bāozi 包子: This is a round of steamed bread filled with salty stuffing
                            (cabbage, pork, beef, shrimp, etc.) or sweet stuffing (red bean puree,
                            walnuts, almonds, etc.). The steamed bread is made from a raised dough
                            and forms a thick bun, somewhat similar in concept to a hamburger. </para>
                        <para>suān là tāng 酸辣汤: A thick spicy soup made of pork, white bean curd,
                            “red bean curd” (actually dried chicken or pork blood), dried tiger lily
                            flowers, mushrooms, bamboo shoots and egg.</para>
                        <para> liǎngwǎn... 两碗酸...: The word for “bowl”, wǎn 碗, is used as a counter
                            here.</para>
                        <section>
                            <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                            <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
                            <para/>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                            <para>Hái yào jige bāozi, zěnmeyàng?: The toneless syllable ji- means “a
                                few” or “several”. It may be difficult to distinguish between jige.
                                “a few”, from jǐge, “how many” in rapid speech. Usually there will
                                be other clues such as intonation and context to help you
                                distinguish them. This is discussed again in Unit 3 of the
                                Directions Module. </para>
                            <para>Bú yào diǎn tài duō le.: The phrase bú yào is used to mean “don't”
                                in sentences expressing a command. You'll learn more about this in
                                the Transportation Module. The marker le for new situation is used
                                here to reinforce the idea of “excessive”. Whenever a speaker says
                                something is excessive, he is actually saying that it has BECOME
                                excessive. </para>
                            <para>Nǐmen diǎn dian shénme?: The first word diǎn is the verb “to
                                order”. The second word diǎn (from yìdiǎn, “a little”) means “some”. </para>
                            <para>Èrshige guōtiē, sìge bāozi: You can tell from the amount ordered
                                that the guōtiē are more or less bite-sized, while the bāozi are
                                larger.</para>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                            <para>A conversation between an American student and a Chinese friend in
                                front of a small restaurant.</para>
                            <para/>
                        </section>
                        <section>
                            <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                            <para>xiǎochìdiàn: This is a small place where you can grab something to
                                eat. (Xiǎochī means “snack”.) If you are in a city in China, you are
                                probably not far from one. A xiǎochīdiàn is often run by one or two
                                people. It may be arranged so that the cooking area faces the
                                street, in which case you'll probably walk through the kitchen as
                                you head for a table. Putting the kitchen at the front, facing the
                                street, makes for better ventilation and allows people on the street
                                to see and smell what is being cooked. Inside you are likely to find
                                small tables without tablecloths, and stools. There is generally no
                                menu, but some of the dishes may be written on a blackboard or on
                                red pieces of paper which are hung on the wall. Since the
                                xiǎochīdiàn is often a small operation, it may only offer a few
                                things or it may specialize in serving one type of food, such as
                                noodles or dumplings. The word xiǎo in xiǎochīdiàn, refers not to
                                the size of the establishment, but to the types of food
                                offered.</para>
                            <para>Tāmen dōu yǒu shénme?: The word dōu in this sentence refers to the
                                object, not the subject. In other words, the sentence is translated
                                as “What all do they have?” in this context. In another conversation
                                the same sentence might mean “What do they all have?”.</para>
                            <para>This type of question with dōu expects an answer with more than
                                one item mentioned. The dōu may be thought to refer to the object in
                                the answer.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Nǐ dōu mǎi shénme le?</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>What all did you buy?</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Wǒ mǎile shíge bāozi, sānjīn píngguo, liùpíng
                                                  qìshuǐ.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>I bought ten bāozi, three catties of apples,
                                                  six bottles of soda.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                            <para>But notice that in the answer dōu is NOT used even though the
                                object is plural in number or a series of items.</para>
                        </section>
                    </section>


                </section>

            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List </title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para>zhēng jiǎo: These are crescent-shaped dumplings filled with cabbage and
                        meat which are steam cooked. The steaming is done by-placing the dumplings
                        in a bamboo basket, which is one layer in a stack of bamboo baskets called a
                        zhēng lóng, and then placing the whole stack over a container of boiling
                        water.</para>
                    <para>gěi wo lái ...: The verb lái here means not “to come” but “to bring” since
                        it is followed by a noun. The word gěi is the prepositional verb
                        “for”.</para>
                    <para>yìlóng zhēng jiǎo: Steamed dumplings are sold by the basket and served in
                        the basket that they are steamed in. The word for one tier of such baskets
                        is used as a counter, -lòng (yìlòng, liànglòng. etc.).</para>
                    <para>tāng miàn: This is the name for a class of dishes made of noodles and
                        soup. Unlike the Western idea of soup with some noodles, tāng miàn is
                        basically noodles with some soup added. Because Northern China is a wheat
                        growing area, noodles are a staple in the diet of that region. A bowl of
                        noodles can be used to make a side dish for a large meal, or, with a little
                        soup and meat added, can be a meal in itself. Noodles are commonly made in
                        six-to-ten-foot lengths in China, and are regarded as a symbol of
                        longevity.</para>
                    <para>chǎo miàn: One of the verbs translated “to fry” is chǎo. It is also
                        sometimes translated as “stir fry”. The Chinese language has several verbs
                        meaning “to fry”. Chǎo means to fry in a little oil, stirring rapidly and
                        constantly, not unlike sautéing.</para>
                    <para>niúròu miàn: This dish consists of noodles in soup with pieces of beef.
                        The word for “beef” is niúròu, literally “cow”, niú and “meat”, ròu. In the
                        names of Chinese dishes, the thing the dish is primarily composed of, in
                        this case noodles, is at the end of the phrase. Those words coming before
                        describe the additional foods with which the dish is prepared or the style
                        in which it is prepared.</para>
                    <para>jiǎozi: A crescent-shaped dumpling, made of white dough and stuffed with a
                        mixture of meat and scallions or mixed vegetables. Jiǎozi may be served
                        steamed, zhēng jiǎo or boiled, shuǐ jiǎo. It is said that Marco Polo took
                        the idea of these dumplings back to Italy inspiring the creation of
                        ravioli.</para>
                    <para>ròusī miàn: This is noodles in soup with shreds of pork and vegetables.
                        Actually, the word ròu means simply “meat”, not “pork”. But the basic meat
                        of China has always been pork, and therefore ròu on a menu refers to pork
                        unless otherwise specified.</para>
                    <para>shénmede: This word, used after a series of nouns, means “and so on” or
                            “etcetera”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Qìshuǐ, píjiǔ, shénmede dōu děi mǎi.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We need to buy soda, beer, and so on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation between a waiter and a customer at a small eatery.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>duōshaoge: The word duōshao may be used either with or without a
                        counter.</para>
                    <para/>
                    <para>sānxiān: This word occurs in the names of rice dishes, noodle dishes and
                        soups. It can be roughly translated as “three delicacies”, more literally,
                        “three fresh”. It means that the dish is made with two different meats, such
                        as chicken and pork, and a seafood, such as shrimp, in addition to the
                        vegetables.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation at another small eatery.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>

            </section>

        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para>chǎo jīdàn: This is literally translated as “fried eggs”. Since chǎo means
                        “to stir fry”, however, it actually refers to scrambled eggs.</para>
                    <para>kǎo miànbāo: “Toast”. This phrase is the verb kǎo “to roast” and the word
                        for “bread”, miànbāo.</para>
                    <para>Qǐng zài lái...: Here again you see the verb lái used to mean “bring”. The
                        word zài is the adverb “again”. Literally translated, this phrase means
                        something like “Please again bring...”. This is the standard way to ask
                        someone to bring more of something.</para>
                    <para>shāobing: This is a baked roll with layers of dough and covered with
                        sesame seeds. It comes in two shapes, one oblong and the other round like an
                        English muffin, only not as thick. It is usually eaten at breakfast.</para>
                    <para>liǎnggēn yóutiáo: This is a long, twisted, puffy roll which is deep-fried.
                        It resembles a cruller, but it is not sweet. Literally, the name means “oil
                        stick”. It is usually eaten at breakfast, along with dòujiāng and perhaps a
                        shǎobing. The counter for long, thin objects, like yóutiáo is -gēn.</para>
                    <para>dòujiāng: This is a liquid produced when bean curd, dòufu, is made from
                        soybeans. It is white, resembling milk, and high in protein. It may be
                        flavored so that it is sweet or salty. It is sometimes called soybean
                        milk.</para>
                    <para>tiánde/xiānde: Many foods in China such as bāozi and dòujiāng come in two
                        sorts: tiánde and xiānde. Although the Chinese categorize foods as either
                        salty or sweet, this does not mean that food which is labeled “salty” is
                        terribly salty. Sometimes the label “salty” simply means “not sweet”.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                <para>A conversation at the Peking Hotel.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para>Breakfast at the Peking Hotel: The Peking Hotel is said to have the best
                    Western style food in the city. While they serve both Western and Chinese style
                    lunches and dinners, they are not always prepared to serve certain kinds of
                    Chinese breakfast foods, such as shāobing and yóutiáo. If you would like to eat
                    these typical Chinese breakfast foods you should ask in advance.</para>
                <para/>
                <para>xīfàn: This is another breakfast food. It is a white porridge made of rice and
                    water. In the northern parts of China it is eaten along with salted pickles,
                    ham, salted vegetables, salted eggs or peanuts.</para>
                <para/>
                <para>mántou: “Steamed bread”. While the word miànbāo refers to Western style bread,
                    mántou refers to a Chinese version of bread, a large steamed roll made of white
                    dough. It is heavy and moist with no crust.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                <para>kèfàn: This refers to a type of meal in which soup, a main dish, rice and tea
                    are all served for one price. Much of the meal is prepared ahead of time, which
                    makes it quick, convenient and inexpensive for the customer. It is referred to
                    here as a “fixed meal”. Other translations are “fixed dinner”, “blue plate
                    special” and “combination plate”.</para>
                <para>Kèfàn jiù yǒu yìzhǒng ma?: When you ask this question, the person you are
                    speaking to might think you are asking about the different price categories that
                    kèfàn is available in. Restaurants which offer kèfàn often have an inexpensive,
                    a moderate and a top-of-the-line kèfàn each day.</para>
                <para>cài: This is the word for any dish which is not soup, rice or noodles.</para>
                <para>yòng: Like the word gěi, “to give”, the word yòng can act as either a full
                    verb or a prepositional verb. As a full verb, it means “to use”. As a
                    prepositional verb, it means “with”. Here are some examples of both
                        usages.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>Nǐ kéyi yòng wǒde diànshàn.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>You can use my electric fan.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>Tā yòng kuàizi chī fàn.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He eats with chopsticks.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable></para>
                <para>jī: While often the word for a type of meat, such as “beef”, niúròu, contains
                    the syllable ròu, “meat”, the word for chicken does not.</para>
                <para>xiàcì: The words for “last time”, “this time” and “next time” are formed
                    according to the same principle as you've learned for other time words, like
                    “last week” and “last month”.</para>
                <para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>shàngcì</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>shàngge xīngqī</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>shàngge yuè</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>last month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>zhècì</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>zhège xīngqī</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>zhège yuè</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>this month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>xiàcì</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next time</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>xiàge xīngqī</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next week</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>xiàge yuè</entry>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry>next month</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                <para>A conversation between an American woman and a Chinese friend, who are out to
                    eat on their lunch hour.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para>Nà: At the beginning of the sentence, nà means “then” or “well then”.</para>
                <para>Yǒu sān-sìzhǒng: “three or four kinds”. Two consecutive numbers may be used
                    together to give the idea of an approximate figure. The exception to this rule
                    is that 10 and multiples of 10 can not combine with the number coming
                    immediately before or after them. You will learn this in more detail in the
                    Transportation Module.</para>
                <para>Hǎo. Nǐ yào yíge qīngjiāo niúròu.: While at an informal meal each person at
                    the table may choose one of the dishes, everyone at a Chinese meal eats from all
                    the dishes, which are put in the center of the table.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                <para>A conversation in a small restaurant.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para>Hǎo bu hǎochī?: The compound hǎochī, “to be tasty”, can be broken apart to
                    form a question.</para>
                <para>Kèfàn dōu yǒu shénme yàngde cài?: The adverb dōu in this sentence refers to
                    the plural subject kèfàn, “fixed dinners”.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para>xiārén: This word refers to small shrimp without shells.</para>
                    <para>dòufu: “Bean curd”. This is a soft white substance made from soybeans,
                        with the consistency of jello or custard. It has only a faint taste, but is
                        rich in protein and minerals. It is a staple found all over the Orient and
                        may be found in everyday food as well as festive foods.</para>
                    <para>bú cuò: This phrase is used for “not bad”, in the sense of “pretty good”,
                        “pretty well”, “all right”.</para>
                    <para>Bié kèqi: Because this phrase is one of the most basic phrases in the
                        system of Chinese customs and manner, it is difficult to translate. Here, it
                        may be translated as “Don't be formal.” or “Don't stand on ceremony.” But it
                        should be viewed in context to determine its full meaning.</para>
                    <para>bǎo: This is an adjectival verb meaning “to be satisfied”, literally “to
                        be full”.</para>
                    <para>Nǐ duō chī yìdiǎn: Notice the word order of this sentence. The word duō is
                        used as an adverb, and therefore precedes the verb chī. The word yìdiǎn is
                        used as the object of the action and therefore follows the verb.</para>
                    <para>Wǒ zài chī: The word zài can be used as a marker of ongoing action. You’ll
                        learn more about this in the Meeting Module.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Nī zài diǎn yíge ba.: The word zài here means “additionally” or
                        “more”.</para>
                    <para>Wǒ xiǎng tài duō le, Bú yào cài le ba.; Here are two examples of the
                        marker le for new situations. In the first sentence it is necessary to use
                        le to indicate that the food order has now become too much. In the second
                        sentence, it is necessary to use the marker le to indicate that the meat and
                        vegetable is not wanted anymore.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>At another small restaurant.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Zài lai yíge tāng, zěnmeyàng?: Here you see another example of the word
                        zài. meaning “additionally” or “more”.</para>
                    <para>Nǐ xiǎng bu xiang chī dian tiǎnde dōngxi?: The Chinese are not accustomed
                        to eating desserts as are some other cultures. While they have invented some
                        rather lucious desserts, these are usually served only at more formal
                        dinners. At a modest meal or in a xiǎochīdiàn, the only dessert available is
                        probably fruit.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para>zhīdao: The verb “to know”, zhīdao is a state verb and therefore can be
                        negated, only with the syllable bù.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wǒ zuótian bù zhīdao tā zài nār.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yesterday I didn’t know where he was.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice also that the verb “to know, zhīdao, has a neutral tone on the last
                        syllable. But when it is negated, the verb “to know” has tones on all
                        syllables, bù zhīdào.</para>
                    <para>Nǐ jiàode tài duō le.: “You've ordered too much.” A more literal
                        translation might be “What you’ve ordered is too much. The phrase Nǐ jiàode
                        is a modifying phrase with the modified noun (perhaps “food” or “dishes”)
                        deleted.</para>
                    <para>Mápó dòufu: This is a peppery hot dish made of bean curd, finely chopped
                        beef or pork and hot bean paste. This dish is typical of the Szechwan style
                        of cooking, which is noted for hot spicy dishes.</para>
                    <para>yúxiāng qiézi: This name literally means “fragrant-fish eggplant”.
                        However, there is no fish used in the preparation of the dish. It is made
                        with scallions, ginger, garlic, hot bean paste, vinegar and soy sauce.
                        Yúxiāng refers to a famous Szechwan manner of preparation which was
                        originally used to make fish dishes, but was later applied to other foods,
                        such as pork, beef, and eggplant.</para>
                    <para>jīdīng: Earlier you saw the word jīpiān, “chicken slices”, now you see the
                        word jīdīng, which means “chicken cubes” or “diced chicken. Both are
                        commonly used in the names of dishes.</para>
                    <para>gōngbǎo jīdīng: This is a famous dish which originated in Szechwan. It is
                        made with diced chicken, bamboo shoots, scallions, red peppers, soy sauce,
                        and garlic.</para>
                    <para>xiārén guōba tāng; This is a shrimp and tomato soup into which squares of
                        dried crispy rice are dropped. These squares of rice bear some resemblance
                        to “rice crispies”. They are the crisp browned part of the rice left at the
                        bottom of the pot. As the crispy rice squares are poured into the hot soup,
                        a sizzling, crackling sound is given off.</para>
                    <para>básī píngguo: This is a dessert made of apple slices Which are covered
                        with a light batter and deep fried. The fried apples are then dipped in a
                        hot mixture of sugar-syrup and sesame seeds. The apples are coated much in
                        the same way taffy apples are. These hot sugar-coated apples are then
                        dropped into a bowl of ice water, which hardens the sugar syrup covering
                        into a crisp candy coating. The result is a dessert which combines a number
                        of textures and tastes. The name for this dessert is translated many ways:
                        “spun taffy apples”, “caramel apple fritters”, “pulled silk apples”. Bananas
                        can also be prepared in this way.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Taipei</title>
                    <para>A conversation between two Chinese friends who are out to dinner in a
                        Szechwan restaurant.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Dinner in a Szechwan Restaurant; China has a rich and varied tradition of
                        cooking, due to the size of the country, the many different foods available,
                        and the long history of its culture. The numberous styles of cooking may be
                        grouped into the following schools: The Northern School (Jīng cài), The
                        Sichuan School (Chuān Cài), The Húnán School (Xiāng Cài), The Shànghǎi
                        School (Hù Cài). The Fújiàn School (Mǐn Cài), The Canton School (Yuè Cài),
                        each with its own distinct style and famous dishes. It is common to find
                        restaurants representing most of these schools of cooking in many cities in
                        China.</para>
                    <para>Dāngrán hái yào yíge tāng: The speaker says “Naturally we'll also want a
                        soup.” because soup is a part of every Chinese meal, from the simplest lunch
                        to the most elaborate dinner. The reason for this is that, unless toasts are
                        being drunk, the Chinese do not drink beverages along with their meal. The
                        soup, which is served at the end of the meal, is the main liquid of the
                        meal.</para>
                    <para/>
                    <para>sháor (sháozi)/tiáogēng: The word sháor is used more in Peking, while
                        tiáogēng is used in other parts of the country, too.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para>kāndedǒng: This is a compound verb of result meaning “can read and
                        understand (it)”. Its negative counterpart is kànbudǒng, “can’t read and
                        understand (it)”. See Meeting Module. Reference Notes for Unit 1 for a
                        discussion of compound verbs of result.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tā xiěde zì, wǒ kānbudǒng.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can't read (understand) his writing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Huánghuā Yú: The Seiaena Schelegelì is translated here as “yellow fish”.
                        It is sometimes referred to in Chinese as huáng yú. In English, it is also
                        called croaker, drum fish, or China Bass. Since the huánghuā yú is a fish
                        native to China, any American fish name given to it, such as croaker, is at
                        best only a rough equivalent.</para>
                    <para>Hóngshāo Yú: The “red-cooked” style of cooking involves stewing the meat,
                        or in this case, the fish, in soy sauce, sherry and water. It is called
                        “red-cooked” because of the reddish-brown color the soy sauce gives the
                        dish.</para>
                    <para>Cōngbào Niúròu: Beef with Spring Onions. Literally, this means “spring
                        onions-fried beef”. Bào is another method of cooking. It is similar to chǎo
                        “sauté”, but uses less oil and highet heat.</para>
                    <para>Zhàci Ròusī Tāng: Although translated here as “Szechwan Hot Pickled
                        Cabbage,” zhàci is properly made from mustard green roots preserved with
                        salt and hot pepper. It can be used to flavor foods or it can be eaten by
                        itself.</para>
                    <para>mǐfǎn: This word refers to cooked rice. It can also refer to rice dishes,
                        such as chǎo fàn.</para>
                    <para>huājuǎr: Flower-rolls are made of steamed bread, which has been shaped
                        into layers resembling petals.</para>
                    <para>suàn yíxià zhàng: The verb suàn means “to figure, to calculate”. Suàn
                        zhàng means “to figure accounts”, “to calculate the bill”. Here the word
                        yíxià follows the verb. The use of yíxià after a verb has an effect similar
                        to reduplicating the verb, that is it makes the action more casual.</para>
                    <para>zài hēibǎnshang xiězhe ne: -Zhe is the marker of DURATION of actions and
                        states. It indicates that an action or state lasted for an amount of time.
                        The marker ne, on the other hand, marks ONGOING (and therefore present)
                        actions or states. In this expression the marker -zhe tells us that at some
                        time the dishes CONTINUE in the state of being written on the blackboard,
                        and the marker ne tells us that that state is GOING ON now. -Zhe is used in
                        sentences to describe activities which last over a period of time, whether
                        that time is past, present or future. A verb plus -zhe in Chinese often
                        corresponds to the ’-ing’ form of the verb in English.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Zǒuzhe qù kéyi ma?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you get there by walking?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wǒmen zuòzhe shuō huà, hǎo bu hao?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let's sit awhile and talk, okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Míngtian wǎnshang, wǒmen shi zuòzhe chī, háishi
                                            zhànzhe chī?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tomorrow night will it be a sit-down dinner or will
                                            we eat standing up?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tā hái bìngzhe ne.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is still sick.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>gōngnóngbíng: This expression is a conglomeration of the words for
                        “worker”, gōngren, “farmer”, nóngmín, and “soldier”, bìng. Notice that the
                        first syllable (or only syllable) of each is used to make this abbreviated
                        form.</para>
                    <para>chīdelái: This is a compound verb of result with the syllable -de-
                        inserted between the action verb and the ending verb. This pattern is ₍used
                        to express the meaning “able to ____”. Usually the second verb of the
                        compound expresses the specific result of the action, but here the verb lái
                        expresses only the general idea of result. (The verb lái in this position
                        has been called a “dummy result ending”. Qù can also be used this way.)
                        Although no specific result is expressed here, the pattern is still used
                        because it expresses the idea of “can” or “able to”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Měiguo cài, wǒ zuòdelúi; Zhōngguo cài, wǒ
                                            zuòbulái.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Měiguo cài, wǒ huì zuò; Zhōngguo cài, wǒ bú huì
                                            zuò.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can cook American food, I can't cook Chinese
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue Peking</title>
                    <para>Three American women, who have spent the morning sightseeing, enter a
                        cafeteria in a park. It is lunchtime and there are many people. As the women
                        get in line to order, an attendant in the cafeteria comes up to them.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
                    <para>Notice that in this situation the cafeteria attendant does not let the
                        foreigners stand in line for their food. Instead he waits on them getting
                        them special food when possible. The Chinese feel that foreigners are their
                        guests and should be treated accordingly.</para>
                    <para>Wǒ bù dōu kàndedǒng: Notice that the American woman chooses a rather
                        indirect way of letting the Chinese attendant know that she cannot read. In
                        the lines following, the attendant answers back simply suggesting some of
                        the more tasty dishes, a courteous and face-saving response.</para>
                    <para>Huì yòng, kěshi yòngde bú tài hǎo: This is another courteous response.
                        Here the American lets it be known that they can handle chopsticks, but does
                        so modestly.</para>
                    <para>Chīdelái ba?: Literally, “Was it edible?” or “Could you eat it?”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>Three friends enter a restaurant in downtown Taipei at lunchtime. A waiter
                        comes up to them.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 1</title>
                    <para>Wǒmen gāng cóng Mèiguo lái: In this sentence and the ones which follow the
                        American modestly explains their situation and then asks for help. The
                        waiter replies in a friendly and polite manner.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para>yǒumíng: “To be famous”, literally, “to have a name”, is always negated
                        with méi.</para>
                    <para>Kǎo Yángròu: This is Mongolian Barbecued Lamb. It is thin slices of lamb
                        dipped in a sauce of soy sauce, scallions, Chinese parsley, sugar, and
                        sherry, and other condiments you can mix to your own taste, then grilled
                        quickly over high heat. This meal is prepared at specialty restaurants which
                        usually serve little else.</para>
                    <para>Shuàn Yángròu: This meal requires that a pot with a source of heat beneath
                        it (huǒguō, literally “fire pot”) be placed in the middle of the table.
                        Usually the pot is shaped in a ring with a chimney containing the heat
                        source in the center. Each guest cooks his meat and vegetables in the
                        boiling water of the fire pot, often with four or five people simultaneously
                        keeping track of their food as it is cooking. After his meat is cooked he
                        then dips it into various sauces and eats it. By the end of the meal, the
                        water in the pot has become a highly flavored soup. Fěnsī (see below) and
                        vegetables are then dropped into it, and it is eaten.</para>
                    <para>chúle...yǐwài: This pattern is used to express the idea “except for...”,
                        “besides...”, or “aside from...”. The second part, yǐwài, is sometimes
                            omitted.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wǒ chúle mǎi yìběn shū, hái yào mǎi yìběn
                                            zázhì.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In addition to buying one book, I also want to buy
                                            one magazine.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>fěnsī: These are called “cellophane noodles” because their appearance is
                        clear and glass-like. They are made from pea-starch and are sometimes called
                        pea-starch noodles.</para>
                    <para>zuóliào: This refers to various sauces used to dip the lamb in, and
                        therefore translates as “condiment”. In other contexts, zuóliào can mean
                        “ingredient”.</para>
                    <para>shuōde wǒ dōu è le: Here you see a verb, shuō, the syllable de, and the
                        result of the action of talking (wǒ dōu è le.) A literal translation of the
                        expression might be “Talk to (the point that) I'm already hungry.” The
                        marker de carries the meaning “to the point of”, “to the extent that” in
                        this expression.</para>
                    <para>xiāng cài: A coarse, leafy, strong tasting type of parsley.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>This conversation takes place in late spring in Peking. A foreign student
                        talks with a few of his Chinese classmates.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>This conversation takes place in winter in Taipei. A foreign student and
                        some of his Chinese classmates are in a northern Chinese restaurant, waiting
                        for the food to come.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 2</title>
                    <para>běifāng cài: The syllable -fāng means “place” or “region”. It is added to
                        direction words to form the name of a place. Běifāng cài refers to Northern
                        Chinese cuisine. Nánfāng cài refers to cuisine south of the Yangtze river,
                        including the Shanghai school of cooking and the Cantonese school of
                        cooking. </para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes in Part 3</title>
                    <para>báobǐng: These are thin, wheat cakes, usually rolled out and cooked in
                        pairs that are separated before use. They resemble thin, French crepes in
                        appearance. They are eaten with dishes instead of rice.</para>
                    <para>Mùxu Ròu: This is a pork dish cooked with egg. It is eaten with báobǐng. A
                        spoonful of Mùxu Ròu is placed in the middle of a báobǐng. Then it is rolled
                        up and eaten.</para>
                    <para>sùcài: This is a vegetable dish made with no meat sauces or flavorings at
                        all, and is therefore correctly called a vegetarian vegetable dish. Although
                        sùcài are made without the use of meat sauces or meat flavorings, they are
                        often artfully seasoned and formed in such a way that they resemble meat
                        very closely.</para>
                    <para>xiāng: This is the adjectival verb “to be fragrant”. Zhège sùcài hěn
                        xiāng., could also be translated as “This vegetarian vegetable dish has a
                        good aroma”. The verb xiāng is often used when talking about food to refer
                        to dishes with garlic or ginger.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>Miss Wang invites an American couple, Mr. and Mrs. White to her apartment
                        for dinner. They are just sitting down to dinner.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para>dìng yìzhuō xí; “To arrange a formal dinner”, more literally “to make
                        arrangements for a one table banquet”. The counter for xí, “a feast or
                        banquet”, is -zhuō, “table”.</para>
                    <para>duōshao qiánde biāozhǔn: “What price level”. Biāozhún literally means
                        “standard”. Duōshao qiánde biāozhǔn could also be translated more literally
                        as “a standard costing how much”, where duōshao qián “how much does it
                        cost?” modifies biāozhǔn, “standard'.” You will also hear duōshao qián
                        biāozhǔnde, with the marker de placed at the end of the phrase. In this case
                        the whole phrase “what price level” modifies the noun jiǔxí, “banquet”,
                        which has been left out of the sentence because it is understood.</para>
                    <para>kè: This word for guest is interchangeable with kèren.</para>
                    <para>duōbàn: “Most of...”. Duōbàn is a noun and is used in the subject
                        position.</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tāmen duōbàn dōu bú qù.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Most of them are not going.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Duōbàn shi niàn Zhōngwén ne.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Most of them are studying Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>ràng wǒmen pěi...: “Have us select...”, or more literally “allow us to
                        select...”. The verb pel means “to match”. Dishes are matched to make a
                        formal menu in Chinese.</para>
                    <para>lěngpán: “Cold dishes” or appetizers start off the menu in a formal
                        Chinese dinner. Four cold dishes followed by six to eight main courses, a
                        soup and a dessert is one type of menu arrangement used for formal dinners.
                        Four cold dishes, four sautéed dishes and four main dishes, soup and dessert
                        in another type of formal menu.</para>
                    <para>Cold dishes are usually prepared so as to be pleasing to the eye as well
                        as the palate. Cold cooked meats and vegetables are arranged in colorful
                        designs.</para>
                    <para>jiǔ: Literally, this means “liquor”. It is a term referring to any kind of
                        alcoholic beverage from light beers and wine to hard liquor.</para>
                    <para>Ěméi Cāntīng; This is the name of a restaurant offering Szechwan style
                        cuisine. Omei (fimái) is the name of a mountain range running through
                        Szechwan.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>A conversation on the telephone.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes following Dialogue 1</title>
                    <para>Nǐ yào duōshao qián biāozhǔnde?: In restaurants in Peking, dinners for a
                        group of people can be arranged on a price per person basis. The restaurants
                        often have several standard priced menus to choose from.</para>
                    <para>Yíge dà lěngpǎn: One large cold platter instead of several smaller cold
                        dishes may be used in making up the menu for a dinner. One large cold
                        platter, eight main courses, a soup and a dessert is another type of menu
                        for a dinner.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>12.</entry>
                                        <entry>Hóngshāo Yúchì</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Red-cooked Shark's Fin</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>13.</entry>
                                        <entry>Xiāngsū Yā</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Fragrant Crispy Duck</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>14.</entry>
                                        <entry>Gānshāo Míngxiā</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Dry-cooked Jumbo Shrimp Szechuan Style</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>15.</entry>
                                        <entry>Fùguì Jī</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Beggar's Chicken</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>16.</entry>
                                        <entry>Tángcù Yú</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Sweet and Sour Fish</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>17.</entry>
                                        <entry>Mìzhī Huǒtuǐ</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Ham in Honey Sauce</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>18.</entry>
                                        <entry>Dōnggua Zhōng</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Winter Melon Soup served in the Carved Melon
                                            Shell</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>19.</entry>
                                        <entry>Bābǎo Fàn</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Eight Jewel Rice</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>20.</entry>
                                        <entry>Xìngrén Dòufu</entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Almond Pudding</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Vocabulary №12-20</title>
                    <para>Hóngshāo Yúchì: Shark’s Fin is considered a delicacy by the Chinese
                        because it is rare, nutritious and has a smooth, chewy texture when cooked.
                        Some people think that it is best prepared in the red-cooked style.</para>
                    <para>Xiāngsū Yā: Fragrant Crispy Duck is marinated and steamed with onions,
                        wine, ginger, pepper and anise, then deep fried quickly for a crispy result.
                        This method of preparing duck is an example of southern style
                        cooking.</para>
                    <para>Fùguì Jī: “Beggar’s Chicken” is a whole chicken wrapped in wet clay, then
                        roasted until very tender. It is said that this method of preparation was
                        first used by beggars. Originally this dish was called Jiǎohua Jī, literally
                        “Beggar's Chicken”; but as the dish became popular among the upper class,
                        the name changed to Fùguì Jī, literally “Riches and Honor Chicken”.</para>
                    <para>Dōnggua Zhōng: Winter melon, mushrooms, and ham go into this soup. On
                        festive occasions the melon shell is carved with decorations, such as
                        dragons, and used as a bowl for serving the soup. This is a Cantonese
                        specialty.</para>
                    <para>Xìngrěn Dòufu: This is translated here as “Almond Pudding”. Because
                        Xìngrén Dòufu, with its light consistency, is somewhere between a pudding
                        and a gelatin, “Almond Gelatin” would also be a fitting translation of the
                        name.</para>
                    <para>Bābǎo Fàn: “Eight Jewel Rice”. This is sweet sticky rice (nòmǐ) with
                        preserved fruits. The rice is shaped into a mound and decorated with some of
                        the preserved fruit.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>An American woman calls a restaurant in Táiběi.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>

            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para>zhǔkè: At a Chinese banquet the guest of honor sits farthest away from the
                        door, the inner-most place in the room. The host sits nearest the door, on
                        the serving side of the table.</para>
                    <para>Bié jǐn gěi wo jiǎn cài: This expression is often used at dinner parties.
                        It is good hospitality for the host or hostess to serve the guests
                        individually from time to time, picking out tender morsels for them. Fellow
                        guests may also do this for the guest of honor.</para>
                    <para>gān yìbēi: Drink a glass”, literally “dry a glass” (meaning “o make the
                        glass dry by emptying it”). Since wine cups are small, the usual toast is
                        Gān bēi!. “Bottoms up!” For people who don't like to drink too much, the
                        phrase Suíyì, “As you like”, will serve as a reply indicating that the whole
                        cup need not be emptied. See the note on suíyì below.</para>
                    <para>Zuì jī: “Drunken Chicken”. The name of this dish comes from the way in
                        which it is prepared. The verb zuì “to get drunk”, refers to the fact that
                        the chicken is marinated in wine at least over-night. This dish originates
                        with the Shanghai school of cooking. It is served cold.</para>
                    <para>Wǒ bú huì hē jiǔ. Dàjiā dōu suíyì ba.: Chinese drinking etiquette requires
                        that if someone doesn’t want to participate in the full range of drinking
                        activities, he should so indicate early on.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes following Part 2 Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Most of the entertaining at a Chinese dinner party takes place at the
                        dinner table, although there is some tea drinking and chatting both before
                        and after the meal in other rooms. The dinner is served at a leisurely pace
                        so that each dish may be savored and talked about. A good dish is
                        appreciated for its appearance as much as its taste, texture and aroma. As
                        each dish is eaten, toasts will be made. The host will start off by toasting
                        the guest of honor and then other guests as a group. As the evening
                        progresses he will toast each guest in turn and each guest will probably
                        propose a toast of his own in honor of the host. A strongly flavored liquor
                        (gāoliang jiǔ). a milder rice wine (huáng jiǔ). or beer may be served.
                        Guests usually drink only when toasting. If you'd like to take a drink of
                        something you either propose a toast or catch someon's eye and silently
                        toast each other.</para>
                    <para>mànmār chī In sentences expressing commands or requests, an adjectival
                        verb describing manner precedes the main verb.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Kuài yìdiǎr kāi!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Drive a little faster!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Kuài lái!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come here quickly!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the sentence, mànmār chī, the adjectival verb coming before the main
                        verb, màn, is reduplicated with the second syllable changing to a high tone.
                        This also happens in a few other instances.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Kuàikuārde chī!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Quickly eat!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Hǎohāode zuò!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do it well!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para>jìng: This is the verb “to offer (something) respectfully”. It is used
                        here ceremonially in the phrase “offer her a glass” meaning “to toast
                        her”.</para>
                    <para>Juǎnqilai: This compound verb is made of juǎn. “to roll”, qǐ, “to rise, go
                        or come up”, and lái “to come”. Both Peking Duck and Mùxu Ròu are eaten
                        rolled up in pancakes.</para>
                    <para>Xūn Jī: For this dish, chicken is smoked in a vapor from burning tea
                        leaves. This example of Peking cuisine is served as a cold dish or a hot
                        dish.</para>
                    <para>Zhá Xiāqiú: Zhá is the verb “to deep fry”. This is a Shanghai dish of
                        shredded shrimp shaped into balls and then deep fried.</para>
                    <para>jiàng: “Paste”. The paste which is eaten with Peking Duck is
                        tiánmiànjiàng. “sweet bean paste”.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after Dialogue in Part 3</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para>Wǒ zìjī lái: This is a polite way for a guest to respond when the host has
                        been serving him specially.</para>
                    <para>Xià yícì wǒmen kéyi zài lái zhèli chī Kǎo Yā.: The use of the phrase xià
                        yícì makes it sound as if they are making definite plans about the next time
                        they come to eat here, when in fact they are Just talking generally about
                        some future time. In English, we use “sometime” rather than “next time”, as
                        in “We'll have to get together again sometime.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Foods</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
</chapter>