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- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.1/sch/docbook.sch" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
- <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
- version="5.1">
- <title>Customs Surrounding</title>
- <subtitle>Marriage, Birth and Death</subtitle>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Objectives</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>General</title>
- <para>The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to
- furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural Background information you need
- to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to
- courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct
- yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese
- people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</para>
- <para>Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a
- Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the
- course.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Specific</title>
- <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about the age when most people get married.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in
- marriage practices between the city and the country.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births,
- and funerals.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about the frequency of divorce.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in
- arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day
- wedding.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control
- policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken
- into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when
- they have children.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant's health, appetite,
- and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the
- mother's health before and after giving birth.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and
- express concern for that person.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death
- and the funeral.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a
- funeral.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíchàng</foreignphrase>: “to
- advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi
- shéi tíchàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who advocates this?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There are two different
- characters with the same sound used for the second syllable.)</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhènme
- niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's so young and so beautiful!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When I was young, I didn't like to read.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
- niánqīng rén dōu ài kàn
- diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These young people all love to go to the
- movies.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- niánqīngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
- cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That young Chinese person speaks pretty good
- English.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: “to get
- married”, also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiēhūn</foreignphrase>. Notice that in Chinese you talk of “getting
- married”, while in English we talk of “being married”. And it follows
- grammatically that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, not a state verb.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> will
- always be seen with an aspect marker such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or will be negated with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- jiéhūnle méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
- of 'Are they married?)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiéhūn
- duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How long have you been married?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
- verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jié</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūn</foreignphrase> can be separated by
- aspect markers, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
- shénme shíhou jiéde hūn?</foreignphrase> OR
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
- shénme shíhou jiéhūnde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When did you get married?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase> has been married three
- times.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn ... jiéhūn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn shéi
- jiéhūn le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>To whom did he get married?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn
- wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>: “late involvement and late marriage”.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnliàn</foreignphrase> is
- an abbreviation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn
- liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “mature love”, (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase> means “romantic
- love, courtship”), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǎnhūn</foreignphrase> is an abbreviation for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn jiéhūn</foreignphrase>, “late
- marriage”. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only
- actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to generalize about
- the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and
- might be non-existent in certain rural and national minority areas,
- where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum
- age has been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the
- rules were eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple
- exceeds fifty years (or the female's age exceeds the male's), then the
- marriage is allowable.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngnián</foreignphrase>:
- “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>,
- “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
- <para>In this sentence, the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qīngnián</foreignphrase> is used to modify the noun <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase>,
- “teacher”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìde
- sānshinián yǐqián nǐ tèbié ài chī
- táng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I remember that thirty years ago you especially
- loved to eat candy.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
- nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián. Xiànzài lǎo
- le, yá bù xíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I'm
- old, and my teeth aren't good any more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì</foreignphrase>: “to be
- hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb, “diligently,be hard”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- suīrán hěn nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù
- xíng.</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although he's very hardworking, his English is
- still not good enough.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
- nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have to study Chinese very hard.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>:
- “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
- city.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- jiā zài nóngcūn zhù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Their family lives in the country.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
- practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, reform)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
- shíxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don't
- think it can be carried out.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi
- jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This method has been in practice for three weeks,
- but the results aren't good.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>: “to
- constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎde
- xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù
- chéng wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His studies have been good all along, so after he
- graduates, setting up a job for him won't constitute
- a problem.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
- nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan tāde
- xiǎo mèimei.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My daughter has become an older sister. She
- really likes her little sister.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngqì</foreignphrase>:
- “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài
- dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don't
- want to sell things in shops. This practice is
- really bad.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
- fēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now in China there is again a general atmosphere
- of study.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “with”.
- You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hé</foreignphrase> used between two nouns or pronouns as a
- conjunction meaning “and”. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb
- meaning “with”. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase>, which you have seen, also has both meanings,
- “and” and “with”.</para>
- <para>Formerly, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase> was the most frequently used word for “with” or
- “and” in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often
- written. But he has come into wide conversational use in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>. In addition to
- this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàn</foreignphrase>
- instead of he, which is the same character with another
- pronunciation.</para>
- <para>Generally speaking, if you use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn</foreignphrase> you should not have
- any problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase>: “to
- fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”. This is the
- socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship between two
- people. Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> can be used both as noun and as a verb.
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liàn'ài</foreignphrase>
- is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division
- is:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> liàn
- ài</foreignphrase>, not <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lià nài</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liàn'àile hǎojinián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They've been in love for quite a few years
- now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- xiànzài kāishǐ liàn'ài le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They've just started to fall in love.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
- liàn'ài zhǐ yǒu sāntiān, jiù bù xíng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it's
- over.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> is often used in the phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “to be
- romantically involved” or more literally “to talk of
- love”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liǎngge tán liàn'ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The two of them have been in love for quite a
- while now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm not in love with her.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are
- seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious
- intentions for the future.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>: “really,
- certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě</foreignphrase> can be
- used before a negative.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liǎngge kě hǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The two of them are very good friends.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú
- shì ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Isn't that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
- bù xíng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That really won't do!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
- bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's really not a good thing.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kě
- yào xiǎoxīn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You've got to be careful!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>, to other Chinese it
- may sound too full of local color with which they do not
- identify.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
- <para>An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They are
- both in their late twenties.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zài èrshiwǔliùsuì yǐhòu cái
- jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when
- females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to
- insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later.
- Nonetheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one
- can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíshì</foreignphrase>:
- “ceremony, function” This can be used to refer to a range of different
- ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of
- marital vows.</para>
- <para>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon
- to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which
- marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual
- served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds' feeling of obligation
- owed to the family.</para>
- <para>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food
- for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the
- celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local
- police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside,
- where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</para>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnqi</foreignphrase>:
- “relatives” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīnqi</foreignphrase> is slightly different from the English word
- “relatives” in that it does not include one's immediate family, that is
- parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One's
- immediate family are called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiāli rén</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
- jiā qīnqi duō ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you have a lot of relatives in your
- family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- jiā qīnqi kě duō le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We have lots of relatives in our family.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sònggei</foreignphrase>:
- “give (a gift) to …” The verb song has several meanings. One is “to
- send”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ nǐde xíngli
- sòngshangqu le</foreignphrase>, “I sent your luggage upstairs.”
- Another is to give someone something as a present.</para>
- <para>Here you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sòng</foreignphrase> with the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for, to” after it.
- You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiāogei</foreignphrase>, “to hand over to ..., to submit to...”.
- When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is
- used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be followed by
- the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is
- given. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> can
- also be used this way with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jì</foreignphrase> “to send”, and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase> “to
- sell”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
- zhèijiàn yīfu jìgei wǒ mèimei
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I sent this piece of clothing to my younger
- sister.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
- fángzi màigei wǒ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He sold his house to me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in
- the sentence, making it necessary to use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> to put the indirect
- object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the
- object is specific and the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bǎ</foreignphrase> construction is preferred. When song is followed
- by an indirect object, however, the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is usually
- optional.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
- sòng ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
- sònggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...sònggei ni shénme
- lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in
- the PRC are generally “useful” items. Common among these are
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nuǎnpíng</foreignphrase>,
- hot water jugs; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huāpíng</foreignphrase>, vases; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táidēng</foreignphrase>, table lamps;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ</foreignphrase>, pens;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánpěn</foreignphrase>,
- wash basins; or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cānjù</foreignphrase>, kitchen items.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to act
- as, to serve as”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuǒ jìniàn.</foreignphrase> is literally
- “They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- xuéxiǎo bìyède xuésheng, hěn duō dōu zuò lǎoshī
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> A lot of students who graduated from this
- school have become teachers.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yòng
- zhèiběn xīn shū zuò lǐwù, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would it be okay to use this new book as a
- present?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò</foreignphrase>, “to act
- as, to serve as” is often seen used with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng</foreignphrase>, “to use” as in the
- example above, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng ... zuò
- ...</foreignphrase>, “to use (something) as (something)
- else”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìniàn</foreignphrase>:
- “memento, remembrance; to commemorate”.</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi ta
- yìzhāng zhàopiàn zuò jìniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'l give him a photo as a memento.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para>xǔduō: “many; a great deal (of), lots (of)”. Xǔduō is used as a number
- (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns. <informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu duōshao
- qián?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">How much money
- is there left?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
- xǔduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">There's still
- a lot left, or There's a lot more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- mǎile xǔduō (zhāng) huàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He bought a lot of paintings.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǔduō</foreignphrase> has
- several things in common with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hěn duō</foreignphrase>, in addition to similarity of meaning. Used
- as modifiers in front of nouns, both <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō</foreignphrase> can (1) be used
- alone, (2) be used with de, and (3) be followed by a counter, but not
- usually -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ge</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- rènshi xǔduō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- rènshi hěn duō rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He knows a lot of people.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- jiànle hen duō(de) rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He saw (met with) a lot of people.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bìchǔli
- yǒu hěn duō (jiàn) dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are a lot of overcoats in the
- closet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He wrote a lot of books.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō</foreignphrase> is
- probably more common than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xǔduō</foreignphrase>. Some speakers feel that they do not use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase> in
- conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about
- using it in conversation.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zhùdao nǚjiār
- qu</foreignphrase>: “to go live with the wife's family” You've seen
- the prepositional verb dào used after main verbs, as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nádao lóushàng qu</foreignphrase>, “take
- it upstairs”. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
- fairly straightforward. But in the above example from the Reference
- List, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is
- used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase>, “to
- live, to inhabit”. Here is another example of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> used in a phrase
- expressing motion:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- zuótiān zhùjinlaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He moved in yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhàn</foreignphrase> “to stand” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase> “to sit” can also be
- used in phrases expressing motion.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
- zhàndao nèibianr qu, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would you please go stand over there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
- zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would you please go sit up front.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to
- three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom
- join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former
- tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the man's family,
- and of course, moved into his family's house.</para>
- <para>In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride
- carried special significance. It was called rù zhuì and might take place
- when a family had only female children and the father wanted his
- daughter's husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family
- line.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase>:
- “difference” When expressing the difference between two things, use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">... gēn ... yǒu
- qūbié</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
- zìdiǎn gēn nèiběn yǒu hěn dàde
- qūbié.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is a big difference between this dictionary
- and that one.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào yǒu shénme
- qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is the difference between this school and
- that one?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is the difference between these two
- methods?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì
- ma!</foreignphrase>. : “Yes, indeed!, I'll say!”, or more literally,
- “Isn't it so! <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú shì ma!
- </foreignphrase>is often used in northern China to indicate hearty
- agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the
- speaker, something like English “Well, of course!” or “Really!”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo</foreignphrase>:
- Literally “not a little”, in other words, “quite a lot”.</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu bù
- shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has a lot he wants to say to you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguo
- bù shǎo rén yǒu qìchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In America a lot of people have cars.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érqiě</foreignphrase>:
- “furthermore, moreover”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiǎn
- tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià
- xuě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The weather is bad today, and furthermore it
- looks as if it's going to snow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ěrqiě</foreignphrase> is
- often used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
- dan...érqiě</foreignphrase> “not only ... but also...” or “not only
- ... moreover...”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèizhěng huǎr hú dàn hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng
- xiāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it's
- also very fragrant.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú
- dàn ài chī táng, érqiě shénme tián dōngxi dōu ài
- chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like
- to eat anything sweet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú
- dàn xuéguo Zhōngwén, érqiě xuéde bú
- cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he
- has learned it quite well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
- dàn méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài, érqiě wǒ yě bú dà
- xǐhuan ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I
- don't like her very much.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
- <para>The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their
- conversation:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 3</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 3</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuāngfāng</foreignphrase>:
- “both sides, both parties”</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo hé Měiguo
- shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This matter is known to both America and
- China.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐcǐ</foreignphrase>: “the
- one and the other; each other, mutually”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán
- wǒmen méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde
- bìng méiyou bànfa le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although we didn't say anything, we both knew.
- There was nothing that could be done for his
- illness.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōumō
- hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Have a nice weekend.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǐcǐ,
- bǐcǐ!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You too!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>: “to
- understand; to acquaint oneself with, to try to
- understand”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèijiàn shì, wǒ bù dǒng, hái děi qù liǎojiě
- yíxià.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't understand this, I have to go back and
- try to understand it again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- liǎojiě ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I understand her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhēnde liǎojiě
- tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He feels that he doesn't have a single friend who
- really knows him. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that when you want to say “to know someone” meaning “to
- understand someone”, the Chinese word to use is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>, not
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènshi</foreignphrase>
- (which simply means to have made someone's acquaintance)</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №13</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...líhūnde bú tài
- duō</foreignphrase>: “There aren't many people getting divorced …;”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Líhūnde</foreignphrase>,
- “those (people) who get divorced”, is a noun phrase in which <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">líhūn</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nominalized</foreignphrase> by
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fūfù</foreignphrase>: “husband
- and wife, married couple”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen fūfù
- liǎngge dōu fēicháng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Those two (that couple) are both very nice.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài yíge dìqū
- gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: “do not work in the same region”.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge</foreignphrase>, “one”,
- is frequently used to mean “one and the same”. Here are some more
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen dōu
- zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>All of us go to the same school.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liǎngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī
- jiāochulaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They are both the product of the same
- teacher.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tànqǐnjià</foreignphrase>:
- “leave for visiting family”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàn
- qīn</foreignphrase> means to visit one's closest relatives, usually
- parents, a spouse, or children.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
- jiù qù Shànghǎi tàn qīn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow he's going to Shanghai to visit his
- family.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngshi</foreignphrase>:
- “always, all the time”. This adverb may also occur as zǒng.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒngshi
- ài qù Huáměi kāfēitīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He always loves to go to the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáměi</foreignphrase>
- Coffeehouse.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nénggòu</foreignphrase>: “can,
- to be able to”. This is a synonym of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngguo</foreignphrase>: “to
- pass by or through, to go through”. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo</foreignphrase> can mean 1) to pass
- by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an
- experience.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngguo
- zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As a result of this study, I see things a lot more
- clearly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ měitiān
- xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dōu jīngguo Bǎihuò
- Dàlóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Every day on my way home from work I pass by the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎihuò
- Dàlóu</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīngguo
- zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian wǒmen zài
- lǐtou gōngzuò ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When you passed by this room, didn't you see us
- working inside?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>:
- “quite, pretty (good, degree of'. etc.); considerable, a considerable degree
- of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shēntǐ
- xiāngdāng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His health is quite good.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>: “to
- consider; consideration”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
- kǎolǜguo le, tā háishi yīnggāi shàng
- dàxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have already given it consideration he should still
- go to college.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase>: “but”, a
- synonym of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kěshi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng
- qùguo le, dànshi wǒ méiyou kàndao
- ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I already went there, but I didn't see her.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>: “male and
- female”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nānnǚde
- shìqing zuì nán shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Matters between men and women are the hardest to
- judge.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīngdāng</foreignphrase>:
- “should, ought to”. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yīngdāng</foreignphrase> is a less-frequently heard word for
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnggāi</foreignphrase>. These
- two words share in common the following meanings:<orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“should” in the sense of obligation or duty.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng (or yīnggāi) bǐcǐ
- bāngmáng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We two are comrades, we should help each
- other.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“ought to” in the sense of “it would be suitable to”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) duō chuān
- yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's cold out, you should put on some more
- clothing.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“should” in the sense of “it would be desirable to”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo
- wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You should try this, it's fun.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“should” in the sense of “it is expected”.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi </foreignphrase>(or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yīngdāng</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài dào
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's ten o'clock, he should be here
- soon.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú
- cuò le.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> He's been studying Chinese for three years, he
- should be pretty good by now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase>:
- “relatively, comparatively, by comparison”. Also pronounced <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- bǐjiào rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's hotter today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo
- yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After this article of clothing is altered, it will be
- better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The past couple of days he's been feeling better, he
- doesn't have such a high fever any more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> before other adverbial
- expressions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
- tài</foreignphrase> “not too”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù zěnme</foreignphrase> “not so”, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú nàme</foreignphrase> “not so” or hen
- “very”. Careful speakers, however, feel that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase> should not be used in
- such cases.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №19</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>: “will;
- might; be likely to”. The auxiliary verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is used to express
- likelihood here.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
- huì bu hui lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Will he come tomorrow?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù bǎ
- mén guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài
- rè?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If I go close the door, will you feel too
- hot?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějué</foreignphrase>: “to
- solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú yao
- jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't get anxious, the problem of money has already
- been solved.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Washington, D. C.</title>
- <para>A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student from
- Peking.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nánjia hái yào sòng xǔduō
- lǐwù ma?</foreignphrase>: In traditional China, the groom's family gave
- gifts to the bride's family to compensate for the loss of their daughter.
- (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of
- property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man's family who in most
- cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no
- longer exist.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu
- duō?</foreignphrase>: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of
- both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the
- exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally
- ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via
- study and group criticism.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yǒu yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge
- dìfang gōngzuò</foreignphrase>: Many couples still have to be split up
- in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the
- local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is
- improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the
- other's work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural
- population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city,
- usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural
- life is so difficult that this is not likely.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...suǐràn měinián yǒu bànge
- yuède tànqīnjià</foreignphrase>: There are two types of leave for
- visiting one's family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return
- home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to
- different places for work. These trips are paid for by one's work unit (but
- communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working
- relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year
- and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day
- visit once every two years.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 2</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>xiáojie</foreignphrase>: “daughter”. You have seen
- <foreignphrase>xiáojie</foreignphrase> meaning “Miss” or ”young
- lady”. Here it is used to mean “daughter”. Note, however, that it is
- used only in referring to someone else's daughter, not in referring to
- one's own daughter(s).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā yǒu jǐwèi
- xiáojie?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How many daughters does he have?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn
- piàoliang.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Your daughter is really pretty.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Xiáojie</foreignphrase>, meaning either “Miss” or
- “daughter”, is not in current usage in the PRC.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>dā xǐde rìzi</foreignphrase>: “wedding day”, literally
- “big joyful day”. <foreignphrase>Xǐ</foreignphrase> “to be glad,
- joyful”, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings. The
- character for <foreignphrase>xǐ</foreignphrase> is often used as a
- decoration. For weddings, two <foreignphrase>xǐ</foreignphrase>
- characters together are used as a decoration.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>: “he's very honest”.
- <foreignphrase>Rén</foreignphrase>, “person”, can he used to refer to a
- person's character. It can he used with a noun or pronoun before it, for
- example <foreignphrase>Tā rén hěn lǎoshi</foreignphrase>, literally “As for
- him, his person is very honest”. The wording <foreignphrase>Tā
- rén</foreignphrase> ... is often used to talk about the way someone
- truly is:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā rén hěn ài bāngzhu bié
- rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He (is the sort of person who) likes to help
- others.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Liú Xiānsheng rén hěn tèbié, shénme
- shìqing dōu yào wèn yige
- wèishenme.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. Liú is a different sort of person, he has to ask
- “why” about everything.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā rén hén
- kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's a very polite sort of person.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase>rén</foreignphrase> refers to a person's mental
- state of being:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái yǒu diǎnr bu
- qīSngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I had too much to drink and I'm still a little
- foggy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Rén</foreignphrase> also sometimes refers to a person's
- physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is
- implied, something like “And as for the person himself, ...”. For
- example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi hé tā tōng diànhuà,
- jīntiān zǎoshang, cái dìyīcì jiàn miàn, tā rén
- fēicháng piàoliàng.</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>All along I had only talked to her over the phone,
- but this morning I met her for the first time. She's
- very beautiful.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tāmen jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào
- Jiāzhōu niàn shū qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān,
- shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They hadn't even been married for one month when her
- husband went to California to go to school. He was in
- America, but his heart was in Taiwan, how could he
- possibly study well?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
-
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>: “to associate with, to have
- dealings with”, often said of boyfriend-girlfriend
- relationships.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hé tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde
- jiāowǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's no special relationship between him and me.
- (Said by a daughter in explanation to her
- mother.)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the PRC <foreignphrase>jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> is not used this way;
- use <foreignphrase>rènshi</foreignphrase>, “to know (a person)” or
- <foreignphrase>jiāo péngyou</foreignphrase>, “to make friends” instead.
- In the PRC, you will hear <foreignphrase>jiāowǎng</foreignphrase> used in
- phrases such as <foreignphrase>lǐangguo rénmínde jiāowǎng</foreignphrase>,
- “the contact (association) between the peoples of these two
- countries”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>nánfāng</foreignphrase>: “the bridegroom's side”, a phrase
- which often refers to the bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the
- bridegroom's family, relatives, and friends collectively.
- <foreignphrase>Nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the bridegroom's side”, happens
- to be a homonym of <foreignphrase>nánfāng</foreignphrase>, “the
- South”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou, nánfāng
- dà qǐng kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When Chinese get married, the groom's family hosts a
- big feast.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Jiéhūn yǐqiǎn nánfāng nǚfāng bǐcǐ sòng
- lǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Before a marriage, the groom's side and the bride's
- side give each other gifts.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>[<foreignphrase>Nǚfāng</foreignphrase> means “the bride's side,” referring
- either to ”the bride” herself, or to “the bride's family, relatives, and
- friends collectively”.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>shóu</foreignphrase>: “to be familiar with ...” Also
- pronounced <foreignphrase>shú</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase>Shóu</foreignphrase> is used with
- <foreignphrase>hé</foreignphrase> for people and with
- <foreignphrase>duì</foreignphrase> for places.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hé tā hen
- shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I know him very well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā duì Tǎiběi hěn
- shóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She knows Taipei very well.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Shóu</foreignphrase> also means “to be cooked sufficiently”
- and “to be ripe”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>zǎo</foreignphrase>: You've learned this as the verb “to be
- early”, now you see it used to mean “long ago”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zǎo zhǐdào nǐ bù
- huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I knew long ago that you wouldn't come back.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I heard about it long ago.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Zǎo</foreignphrase> is usually followed by
- <foreignphrase>jiù</foreignphrase> to stress the idea of “as early as
- that”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zǎo jiù gàosu tā nèijiàn shì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I told him that long ago. (Said to correct an
- impression that he didn't actually know it so early.
- )</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zǎo jiù xiǎng lái kàn ni, yìzhí méi
- shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been meaning to come see you for a long time,
- but I never had the time.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>tíqǐn</foreignphrase>: “to bring up a proposal of marriage”
- Traditionally, the man's parents would visit the parents of the woman they
- wished their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The
- situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still
- proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform
- their parents of their own arrangement.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>dāying</foreignphrase>: “to agree (to something), to
- consent, to promise”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā dǎying gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme
- tā xiànzài yòu bù gěi le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he
- won't give it to me?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ dāying ta le, dāngrán yīnggāi péi
- ta qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You promised him, of course you should go with
- him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ dāying zuòde shì, yídìng yào
- zuòdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You must do what you promise to do.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ dāyinglede shì, wèishénme bú
- zuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why don't you do this thing that you have
- promised?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ dāyingguode shì, jiù yīnggāi
- zuòdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You ought to do things that you promise.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ méi dāying gěi ni yíge
- hùzhào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I didn't promise to give you a passport.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Dāyjng</foreignphrase> can also mean “to
- answer”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā jiào ni, nǐ zěnme méi
- dāying?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He called you, how come you didn't answer?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>tánlai tánqù</foreignphrase>: “to talk over”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tánlai tánqù, yě bù néng jiějué zhèige
- wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We discussed it for a long time, but still couldn't
- solve the problem.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tánlai tánqù, tánde hěn yǒu
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It got very interesting, conversing back and
- forth.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>juédìng</foreignphrase>: “to decide”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ juédìng yào
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've decided that I'm going.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ yǐjīng juédìng jiù zhènme
- bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've already decided that it'll be this way.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hái méi juédìng gāi zěnme
- bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I haven't yet decided what should be done.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that when you want to say “I can't decide whether (to do
- something)” or “I haven't decided whether (to do something)”, the object of
- <foreignphrase>juédìng</foreignphrase> is a choice-type
- question.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hái méi juédìng qù bu
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I haven't yet decided whether to go or not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ bù néng juédìng wǒ qù bu
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I can't decide whether to go or not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hěn nán juédìng ràng bu ràng ta
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm having a hard time deciding whether to let him to
- or not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ shì bu shi gāi huíqu hěn nán
- juédìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's hard to decide whether or not I should go
- back.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>hòulái</foreignphrase>: “afterwards, later”. You have
- already learned another word which can be translated as “afterwards” or
- “later”: <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase>Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase>hòulái</foreignphrase> are both nouns which express time.
- Here is a brief comparison of them.<orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase>Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> can either follow another
- element, in which case it is translated as “after ...”) or it
- can be used by itself.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā láile yǐhòu, wǒmen jiù
- zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After he came, we left.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài
- láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Afterwards, he never came back
- again.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Hòulái</foreignphrase> can only be used by
- itself.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Hòulái, tā shuì jiào
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Afterwards, he went to sleep.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Both <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase>hòulái</foreignphrase> may be used to refer
- to the past. (For example, in the reference list sentence,
- <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase> may be substituted for
- <foreignphrase>hòulái</foreignphrase>. But if you want to
- say “afterwards” or “later” referring to the future, you can
- only use <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase>. When it refers to
- the future time, yǐhòu can be translated in various ways,
- depending on the context:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu
- zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's wait until the future to see about
- future matters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Yǐhòu nǐ yǒu kòng, qǐng
- cháng lái wán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the future when you have the time,
- please come over more often.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu
- ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll tell you later on.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā
- yào gēn yíge Rìběn rén
- jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His child said that someday, he wants to
- marry a Japanese.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Usage Note: <foreignphrase>Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> has the
- meaning of “after that”. It can imply that some past event
- functions as a dividing point in time, as a sort of time
- boundary, and <foreignphrase>yǐhòu</foreignphrase> refers to the
- period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of
- reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage it is
- often translated as “since”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū,
- yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He only wrote one book, and hasn't written
- any since.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Ránhòu</foreignphrase> stresses the succession
- of one event upon the completion of a prior event.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ shàngwū zhǐ yǒu liǎngjié
- kè, ránhòu jiù méi shì le, wǒmen kéyi chuqū
- wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have only two classes in the morning, and
- after that I don't have anything else to do, so we
- can go out play.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>háishi</foreignphrase>: “in the end, after all”
- You have seen <foreignphrase>háishi</foreignphrase> meaning
- “still” that is, that something remains the same way as it was.
- Here <foreignphrase>háishi</foreignphrase> is used to mean that
- the speaker feels that, all things considered, something is the
- case after all.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Háishi tā
- duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is right, after all.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>jūxíng</foreignphrase>: “to hold (a meeting, banquet,
- celebration, ceremony, etc.)” For this example you need to know that
- <foreignphrase>diǎnlǐ</foreignphrase> means “ceremony”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Míngtiān jǔxíng bìyè
- diǎnlǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow the graduation ceremony will be
- held.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>hái</foreignphrase>: “even, (to go) so far as to” You have
- seen hái meaning “still” -as in <foreignphrase>Nǐ hái zài
- zhèr!</foreignphrase>, “You're still here!”. You've also seen hái
- meaning “also, additionally”, as in <foreignphrase>Wǒ hái yào mǎi yìpǐng
- qìshuǐ.</foreignphrase>, “I also want to buy a bottle of soda.” Here you
- see <foreignphrase>hái</foreignphrase> meaning additionally in the sense of
- additional effort. The sentence <foreignphrase>Nǐmen hái sòng huār
- lái</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase>hái</foreignphrase> expresses the
- speaker's feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or
- necessary.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>zhēn shi tài xièxie le</foreignphrase>: “I really thank you
- so much.” You have seen <foreignphrase>tài</foreignphrase> used to mean
- “very, extremely”, as in <foreignphrase>Tài hǎo le!</foreignphrase>,
- “Wonderful!”. Notice that here it is used with
- <foreignphrase>xièxie</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para>A woman goes to visit her old friend and to present her with a gift for
- her daughter and future son-in-law.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>Guǒbǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě
- tèbié hǎo.</foreignphrase> Traditional wedding foods included
- <foreignphrase>huāshēng</foreignphrase>, peanuts;
- <foreignphrase>liánzǐ</foreignphrase>, lotus seeds; and
- <foreignphrase>zǎozi</foreignphrase>, dates, all of which symbolize
- fertility in that <foreignphrase>shēng(zǐ)</foreignphrase> means “give birth
- to” (a son); <foreignphrase>liǎnzǐ</foreignphrase> sounds like part of the
- phrase <foreignphrase>liǎnshēng guìzǐ</foreignphrase>, “have sons
- consecutively”; and <foreignphrase>zǎozi</foreignphrase> sounds like part of
- <foreignphrase>zǎoshēng guìzǐ</foreignphrase>, “have an early son.” The
- wedding marked the beginning of that generation's carrying on of the family
- line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to
- family preference.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjǐ zuòde</foreignphrase>:
- Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made,
- as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of
- ready-made items. Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony
- (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the
- celebration.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>xìn Jīdūjiào</foreignphrase>: “to believe in
- (Protestant) Christianity”. This is one way of saying “to be a
- (Protestant) Christian”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>xìn Fó</foreignphrase>: “to believe in Buddha”. This is
- one way of saying “to be a Buddhist”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>zài fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>: “in court”
- <foreignphrase>Zài</foreignphrase> is the verb “to be in, at, or
- on”, in other words “to be located (someplace)”.
- <foreignphrase>Zài</foreignphrase> must be followed by a place word
- or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase
- may be difficult for the non-native speaker to figure out. Words which
- are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational
- ending such as -li or -shang added to them. (<foreignphrase>Nǐ zài
- chēshang mǎi piào.</foreignphrase>, “You buy the ticket on the
- bus.”)</para>
- <para>The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words.
- The phrase “in court” does not need a locational ending,
- <foreignphrase>zài fǎyuàn</foreignphrase>. Here are some other words
- which can function as place words by themselves. Many of these end with
- syllables such as -<foreignphrase>shi</foreignphrase>
- (<foreignphrase>shǐ</foreignphrase>) “house, apartment”,
- -<foreignphrase>jú</foreignphrase> “office, shop”,
- -<foreignphrase>diàn</foreignphrase> “inn, shop”,
- -<foreignphrase>chǎng</foreignphrase> “field, open ground”,
- -<foreignphrase>tīng</foreignphrase> “hall, room”,
- -<foreignphrase>suǒ</foreignphrase> “place, room”,
- -<foreignphrase>jiān</foreignphrase> “house, rooms”,
- <foreignphrase>guǎn</foreignphrase> “public office,
- hall”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Jīntiān xiàwu zài bàngōngshì
- jiàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>See you at the office this afternoon!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zài běnshì yǒu wǔge
- yóuzhèngjú!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are five post offices in this city!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ zài cáiféngdiàn zuòde
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You must have had that made at a tailor's.
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ zài cāntīng kàndao ta le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you see him in the dining room?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Other words which behave in a similar way are:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="6" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>càishichǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>market</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>fùjìn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>area</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>cèsuǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>toilet</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>fúwùtái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>service desk</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>dàfàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>hotel</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Gōngānjú</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Bureau of Public Security</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>shāngdiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>store</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>gōngsī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>company</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>dàlou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>building</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>gōngyù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>apartment</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>dàshiguǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>embassy</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>gōngyuǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>park</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>region</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>huìkèshì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>reception room</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>fàndiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>restaurant</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>huǒchēzhàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>railroad station</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>fàngjiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>room</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>jǐngchájú</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>police station</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>fànguǎnzi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>restaurant</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>kāfēitīng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>coffeehouse</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>fàntīng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>dining room</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>lǎojiā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>hometown</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>fēijichǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>airport</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c6">and many more...
- including proper names of Restaurants, buildings,
- associations, organizations, etc.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>gōngzhèng</foreignphrase>: “notarization, government
- witness”. A <foreignphrase>gōngzhèng rén</foreignphrase> is a notary
- public.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>rù xí</foreignphrase>: “to take one's seat at a
- banquet”, literally “to enter the mat(ted area)”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen kuài diǎnr zhǔnbèi, tāmen
- liùdiǎn zhōng jiù yào rù xí
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's get ready a little faster, the banquet
- starts at 6:00.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №13</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>fùzá</foreignphrase>: “to be complicated, to be
- complex”. Questions, problems, or situations can be
- <foreignphrase>fùzá</foreignphrase> if there are many pieces or
- factors figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use
- <foreignphrase>fùzá</foreignphrase> to imply that the situation is
- messy, problem-ridden.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tāmen jiāde qíngkuàng tài fùzá, wǒ
- gǎobuqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Their family situation is too complicated, I
- can't make heads or tails of it. (This sentence has
- an ambiguity in both languages.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige wèntí tài fùzá, hěn nán
- shuōqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This question is so complicated, it's very hard
- to explain it clearly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige jùzi tài fùzá, zuì hǎo bú
- zhèiyangr xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This sentence is too complicated, it would be
- best not to write it this way.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Fùzá</foreignphrase> can also be used in a
- complimentary way. (For this example you need to know that
- <foreignphrase>sìxiǎng</foreignphrase> means “thinking,
- thought”.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tāde sìxiǎng hěn
- fùzá.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His thinking is very complex.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of
- <foreignphrase>fùzá</foreignphrase> in this case would, be
- <foreignphrase>jiǎndān</foreignphrase> “to be simple”, as in
- “simple-minded”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Fùzá</foreignphrase> is also pronounced
- <foreignphrase>fǔzā</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>yìjiàn</foreignphrase>: “idea, view, opinion,
- suggestion”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Gāngcái tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde
- yìjian, wǒ juéde duì wǒmen hěn yǒu
- bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He just told us his opinions on this book, and I
- feel that they're really helpful to us.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hěn xiǎng zhīdào, zài zhèige
- wèntíshang, Zhōngguo zhèngfǔde yìjian shi
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'd very much like to know what the Chinese
- government's view is on this question.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ xiāng xiān qù Shànghǎi, zài dào
- Wǔhàn, nǐde yìjian
- zěnmeyang?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'd like to go to Shànghǎi first and then to
- <foreignphrase>Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, what's your
- opinion?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒde yìjian shi xiān qù Wǔhàn, zài
- dào Shànghǎi qu. Yīnwei zài guò yíge yuè, Wǔhàn
- fēicháng rèle.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My opinion is to first go to
- <foreignphrase>Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, then to
- <foreignphrase>Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>, because
- after a month, <foreignphrase>Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>
- will be extremely hot.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>zhènghūn</foreignphrase>: “to witness a marriage”.
- Witnesses formerly were persons of good reputation and venerable old
- age. Today, familiarity is most important. The witness makes a brief
- speech during the ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his
- name seal. He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored
- to have been asked.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>dù mìyuè</foreignphrase>: “to spend one's honeymoon”.
- <foreignphrase>Dù</foreignphrase> is the verb “to spend, to pass”
- (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday).
- <foreignphrase>Mìyuè</foreignphrase> is literally
- “honey-moon”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>huímén</foreignphrase>: “the bride's first visit to her
- own family on the third day after the wedding”, literally “return to the
- door”. When the newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family
- of the bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and
- relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom's family
- which arranges the marriage ceremony.)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>xǐjiǔ</foreignphrase>: “wedding banquet”. Notice that
- in the Reference List sentence the phrase <foreignphrase>lái chī
- xǐjiǔ</foreignphrase> is translated as “to come to the wedding
- banquet”. A more literal translation might be “come to eat a wedding
- feast!”. The verb <foreignphrase>chī</foreignphrase> could also be
- rendered into English by “attend” or “take part”, as in “Be sure to come
- take part in the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>hūnlǐshàng</foreignphrase>: “at the wedding”. Notice
- that in English you say “at the wedding” while in Chinese you say
- <foreignphrase>hūnlǐshàng</foreignphrase>, literally “on the
- wedding”. -<foreignphrase>Shàng</foreignphrase> would also be the
- locative ending to use for “at the meeting”
- (<foreignphrase>huìshàng</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>jièshaorén</foreignphrase>: “introducer”. This is one
- person in the cast of people who play a part in getting two people
- together in marriage. Originally, the “introducer” functioned in much
- the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or
- relative. Today, most young people find their own mates. The
- “introducer”, however, still have a ceremonial function. They accompany
- the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and one for
- the groom).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>zuò méi</foreignphrase>: “to act as the go-between for
- two families whose children are to be married”. This person arranged the
- details of the match. He acted as a go-between for the families of the
- bride and groom, settling points which were usually of a financial
- nature. Often the <foreignphrase>zuò méide</foreignphrase> was also the
- <foreignphrase>jièshaorén</foreignphrase>. Traditionally, the
- go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was paid
- for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork
- legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between,
- although the practice is becoming less and less common. During the
- wedding ceremony, the go-between places his stamp on the wedding
- certificate.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wo gěi ni zuò méi, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll act as go-between for you, all
- right?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhāng Tàitai qǐng wo tǐ tāde nǚér
- zuò méi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go- between for her
- daughter.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №19</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>júzhǎng</foreignphrase>: “head of an office or bureau”.
- <foreignphrase>Júzhǎng</foreignphrase> is only used when the Chinese
- name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable
- -<foreignphrase>jú</foreignphrase>, as in
- <foreignphrase>yóuzhèngjú</foreignphrase>, “post office”. You've
- also seen <foreignphrase>bùzhǎng</foreignphrase>, “minister of a bureau”
- and <foreignphrase>kēzhǎng</foreignphrase>, “section chief”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>duōnián</foreignphrase>: “many years”.</para>
- <para>Here are some examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen duōnián bú jiàn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We haven't seen each other for many
- years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We've been working together for many
- years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ zhù zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi
- méi tīngshuōguo zhèige
- rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been living here for many years, but I've
- never heard of this person.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №20</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>tándao</foreignphrase>: “to talk about, to speak of”.
- This is used to refer to something that was just brought up in
- conversation. You have seen <foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> used as a
- main verb meaning “to go to, to arrive at”, and as a prepositional verb
- meaning “to towards”. Now you see that
- <foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> is also used as a verb ending.
- Literally, it means “to, up to”, but its translation into English
- sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with.
- When used with <foreignphrase>tán</foreignphrase>, “to talk, to chat”,
- -<foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> can be translated as “about” or
- “of”. Here are some other examples of
- -<foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> used with verbs you've already
- studied:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ
- jiù lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We were even talking of you Just now, and here
- you are!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Jīntiān nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wo
- méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you talk about me with him today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I often think of my child.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Notice that in the Reference List sentence,
- <foreignphrase>tándao</foreignphrase> is used at the beginning of
- the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use “speaking of ...” in
- English. Here are some other examples:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tándao jiéhūnde shì, wǒ hái děi
- xiǎngyixiang.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When it comes to talking about marriage, I have
- to think it over.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tándao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā
- bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he
- knows a lot more than I do.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>yě</foreignphrase>: “really, after all”. You have seen
- yě meaning “too, also. Another common meaning of
- <foreignphrase>yě</foreignphrase> is “(even though) ...
- nevertheless, still”. For example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě
- huì shuō yìdiǎn Yǐngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little
- English.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>A: Zhèige diànyǐng
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How was the movie?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>B: Bú shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái
- kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It wasn't great, but it was pretty good
- nevertheless.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ suīrán méi dàoguo Tiān Men, yě
- zài diànshìshang Ān
- kànjianguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although I've never been to Tian An Men, I've
- seen it on television.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In addition, <foreignphrase>yě</foreignphrase> often is used to
- contrast the thought expressed in the sentence with another thought.
- This meaning can be paraphrased something like this: “in spite of
- anything which might be believed to the contrary, indeed what I am
- saying is true.” Sometimes, however, <foreignphrase>yě</foreignphrase>
- is used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little
- more than “we really ought to agree that what I am saying is
- true.”</para>
- <para>There are many different possible ways to translate this yě into
- English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of
- meaning and some of its possible translations.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Xiànzài shíyīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ yě
- yào shàng kè le, wǒmende wèntí míngtiān zài tán
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to
- class. Let's talk about our question tomorrow,
- okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ
- tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn yě shi
- yīnggāide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The population of China is too large, it really
- is right for the government to promote late marriage
- and late involvement.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tāmen wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě
- bù zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don't
- know.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>A: Nǐ zěnme hái méi bǎ zhèxiē yīfu
- xǐwán?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How come you still haven't finished washing these
- clothes?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>B: Wǒ yě bú shi nǐde yòngren,
- báitiān wǒ yě shàng bān, wǒ méiyou zhènme duō
- shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm not your servant, after all; I work during
- the day too, and I don't have all that much
- time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now you (really) ought to understand, don't
- you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen liǎngge rènshi yě yǒu jǐnián
- le, nǐ yīnggāi liǎojiě wo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We have known each other for several years, after
- all; you ought to understand me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Taipei</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>...liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng
- jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: Traditional wedding ceremonies were held at
- home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or pagodas). Modern ones are
- likely to be held in hotels or restaurants, as there is more room and
- food is then easier to prepare.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Tāmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shān qù</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase>Ālǐ Shān</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase>Rìyuè
- Tán</foreignphrase> (Sun-Moon Lake) are the two most popular
- honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An average honeymoon stay might last one
- week.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 3</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes in Part 1</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>kòngzhi</foreignphrase>: “to control; control”. This can
- also he translated as “to dominate; to command”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige fǎngjiānde wēndù kòngzhude hù
- hǎo, yìhuǐr lěng, yìhuǐr rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The temperature in this room isn't well regulated.
- It's cold one minute and hot the next.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Shíjiān méi bànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě
- bànbudao.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is no way to control time; no one can do
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tāde bìng yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ
- jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì
- hǎoqilai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His illness is under control now; maybe in another
- few days he will start to get better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Yǒu yìxiē rén kòngzhile zhèijià fēijī,
- hú ràng ta qǐfēi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Some people have taken control of this airplane and
- won't let it take off.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>chénggōng</foreignphrase>: “to succeed; to be
- successful“.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèihěn shū chénggōng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This hook was a success.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèihěn shū xiěde hěn
- chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His hook was written very successfully, (i.e., His
- hook came off very well.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige tāng chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài
- chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This soup is a success, everyone loves it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhǐ yào nǐ nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng
- néng chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure
- to succeed.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>zuòdào</foreignphrase>: “to achieve, to make (a goal)”. In
- Unit 2, Part II, you saw <foreignphrase>tándao</foreignphrase> “to talk
- about, to speak of”, with the ending -dào meaning literally “to, up to”.
- Here you see -<foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> used as an ending after the
- verb <foreignphrase>zuò</foreignphrase> “to make”. You may think of
- -<foreignphrase>dào</foreignphrase> in
- <foreignphrase>zuòdào</foreignphrase> as conveying the meaning of
- reaching a goal.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèijiān shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have already succeeded in doing this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ shuōguo, zuótiān nǐ yào qù, nǐ
- zuòdào le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You said that you wanted to go yesterday. Did you do
- so?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>sān tōngguò</foreignphrase>: “the three approvals”. The
- “three approvals” have ”been in effect since 1973/74. At that time, the
- minimum marriage age was pushed upward, but most recently it has been
- relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three for females. Most
- couples must still wait a number of years before they can have a child. The
- <foreignphrase>sāntōngguò guīdìng</foreignphrase> for city residents
- effectively means that, without these three approvals for a child, a
- pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to live without
- food rations. (A government slogan is <foreignphrase>Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge
- gòule</foreignphrase>, “One is best, two is enough.”) Applications to
- have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by one's work
- unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly
- discouraged and life would be very difficult for it should it be born.
- Special gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families. In
- the countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they
- of course could not easily move to the city.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>yě jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase>: “to mean; in other words,
- that is to say”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Jìhuà shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào yǒu
- jìhuade shēng xiǎoháir.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Planned parenthood means having children in a planned
- way.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>“Hébì” yě jiùshi shuō “wèishénme
- xūyào”.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>“Hébì” means “why must”.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bù néng zài shēng xiǎoháizi, yě
- jiùshi shuō wǒmen juéde tā zhìbuhǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She can't have children any more; that is to say, we
- feel that she cannot be cured.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bù gěi ni dǎ diànhuà hǎoxiàng yě
- jiùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The fact that he doesn't telephone you would seem to
- imply that he doesn't like you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Dàifu shuō tā bù néng chī ròu, yě
- jiùshi shuō chi ròu duì tāde shēntǐ bù
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The doctor said that he couldn't eat meat, in other
- words, eating meat isn't good for his health.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>When what follows is a more pointed explanation of what has just been
- said, <foreignphrase>jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase> can be used in place of
- <foreignphrase>yě jiùshi shuō</foreignphrase>, e.g. <informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bù kéyi shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā
- hái méiyou zuòdao sān
- tōngguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not
- yet gotten the three approvals.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>tóngyì</foreignphrase>: “consent, agreement; to agree, to
- agree with (what someone says or thinks)”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tóngyì bu
- tongyì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Do you agree?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ bù tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I don't agree.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde
- huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I don't agree with what you say.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Although in English we can say “I agree with you”, in Chinese it is wrong
- to say either <foreignphrase>Wǒ gēn nǐ tóngyì</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase>Wǒ tóngyì ni</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase>Tóngyì</foreignphrase> can be used in two ways: without
- an object, or with an object like t<foreignphrase>ā shuōde</foreignphrase>
- “what he said”, <foreignphrase>tāde huà</foreignphrase> “what he said”,
- <foreignphrase>tāde jìhua</foreignphrase> “his plan”,
- <foreignphrase>tāde yìjian </foreignphrase>“his opinion”. If you want to
- say “I don't agree with you”, you can say <foreignphrase>Wǒ bù tóngyì, Nǐ
- shuōde, wǒ bù tóngyì, Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde huà, Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde
- yìjian,</foreignphrase> etc.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>dānwèi</foreignphrase>: W(work) unit”. This word is used in
- the PRC as a cover term for any organization or department of an
- organization. It may, for instance refer to a factory, a school, a
- government organization, a store, or an army unit.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> is a common
- way of asking where someone works; compared with <foreignphrase>Nǐ zài nǎr
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase>, the question <foreignphrase>Nǐ zài něige
- dānwèi gōngzuò?</foreignphrase> sounds more official.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen dānwèi yǒu hěn duō nǚ
- lāoshī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are a lot of women teachers in our unit. (Here,
- <foreignphrase>dānwèi</foreignphrase> refers to a
- school. )</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say
- <foreignphrase>gōngzuò dānwèi</foreignphrase>, as in the Reference List
- sentence.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>jūmín wěiyuánhuì</foreignphrase>: “neighborhood committee”.
- The official duties of a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from
- sanitation maintenance to political study. Its actual role and duty remain
- ambiguous, as well as its relationship with the government. Although the
- government pays a committee's elected delegates, there is no official
- connection between the two. The power of the committee in local affairs
- remains large.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>pàichūsuǒ</foreignphrase>: “local police station”. The
- local police station is the lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security.
- In addition to taking care of matters of a criminal nature, the
- <foreignphrase>pàichūsuǒ</foreignphrase> is familiar with the history
- and political situation of every one of its residents. Along with the
- <foreignphrase>gōngzuò dānwèi</foreignphrase> and the
- <foreignphrase>jūmín wěiyuánhuì</foreignphrase>, it affects the daily
- life of each citizen.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>gēnju</foreignphrase>: “according to, on the basis of;
- basis”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō zhèige
- huà?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>On what basis do you say this?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǐ shuōde huà yǒu méiyou
- gēnju?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is there a basis for what you're saying?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>pīzhǔn</foreignphrase>: “to give official permission (to
- someone to do something)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Dānwèi pīzhǔn ta jiēhūn le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Her unit gave her permission to marry.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Xuéxiào pīzhǔn ta qù Shànghǎi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His school gave him permission to go to
- Shanghai.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ mǎi zhèige diànshì shi dédao
- pīzhǔnde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I got permission to buy this television.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>fùnǚmen</foreignphrase>: “women”. -Men is a plural ending
- for nouns and pronouns. You have seen it in the pronouns women,
- <foreignphrase>zánmen</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase>nǐmen</foreignphrase>, and
- <foreignphrase>tāmen</foreignphrase>. After a noun, however, -men is
- never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns which designate humans
- (although in literature you may sometimes see it used with nouns referring
- to animals as well).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Nǚshimen,
- xiānshengmen.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Ladies and gentlemen.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Note that the group referred to by a noun phrase with -men must be of
- unspecified number; it is wrong to say <foreignphrase>liàngge
- fùnǚmen</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase>sānge
- jiàoshòumen</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>gègè</foreignphrase>: “each and every, all of the various”.
- The first <foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase> (a specifier like
- <foreignphrase>zhèi</foreignphrase>-) literally means “each...” or “the
- various, the different...”. The second <foreignphrase>ge</foreignphrase> is
- the counter <foreignphrase>ge</foreignphrase>, as in <foreignphrase>yíge
- rén</foreignphrase> “one person”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Jiǔyuèli, gègè xuéxiào dōu kāi xué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In September all the schools open.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Měiguode gègè zhōu dōu yǒu zíjǐde
- zhèngfǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Each of the American states has its
- government.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>zēngjiā</foreignphrase>: “to increase; to increase by
- (such-and-such an amount)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Jīnnián wǒmen xuéxiàode xuéshēng
- zēngjiā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The students in our school increased this
- year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài
- zēngjiā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The patients in this hospital cannot increase any
- further.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèijǐtiān nǐ máng bu máng, zài gěi ni
- zēngjiā yìdiǎnr gōngzuò, hǎo bu
- hāo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be
- okay if I give you some more work to do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒmen dānwèi yòu zēngjiāle liǎngge
- bàngōngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They added two more offices on to our unit.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>yídìng</foreignphrase>: “specific, certain, definite, set”.
- In addition to the meaning of <foreignphrase>yídìng</foreignphrase> which
- you already know, namely “certainly, surely”, it can also mean “set (by
- regulation, decision, or convention), fixed, particular,” as
- in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā bàn shìqing yǒu yídìng
- bànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He goes about doing things with a definite
- method.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Měiniān zài yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu
- huíqu kàn māma.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set
- date.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>shìqū</foreignphrase>: “city proper, municipal area”, the
- area within a <foreignphrase>chěngshì</foreignphrase> where population and
- buildings are relatively concentrated. <foreignphrase>Shìqū</foreignphrase>
- is used when you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the
- suburbs [<foreignphrase>jiāoqū</foreignphrase>]. It is an administratively
- more exact term than <foreignphrase>chěngshì</foreignphrase>. [The Peking
- municipal area, <foreignphrase>Běijīng shìqū</foreignphrase>, is made up of
- eight urban districts, <foreignphrase>chéngqū</foreignphrase>.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>chūshēnglü</foreignphrase>: “birth rate”.
- <foreignphrase>Chūshēng</foreignphrase> means “to be born”. The
- <foreignphrase>chūshēnglü</foreignphrase> is usually considered to be
- the number of births per one thousand population in one year.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>fēnpèi</foreignphrase>: “distribute; allot; assign;
- distribution”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ tīngshuō xiàge yuè jiù kéyi gěi ni
- fēnpei gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've heard that you'll be assigned work next
- month.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ xīwang néng zǎo yìdiān fēnpèidào
- fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I hope that housing can be assigned soon.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tīngshuō tā fēnpèi dào Dōngběi qù
- gōngzuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've heard that he has been assigned to go work in
- Manchuria.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>míng'é</foreignphrase>: “the number of people assigned or
- allowed; quota of people”. <foreignphrase>Míng'é</foreignphrase> does not
- exactly correspond to “quota”. “Quota” is a fixed number of places which
- must be filled. <foreignphrase>Míng'é</foreignphrase> is (1) a fixed number
- of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place.
- <foreignphrase>Bābǎige míng'é</foreignphrase> is literally “800 name
- given-numbers”, i.e. “a quota of 800 names.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>bìyùn</foreignphrase>: Literally, “avoid-pregnancy”, i.e.
- “contraception”.<foreignphrase> Shíxíng bìyùn </foreignphrase>“to carry
- out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to practice birth
- control”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>miǎnfèide</foreignphrase>: Literally “exempt from charge”,
- i.e. “free (of charge)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige zhǎnlǎn kéyi miǎnfèi
- cānguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You can visit this exhibit for free.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Sānyuè Báhào, fùnǚ hé háizi dào
- gōngyuán qù dōu shi
- miǎnfēide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free
- of charge.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Lüxíng bù piányi a! Fēijīpiào kě bú
- shi miǎnfèide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly
- not free!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>dédao</foreignphrase>: “to receive, to get”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zōu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He left immediately after getting his
- passport.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā dédao pīzhǔn kéyi liúzai Běijīng
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has gotten permission to stay in Peking to
- work.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>yìjiān xīn fángzi</foreignphrase>: “a new room”. Notice
- that although you have seen <foreignphrase>fāngzi</foreignphrase> meaning
- “house”, it is being used here in the wider sense of “a place to live”. In
- this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms of a house,
- <foreignphrase>jiān</foreignphrase>. Thus the whole phrase means “a new
- room”, not “a new house”.</para>
- <para>Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce.
- (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married
- couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not
- exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths,
- toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will continue to
- live in the same size room.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
- <para>A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on part 2</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №12</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>chǎnjià</foreignphrase>: “maternity leave”. The syllable
- <foreignphrase>chǎn</foreignphrase>, literally “to give birth to” is
- used in compounds meaning “maternity, delivery, birth”. It can also be used
- outside the context of human reproduction in compounds meaning “to produce,
- production”, as in <foreignphrase>chǎnpǐn</foreignphrase> “product”.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>gōngzī</foreignphrase>: “wages, pay”, literally
- “labor-capital”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>...yǒu chānjià, hái yǒu gōngzi</foreignphrase>: For a
- normal birth, a woman is given fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult
- birth, seventy days; and for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this
- period, one hour per day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №13</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>gèzhōng</foreignphrase>: “various kinds, every kind”.
- <foreignphrase>Gè</foreignphrase> “each” is a specifier like
- <foreignphrase>zhèi</foreignphrase>- “this” or
- <foreignphrase>nèi</foreignphrase>- “that”. As a specifier, it can be
- followed by counters. Here you see <foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase>- used
- with the counter -<foreignphrase>zhǒng</foreignphrase> “types, kinds, sort,
- species”. Here are some other ways <foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase>- is
- used:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā néng dào gèguō qù lǚxíng zhēn bú
- cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's great that he can go to all sorts of
- countries.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Xuéshengmen yīnggāi yǒu gèrénde xuéxi
- jìhua.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Students should each have their own plan of
- study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Míngtiānde diànyǐngr piào gègè dānwèi
- dōu you.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Each and every unit has movie tickets for
- tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase>- is followed directly by the
- noun.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Jīntiān xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu kāi
- huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This afternoon every unit is having a
- meeting.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>bìyùn gōngju</foreignphrase>: “contraceptive devices”. This
- does not refer to birth control pills.
- [<foreignphrase>Bìyùnpǐn</foreignphrase> “birth control products”
- includes both <foreignphrase>bìyùnyào</foreignphrase> “birth control pills”
- and <foreignphrase>bìyùn gōngjù</foreignphrase>.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>jìhuà shēngyù</foreignphrase>: “family planning, planned
- parenthood”. <foreignphrase>Jìhuà</foreignphrase> means “plan; to plan”.
- <foreignphrase>Shēngyù</foreignphrase> literally means “to give birth to
- and raise”.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №14</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>juéyù</foreignphrase>: “sterilization,” or “to sterilize,
- to be sterilized,” applies to operations for men and women. Sterilization
- for women is still much more common than for men; and more prevalent in the
- cities than in the countryside.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā juédìng
- juéyù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has decided on sterilization.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Juéyù shi jiějué Zhōngguo rénkōu
- wèntíde yíge hāo bànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Sterilization is one good way to solve China's
- population problem.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>shǒushù</foreignphrase>: “surgery”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Dàifu gěi ta zuòde shǒushù hěn
- chénggōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The surgery the doctor performed on him was very
- successful.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №15</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>shībài</foreignphrase>: “to fail”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā zuò mǎimai shībài
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He failed in business.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō tā shībài le?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>On what basis do you say that he failed?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>: “abortion”, more
- literally, “artificial miscarriage”.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng liúchǎn</foreignphrase>: “go to
- the hospital to have an abortion performed”.<foreignphrase> Zuò réngōng
- liúchǎn</foreignphrase> here means “to have an abortion done”, not of
- course “to do an abortion”. Compare the following two
- sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Yīshēng gěi ta zuòle réngōng
- liúchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The doctor performed an abortion on her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tā zuòle réngōng
- liúchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She had an abortion.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence
- (<foreignphrase>yīshēng</foreignphrase>) performed the abortion. In the
- second sentence, the subject of the sentence
- (<foreignphrase>tā</foreignphrase>) had the abortion performed. In some
- cases, a verb-object in Chinese can mean either “to do something” or “to
- have something done”. Here are some more examples:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhènme hǎode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ
- zuòde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who made such nice clothes for you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zài Měiguo zuò yīfu hěn
- guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's really expensive to have clothes made in
- America.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>jià</foreignphrase>: “leave, vacation”. You have seen this
- as part of the word <foreignphrase>chǎnjià</foreignphrase> “maternity
- leave”. Here you see it used by itself.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №16</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>shǎoshù mínzú</foreignphrase>: “minority nationalities”,
- often translated as “national minorities”. Besides the Han people, China has
- over fifty national minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty
- percent of the land area and make up six percent of the total population of
- the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the
- <foreignphrase>Nèi Měnggú Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>, “Inner Mongolian
- Autonomous Region”), the Hui (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighur (in the
- <foreignphrase>Xīnjiāng Wéiwúěr Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>,
- “<foreignphrase>Xinxiang</foreignphrase> Uighur Autonomous Region”), and
- the <foreignphrase>Miao</foreignphrase> (found in several southern
- provinces). <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Shǎoshù mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo
- kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The clothing of the national minorities is very
- beautiful.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhōngguo yǒu wǔshijǐge
- shǎoshùmínzú.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №17</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>: “to believe (that), to trust
- (someone), to believe in, to have faith in”.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ xiāngxìn, wǒmen liǎngguó rénmínde
- yǒuyì yídìng huì búduàn
- fāzhǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I believe that the friendship between the people of
- our two countries will constantly grow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Compare <foreignphrase>xiāngxìn</foreignphrase> to the verb
- <foreignphrase>xìn</foreignphrase>, which you learned in the last unit.
- For the second example you need to know <foreignphrase>yóu</foreignphrase>
- is a verb meaning “it's up to...”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Bié xìn tāde
- huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't believe what he says.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Xìn bu xìn yóu
- nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Believe it or not, as you like.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>hōngtáng</foreignphrase>: “brown sugar”, literally “red
- sugar”. The Chinese often use brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal
- purposes. For example, a common remedy for colds is a hot drink made by
- boiling ginger root and brown sugar in water
- [<foreignphrase>jiāngtāng</foreignphrase>], or simply brown sugar water
- [<foreignphrase>tángshuǐ</foreignphrase>].</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>chǎnfù</foreignphrase>: “a woman who has given birth within
- the last month”. [Contrast this word with
- <foreignphrase>yùnfù</foreignphrase> “a pregnant woman”. The birth of a
- child is celebrated on the successful completion of the first month of
- life.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>yíngyǎngpǐn</foreignphrase>: “a nutritional food item”.
- <foreignphrase>Yíngyǎng</foreignphrase> means “nutrition”, for
- example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Dòujiāng hěn yǒu
- yíngyǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Soy bean milk is very nutritious.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase>Pǐn</foreignphrase> is a syllable used in many words to
- mean “item, article, product”, [for example
- <foreignphrase>jìniànpǐn</foreignphrase> “souvenir”,
- <foreignphrase>yòngpǐn</foreignphrase> “item of use”,
- <foreignphrase>chǎnpǐn</foreignphrase> “produce”,
- <foreignphrase>gōngyèpǐn</foreignphrase> “industrial product”].</para>
- <para>As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother's health continues to be
- an important consideration even after the child is born. Both mother's and
- baby's health are carefully attended to after birth, while Western medicine
- emphasizes the mother's health only as long as she is carrying the
- child.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №18</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>bù tóng</foreignphrase>: “to be not the same, to be
- different”. This is often used in the pattern <foreignphrase>...hé ... bù
- tóng</foreignphrase>, “...is different from ...”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Hùzhào hé lǚxíngzhèng wánquán bù tóng,
- nǐ bú yào nòngcuò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A passport and a travel permit are completely
- different. Don't mistake them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèige gōngchǎng jīnnián hé qùniánde
- qíngkuàng hěn bù tóng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The situation in the factory this year is very
- different from last year.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>Bù tóng</foreignphrase> can also be used as a noun as
- in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Tāde dānwèi hé nǐde yǒu hěn dàde bù
- tong.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is a big difference between his work unit and
- yours.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You should be aware that <foreignphrase>tóng</foreignphrase> “same”,
- cannot be used as the main verb of a sentence to mean “to be the same”. To
- say, “These two things are the same”, you must say
- <foreignphrase>Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi shi yíyàngde</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>qīnjìn</foreignphrase>: “to be close (to), to be on
- intimate terms (with)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zhèiliǎngge rén hěn
- qīnjìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These two are on intimate terms.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Dàjiā dōu yuànyi qīnjìn
- ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Everyone wants to be friends with him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №19</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>shǒuxiān</foreignphrase>: “first (of all), in the first
- place, first; first, before anyone/anything else”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Jīntiān dàjiā kāi huì shōuxiān shi yào
- jiějué wǒmen chǎng shēngchǎnshàngde
- wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The first thing we want to do at today's meeting is
- to solve our factory's problems in production.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zài fàndiànli shōuxiān yào zhùyi
- jiějuéhāo kèrenmende chī fàn hé xiūxi
- wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving
- the dining and rest problems of the guests.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zuìjìn wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Wǒmen
- shōuxiān yào jiějué zhùde
- wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Recently there have been many foreign friends. We
- must first of all solve the lodging problems.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase>xiānhuā</foreignphrase>: “fresh flowers”, as opposed ed to
- dried or artificial flowers, which the Chinese are also fond of.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase>wánjù</foreignphrase>: “(children's) toy”.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Míngtiān érzi guò shēngrì, gěi ta mǎi
- ge wánjù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow is let's buy our boy's birthday, him a
- toy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №20</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>gèdì</foreignphrase>: “each place; various places” Here you
- see the specifier -<foreignphrase>gè</foreignphrase> “each” used in another
- compound. Here are some more examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Wǒ hěn xiang dào Měiguo gèdì qù
- kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge wěidàde
- guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'd very much like to go visit lots of places in
- America. America is a great country.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase>Zài Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒulānle
- sānge xīngqi, wǒ gāi huí guǒ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've visited and sight-seen lots of places in China
- for three weeks, it's time to go back home.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
- <para>A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control
- worker:</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
- <para><foreignphrase>Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou, qīnqi péngyou sòng bu sòng
- lǐwù?</foreignphrase>: As stated in the dialogue, friends and relatives
- in the PRC give useful items for the baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or
- perhaps a chicken for the mother. These are presented casually.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 4</title>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 5</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 6</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Part 1</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Part 2</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Appendix</title>
- <subtitle>Unit Vocabulary Characters</subtitle>
- <section>
- <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
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