FSI-Chinese-Docbook/OptionalModule-MBD/FSI-OptionalModule-MBD.xml.bak

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    version="5.1">
    <title>Customs Surrounding</title>
    <subtitle>Marriage, Birth and Death</subtitle>
    <para/>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>General</title>
            <para>The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to
                furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural Background information you need
                to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to
                courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct
                yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese
                people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</para>
            <para>Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a
                Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the
                course.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Specific</title>
            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the age when most people get married.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in
                        marriage practices between the city and the country.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births,
                        and funerals.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the frequency of divorce.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in
                        arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day
                        wedding.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control
                        policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken
                        into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when
                        they have children.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant's health, appetite,
                        and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the
                        mother's health before and after giving birth.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and
                        express concern for that person.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death
                        and the funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a
                        funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíchàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi
                                                shéi tíchàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who advocates this?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There are two different
                        characters with the same sound used for the second syllable.)</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhènme
                                                niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She's so young and so beautiful!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When I was young, I didn't like to read.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                niánqīng rén dōu ài kàn
                                            diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These young people all love to go to the
                                            movies.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                niánqīngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
                                                cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That young Chinese person speaks pretty good
                                            English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: “to get
                        married”, also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiēhūn</foreignphrase>. Notice that in Chinese you talk of “getting
                        married”, while in English we talk of “being married”. And it follows
                        grammatically that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, not a state verb.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> will
                        always be seen with an aspect marker such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or will be negated with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                jiéhūnle méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
                                            of 'Are they married?)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiéhūn
                                                duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How long have you been married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
                        verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jié</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūn</foreignphrase> can be separated by
                        aspect markers, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                                shénme shíhou jiéde hūn?</foreignphrase> OR
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                                shénme shíhou jiéhūnde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When did you get married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase> has been married three
                                            times.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn ... jiéhūn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn shéi
                                                jiéhūn le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>To whom did he get married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>

                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №2</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn
                                wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>: “late involvement and late marriage”.
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnliàn</foreignphrase> is
                            an abbreviation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn
                                liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “mature love”, (<foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase> means “romantic
                            love, courtship”), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >wǎnhūn</foreignphrase> is an abbreviation for <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn jiéhūn</foreignphrase>, “late
                            marriage”. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only
                            actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to generalize about
                            the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and
                            might be non-existent in certain rural and national minority areas,
                            where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum
                            age has been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the
                            rules were eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple
                            exceeds fifty years (or the female's age exceeds the male's), then the
                            marriage is allowable.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №3</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngnián</foreignphrase>:
                            “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>,
                            “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
                        <para>In this sentence, the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >qīngnián</foreignphrase> is used to modify the noun <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase>,
                                “teacher”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>A:</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìde
                                                  sānshinián yǐqián nǐ tèbié ài chī
                                                  táng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>I remember that thirty years ago you especially
                                                loved to eat candy.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>B:</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
                                                  nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián. Xiànzài lǎo
                                                  le, yá bù xíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I'm
                                                old, and my teeth aren't good any more.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì</foreignphrase>: “to be
                            hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb, “diligently,be hard”.</para>
                        <para>
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  suīrán hěn nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù
                                                  xíng.</foreignphrase>
                                            </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Although he's very hardworking, his English is
                                                still not good enough.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
                                                  nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I have to study Chinese very hard.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable>
                        </para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №4</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>:
                            “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
                                                city.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  jiā zài nóngcūn zhù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Their family lives in the country.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
                            practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, reform)”.<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
                                                  shíxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don't
                                                think it can be carried out.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                  bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi
                                                  jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This method has been in practice for three weeks,
                                                but the results aren't good.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №5</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>: “to
                            constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎde
                                                  xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù
                                                  chéng wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>His studies have been good all along, so after he
                                                graduates, setting up a job for him won't constitute
                                                a problem.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                  nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan tāde
                                                  xiǎo mèimei.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>My daughter has become an older sister. She
                                                really likes her little sister.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngqì</foreignphrase>:
                            “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                  yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài
                                                  dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù
                                                  hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don't
                                                want to sell things in shops. This practice is
                                                really bad.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                  zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
                                                  fēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Now in China there is again a general atmosphere
                                                of study.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №6</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “with”.
                            You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >hé</foreignphrase> used between two nouns or pronouns as a
                            conjunction meaning “and”. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb
                            meaning “with”. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >gēn</foreignphrase>, which you have seen, also has both meanings,
                            “and” and “with”.</para>
                        <para>Formerly, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >gēn</foreignphrase> was the most frequently used word for “with” or
                            “and” in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often
                            written. But he has come into wide conversational use in <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>. In addition to
                            this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàn</foreignphrase>
                            instead of he, which is the same character with another
                            pronunciation.</para>
                        <para>Generally speaking, if you use <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn</foreignphrase> you should not have
                            any problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase>: “to
                            fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”. This is the
                            socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship between two
                            people. Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> can be used both as noun and as a verb.
                                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liàn'ài</foreignphrase>
                            is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division
                                is:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> liàn
                                ài</foreignphrase>, not <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >lià nài</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  liàn'àile hǎojinián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>They've been in love for quite a few years
                                                now.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  xiànzài kāishǐ liàn'ài le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>They've just started to fall in love.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
                                                  liàn'ài zhǐ yǒu sāntiān, jiù bù xíng
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it's
                                                over.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> is often used in the phrase <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “to be
                            romantically involved” or more literally “to talk of
                                love”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  liǎngge tán liàn'ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The two of them have been in love for quite a
                                                while now.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I'm not in love with her.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are
                            seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious
                            intentions for the future.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №7</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>: “really,
                            certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs.
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě</foreignphrase> can be
                            used before a negative.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  liǎngge kě hǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The two of them are very good friends.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú
                                                  shì ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Isn't that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
                                                  bù xíng!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>That really won't do!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
                                                  bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>That's really not a good thing.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kě
                                                  yào xiǎoxīn!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>You've got to be careful!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>, to other Chinese it
                            may sound too full of local color with which they do not
                            identify.</para>
                    </section>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They are
                        both in their late twenties.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zài èrshiwǔliùsuì yǐhòu cái
                            jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when
                        females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to
                        insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later.
                        Nonetheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one
                        can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíshì</foreignphrase>:
                        “ceremony, function” This can be used to refer to a range of different
                        ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of
                        marital vows.</para>
                    <para>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon
                        to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which
                        marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual
                        served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds' feeling of obligation
                        owed to the family.</para>
                    <para>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food
                        for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the
                        celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local
                        police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside,
                        where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</para>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №9</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnqi</foreignphrase>:
                            “relatives” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Qīnqi</foreignphrase> is slightly different from the English word
                            “relatives” in that it does not include one's immediate family, that is
                            parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One's
                            immediate family are called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >jiāli rén</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
                                                  jiā qīnqi duō ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Do you have a lot of relatives in your
                                                family?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                  jiā qīnqi kě duō le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>We have lots of relatives in our family.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sònggei</foreignphrase>:
                            “give (a gift) to …” The verb song has several meanings. One is “to
                            send”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ nǐde xíngli
                                sòngshangqu le</foreignphrase>, “I sent your luggage upstairs.”
                            Another is to give someone something as a present.</para>
                        <para>Here you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >sòng</foreignphrase> with the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for, to” after it.
                            You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >jiāogei</foreignphrase>, “to hand over to ..., to submit to...”.
                            When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is
                            used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be followed by
                            the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is
                            given. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> can
                            also be used this way with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >jì</foreignphrase> “to send”, and <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase> “to
                                sell”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
                                                  zhèijiàn yīfu jìgei wǒ mèimei
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I sent this piece of clothing to my younger
                                                sister.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
                                                  fángzi màigei wǒ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He sold his house to me.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in
                            the sentence, making it necessary to use <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> to put the indirect
                            object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the
                            object is specific and the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >bǎ</foreignphrase> construction is preferred. When song is followed
                            by an indirect object, however, the <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is usually
                                optional.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
                                                  sòng ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
                                                  sònggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...sònggei ni shénme
                                lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in
                            the PRC are generally “useful” items. Common among these are
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nuǎnpíng</foreignphrase>,
                            hot water jugs; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >huāpíng</foreignphrase>, vases; <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táidēng</foreignphrase>, table lamps;
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ</foreignphrase>, pens;
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánpěn</foreignphrase>,
                            wash basins; or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >cānjù</foreignphrase>, kitchen items.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to act
                            as, to serve as”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuǒ jìniàn.</foreignphrase> is literally
                            “They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.”<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                  xuéxiǎo bìyède xuésheng, hěn duō dōu zuò lǎoshī
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>
                                                <para> A lot of students who graduated from this
                                                  school have become teachers.</para>
                                            </entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yòng
                                                  zhèiběn xīn shū zuò lǐwù, hǎo bu
                                                  hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Would it be okay to use this new book as a
                                                present?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable>
                        </para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, “to act
                            as, to serve as” is often seen used with <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase>, “to use” as in the
                            example above, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng ... zuò
                                ...</foreignphrase>, “to use (something) as (something)
                            else”.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniàn</foreignphrase>:
                            “memento, remembrance; to commemorate”.</para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi ta
                                                yìzhāng zhàopiàn zuò jìniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'l give him a photo as a memento.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №10</title>
                        <para>xǔduō: “many; a great deal (of), lots (of)”. Xǔduō is used as a number
                            (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns. <informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>A:</entry>
                                            <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu duōshao
                                                  qián?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">How much money
                                                is there left?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>B:</entry>
                                            <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
                                                  xǔduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">There's still
                                                a lot left, or There's a lot more.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  mǎile xǔduō (zhāng) huàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He bought a lot of paintings.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable>
                        </para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǔduō</foreignphrase> has
                            several things in common with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >hěn duō</foreignphrase>, in addition to similarity of meaning. Used
                            as modifiers in front of nouns, both <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō</foreignphrase> can (1) be used
                            alone, (2) be used with de, and (3) be followed by a counter, but not
                            usually -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >ge</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  rènshi xǔduō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  rènshi hěn duō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He knows a lot of people.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  jiànle hen duō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He saw (met with) a lot of people.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìchǔli
                                                  yǒu hěn duō (jiàn) dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>There are a lot of overcoats in the
                                                closet.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He wrote a lot of books.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō</foreignphrase> is
                            probably more common than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >xǔduō</foreignphrase>. Some speakers feel that they do not use
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> in
                            conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about
                            using it in conversation.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zhùdao nǚjiār
                                qu</foreignphrase>: “to go live with the wife's family” You've seen
                            the prepositional verb dào used after main verbs, as in <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nádao lóushàng qu</foreignphrase>, “take
                            it upstairs”. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
                            fairly straightforward. But in the above example from the Reference
                            List, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
                            used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion,
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, “to
                            live, to inhabit”. Here is another example of <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> used in a phrase
                            expressing motion:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                  zuótiān zhùjinlaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He moved in yesterday.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>The verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >zhàn</foreignphrase> “to stand” and <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase> “to sit” can also be
                            used in phrases expressing motion.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
                                                  zhàndao nèibianr qu, hǎo bu
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Would you please go stand over there.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
                                                  zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, hǎo bu
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Would you please go sit up front.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to
                            three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom
                            join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former
                            tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the man's family,
                            and of course, moved into his family's house.</para>
                        <para>In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride
                            carried special significance. It was called rù zhuì and might take place
                            when a family had only female children and the father wanted his
                            daughter's husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family
                            line.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase>:
                            “difference” When expressing the difference between two things, use
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">... gēn ... yǒu
                                qūbié</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
                                                  zìdiǎn gēn nèiběn yǒu hěn dàde
                                                  qūbié.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>There is a big difference between this dictionary
                                                and that one.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                  xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào yǒu shénme
                                                  qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>What is the difference between this school and
                                                that one?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài
                                                  nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>What is the difference between these two
                                                methods?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì
                                ma!</foreignphrase>. : “Yes, indeed!, I'll say!”, or more literally,
                            “Isn't it so! <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì ma!
                            </foreignphrase>is often used in northern China to indicate hearty
                            agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the
                            speaker, something like English “Well, of course!” or “Really!”.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo</foreignphrase>:
                            Literally “not a little”, in other words, “quite a lot”.</para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu bù
                                                shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has a lot he wants to say to you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguo
                                                bù shǎo rén yǒu qìchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In America a lot of people have cars.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érqiě</foreignphrase>:
                            “furthermore, moreover”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiǎn
                                                  tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià
                                                  xuě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The weather is bad today, and furthermore it
                                                looks as if it's going to snow.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ěrqiě</foreignphrase> is
                            often used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
                                dan...érqiě</foreignphrase> “not only ... but also...” or “not only
                            ... moreover...”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèizhěng huǎr hú dàn hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng
                                                  xiāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it's
                                                also very fragrant.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú
                                                  dàn ài chī táng, érqiě shénme tián dōngxi dōu ài
                                                  chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like
                                                to eat anything sweet.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú
                                                  dàn xuéguo Zhōngwén, érqiě xuéde bú
                                                  cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he
                                                has learned it quite well.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
                                                  dàn méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài, érqiě wǒ yě bú dà
                                                  xǐhuan ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I
                                                don't like her very much.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                        <para>The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their
                            conversation:</para>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para/>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №12</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāngfāng</foreignphrase>:
                            “both sides, both parties”</para>
                        <para>
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo hé Měiguo
                                                  shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This matter is known to both America and
                                                China.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable>
                        </para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐcǐ</foreignphrase>: “the
                            one and the other; each other, mutually”<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán
                                                  wǒmen méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde
                                                  bìng méiyou bànfa le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Although we didn't say anything, we both knew.
                                                There was nothing that could be done for his
                                                illness.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>A:</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōumō
                                                  hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>Have a nice weekend.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>B:</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǐcǐ,
                                                  bǐcǐ!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>You too!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable>
                        </para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>: “to
                            understand; to acquaint oneself with, to try to
                                understand”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèijiàn shì, wǒ bù dǒng, hái děi qù liǎojiě
                                                  yíxià.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I don't understand this, I have to go back and
                                                try to understand it again.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  liǎojiě ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I understand her.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhēnde liǎojiě
                                                  tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He feels that he doesn't have a single friend who
                                                really knows him. </entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>Notice that when you want to say “to know someone” meaning “to
                            understand someone”, the Chinese word to use is <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>, not
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènshi</foreignphrase>
                            (which simply means to have made someone's acquaintance)</para>
                    </section>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №13</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...líhūnde bú tài
                            duō</foreignphrase>: “There aren't many people getting divorced …;”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Líhūnde</foreignphrase>,
                        “those (people) who get divorced”, is a noun phrase in which <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">líhūn</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nominalized</foreignphrase> by
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №14</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fūfù</foreignphrase>: “husband
                        and wife, married couple”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen fūfù
                                                liǎngge dōu fēicháng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Those two (that couple) are both very nice.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài yíge dìqū
                            gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: “do not work in the same region”.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge</foreignphrase>, “one”,
                        is frequently used to mean “one and the same”. Here are some more
                            examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen dōu
                                                zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>All of us go to the same school.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                liǎngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī
                                                jiāochulaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They are both the product of the same
                                            teacher.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №15</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqǐnjià</foreignphrase>:
                        “leave for visiting family”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàn
                            qīn</foreignphrase> means to visit one's closest relatives, usually
                        parents, a spouse, or children.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
                                                jiù qù Shànghǎi tàn qīn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tomorrow he's going to Shanghai to visit his
                                            family.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №16</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngshi</foreignphrase>:
                        “always, all the time”. This adverb may also occur as zǒng.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒngshi
                                                ài qù Huáměi kāfēitīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He always loves to go to the <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáměi</foreignphrase>
                                            Coffeehouse.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nénggòu</foreignphrase>: “can,
                        to be able to”. This is a synonym of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №17</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngguo</foreignphrase>: “to
                        pass by or through, to go through”. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo</foreignphrase> can mean 1) to pass
                        by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an
                            experience.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo
                                                zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As a result of this study, I see things a lot more
                                            clearly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ měitiān
                                                xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dōu jīngguo Bǎihuò
                                                Dàlóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Every day on my way home from work I pass by the
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎihuò
                                                Dàlóu</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīngguo
                                                zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian wǒmen zài
                                                lǐtou gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When you passed by this room, didn't you see us
                                            working inside?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>:
                        “quite, pretty (good, degree of'. etc.); considerable, a considerable degree
                            of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shēntǐ
                                                xiāngdāng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His health is quite good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>: “to
                        consider; consideration”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
                                                kǎolǜguo le, tā háishi yīnggāi shàng
                                                dàxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have already given it consideration he should still
                                            go to college.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase>: “but”, a
                        synonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kěshi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
                                                qùguo le, dànshi wǒ méiyou kàndao
                                                ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I already went there, but I didn't see her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №18</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>: “male and
                            female”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nānnǚde
                                                shìqing zuì nán shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Matters between men and women are the hardest to
                                            judge.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīngdāng</foreignphrase>:
                        “should, ought to”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yīngdāng</foreignphrase> is a less-frequently heard word for
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnggāi</foreignphrase>. These
                        two words share in common the following meanings:<orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“should” in the sense of obligation or duty.</para>
                                <para>
                                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng (or yīnggāi) bǐcǐ
                                                  bāngmáng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>We two are comrades, we should help each
                                                  other.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable>
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“ought to” in the sense of “it would be suitable to”.</para>
                                <para>
                                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) duō chuān
                                                  yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>It's cold out, you should put on some more
                                                  clothing.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable>
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“should” in the sense of “it would be desirable to”.</para>
                                <para>
                                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo
                                                  wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You should try this, it's fun.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable>
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“should” in the sense of “it is expected”.</para>
                                <para>
                                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi </foreignphrase>(or
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >yīngdāng</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài dào
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>It's ten o'clock, he should be here
                                                  soon.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable>
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú
                                            cuò le.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> He's been studying Chinese for three years, he
                                            should be pretty good by now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase>:
                        “relatively, comparatively, by comparison”. Also pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
                                                bǐjiào rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's hotter today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo
                                                yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>After this article of clothing is altered, it will be
                                            better.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The past couple of days he's been feeling better, he
                                            doesn't have such a high fever any more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> before other adverbial
                        expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
                            tài</foreignphrase> “not too”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù zěnme</foreignphrase> “not so”, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú nàme</foreignphrase> “not so” or hen
                        “very”. Careful speakers, however, feel that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> should not be used in
                        such cases.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №19</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>: “will;
                        might; be likely to”. The auxiliary verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is used to express
                        likelihood here.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
                                                huì bu hui lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Will he come tomorrow?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù bǎ
                                                mén guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài
                                                rè?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If I go close the door, will you feel too
                                            hot?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějué</foreignphrase>: “to
                        solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú yao
                                                jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't get anxious, the problem of money has already
                                            been solved.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Washington, D. C.</title>
                    <para>A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student from
                        Peking.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nánjia hái yào sòng xǔduō
                            lǐwù ma?</foreignphrase>: In traditional China, the groom's family gave
                        gifts to the bride's family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
                        (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of
                        property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man's family who in most
                        cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no
                        longer exist.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu
                            duō?</foreignphrase>: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of
                        both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the
                        exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally
                        ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via
                        study and group criticism.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yǒu yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge
                            dìfang gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: Many couples still have to be split up
                        in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the
                        local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is
                        improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the
                        other's work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural
                        population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city,
                        usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural
                        life is so difficult that this is not likely.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...suǐràn měinián yǒu bànge
                            yuède tànqīnjià</foreignphrase>: There are two types of leave for
                        visiting one's family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return
                        home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to
                        different places for work. These trips are paid for by one's work unit (but
                        communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working
                        relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year
                        and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day
                        visit once every two years.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №1</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>xiáojie</foreignphrase>: “daughter”. You have seen
                                <foreignphrase>xiáojie</foreignphrase> meaning “Miss” or ”young
                            lady”. Here it is used to mean “daughter”. Note, however, that it is
                            used only in referring to someone else's daughter, not in referring to
                            one's own daughter(s).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Tā yǒu jǐwèi
                                                  xiáojie?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>How many daughters does he have?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn
                                                  piàoliang.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Your daughter is really pretty.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>Xiáojie</foreignphrase>, meaning either “Miss” or
                            “daughter”, is not in current usage in the PRC.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>dā xǐde rìzi</foreignphrase>: “wedding day”, literally
                            “big joyful day”. <foreignphrase>Xǐ</foreignphrase> “to be glad,
                            joyful”, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings. The
                            character for <foreignphrase>xǐ</foreignphrase> is often used as a
                            decoration. For weddings, two <foreignphrase>xǐ</foreignphrase>
                            characters together are used as a decoration.</para>
                    </section>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>: “he's very honest”.
                            <foreignphrase>Rén</foreignphrase>, “person”, can he used to refer to a
                        person's character. It can he used with a noun or pronoun before it, for
                        example <foreignphrase>Tā rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>, literally “As for
                        him, his person is very honest”. The wording <foreignphrase>Tā
                            rén</foreignphrase> ... is often used to talk about the way someone
                        truly is:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā rén hěn ài bāngzhu bié
                                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He (is the sort of person who) likes to help
                                            others.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Liú Xiānsheng rén hěn tèbié, shénme
                                                shìqing dōu yào wèn yige
                                            wèishenme.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mr. Liú is a different sort of person, he has to ask
                                            “why” about everything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā rén hén
                                            kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He's a very polite sort of person.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase>rén</foreignphrase> refers to a person's mental
                        state of being:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái yǒu diǎnr bu
                                                qīSngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I had too much to drink and I'm still a little
                                            foggy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Rén</foreignphrase> also sometimes refers to a person's
                        physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is
                        implied, something like “And as for the person himself, ...”. For
                            example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi hé tā tōng diànhuà,
                                                jīntiān zǎoshang, cái dìyīcì jiàn miàn, tā rén
                                                fēicháng piàoliàng.</foreignphrase>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>All along I had only talked to her over the phone,
                                                but this morning I met her for the first time. She's
                                                very beautiful.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tāmen jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào
                                            Jiāzhōu niàn shū qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān,
                                            shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They hadn't even been married for one month when her
                                            husband went to California to go to school. He was in
                                            America, but his heart was in Taiwan, how could he
                                            possibly study well?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>: “to associate with, to have
                        dealings with”, often said of boyfriend-girlfriend
                            relationships.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hé tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde
                                                jiāowǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There's no special relationship between him and me.
                                            (Said by a daughter in explanation to her
                                            mother.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the PRC <foreignphrase>jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> is not used this way;
                        use <foreignphrase>rènshi</foreignphrase>, “to know (a person)” or
                            <foreignphrase>jiāo péngyou</foreignphrase>, “to make friends” instead.
                        In the PRC, you will hear <foreignphrase>jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> used in
                        phrases such as <foreignphrase>lǐangguo rénmínde jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>,
                        “the contact (association) between the peoples of these two
                        countries”.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>nánfāng</foreignphrase>: “the bridegroom's side”, a phrase
                        which often refers to the bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the
                        bridegroom's family, relatives, and friends collectively.
                            <foreignphrase>Nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the bridegroom's side”, happens
                        to be a homonym of <foreignphrase>nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the
                            South”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou, nánfāng
                                                dà qǐng kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When Chinese get married, the groom's family hosts a
                                            big feast.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Jiéhūn yǐqiǎn nánfāng nǚfāng bǐcǐ sòng
                                                lǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Before a marriage, the groom's side and the bride's
                                            side give each other gifts.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>[<foreignphrase>Nǚfāng</foreignphrase> means “the bride's side,” referring
                        either to ”the bride” herself, or to “the bride's family, relatives, and
                        friends collectively”.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>shóu</foreignphrase>: “to be familiar with ...” Also
                        pronounced <foreignphrase>shú</foreignphrase>.
                            <foreignphrase>Shóu</foreignphrase> is used with
                            <foreignphrase>hé</foreignphrase> for people and with
                            <foreignphrase>duì</foreignphrase> for places.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hé tā hen
                                            shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I know him very well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā duì Tǎiběi hěn
                                                shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She knows Taipei very well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Shóu</foreignphrase> also means “to be cooked sufficiently”
                        and “to be ripe”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>zǎo</foreignphrase>: You've learned this as the verb “to be
                        early”, now you see it used to mean “long ago”.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zǎo zhǐdào nǐ bù
                                                huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I knew long ago that you wouldn't come back.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I heard about it long ago.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Zǎo</foreignphrase> is usually followed by
                            <foreignphrase>jiù</foreignphrase> to stress the idea of “as early as
                            that”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zǎo jiù gàosu tā nèijiàn shì
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I told him that long ago. (Said to correct an
                                            impression that he didn't actually know it so early.
                                            )</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zǎo jiù xiǎng lái kàn ni, yìzhí méi
                                                shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've been meaning to come see you for a long time,
                                            but I never had the time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>tíqǐn</foreignphrase>: “to bring up a proposal of marriage”
                        Traditionally, the man's parents would visit the parents of the woman they
                        wished their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The
                        situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still
                        proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform
                        their parents of their own arrangement.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>dāying</foreignphrase>: “to agree (to something), to
                        consent, to promise”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā dǎying gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme
                                                tā xiànzài yòu bù gěi le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he
                                            won't give it to me?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ dāying ta le, dāngrán yīnggāi péi
                                                ta qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You promised him, of course you should go with
                                            him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ dāying zuòde shì, yídìng yào
                                                zuòdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You must do what you promise to do.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ dāyinglede shì, wèishénme bú
                                                zuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why don't you do this thing that you have
                                            promised?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ dāyingguode shì, jiù yīnggāi
                                                zuòdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You ought to do things that you promise.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ méi dāying gěi ni yíge
                                                hùzhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I didn't promise to give you a passport.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Dāyjng</foreignphrase> can also mean “to
                            answer”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā jiào ni, nǐ zěnme méi
                                                dāying?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He called you, how come you didn't answer?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>tánlai tánqù</foreignphrase>: “to talk over”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tánlai tánqù, yě bù néng jiějué zhèige
                                                wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We discussed it for a long time, but still couldn't
                                            solve the problem.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tánlai tánqù, tánde hěn yǒu
                                                yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It got very interesting, conversing back and
                                            forth.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>juédìng</foreignphrase>: “to decide”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ juédìng yào
                                            qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've decided that I'm going.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ yǐjīng juédìng jiù zhènme
                                                bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've already decided that it'll be this way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hái méi juédìng gāi zěnme
                                                bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I haven't yet decided what should be done.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Notice that when you want to say “I can't decide whether (to do
                        something)” or “I haven't decided whether (to do something)”, the object of
                            <foreignphrase>juédìng</foreignphrase> is a choice-type
                            question.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hái méi juédìng qù bu
                                                qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I haven't yet decided whether to go or not.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ bù néng juédìng wǒ qù bu
                                                qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can't decide whether to go or not.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hěn nán juédìng ràng bu ràng ta
                                                qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm having a hard time deciding whether to let him to
                                            or not.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ shì bu shi gāi huíqu hěn nán
                                                juédìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's hard to decide whether or not I should go
                                            back.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>hòulái</foreignphrase>: “afterwards, later”. You have
                        already learned another word which can be translated as “afterwards” or
                        “later”: <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase>.
                            <foreignphrase>Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase>hòulái</foreignphrase> are both nouns which express time.
                        Here is a brief comparison of them.<orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para><foreignphrase>Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> can either follow another
                                    element, in which case it is translated as “after ...”) or it
                                    can be used by itself.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Tā láile yǐhòu, wǒmen jiù
                                                  zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>After he came, we left.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài
                                                  láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Afterwards, he never came back
                                                  again.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                                <para><foreignphrase>Hòulái</foreignphrase> can only be used by
                                        itself.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Hòulái, tā shuì jiào
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Afterwards, he went to sleep.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Both <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and
                                        <foreignphrase>hòulái</foreignphrase> may be used to refer
                                    to the past. (For example, in the reference list sentence,
                                        <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase> may be substituted for
                                        <foreignphrase>hòulái</foreignphrase>. But if you want to
                                    say “afterwards” or “later” referring to the future, you can
                                    only use <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase>. When it refers to
                                    the future time, yǐhòu can be translated in various ways,
                                    depending on the context:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu
                                                  zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Let's wait until the future to see about
                                                  future matters.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Yǐhòu nǐ yǒu kòng, qǐng
                                                  cháng lái wán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>In the future when you have the time,
                                                  please come over more often.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu
                                                  ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I'll tell you later on.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā
                                                  yào gēn yíge Rìběn rén
                                                  jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>His child said that someday, he wants to
                                                  marry a Japanese.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                                <para>Usage Note: <foreignphrase>Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> has the
                                    meaning of “after that”. It can imply that some past event
                                    functions as a dividing point in time, as a sort of time
                                    boundary, and <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase> refers to the
                                    period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of
                                    reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage it is
                                    often translated as “since”.<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū,
                                                  yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He only wrote one book, and hasn't written
                                                  any since.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                                <para><foreignphrase>Ránhòu</foreignphrase> stresses the succession
                                    of one event upon the completion of a prior event.<informaltable
                                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ shàngwū zhǐ yǒu liǎngjié
                                                  kè, ránhòu jiù méi shì le, wǒmen kéyi chuqū
                                                  wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I have only two classes in the morning, and
                                                  after that I don't have anything else to do, so we
                                                  can go out play.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                                <para><foreignphrase>háishi</foreignphrase>: “in the end, after all”
                                    You have seen <foreignphrase>háishi</foreignphrase> meaning
                                    “still” that is, that something remains the same way as it was.
                                    Here <foreignphrase>háishi</foreignphrase> is used to mean that
                                    the speaker feels that, all things considered, something is the
                                    case after all.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase>Háishi tā
                                                  duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He is right, after all.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>jūxíng</foreignphrase>: “to hold (a meeting, banquet,
                        celebration, ceremony, etc.)” For this example you need to know that
                            <foreignphrase>diǎnlǐ</foreignphrase> means “ceremony”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Míngtiān jǔxíng bìyè
                                                diǎnlǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tomorrow the graduation ceremony will be
                                            held.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>hái</foreignphrase>: “even, (to go) so far as to” You have
                        seen hái meaning “still” -as in <foreignphrase>Nǐ hái zài
                            zhèr!</foreignphrase>, “You're still here!”. You've also seen hái
                        meaning “also, additionally”, as in <foreignphrase>Wǒ hái yào mǎi yìpǐng
                            qìshuǐ.</foreignphrase>, “I also want to buy a bottle of soda.” Here you
                        see <foreignphrase>hái</foreignphrase> meaning additionally in the sense of
                        additional effort. The sentence <foreignphrase>Nǐmen hái sòng huār
                            lái</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase>hái</foreignphrase> expresses the
                        speaker's feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or
                        necessary.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>zhēn shi tài xièxie le</foreignphrase>: “I really thank you
                        so much.” You have seen <foreignphrase>tài</foreignphrase> used to mean
                        “very, extremely”, as in <foreignphrase>Tài hǎo le!</foreignphrase>,
                        “Wonderful!”. Notice that here it is used with
                            <foreignphrase>xièxie</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                    <para>A woman goes to visit her old friend and to present her with a gift for
                        her daughter and future son-in-law.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>

                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Guǒbǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě
                            tèbié hǎo.</foreignphrase> Traditional wedding foods included
                            <foreignphrase>huāshēng</foreignphrase>, peanuts;
                            <foreignphrase>liánzǐ</foreignphrase>, lotus seeds; and
                            <foreignphrase>zǎozi</foreignphrase>, dates, all of which symbolize
                        fertility in that <foreignphrase>shēng(zǐ)</foreignphrase> means “give birth
                        to” (a son); <foreignphrase>liǎnzǐ</foreignphrase> sounds like part of the
                        phrase <foreignphrase>liǎnshēng guìzǐ</foreignphrase>, “have sons
                        consecutively”; and <foreignphrase>zǎozi</foreignphrase> sounds like part of
                            <foreignphrase>zǎoshēng guìzǐ</foreignphrase>, “have an early son.” The
                        wedding marked the beginning of that generation's carrying on of the family
                        line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to
                        family preference.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjǐ zuòde</foreignphrase>:
                        Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made,
                        as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of
                        ready-made items. Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony
                        (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the
                        celebration.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №9</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>xìn Jīdūjiào</foreignphrase>: “to believe in
                            (Protestant) Christianity”. This is one way of saying “to be a
                            (Protestant) Christian”.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №10</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>xìn Fó</foreignphrase>: “to believe in Buddha”. This is
                            one way of saying “to be a Buddhist”.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №11</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>zài fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>: “in court”
                                <foreignphrase>Zài</foreignphrase> is the verb “to be in, at, or
                            on”, in other words “to be located (someplace)”.
                                <foreignphrase>Zài</foreignphrase> must be followed by a place word
                            or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase
                            may be difficult for the non-native speaker to figure out. Words which
                            are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational
                            ending such as -li or -shang added to them. (<foreignphrase>Nǐ zài
                                chēshang mǎi piào.</foreignphrase>, “You buy the ticket on the
                            bus.”)</para>
                        <para>The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words.
                            The phrase “in court” does not need a locational ending,
                                <foreignphrase>zài fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>. Here are some other words
                            which can function as place words by themselves. Many of these end with
                            syllables such as -<foreignphrase>shi</foreignphrase>
                                (<foreignphrase>shǐ</foreignphrase>) “house, apartment”,
                                -<foreignphrase>jú</foreignphrase> “office, shop”,
                                -<foreignphrase>diàn</foreignphrase> “inn, shop”,
                                -<foreignphrase>chǎng</foreignphrase> “field, open ground”,
                                -<foreignphrase>tīng</foreignphrase> “hall, room”,
                                -<foreignphrase>suǒ</foreignphrase> “place, room”,
                                -<foreignphrase>jiān</foreignphrase> “house, rooms”,
                                <foreignphrase>guǎn</foreignphrase> “public office,
                                hall”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Jīntiān xiàwu zài bàngōngshì
                                                  jiàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>See you at the office this afternoon!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Zài běnshì yǒu wǔge
                                                  yóuzhèngjú!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>There are five post offices in this city!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ zài cáiféngdiàn zuòde
                                                  ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>You must have had that made at a tailor's.
                                            </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ zài cāntīng kàndao ta le
                                                  ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Did you see him in the dining room?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>Other words which behave in a similar way are:<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="6" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>càishichǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>market</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>fùjìn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>area</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>cèsuǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>toilet</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>fúwùtái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>service desk</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>hotel</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Gōngānjú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>Bureau of Public Security</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>shāngdiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>store</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>gōngsī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>company</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>dàlou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>building</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>gōngyù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>apartment</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>dàshiguǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>embassy</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>gōngyuǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>park</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>region</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>huìkèshì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>reception room</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>restaurant</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>huǒchēzhàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>railroad station</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>fàngjiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>room</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>jǐngchájú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>police station</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>restaurant</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>kāfēitīng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>coffeehouse</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>fàntīng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>dining room</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>hometown</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>fēijichǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>airport</entry>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6">and many more...
                                                including proper names of Restaurants, buildings,
                                                associations, organizations, etc.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>gōngzhèng</foreignphrase>: “notarization, government
                            witness”. A <foreignphrase>gōngzhèng rén</foreignphrase> is a notary
                            public.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №12</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>rù xí</foreignphrase>: “to take one's seat at a
                            banquet”, literally “to enter the mat(ted area)”.<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen kuài diǎnr zhǔnbèi, tāmen
                                                  liùdiǎn zhōng jiù yào rù xí
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Let's get ready a little faster, the banquet
                                                starts at 6:00.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №13</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>fùzá</foreignphrase>: “to be complicated, to be
                            complex”. Questions, problems, or situations can be
                                <foreignphrase>fùzá</foreignphrase> if there are many pieces or
                            factors figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use
                                <foreignphrase>fùzá</foreignphrase> to imply that the situation is
                            messy, problem-ridden.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Tāmen jiāde qíngkuàng tài fùzá, wǒ
                                                  gǎobuqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Their family situation is too complicated, I
                                                can't make heads or tails of it. (This sentence has
                                                an ambiguity in both languages.)</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige wèntí tài fùzá, hěn nán
                                                  shuōqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This question is so complicated, it's very hard
                                                to explain it clearly.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige jùzi tài fùzá, zuì hǎo bú
                                                  zhèiyangr xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This sentence is too complicated, it would be
                                                best not to write it this way.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>Fùzá</foreignphrase> can also be used in a
                            complimentary way. (For this example you need to know that
                                <foreignphrase>sìxiǎng</foreignphrase> means “thinking,
                                thought”.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Tāde sìxiǎng hěn
                                                  fùzá.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>His thinking is very complex.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of
                                <foreignphrase>fùzá</foreignphrase> in this case would, be
                                <foreignphrase>jiǎndān</foreignphrase> “to be simple”, as in
                            “simple-minded”.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>Fùzá</foreignphrase> is also pronounced
                                <foreignphrase>fǔzā</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №14</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>yìjiàn</foreignphrase>: “idea, view, opinion,
                                suggestion”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Gāngcái tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde
                                                  yìjian, wǒ juéde duì wǒmen hěn yǒu
                                                  bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He just told us his opinions on this book, and I
                                                feel that they're really helpful to us.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hěn xiǎng zhīdào, zài zhèige
                                                  wèntíshang, Zhōngguo zhèngfǔde yìjian shi
                                                  shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I'd very much like to know what the Chinese
                                                government's view is on this question.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ xiāng xiān qù Shànghǎi, zài dào
                                                  Wǔhàn, nǐde yìjian
                                                zěnmeyang?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I'd like to go to Shànghǎi first and then to
                                                  <foreignphrase>Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, what's your
                                                opinion?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒde yìjian shi xiān qù Wǔhàn, zài
                                                  dào Shànghǎi qu. Yīnwei zài guò yíge yuè, Wǔhàn
                                                  fēicháng rèle.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>My opinion is to first go to
                                                  <foreignphrase>Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, then to
                                                  <foreignphrase>Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>, because
                                                after a month, <foreignphrase>Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>
                                                will be extremely hot.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №15</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>zhènghūn</foreignphrase>: “to witness a marriage”.
                            Witnesses formerly were persons of good reputation and venerable old
                            age. Today, familiarity is most important. The witness makes a brief
                            speech during the ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his
                            name seal. He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored
                            to have been asked.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №16</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>dù mìyuè</foreignphrase>: “to spend one's honeymoon”.
                                <foreignphrase>Dù</foreignphrase> is the verb “to spend, to pass”
                            (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday).
                                <foreignphrase>Mìyuè</foreignphrase> is literally
                            “honey-moon”.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>huímén</foreignphrase>: “the bride's first visit to her
                            own family on the third day after the wedding”, literally “return to the
                            door”. When the newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family
                            of the bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and
                            relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom's family
                            which arranges the marriage ceremony.)</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №17</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>xǐjiǔ</foreignphrase>: “wedding banquet”. Notice that
                            in the Reference List sentence the phrase <foreignphrase>lái chī
                                xǐjiǔ</foreignphrase> is translated as “to come to the wedding
                            banquet”. A more literal translation might be “come to eat a wedding
                            feast!”. The verb <foreignphrase>chī</foreignphrase> could also be
                            rendered into English by “attend” or “take part”, as in “Be sure to come
                            take part in the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow”.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №18</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>hūnlǐshàng</foreignphrase>: “at the wedding”. Notice
                            that in English you say “at the wedding” while in Chinese you say
                                <foreignphrase>hūnlǐshàng</foreignphrase>, literally “on the
                            wedding”. -<foreignphrase>Shàng</foreignphrase> would also be the
                            locative ending to use for “at the meeting”
                                (<foreignphrase>huìshàng</foreignphrase>).</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>jièshaorén</foreignphrase>: “introducer”. This is one
                            person in the cast of people who play a part in getting two people
                            together in marriage. Originally, the “introducer” functioned in much
                            the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or
                            relative. Today, most young people find their own mates. The
                            “introducer”, however, still have a ceremonial function. They accompany
                            the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and one for
                            the groom).</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>zuò méi</foreignphrase>: “to act as the go-between for
                            two families whose children are to be married”. This person arranged the
                            details of the match. He acted as a go-between for the families of the
                            bride and groom, settling points which were usually of a financial
                            nature. Often the <foreignphrase>zuò méide</foreignphrase> was also the
                                <foreignphrase>jièshaorén</foreignphrase>. Traditionally, the
                            go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was paid
                            for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork
                            legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between,
                            although the practice is becoming less and less common. During the
                            wedding ceremony, the go-between places his stamp on the wedding
                                certificate.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wo gěi ni zuò méi, hǎo bu
                                                  hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I'll act as go-between for you, all
                                                right?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Zhāng Tàitai qǐng wo tǐ tāde nǚér
                                                  zuò méi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go- between for her
                                                daughter.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №19</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>júzhǎng</foreignphrase>: “head of an office or bureau”.
                                <foreignphrase>Júzhǎng</foreignphrase> is only used when the Chinese
                            name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable
                                -<foreignphrase>jú</foreignphrase>, as in
                                <foreignphrase>yóuzhèngjú</foreignphrase>, “post office”. You've
                            also seen <foreignphrase>bùzhǎng</foreignphrase>, “minister of a bureau”
                            and <foreignphrase>kēzhǎng</foreignphrase>, “section chief”.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>duōnián</foreignphrase>: “many years”.</para>
                        <para>Here are some examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen duōnián bú jiàn
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>We haven't seen each other for many
                                                years.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>We've been working together for many
                                                years.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zhù zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi
                                                  méi tīngshuōguo zhèige
                                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I've been living here for many years, but I've
                                                never heard of this person.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №20</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>tándao</foreignphrase>: “to talk about, to speak of”.
                            This is used to refer to something that was just brought up in
                            conversation. You have seen <foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> used as a
                            main verb meaning “to go to, to arrive at”, and as a prepositional verb
                            meaning “to towards”. Now you see that
                                <foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> is also used as a verb ending.
                            Literally, it means “to, up to”, but its translation into English
                            sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with.
                            When used with <foreignphrase>tán</foreignphrase>, “to talk, to chat”,
                                -<foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> can be translated as “about” or
                            “of”. Here are some other examples of
                                -<foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> used with verbs you've already
                                studied:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ
                                                  jiù lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>We were even talking of you Just now, and here
                                                you are!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Jīntiān nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wo
                                                  méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Did you talk about me with him today?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde
                                                  háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I often think of my child.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>Notice that in the Reference List sentence,
                                <foreignphrase>tándao</foreignphrase> is used at the beginning of
                            the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use “speaking of ...” in
                            English. Here are some other examples:<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Tándao jiéhūnde shì, wǒ hái děi
                                                  xiǎngyixiang.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>When it comes to talking about marriage, I have
                                                to think it over.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Tándao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā
                                                  bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he
                                                knows a lot more than I do.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>yě</foreignphrase>: “really, after all”. You have seen
                            yě meaning “too, also. Another common meaning of
                                <foreignphrase>yě</foreignphrase> is “(even though) ...
                            nevertheless, still”. For example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě
                                                  huì shuō yìdiǎn Yǐngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little
                                                English.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>A: Zhèige diànyǐng
                                                  zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>How was the movie?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>B: Bú shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái
                                                  kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>It wasn't great, but it was pretty good
                                                nevertheless.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ suīrán méi dàoguo Tiān Men, yě
                                                  zài diànshìshang Ān
                                                kànjianguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Although I've never been to Tian An Men, I've
                                                seen it on television.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>In addition, <foreignphrase>yě</foreignphrase> often is used to
                            contrast the thought expressed in the sentence with another thought.
                            This meaning can be paraphrased something like this: “in spite of
                            anything which might be believed to the contrary, indeed what I am
                            saying is true.” Sometimes, however, <foreignphrase>yě</foreignphrase>
                            is used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little
                            more than “we really ought to agree that what I am saying is
                            true.”</para>
                        <para>There are many different possible ways to translate this yě into
                            English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of
                            meaning and some of its possible translations.<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Xiànzài shíyīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ yě
                                                  yào shàng kè le, wǒmende wèntí míngtiān zài tán
                                                  ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>It's eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to
                                                class. Let's talk about our question tomorrow,
                                                okay?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ
                                                  tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn yě shi
                                                  yīnggāide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The population of China is too large, it really
                                                is right for the government to promote late marriage
                                                and late involvement.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Tāmen wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě
                                                  bù zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don't
                                                know.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>A: Nǐ zěnme hái méi bǎ zhèxiē yīfu
                                                  xǐwán?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>How come you still haven't finished washing these
                                                clothes?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>B: Wǒ yě bú shi nǐde yòngren,
                                                  báitiān wǒ yě shàng bān, wǒ méiyou zhènme duō
                                                  shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I'm not your servant, after all; I work during
                                                the day too, and I don't have all that much
                                                time.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le
                                                  ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Now you (really) ought to understand, don't
                                                you?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen liǎngge rènshi yě yǒu jǐnián
                                                  le, nǐ yīnggāi liǎojiě wo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>We have known each other for several years, after
                                                all; you ought to understand me.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase>...liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng
                                jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: Traditional wedding ceremonies were held at
                            home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or pagodas). Modern ones are
                            likely to be held in hotels or restaurants, as there is more room and
                            food is then easier to prepare.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase>Tāmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shān qù</foreignphrase>:
                                <foreignphrase>Ālǐ Shān</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase>Rìyuè
                                Tán</foreignphrase> (Sun-Moon Lake) are the two most popular
                            honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An average honeymoon stay might last one
                            week.</para>
                    </section>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes in Part 1</title>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>kòngzhi</foreignphrase>: “to control; control”. This can
                        also he translated as “to dominate; to command”.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige fǎngjiānde wēndù kòngzhude hù
                                                hǎo, yìhuǐr lěng, yìhuǐr rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The temperature in this room isn't well regulated.
                                            It's cold one minute and hot the next.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Shíjiān méi bànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě
                                                bànbudao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There is no way to control time; no one can do
                                            it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tāde bìng yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ
                                                jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì
                                            hǎoqilai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His illness is under control now; maybe in another
                                            few days he will start to get better.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Yǒu yìxiē rén kòngzhile zhèijià fēijī,
                                                hú ràng ta qǐfēi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Some people have taken control of this airplane and
                                            won't let it take off.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>chénggōng</foreignphrase>: “to succeed; to be
                            successful“.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèihěn shū chénggōng
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This hook was a success.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèihěn shū xiěde hěn
                                                chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His hook was written very successfully, (i.e., His
                                            hook came off very well.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige tāng chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài
                                                chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This soup is a success, everyone loves it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhǐ yào nǐ nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng
                                                néng chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure
                                            to succeed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>zuòdào</foreignphrase>: “to achieve, to make (a goal)”. In
                        Unit 2, Part II, you saw <foreignphrase>tándao</foreignphrase> “to talk
                        about, to speak of”, with the ending -dào meaning literally “to, up to”.
                        Here you see -<foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> used as an ending after the
                        verb <foreignphrase>zuò</foreignphrase> “to make”. You may think of
                            -<foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> in
                            <foreignphrase>zuòdào</foreignphrase> as conveying the meaning of
                        reaching a goal.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèijiān shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have already succeeded in doing this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ shuōguo, zuótiān nǐ yào qù, nǐ
                                                zuòdào le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You said that you wanted to go yesterday. Did you do
                                            so?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>sān tōngguò</foreignphrase>: “the three approvals”. The
                        “three approvals” have ”been in effect since 1973/74. At that time, the
                        minimum marriage age was pushed upward, but most recently it has been
                        relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three for females. Most
                        couples must still wait a number of years before they can have a child. The
                            <foreignphrase>sāntōngguò guīdìng</foreignphrase> for city residents
                        effectively means that, without these three approvals for a child, a
                        pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to live without
                        food rations. (A government slogan is <foreignphrase>Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge
                            gòule</foreignphrase>, “One is best, two is enough.”) Applications to
                        have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by one's work
                        unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly
                        discouraged and life would be very difficult for it should it be born.
                        Special gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families. In
                        the countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they
                        of course could not easily move to the city.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>yě jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase>: “to mean; in other words,
                        that is to say”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Jìhuà shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào yǒu
                                                jìhuade shēng xiǎoháir.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Planned parenthood means having children in a planned
                                            way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>“Hébì” yě jiùshi shuō “wèishénme
                                                xūyào”.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>“Hébì” means “why must”.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bù néng zài shēng xiǎoháizi, yě
                                                jiùshi shuō wǒmen juéde tā zhìbuhǎo
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She can't have children any more; that is to say, we
                                            feel that she cannot be cured.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bù gěi ni dǎ diànhuà hǎoxiàng yě
                                                jiùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The fact that he doesn't telephone you would seem to
                                            imply that he doesn't like you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Dàifu shuō tā bù néng chī ròu, yě
                                                jiùshi shuō chi ròu duì tāde shēntǐ bù
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The doctor said that he couldn't eat meat, in other
                                            words, eating meat isn't good for his health.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When what follows is a more pointed explanation of what has just been
                        said, <foreignphrase>jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase> can be used in place of
                            <foreignphrase>yě jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase>, e.g. <informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bù kéyi shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā
                                                hái méiyou zuòdao sān
                                            tōngguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not
                                            yet gotten the three approvals.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>tóngyì</foreignphrase>: “consent, agreement; to agree, to
                        agree with (what someone says or thinks)”.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tóngyì bu
                                            tongyì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Do you agree?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ bù tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I don't agree.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde
                                            huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I don't agree with what you say.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Although in English we can say “I agree with you”, in Chinese it is wrong
                        to say either <foreignphrase>Wǒ gēn nǐ tóngyì</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase>Wǒ tóngyì ni</foreignphrase>.
                            <foreignphrase>Tóngyì</foreignphrase> can be used in two ways: without
                        an object, or with an object like t<foreignphrase>ā shuōde</foreignphrase>
                        “what he said”, <foreignphrase>tāde huà</foreignphrase> “what he said”,
                            <foreignphrase>tāde jìhua</foreignphrase> “his plan”,
                            <foreignphrase>tāde yìjian </foreignphrase>“his opinion”. If you want to
                        say “I don't agree with you”, you can say <foreignphrase>Wǒ bù tóngyì, Nǐ
                            shuōde, wǒ bù tóngyì, Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde huà, Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde
                            yìjian,</foreignphrase> etc.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>dānwèi</foreignphrase>: W(work) unit”. This word is used in
                        the PRC as a cover term for any organization or department of an
                        organization. It may, for instance refer to a factory, a school, a
                        government organization, a store, or an army unit.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> is a common
                        way of asking where someone works; compared with <foreignphrase>Nǐ zài nǎr
                            gōngzuò?</foreignphrase>, the question <foreignphrase>Nǐ zài něige
                            dānwèi gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> sounds more official.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen dānwèi yǒu hěn duō nǚ
                                                lāoshī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are a lot of women teachers in our unit. (Here,
                                                <foreignphrase>dānwèi</foreignphrase> refers to a
                                            school. )</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say
                            <foreignphrase>gōngzuò dānwèi</foreignphrase>, as in the Reference List
                        sentence.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>jūmín wěiyuánhuì</foreignphrase>: “neighborhood committee”.
                        The official duties of a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from
                        sanitation maintenance to political study. Its actual role and duty remain
                        ambiguous, as well as its relationship with the government. Although the
                        government pays a committee's elected delegates, there is no official
                        connection between the two. The power of the committee in local affairs
                        remains large.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>pàichūsuǒ</foreignphrase>: “local police station”. The
                        local police station is the lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security.
                        In addition to taking care of matters of a criminal nature, the
                            <foreignphrase>pàichūsuǒ</foreignphrase> is familiar with the history
                        and political situation of every one of its residents. Along with the
                            <foreignphrase>gōngzuò dānwèi</foreignphrase> and the
                            <foreignphrase>jūmín wěiyuánhuì</foreignphrase>, it affects the daily
                        life of each citizen.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>gēnju</foreignphrase>: “according to, on the basis of;
                            basis”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō zhèige
                                                huà?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>On what basis do you say this?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ shuōde huà yǒu méiyou
                                                gēnju?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is there a basis for what you're saying?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>pīzhǔn</foreignphrase>: “to give official permission (to
                        someone to do something)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Dānwèi pīzhǔn ta jiēhūn le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Her unit gave her permission to marry.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Xuéxiào pīzhǔn ta qù Shànghǎi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His school gave him permission to go to
                                            Shanghai.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ mǎi zhèige diànshì shi dédao
                                                pīzhǔnde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I got permission to buy this television.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>fùnǚmen</foreignphrase>: “women”. -Men is a plural ending
                        for nouns and pronouns. You have seen it in the pronouns women,
                            <foreignphrase>zánmen</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase>nǐmen</foreignphrase>, and
                            <foreignphrase>tāmen</foreignphrase>. After a noun, however, -men is
                        never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns which designate humans
                        (although in literature you may sometimes see it used with nouns referring
                        to animals as well).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Nǚshimen,
                                                xiānshengmen.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Ladies and gentlemen.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Note that the group referred to by a noun phrase with -men must be of
                        unspecified number; it is wrong to say <foreignphrase>liàngge
                            fùnǚmen</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase>sānge
                            jiàoshòumen</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>gègè</foreignphrase>: “each and every, all of the various”.
                        The first <foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase> (a specifier like
                            <foreignphrase>zhèi</foreignphrase>-) literally means “each...” or “the
                        various, the different...”. The second <foreignphrase>ge</foreignphrase> is
                        the counter <foreignphrase>ge</foreignphrase>, as in <foreignphrase>yíge
                            rén</foreignphrase> “one person”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Jiǔyuèli, gègè xuéxiào dōu kāi xué
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In September all the schools open.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Měiguode gègè zhōu dōu yǒu zíjǐde
                                                zhèngfǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Each of the American states has its
                                            government.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>zēngjiā</foreignphrase>: “to increase; to increase by
                        (such-and-such an amount)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Jīnnián wǒmen xuéxiàode xuéshēng
                                                zēngjiā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The students in our school increased this
                                            year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài
                                                zēngjiā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The patients in this hospital cannot increase any
                                            further.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèijǐtiān nǐ máng bu máng, zài gěi ni
                                                zēngjiā yìdiǎnr gōngzuò, hǎo bu
                                            hāo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be
                                            okay if I give you some more work to do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen dānwèi yòu zēngjiāle liǎngge
                                                bàngōngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They added two more offices on to our unit.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>yídìng</foreignphrase>: “specific, certain, definite, set”.
                        In addition to the meaning of <foreignphrase>yídìng</foreignphrase> which
                        you already know, namely “certainly, surely”, it can also mean “set (by
                        regulation, decision, or convention), fixed, particular,” as
                            in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bàn shìqing yǒu yídìng
                                                bànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He goes about doing things with a definite
                                            method.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Měiniān zài yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu
                                                huíqu kàn māma.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set
                                            date.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>shìqū</foreignphrase>: “city proper, municipal area”, the
                        area within a <foreignphrase>chěngshì</foreignphrase> where population and
                        buildings are relatively concentrated. <foreignphrase>Shìqū</foreignphrase>
                        is used when you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the
                        suburbs [<foreignphrase>jiāoqū</foreignphrase>]. It is an administratively
                        more exact term than <foreignphrase>chěngshì</foreignphrase>. [The Peking
                        municipal area, <foreignphrase>Běijīng shìqū</foreignphrase>, is made up of
                        eight urban districts, <foreignphrase>chéngqū</foreignphrase>.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>chūshēnglü</foreignphrase>: “birth rate”.
                            <foreignphrase>Chūshēng</foreignphrase> means “to be born”. The
                            <foreignphrase>chūshēnglü</foreignphrase> is usually considered to be
                        the number of births per one thousand population in one year.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>fēnpèi</foreignphrase>: “distribute; allot; assign;
                            distribution”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ tīngshuō xiàge yuè jiù kéyi gěi ni
                                                fēnpei gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've heard that you'll be assigned work next
                                            month.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ xīwang néng zǎo yìdiān fēnpèidào
                                                fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I hope that housing can be assigned soon.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tīngshuō tā fēnpèi dào Dōngběi qù
                                                gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've heard that he has been assigned to go work in
                                            Manchuria.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>míng'é</foreignphrase>: “the number of people assigned or
                        allowed; quota of people”. <foreignphrase>Míng'é</foreignphrase> does not
                        exactly correspond to “quota”. “Quota” is a fixed number of places which
                        must be filled. <foreignphrase>Míng'é</foreignphrase> is (1) a fixed number
                        of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place.
                            <foreignphrase>Bābǎige míng'é</foreignphrase> is literally “800 name
                        given-numbers”, i.e. “a quota of 800 names.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>bìyùn</foreignphrase>: Literally, “avoid-pregnancy”, i.e.
                            “contraception”.<foreignphrase> Shíxíng bìyùn </foreignphrase>“to carry
                        out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to practice birth
                        control”.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>miǎnfèide</foreignphrase>: Literally “exempt from charge”,
                        i.e. “free (of charge)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige zhǎnlǎn kéyi miǎnfèi
                                                cānguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You can visit this exhibit for free.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Sānyuè Báhào, fùnǚ hé háizi dào
                                                gōngyuán qù dōu shi
                                            miǎnfēide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free
                                            of charge.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Lüxíng bù piányi a! Fēijīpiào kě bú
                                                shi miǎnfèide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly
                                            not free!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>dédao</foreignphrase>: “to receive, to get”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zōu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He left immediately after getting his
                                            passport.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā dédao pīzhǔn kéyi liúzai Běijīng
                                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has gotten permission to stay in Peking to
                                            work.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>yìjiān xīn fángzi</foreignphrase>: “a new room”. Notice
                        that although you have seen <foreignphrase>fāngzi</foreignphrase> meaning
                        “house”, it is being used here in the wider sense of “a place to live”. In
                        this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms of a house,
                            <foreignphrase>jiān</foreignphrase>. Thus the whole phrase means “a new
                        room”, not “a new house”.</para>
                    <para>Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce.
                        (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married
                        couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not
                        exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths,
                        toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will continue to
                        live in the same size room.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on part 2</title>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №12</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>chǎnjià</foreignphrase>: “maternity leave”. The syllable
                            <foreignphrase>chǎn</foreignphrase>, literally “to give birth to” is
                        used in compounds meaning “maternity, delivery, birth”. It can also be used
                        outside the context of human reproduction in compounds meaning “to produce,
                        production”, as in <foreignphrase>chǎnpǐn</foreignphrase> “product”.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>gōngzī</foreignphrase>: “wages, pay”, literally
                        “labor-capital”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>...yǒu chānjià, hái yǒu gōngzi</foreignphrase>: For a
                        normal birth, a woman is given fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult
                        birth, seventy days; and for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this
                        period, one hour per day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №13</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>gèzhōng</foreignphrase>: “various kinds, every kind”.
                            <foreignphrase>Gè</foreignphrase> “each” is a specifier like
                            <foreignphrase>zhèi</foreignphrase>- “this” or
                            <foreignphrase>nèi</foreignphrase>- “that”. As a specifier, it can be
                        followed by counters. Here you see <foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase>- used
                        with the counter -<foreignphrase>zhǒng</foreignphrase> “types, kinds, sort,
                        species”. Here are some other ways <foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase>- is
                            used:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā néng dào gèguō qù lǚxíng zhēn bú
                                                cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's great that he can go to all sorts of
                                            countries.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Xuéshengmen yīnggāi yǒu gèrénde xuéxi
                                                jìhua.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Students should each have their own plan of
                                            study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Míngtiānde diànyǐngr piào gègè dānwèi
                                                dōu you.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Each and every unit has movie tickets for
                                            tomorrow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase>- is followed directly by the
                            noun.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Jīntiān xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu kāi
                                                huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This afternoon every unit is having a
                                            meeting.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>bìyùn gōngju</foreignphrase>: “contraceptive devices”. This
                        does not refer to birth control pills.
                            [<foreignphrase>Bìyùnpǐn</foreignphrase> “birth control products”
                        includes both <foreignphrase>bìyùnyào</foreignphrase> “birth control pills”
                        and <foreignphrase>bìyùn gōngjù</foreignphrase>.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>jìhuà shēngyù</foreignphrase>: “family planning, planned
                        parenthood”. <foreignphrase>Jìhuà</foreignphrase> means “plan; to plan”.
                            <foreignphrase>Shēngyù</foreignphrase> literally means “to give birth to
                        and raise”.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №14</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>juéyù</foreignphrase>: “sterilization,” or “to sterilize,
                        to be sterilized,” applies to operations for men and women. Sterilization
                        for women is still much more common than for men; and more prevalent in the
                        cities than in the countryside.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā juédìng
                                            juéyù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has decided on sterilization.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Juéyù shi jiějué Zhōngguo rénkōu
                                                wèntíde yíge hāo bànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Sterilization is one good way to solve China's
                                            population problem.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>shǒushù</foreignphrase>: “surgery”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Dàifu gěi ta zuòde shǒushù hěn
                                                chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The surgery the doctor performed on him was very
                                            successful.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №15</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>shībài</foreignphrase>: “to fail”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā zuò mǎimai shībài
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He failed in business.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō tā shībài le?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>On what basis do you say that he failed?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>: “abortion”, more
                        literally, “artificial miscarriage”.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>: “go to
                        the hospital to have an abortion performed”.<foreignphrase> Zuò réngōng
                            liúchǎn</foreignphrase> here means “to have an abortion done”, not of
                        course “to do an abortion”. Compare the following two
                            sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Yīshēng gěi ta zuòle réngōng
                                                liúchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The doctor performed an abortion on her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tā zuòle réngōng
                                                liúchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She had an abortion.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence
                            (<foreignphrase>yīshēng</foreignphrase>) performed the abortion. In the
                        second sentence, the subject of the sentence
                            (<foreignphrase>tā</foreignphrase>) had the abortion performed. In some
                        cases, a verb-object in Chinese can mean either “to do something” or “to
                        have something done”. Here are some more examples:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhènme hǎode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ
                                                zuòde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who made such nice clothes for you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zài Měiguo zuò yīfu hěn
                                                guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's really expensive to have clothes made in
                                            America.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>jià</foreignphrase>: “leave, vacation”. You have seen this
                        as part of the word <foreignphrase>chǎnjià</foreignphrase> “maternity
                        leave”. Here you see it used by itself.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №16</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>shǎoshù mínzú</foreignphrase>: “minority nationalities”,
                        often translated as “national minorities”. Besides the Han people, China has
                        over fifty national minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty
                        percent of the land area and make up six percent of the total population of
                        the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the
                            <foreignphrase>Nèi Měnggú Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>, “Inner Mongolian
                        Autonomous Region”), the Hui (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighur (in the
                            <foreignphrase>Xīnjiāng Wéiwúěr Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>,
                            “<foreignphrase>Xinxiang</foreignphrase> Uighur Autonomous Region”), and
                        the <foreignphrase>Miao</foreignphrase> (found in several southern
                        provinces). <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Shǎoshù mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo
                                                kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The clothing of the national minorities is very
                                            beautiful.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhōngguo yǒu wǔshijǐge
                                                shǎoshùmínzú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №17</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>: “to believe (that), to trust
                        (someone), to believe in, to have faith in”.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ xiāngxìn, wǒmen liǎngguó rénmínde
                                                yǒuyì yídìng huì búduàn
                                            fāzhǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I believe that the friendship between the people of
                                            our two countries will constantly grow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Compare <foreignphrase>xiāngxìn</foreignphrase> to the verb
                            <foreignphrase>xìn</foreignphrase>, which you learned in the last unit.
                        For the second example you need to know <foreignphrase>yóu</foreignphrase>
                        is a verb meaning “it's up to...”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Bié xìn tāde
                                            huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't believe what he says.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Xìn bu xìn yóu
                                            nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Believe it or not, as you like.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>hōngtáng</foreignphrase>: “brown sugar”, literally “red
                        sugar”. The Chinese often use brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal
                        purposes. For example, a common remedy for colds is a hot drink made by
                        boiling ginger root and brown sugar in water
                            [<foreignphrase>jiāngtāng</foreignphrase>], or simply brown sugar water
                            [<foreignphrase>tángshuǐ</foreignphrase>].</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>chǎnfù</foreignphrase>: “a woman who has given birth within
                        the last month”. [Contrast this word with
                            <foreignphrase>yùnfù</foreignphrase> “a pregnant woman”. The birth of a
                        child is celebrated on the successful completion of the first month of
                        life.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>yíngyǎngpǐn</foreignphrase>: “a nutritional food item”.
                            <foreignphrase>Yíngyǎng</foreignphrase> means “nutrition”, for
                            example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Dòujiāng hěn yǒu
                                                yíngyǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Soy bean milk is very nutritious.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase>Pǐn</foreignphrase> is a syllable used in many words to
                        mean “item, article, product”, [for example
                            <foreignphrase>jìniànpǐn</foreignphrase> “souvenir”,
                            <foreignphrase>yòngpǐn</foreignphrase> “item of use”,
                            <foreignphrase>chǎnpǐn</foreignphrase> “produce”,
                            <foreignphrase>gōngyèpǐn</foreignphrase> “industrial product”].</para>
                    <para>As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother's health continues to be
                        an important consideration even after the child is born. Both mother's and
                        baby's health are carefully attended to after birth, while Western medicine
                        emphasizes the mother's health only as long as she is carrying the
                        child.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №18</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>bù tóng</foreignphrase>: “to be not the same, to be
                        different”. This is often used in the pattern <foreignphrase>...hé ... bù
                            tóng</foreignphrase>, “...is different from ...”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Hùzhào hé lǚxíngzhèng wánquán bù tóng,
                                                nǐ bú yào nòngcuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A passport and a travel permit are completely
                                            different. Don't mistake them.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige gōngchǎng jīnnián hé qùniánde
                                                qíngkuàng hěn bù tóng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The situation in the factory this year is very
                                            different from last year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Bù tóng</foreignphrase> can also be used as a noun as
                            in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Tāde dānwèi hé nǐde yǒu hěn dàde bù
                                                tong.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There is a big difference between his work unit and
                                            yours.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>You should be aware that <foreignphrase>tóng</foreignphrase> “same”,
                        cannot be used as the main verb of a sentence to mean “to be the same”. To
                        say, “These two things are the same”, you must say
                            <foreignphrase>Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi shi yíyàngde</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>qīnjìn</foreignphrase>: “to be close (to), to be on
                        intimate terms (with)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèiliǎngge rén hěn
                                                qīnjìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These two are on intimate terms.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Dàjiā dōu yuànyi qīnjìn
                                                ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Everyone wants to be friends with him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №19</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>shǒuxiān</foreignphrase>: “first (of all), in the first
                        place, first; first, before anyone/anything else”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Jīntiān dàjiā kāi huì shōuxiān shi yào
                                                jiějué wǒmen chǎng shēngchǎnshàngde
                                                wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The first thing we want to do at today's meeting is
                                            to solve our factory's problems in production.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zài fàndiànli shōuxiān yào zhùyi
                                                jiějuéhāo kèrenmende chī fàn hé xiūxi
                                                wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving
                                            the dining and rest problems of the guests.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zuìjìn wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Wǒmen
                                                shōuxiān yào jiějué zhùde
                                            wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Recently there have been many foreign friends. We
                                            must first of all solve the lodging problems.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>xiānhuā</foreignphrase>: “fresh flowers”, as opposed ed to
                        dried or artificial flowers, which the Chinese are also fond of.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase>wánjù</foreignphrase>: “(children's) toy”.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Míngtiān érzi guò shēngrì, gěi ta mǎi
                                                ge wánjù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tomorrow is let's buy our boy's birthday, him a
                                            toy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №20</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>gèdì</foreignphrase>: “each place; various places” Here you
                        see the specifier -<foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase> “each” used in another
                        compound. Here are some more examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hěn xiang dào Měiguo gèdì qù
                                                kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge wěidàde
                                                guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'd very much like to go visit lots of places in
                                            America. America is a great country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase>Zài Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒulānle
                                                sānge xīngqi, wǒ gāi huí guǒ
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've visited and sight-seen lots of places in China
                                            for three weeks, it's time to go back home.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control
                        worker:</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase>Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou, qīnqi péngyou sòng bu sòng
                            lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: As stated in the dialogue, friends and relatives
                        in the PRC give useful items for the baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or
                        perhaps a chicken for the mother. These are presented casually.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Appendix</title>
        <subtitle>Unit Vocabulary Characters</subtitle>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>

</chapter>