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FSI-Chinese


			
				
					
						
						
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<head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta name="generator" content="ABBYY FineReader PDF 15"><meta name="author" content="Foreign Service Institute"><meta name="description" content="Standard Chinese"><title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 02 BIO - Student Text</title>
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<p><span class="font2">CM 0180 S</span></p><a name="caption1"></a>
<h1><a name="bookmark0"></a><span class="font9" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark1"></a>STANDARD CHINESE</span></h1>
<p><span class="font6">A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
<p><span class="font7" style="font-weight:bold;">STUDENT TEXT</span></p>
<p><span class="font6">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION</span></p>
<p><span class="font6">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION</span></p>
<p><span class="font4">SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE</span></p>
<p><span class="font4">UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">Defense Language Institute</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">Foreign Language Center</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">NonresidentTraining Division</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements-whether real ōr apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not mentioned.</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">In DLIFLC publications, the words </span><span class="font3" style="font-style:italic;">he, him,</span><span class="font3"> and/or </span><span class="font3" style="font-style:italic;">his</span><span class="font3"> denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.</span></p>
<p><span class="font3">The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC.</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark2"></a><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark3"></a>PREFACE</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font12"> originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials, to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later Joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197<sup>1</sup>* in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977* Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font12"> was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">James R. Frith, Chairman</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">CONTENTS</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark2"><span class="font12">Preface</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark4"><span class="font12">Introduction Section I: &nbsp;About the Course </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark5"><span class="font12">Section II: &nbsp;Background Notes </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark6"><span class="font12">MODULE 1: ORIENTATION Objectives ....................... .....</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark7"><span class="font12">List of Tapes</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark8"><span class="font12">Target Lists </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark9"><span class="font12">UNIT 1 Introduction</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark10"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark11"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Reference Notes ......... . ......... ..... 28</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark12"><span class="font12">Full names and surnames Titles and terms of address Drills</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark13"><span class="font12">UNIT 2 Introduction *</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark14"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark15"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark16"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Given names</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes/no questions</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Negative statements</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark17"><span class="font12">Greetings Drills</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark18"><span class="font12">UNIT 3 Introduction . .</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark19"><span class="font12">Reference List ....</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark20"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark21"><span class="font12">Unit Map</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark22"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nationality</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark23"><span class="font12">Home state, province, and city Drills</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark24"><span class="font12">UNIT U Introduction </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark25"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark26"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark27"><span class="font12">Unit Map</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark28"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Location of people and places Where people’s families are from</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark29"><span class="font12">Drills</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark30"><span class="font12">Criterion Test Sample</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Appendices</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark31"><span class="font12">I. Map of China</span></a></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark32"><span class="font12">II. Map of Taiwan</span></a></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark33"><span class="font12">III. Countries and Regions</span></a></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark34"><span class="font12">IV. American States</span></a></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark35"><span class="font12">V. Canadian Provinces</span></a></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark36"><span class="font12">VI. Common Chinese Names</span></a></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark37"><span class="font12">VII. Chinese Provinces </span></a></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark38"><span class="font12">VIII. &nbsp;Chinese Cities</span></a></p></li></ul>
<p><a href="#bookmark39"><span class="font12">MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Objectives</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark40"><span class="font12">List of Tapes</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark41"><span class="font12">Target Lists </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark42"><span class="font12">UNIT 1 Introduction</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark43"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark44"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark45"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where people are staying (hotels) Short answers The question word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">něige</span><span class="font12"> &quot;which?&quot; Drills............... &nbsp;105</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark46"><span class="font12">UNIT 2 Introduction ...</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark47"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark48"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark49"><span class="font12">Reference Notes .</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where people are staying (houses) Where people are working Addresses The marker de The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ba </span><span class="font12">The prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài </span><span class="font12">Drills..........................120</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark50"><span class="font12">UNIT 3 Introduction</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark51"><span class="font12">Reference List </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark52"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark53"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Members of a family The plural ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">men </span><span class="font12">The question word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jl-</span><span class="font12"> &quot;how many&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> ’’all&quot;</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark54"><span class="font12">Several ways to express &quot;and&quot; Drills . . .</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark55"><span class="font12">UNIT U Introduction</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark56"><span class="font12">Reference List.....'</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark57"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark58"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Arrival and departure times</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark59"><span class="font12">The </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> construction Drills</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark60"><span class="font12">UNIT 5 Introduction </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark61"><span class="font12">Reference List............</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark62"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark63"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Date and place of birth</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Days of the week</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ages</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark64"><span class="font12">The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for new situations Drills</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark65"><span class="font12">UNIT 6 Introduction .....</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark66"><span class="font12">Reference List .... .......... ..........</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark67"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark68"><span class="font12">Reference Notes ................ .......</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duration phrases</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for completion</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The &quot;double le&quot; construction</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Action verbs</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark69"><span class="font12">State verbs Drills</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark70"><span class="font12">UNIT 7 Introduction..</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark71"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark72"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark73"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Where someone works</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where and what someone has studied What languages someone can speak Auxiliary verbs General objects</span></p>
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<p><a href="#bookmark74"><span class="font12">Drills</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark75"><span class="font12">UNIT 8 Introduction </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark76"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark77"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark78"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">More on duration phrases The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for new situations in negative sentences Military titles and branches of service The marker ne Process verbs Drills............................223</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark4"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark79"></a>SECTION I: ABOUT THE COURSE .</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken Standard Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it. Although Standard Chinese is one language, there are differences between the particular form it takes in Beijing and the form it takes in the rest of the country. There are also, of course, significant nonlinguistic differences between regions of the country. Reflecting these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign languages. In many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student, of classwork and homework, and of text and tape. Here is what you should expect:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations—the obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not always be talking about real situations, but you will almost always be purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">This focus on conimunicating means that the teacher is first of all your conversational partner. Anything that forces him<a name="footnote1"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark80">1</a></sup> back into the traditional roles of lecturer and drillmaster limits your opportunity to interact with a speaker of the Chinese language and to experience the language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and responsiveness.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are for. They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much additional practice as possible without a conversational partner.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you have covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time listening to Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes or in class.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How the Course Is Organized</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The subtitle of this course, &quot;A Modular Approach,” refers to overall organization of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular situations or language topics and which allow a certain amount of choice as to what is taught and in what order. To highlight equally significant features of the course, the subtitle could just as well have been &quot;A Situational Approach,&quot; &quot;A Taped-Input Approach,&quot; or &quot;A Communicative Approach.&quot;</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Ten situational modules form the</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ORIENTATION (ORN)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MONEY (MON)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">DIRECTIONS (DIR)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">TRANSPORTATION (TRN)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">SOCIETY (SOC)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">LIFE IN CHINA (LIC)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Each core module consists of tapes,</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">core of the course:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Talking about who you are and where you are from.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Talking about your background, family, studies, and occupation and about your visit to China.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Making purchases and changing money.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Asking directions in a city or in a building.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding out schedule information, buying tickets, and making reservations.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together, changing the time of an appointment, and declining an invitation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Talking about families, relationships between people, cultural roles in traditional society, and cultural trends in modern society.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Talking about daily life in Beijing street committees, leisure activities, traffic and transportation, buying and rationing, housing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Talking about government and party policy changes described in newspapers: the educational system,-agricultural policy, international policy, ideological policy, and policy in the arts.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">student textbook, and a workbook.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and OPTIONAL modules’. Resource modules teach particular systems in the language, such as numbers and dates. As you proceed through a situational core module, you will occasionally take time out to study part of a resource module. (You will begin the first’ three of these while studying the Orientation Module.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R) The sound system of Chinese and the Pinyin system of romanization.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">NUMBERS (NUM) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Numbers up to five digits.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expressions basic to the classroom</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">learning situation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">TIME AND DATES (T&amp;D) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dates, days of the week, clock time,</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">parts of the day.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">GRAMMAR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aspect and verb types, word order,</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">multisyllabic verbs and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎ</span><span class="font12">, auxiliary verbs, complex sentences, adverbial expressions.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The eight optional modules focus on particular situations:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">RESTAURANT (RST)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">HOTEL (HTL)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">CAR (CAR)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, AND DEATH (MBD)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&amp;O)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional modules may be used at any time after certain core modules.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The diagram on page shows how the core modules, optional modules, and resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be introduced.</span></p>
<p><span class="font1" style="font-weight:bold;">STANDARD CHINESE : A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText-1.png" alt="" style="width:382pt;height:150pt;">
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<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText-2.png" alt="" style="width:382pt;height:207pt;">
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<p><span class="font11" style="font-weight:bold;">KEY</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Inside a Core Module</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Objectives</span><span class="font12">: The module objectives are listed at the beginning of the text for each module. Read these before starting work on the first unit to fix in your mind what you are trying to accomplish and what you will have to do to pass the test at the end of the module.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Target Lists</span><span class="font12">: These follow the objectives in the text. They summarize the language content of each unit in the form of typical questions and answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is given both in roman-ized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate Target List before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need to pull together what is in the unit.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Review Tapes (R-l)</span><span class="font12">: The Target List sentences are given on these tapes. Except in the short Orientation Module, there are two R-l tapes for each module.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Criterion Test</span><span class="font12">: After studying each module, you will take a Criterion Test to find out which module objectives you have met and which you need to work on before beginning to study another module.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Inside a Unit</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work through two tapes:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l)</span><span class="font12">: This tape introduces all the new words and structures in the unit and lets you hear them in the context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them into other short conversations and longer passages for listening practice, and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences. Your goal when using the tape is to understand all the Target List sentences for the unit.</span></p></li>
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<p><span class="font12">2.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Production Tape 1 (P-1)</span><span class="font12">: This tape gives you practice in pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you learned to understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chine<sup>e</sup>? when given the English equivalent.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">The C-l and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are &quot;portable&quot; in the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into your study routine. A text </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Reference List</span><span class="font12"> at the beginning of each unit contains the sentences from the C-l and P-1 tapes. It includes both the Chinese sentences and their English equivalents. The text </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Reference Notes</span><span class="font12"> restate and expand the comments made on the C-l and P-1 tapes concerning grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">After you have worked with the C-l and P-1 tapes, you go on to two class activities:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Target List Review</span><span class="font12">: In this first class activity of the unit, you find out how well you learned the C-l and P-1 sentences. The teacher checks your understanding and production of the Target List sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the C-l and P-1 tapes.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font12">U. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Structural Buildup</span><span class="font12">: During this class activity, you work on your understanding and control of the new structures in the unit. You respond to questions from your teacher about situations illustrated on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time working on the drills for the unit.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12">5.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Drill Tape</span><span class="font12">: This tape takes you through various types of drills based on the Target List sentences and on the additional required vocabulary.</span></p></li>
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<p><span class="font12">6.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Drills</span><span class="font12">: The teacher may have you go over some or all of the drills in class, either to prepare for work with the tape, to review the tape, or to replace it.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much additional practice as possible outside of class.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12">7.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2)</span><span class="font12">: This tape provides advanced listening practice with exercises containing long, varied passages which fully exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In the C-2 Workbook you answer questions about the passages.</span></p></li>
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<p><span class="font12">8.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Production Tape 2 (P-2)</span><span class="font12">: This tape resembles the Structural Buildup in that you practice using the new structures of the unit in various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides instructions and displays of information for each exercise.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class activities:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12">9.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Exercise Review</span><span class="font12">: The teacher reviews the exercises of the C-2 tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and questioning you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by questioning you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.</span></p></li>
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<p><span class="font12">10.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Communication Activities</span><span class="font12">: Here you use what you have learned in the unit for the purposeful exchange of information. Both fictitious situations (in Communication Games) and real-world situations involving you and your classmates (in &quot;interviews”) are used.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials and Activities for a Unit</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">WRITTEN MATERIALS</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">CLASS ACTIVITIES</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Target List Review</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Structural Buildup Drills</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Exercise Review</span></p>
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<p><span class="font12">Wen wǔ Temple in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
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<h3><a name="bookmark81"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark82"></a>SECTION II</span><br><br><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark83"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">The Chinese Languages</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called ’’Chinese. ’’ We say, for example, that the people of China speak different dialects of Chinese, and that Confucius wrote in an ancient form of Chinese. On the other hand, we would never think of saying that the people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects of one language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that language. But the facts are almost exactly parallel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to home, ’’Chinese” is not one language, but a family of languages. The language of Confucius is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like Latin, it lived on as a literary language long after its death as a spoken language in popular use. The seven modern languages of China, traditionally known as the &quot;dialects,&quot; are the branches of the tree. They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, and are about as different from one another.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The predominant language of China is now known as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Putonghua</span><span class="font12">, or &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; (literally &quot;the common speech&quot;). The more traditional term, still used in Taiwan, is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guoyǔ</span><span class="font12">, or &quot;Mandarin&quot; (literally &quot;the national language&quot;). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of the country.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The term &quot;Standard Chinese&quot; is often used more narrowly to refer to the true national language which is emerging. This language, which is already the language of all national broadcasting, is based primarily on the 'Peking dialect, but takes in elements from other dialects of Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese languages. Like many national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken, and is often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in pronunciation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in pronunciation than in grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese languages, for example, is that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final consonants.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter of the population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below the Yangtze River. The six are: the Wu group (Wu), which includes the &quot;Shanghai dialect&quot;; Hunanese (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāng</span><span class="font12">); the &quot;Kiangsi dialect&quot; (Gan); Cantonese (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yuè</span><span class="font12">), the language of Guangdong, widely spoken in Chinese communities in the United States; Fukienese (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Min</span><span class="font12">), a variant of which is spoken by a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kèjiā</span><span class="font12">). spoken in a belt above the Cantonese area, as well as by a minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka are also widely spoken throughout Southeast Asia.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese languages. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Some Characteristics of Chinese</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">To us, perhaps the most striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of variation in tone (&quot;tones&quot;) to distinguish the different meanings of syllables which would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese is no exception, make use of sentence intonation to indicate how whole sentences are to be understood. In English, for example, the rising pattern in &quot;He’s gone?&quot; tells us that the sentence is meant as a question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter. They belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An inherent part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four distinctive tones. The tone does just as much to distinguish the syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For example, the only difference between the verb &quot;to buy,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">m&amp;i, </span><span class="font12">and the verb &quot;to sell,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mài</span><span class="font12">, is the Low tone (<sup>w</sup>) and the Falling tone (-). And yet these words are just as distinguishable as our words &quot;buy&quot; and &quot;guy,&quot; or &quot;buy&quot; and &quot;boy.&quot; Apart from the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no more different from English than French is.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing, there are no conjugations such as are found in many European languages. Chinese verbs have fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as many irregularities. Chinese grammar relies heavily on word order and often the word order is the same as in English. For these reasons Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to speak as one might think.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion contains a good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average, every other word in ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word. Moreover, although most words in the dictionary have two syllables, and some have more, these words can almost always be broken down into singlesyllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Written Chinese</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet. The letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but the principle is the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound, more or less. Chinese, however, is written with &quot;characters&quot; which stand for whole syllables—in fact, for whole syllables with particular meanings. Although there are only about thirteen hundred phonetically distitìct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several thousand Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the same pronunciation but are written with different characters, as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;sky,&quot; X, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;to add,&quot; &quot;to increase,&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chinese characters are often referred to as &quot;ideographs,&quot; which suggests that they stand directly for ideas. But this is misleading. It is better to think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken language.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand characters. These thousand characters, in combination, give a reading vocabulary of several thousand words. Full literacy calls for knowing some three thousand characters. In order to reduce the amount of time needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per character by half.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">During the past century, various systems have been proposed for representing the sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet. One of these romanizations, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hànyǔ Pinyin</span><span class="font12"> (literally &quot;Chinese Language Spelling,&quot; generally called &quot;Pinyin&quot; in English), has been adopted officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students the Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is the use of Pinyin for written communication throughout the country. This is not possible, of course, until speakers across the nation have uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese. For the time being, characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are still the most widely accepted way of communicating in writing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except v, and adds the letter u. The spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather arbitrary from our point of view, but for every consonant sound there is only one letter or one combination of letters, and vice versa. You will find that each vowel letter can stand for different vowel sounds, depending on what letters precede or follow it in the syllable. The four tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the Neutral tone by the absence of an accent mark:</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark84"><span class="font12">High: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mā</span><span class="font12"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Falling:</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark85"><span class="font12">Rising: &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font12"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Neutral:</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark86"><span class="font12">Low:</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can be read, with the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese languages. Probably a stronger reason for retaining them is that the characters help keep alive distinctions of meaning between words, and connections of meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can learn several thousand characters.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written representation of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly responsible for the reputation of Chinese as a difficult language, are taught separately.</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark87"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark88"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There are very few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed direction, length, and contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written with a brush, the classical writing instrument, show up clearly even in printed characters. You can tell from the varying thickness of the stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and how it lifted; these effects are largely lost in characters written with a ball-point pen.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s take the character for &quot;mouth,&quot; pronounced </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kou</span><span class="font12">. Here it is as normally written, with the order and directions of the strokes indicated.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText-8.png" alt="" style="width:66pt;height:60pt;">
<p><span class="font12">If the character is written rapidly, in &quot;running-style writing,&quot; one stroke glides into the next, like this.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and anticipated the next, and the character would be illegible.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang Dynasty &quot;oracle bones&quot; of about 1500 B.C., already included characters that went beyond simple pictorial representation. There are some characters in use today which are pictorial, like the character for &quot;mouth.&quot; There are also some which are directly symbolic, like our Roman numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers—the first numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals turned on their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our Arabic numerals 1, </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">2,</span><span class="font12"> and 3. But the most common type of character is complex, consisting of two parts: a &quot;phonetic,&quot; which suggests the pronunciation, and a &quot;radical,&quot; which broadly characterizes the meaning. Let’s take the following character as an example.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText-9.png" alt="" style="width:59pt;height:69pt;">
<p><span class="font12">This character means &quot;ocean&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font12">. The left side of the character, the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a character which means &quot;water&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shul</span><span class="font12">. This is the &quot;radical.&quot; It has been borrowed only for its meaning, &quot;water.&quot; The right side of the character above is a character which means &quot;sheep&quot; and is pronounced </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font12">. This is the &quot;phonetic.&quot; It has been borrowed only for its sound value, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font12">. A speaker of Chinese encountering the above character for the first time could probably figure out that the only Chinese word that sounds like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang </span><span class="font12">and means something like &quot;water&quot; is the word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font12"> meaning &quot;ocean.&quot; We, as speakers of English, might not be able to figure it out. Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as neatly as in this example. But we can still learn to make good use of these hints at sound and sense.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals. According to one of the two dictionary systems used, there are 1?6 radicals; in the other system, there are 21U. There are over a thousand phonetics.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of the page, starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that the first page is where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays, however, many Chinese publications paginate like Western publications, and the characters are written horizontally, from left to right.</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark89"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark90"></a>BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given name. There is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname first, given name last.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname followed by a two-syllable given name:<a name="footnote2"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark91">2</a></sup></span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhōu Ēnlái (Chou En-lai)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Jiang Jièshí (Chiang Kai-shek)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Song Qìnglíng (Soong Ch’ing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Song Měilíng (Soong Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single syllable:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhū De (Chu Teh)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lin Biāo (Lin Piao)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hu Shi (Hu Shih)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Jiang Qīng (Chiang Ch’ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">There are a few two-syllable surnames. These are usually followed by single-syllable given names:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sīmǎ Guāng (Ssu-ma Kuang) Ōuyáng Xiū (Ou-yang Hsiu) Zhūgě Liang (Chu-ke Liang)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given names:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sīmǎ Xiāngrú (Ssu-ma Hsiang-Ju)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written with a single character and several dozen written with two characters. Some single-syllable surnames sound exactly alike although written with different characters, and to distinguish them, the Chinese may occasionally have to describe the character or &quot;write&quot; it with a finger on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter are fewer than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they account for a good majority of China’s population.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited list of characters. Men's names are often but not always distinguishable from women’s; the difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of the characters and so is not readily apparent to the beginning student with a limited knowledge of characters.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles is still in use. These titles closely parallel our own &quot;Mr.,&quot; &quot;Mrs.,&quot; and &quot;Miss.&quot; Notice, however, that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full name or the surname alone—rather than preceding it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The title &quot;Mr.&quot; is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS Xiānsheng</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">JIS Mínglī Xiānsheng</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The title &quot;Mrs.&quot; is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font12">. It follows the husband’s full name or surname alone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS Tàitai</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS Mínglī Tàitai</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The title &quot;Miss&quot; is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font12">. The MS family’s grown daughter, Défēn, would be</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Mǎ Xiǎojiě</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS Défēn XiSojiě</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married woman does not take her husband’s name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss Fang BSolán marries Mr. MS Mínglī, she becomes Mrs. MS Mínglī, but at the same time she remains Fāng BSolán. She does not become MS BSolán; there is no equivalent of &quot;Mrs. Mary Smith.&quot; She may, however, add her husband’s surname to her own full name and refer to herself as Mǎ Fāng BSolán. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss Fāng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today in various parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations, however, when used in the PRC today: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font12"> should not be used because it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font12"> should not be used because it carries the connotation of being from a rich family.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In the People’s Republic, the title &quot;Comrade,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongzhì</span><span class="font12">, is used in place of the titles </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiānsheng</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàitai</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font12">. Mǎ Mínglī would be</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS Tongzhì</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Mǎ Mínglī Tongzhì</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The title ’’Comrade&quot; is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital status. A married'-woman does not take her husband’s name in any sense. MS Mínglí’s wife would be</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Fang Tóngzhì</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s surname at birth. In some families one child has the father's surname, and another child has the mother’s surname. MS MÍnglī’s and Fang BSolán's grown daughter could be</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS Tóngzhì</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS Défēn Tóngzhì</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Their grown son could be</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Fang Tóngzhì</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Fang Zìqiáng Tóngzhì</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and titles of respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed here. Several of these will be introduced later in the course.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special consideration. In the People’s Republic the policy is to assign Chinese phonetic equivalents to foreign names. These approximations are often not as close phonetically as they might be, since the choice of appropriate written characters may bring in nonphonetic considerations. (An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of &quot;David Anderson&quot; is Dàiwéi Andésēn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid Chinese name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example, &quot;David Anderson&quot; might be An Dàwèi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese surname, semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness. For example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wang</span><span class="font12">, a common Chinese surname, means &quot;king,&quot; so &quot;Daniel King&quot; might be rendered Wang Dànián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic equivalents of their names and Chinese-style names.</span></p>
<h2><a name="bookmark39"></a><span class="font5" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark92"></a>MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION</span></h2>
<p><span class="font12">The Biographic Information Module provides you with linguistic and cultural skills needed for a simple conversation typical of a first-meeting situation in China. These skills include those needed at the beginning of a conversation (greetings, introductions, and forms of address), in the middle of a conversation (understanding and answering questions about yourself and your immediate family), and at the end of a conversation (leave-taking).</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Before starting this module, you must take and pass the ORN Criterion Test. The resource modules Pronunciation and Romanization and Numbers (tapes 1-1») are also prerequisites to the BIO Module.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from Module 1 and associated resource modules may also be included.</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">OBJECTIVES</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Upon successful completion of the module, the student should be able to</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Pronounce correctly any word from the Target Lists of ORN or BIO, properly distinguishing sounds and tones, using the proper stress and neutral tones, and making the necessary tone changes.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Pronounce correctly any sentence from the BIO Target Lists, with proper pauses and intonation, that is, without obscuring the tones with English intonation.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Use polite formulas in asking and answering questions about identity (name), health, age, and other basic information.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">h. Reply to questions with the Chinese equivalents of &quot;yes” and &quot;no.”</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Ask and answer questions about families, including who the members are, how old they are, and where they are.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Ask and answer questions about a stay in China, including the date of arrival, location-purpose-duration of stay, previous visits, traveling companions, and date of departure.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Ask and answer questions about work or study—identification of occupation, the location, and the duration.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">8. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">9. Be able to say any Chinese sentence in the BIO Target Lists when cued with its English equivalent.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">10. Take part in a short Chinese conversation, using expressions included in the BIO Target List sentences.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">TAPES FOR BIO AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Biographic Information (BIO)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Unit 1:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Unit 2:</span></p></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1 C-l</span></p></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1 p-1</span></p></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">1&amp;2 D-l</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1 C-2</span></p></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1 P-2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2 P-2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">2</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">C-2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">P-1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">3&amp;U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">U:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1»</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">5&amp;6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">6:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">7&amp;8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">D-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">8:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">C-l</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">P-1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">C-2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">8</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">P-2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Units 1-1» R-l</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Units 5-8 R-l</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Classroom Expressions (CE)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">CE 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Time and Dates (T&amp;P)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">T&amp;D 1 T&amp;D 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 1 TARGET LIST</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Qingwèn, nl zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wo zhù zai Beijing Fàndiàn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Ni zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">W3 zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nl zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, wó bú zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Nī zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, w3 bú zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Něiwèi shi Gāo Tóngzhì?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Neiwèi shi Gāo Tóngzhì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Z&amp;o. Nuòwākè Nushì! Nín hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">W5 hen hāo.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Ni shi Měiguo nǎrde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wó shi Jiāzhōu Jiùjlnshān rén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, where are you staying? I'm staying at the BSijlng Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Which hotel are you staying at?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm staying at that hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are you staying at this hotel?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, I'm not staying at this hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, I'm not staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Which one is Comrade Gāo?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">That one is Comrade Gāo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Good morning. Miss Novak.' How are you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm very well.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where are you from in America?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m from San Francisco, California.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2 TARGET LIST</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">1. Nì péngyou jiā zài náli?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiā zài Dàli Jiē.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2. Ni péngyoude dìzhl shi...?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhí shi Dàlǐ Jiē Sìshièr-hào.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Where is your friend's house?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">His house is on Dàll Street.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What is your friend’s address?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">His address is No. U2 Dàll Street</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3. NX shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Nà shi Guóbīn Dà fan di an ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shide, nà shi Guobīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">NX zhù zai nàli ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, wō zhù zai zhèli.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. NX péngyou zài TaibSi gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài TáibSi gōngzuò; tā zài Taizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. NX zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">NX zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn't it?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, that's the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are you staying there?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, I'm staying here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Does your friend work in Taipei?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I work at the defense attache's office.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I work at a bank.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">7. lù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;road</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3 TARGET LIST</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. NXmen yōu háizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Yōu, wōmen yōu.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Liu Xiānsheng méiyou Méiguo péngyou.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nimen yōu jXge nánháizi, jlge nǔháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wōmen yōu liǎngge nánháizi, yíge niiháizi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Do you have any children?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, we have.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Mr. Liu doesn't have any American friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We have two boys and one girl.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">U. Hu Xiānsheng Hu Tàitai you Jīge háizi?<sup>-</sup></span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen y$u liǎngge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi nánháizi, shi nūháizi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Dōu shi nūháizi.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nīmen háizi dōu zài zhèli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, liangge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguō.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nl Jiāli y5u shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">YSu wo tàitai gēn sānge háizi.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Ní Jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Jiù you w3 fùqin, mǔqin</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How many children do Mr. and Mrs. Hú have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">They have two children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Both of them are girls.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are all your children here?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What people are in your family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">There’s my wife and three children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What people are in your family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Just my father and mother.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zhí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">only</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">dìdi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">younger brother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">gēge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">older brother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">JièJie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">older sister</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">mèimei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">younger sister</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">xiōngdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">brothers</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">JiSmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">sisters</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">xiōngdì JiSmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">brothers and sisters</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">fùmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">parents</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">17.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zūfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">paternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">18.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">paternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">19.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">wàizǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">maternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">20.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">wàizǔmǔu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">maternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">21.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">bàba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">papa, dad, father</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">22.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">mama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">momma, mom, mother</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 4</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Tā míngtiān lai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā yījīng lai le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī péngyou lai le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hāi méi(you) lai.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā shi shénme shíhou dàode? Tā shi zuotiān dàode.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. NX shi yíge rén láide ma? Bú shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén JLàide.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nī néitiān zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ jīntiān zǒu.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">TARGET LIST</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Is he coming tomorrow? He has already come.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Has your friend come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She hasn't come yet.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When did he arrive?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He arrived yesterday.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did you come alone?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, I didn't come alone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What day are you leaving?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm leaving today.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">hòutiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">the day after tomorrow</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">qiàntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">the day before yesterday</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">tiāntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">every day</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">érzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">son</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nuer</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">daughter</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 5 TARGET LIST</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">1. Nī shi zài nǎr shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ shi zài Dézhōu shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nīmen xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Women Xīngqītiān zǒu.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Where were you born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born in Texas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What day of the week are you leaving?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We are leaving on Sunday.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nī shi nēinián shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ shi Yījiǔsānjifinián shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Nī shi jīyǔè jīhào shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ shi QÍyǔe sìhào shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nī duō dà le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ sānshiwǔ le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nīmen nanháizi dōu jīsuì le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">YÍge jiǔsuì le, yíge liùsuì le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">What year were you born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born in 1939.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What is your month and day of birth?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born on July U.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How old are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m 35.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How old are your boys?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">One is nine, and one is six.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. hòunián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">8. jīnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">9. míngnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">10. qiánnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">11. qunian</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">12. niánnián</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">the year after next this year next year</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">the year before last last year every year</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 6 TARGET LIST</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Nī zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ zhù yìnián.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī tàitai zài Xiānggāng zhù duo jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiāng tā zhù liāngtiān.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nī xiāng zài Taiwan zhù duǒ jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiāng zhù liùge yǔè.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Nī láile duo jiǔ le?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ láile liāngge xīngqī le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long are you staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m staying one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I think she is staying two days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm thinking of staying six months.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long have you been here?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I have been here two weeks.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. NX tàitai zài Xianggang zhùle duo Jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle liǎngtiān.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Lī Tàitai méi lai.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. NX cōngqián láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wō cóngqián méi laiguo. Wō tàitai láiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She stayed two days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Mrs. Li didn’t come.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Have you ever been here before?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I have never been here before. My wife has been here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. qfi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">9. Niù Yūē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New York</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 7 TARGET LIST</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wō zài MSiguo Guōwùyuàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. NX zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wō shi xùésheng.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. NX lái zuò shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wō lái niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">h. NX niàn shénme?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō xtté Zhōngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. NX zài dàxùé niànguo lìshX ma? Niànguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nīmen huì shuō Zhōngwén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō tàitai bú huì shuō, wō huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I work with the State Department.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m a student.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What did you come here to do?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I came here to study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What are you studying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m studying Chinese.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did you study history in college?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Can you speak Chinese?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">My wife can’t speak it; I can speak a little.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">7. Nīde Zhōngguo huà hSn hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nall, náli. W3 jlù huì shuō yìdiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">8. Nī shi zài náli xuéde Zhōngwén?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">W6 shi zài Huáshèngdùn xiiéde.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Your Chinese is very good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where did you study Chinese?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I studied it in Washington.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">JīngJixUé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">economics</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Rìwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Japanese language</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">wenxue</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">literature</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèngzhixiié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">political science</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to be difficult</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Ih.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">rōngyi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to be easy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">xiiéxí (xuéxi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to study, to learn (PRC)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 8 TARGET LIST</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Nī jīntiān hái you kè ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Meiyou kè le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī cóngqián niàn Yīngwén niànle duō jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">W5 niàn Yīngwén niànle liùnián.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nī niàn Fàwén niànle duo jiǔ le?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">W3 niànle yinian le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">h. Qunián wō hái bú huì xiě Zhōngguo zì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Xiànzài w3 huì xiě yìdiān le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nī fùqin shi jùnrén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi, tā shi hāijǔn Junguān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Do you have any more classes today? I don't have any more classes.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long did you study English?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I studied English for six years.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long have you been studying French?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I've been studying it for one .year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Last year I couldn’t write Chinese characters.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Now I can write a little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Is your father a military man?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, he's a naval officer.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. W3 jintiān bù lai le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">W3 bìng le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Jintiān hǎo le méiyou?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Jintiān hao le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. kōngjun</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">9. lùjun</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">10. shìblng</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">11. zu8 shi</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">12. Déwén</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">I’m not coming today. I'm sick.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are you better today' Today I'm better.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">air force</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">army enlisted man to work German language</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 1</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark93"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark94"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Where people are staying (hotels).</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Short answers.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The question word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">néige</span><span class="font12">, &quot;which.&quot;</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The drill tape (1D-1).</span></p></li></ul>
<h3><a name="bookmark43"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark95"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">(in Béijīng)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, nī zhù zai nǎr?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">W6 zhù zai Bāijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, where are you staying? I’m staying at the Béijīng Hotel.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Are you staying at the Nationalities</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Hotel?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Shi, wS zhù zai Mínzú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Yes, I’m staying at the Nationalities</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Fàndiàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Hotel.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Which hotel are you staying at?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">W5 zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">I’m staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">1*.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nèiwèi shi Zhāng Tongzhì?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Which one is Comrade Zhāng?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Zhāng Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">She is Comrade Zhāng.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">5-*</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Něige rén shi Méi Tongzhì?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Which person is Comrade Mei?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nèige rén shi Méi Tongzhì.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">That person is Comrade Méi.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. B: Něiwèi shi Gāo Tóngzhì?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Nèiwèi shi Gāo Tǒngzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7.<a name="footnote3"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark96">3</a></sup> A: Hi zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Bù, wǒ bú zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. B: Jiang Tongzhì! Nín zāo.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Zāo. Nuowǎkè Nushì! Nín hāo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ hen hāo.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: QXngwèn, ni shi Měiguo nārde rén?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu Jiùjlnshān rén.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Which one is Comrade Gāo?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">That one is Comrade Gāo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are you staying at this hotel?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, I’m not staying at this hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Comrade Jiāng! Good morning.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Good morning. Miss Novak! How are you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m very well.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, where are you from in America?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m from San Francisco, California.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<h3><a name="bookmark44"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark97"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">hotel</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">-ge hěn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(general counter) very</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">JiùjInshān</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">San Francisco</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nationalities Hotel</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">něi-něige? nèige něiwèi? nèiwèi nushì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">which which? that</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">which one (person)?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">that one (person)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(polite title for a married or unmarried woman) Ms.; lady</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Shi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Yes, that’s so.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">-wèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(polite counter for people)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Zāo. zhèi-zhèige zhèiwèi zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Good morning.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">this</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">this</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">this one (person) to stay, to live</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="bookmark45"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark98"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Qlngwèn, ni zhù zai nār? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;May I ask, where are you staying?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: WS zhù zai BSiJing Fàndiàn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm staying at the BéiJIng Hotel.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to live,&quot; or &quot;to reside,&quot; may be used to mean &quot;to stay at&quot; (temporary residence) or &quot;to live in&quot; (permanent residence).</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhù zai nār</span><span class="font12"> literally means &quot;live at where.&quot; The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;to be in/ at/on,” is used here as a preposition, &quot;at.&quot; It loses its tone in this position in a sentence. (The use of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> as a preposition is treated more fully in Unit 2.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fàndiàn</span><span class="font12"> has two meanings—&quot;restaurant&quot; and &quot;hotel&quot; (a relatively large hotel with modern facilities).* Literally, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fàndiàn</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;rice shop.&quot;</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. B: Ni zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma? Are you staying at the Nationalities Hotel?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Shi, wS zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn. Yes, I'm staying at the Nationalities Hotel.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi</span><span class="font12">; The usual way to give a short affirmative answer is to repeat the verb used in the question. Some verbs, however, may not be repeated as short answers. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhù</span><span class="font12"> is one such verb. Others not to be used are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìng,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;to be surnamed,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiào</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to be given-named.&quot; Many speakers do not repeat the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> as a short answer. To give a short &quot;yes&quot; answer to questions containing these verbs, you use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Ni zhù zai něige fàndiàn?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: WS zhù zai Beijing Fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. B: Něiwèi shi Zhang Tóngzhì?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Tā shi Zhang Tóngzhì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Which hotel are you staying at? I'm staying at the Běijīng Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Which one is Comrade Zhāng? She is Comrade Zhāng.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. B: Nèige rén shi Méi Tongzhì?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Nèige rén shi Méi Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. B: Neiwèi shi Gāo Tongzhì?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Nèiwèi shi Gāo Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Nī zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">B: Bù, w3 hú zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Which person is Comrade Mei?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">That person is Comrade Méi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Which one is Comrade Gāo? That one is Comrade Gāo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are you staying at this hotel?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, I’m not staying at this hotel</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 3-7</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nèige</span><span class="font12"> is the question word &quot;which.&quot; In the compound </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèiguó</span><span class="font12">, you found the hound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi-</span><span class="font12">, which was attached to the noun </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guó</span><span class="font12">. In the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige rén,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;which person,&quot; the hound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font12"> is attached to the general counter -ge. (You will learn more about counters in Unit 3. For now, you may think of -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font12"> as an ending which turns the hound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi-</span><span class="font12"> into the full word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nèige rén/Nèiwèi</span><span class="font12">: To he polite when referring to an adult, you say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèiwèi</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèiwèi</span><span class="font12">, using the polite counter for people </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-wèi</span><span class="font12"> rather than the general counter -ge. though -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font12"> is used in many informal situations.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Notice that the noun </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font12"> is not used directly after -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèi</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nèiwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Mèiguo rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi shéi?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nèiwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn?</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Compare the specifying words &quot;which?&quot; &quot;that,&quot; and &quot;this&quot; with the location words you learned in Unit U of ORN:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">specifying words</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nèige?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(nāge?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(which?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nèige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(nàge)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(that)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(zhège)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(this)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">location words</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nǎr?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(where?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nàr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(nèr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(there)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(zhàr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(here)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Both question words are in the Low tone, while the other four words are in the Falling tone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Many people pronounce the words for &quot;which?&quot; &quot;that,&quot; and &quot;this&quot; with the usual vowels for &quot;where?&quot; &quot;there,&quot; and &quot;here&quot;: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎge</span><span class="font12">? </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàge</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhège</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù</span><span class="font12">: A short negative answer is usually formed by bù plus a repetition of the verb used in the question. When a verb, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhví (zai)</span><span class="font12">, cannot be repeated, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> is used as a short answer and is followed by a complete answer. Notice that when used by itself </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> is in the Falling tone, but when followed by a Falling-tone syllable </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> is ih the Rising tone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, tā xiànzai bú zài zher. No, he's not here now.</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. B: Jiang Tóngzhì! Nín zāo.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Zāo. Nuòwākè Nushì! Nín hāo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ hen hāo.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Comrade Jiāng! Good morning.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Good morning. Miss Novak! How are you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm very well.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Name as greeting</span><span class="font12">: A greeting may consist simply of a person's name: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wang Tóngzhì!</span><span class="font12"> &quot;Comrade Wáng!&quot; The name may also be used with a greeting phrase: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wáng Tóngzhì! Nín zāo</span><span class="font12">. &quot;Comrade Wáng! Good morning.&quot;--or, in reverse order, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín zāo. Wang Tóngzhì!</span><span class="font12"> &quot;Good morning. Comrade Wáng!&quot; The name is pronounced as an independent exclamation acknowledging that person's presence and status. It is not de-emphasized like &quot;Comrade Wáng&quot; in the English sentence &quot;Good morning, Comrade Wáng.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín zāo</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;good morning&quot;—literally, &quot;you are early.&quot; You may also say either </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nì zāo</span><span class="font12"> or simply </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zāo</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font12">, &quot;Ms.,&quot; is a formal, respectful title for a married or unmarried woman. It is used after a woman's own surname, not her husband's. Traditionally, this title was used for older, educated, and accomplished women. In the PRC, where people use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tóngzhì,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;Comrade,&quot; in general only foreign women are referred to and addressed as (so-and-so) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font12">. On Taiwan, however, any woman may be called (so-and-so) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nushì</span><span class="font12"> in a formal context, such as a speech or an invitation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín hāo</span><span class="font12">: This greeting may be said either with or without a question marker, just as in English we say &quot;How </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">are</span><span class="font12"> you?&quot; as a question or &quot;How are you&quot; as a simple greeting.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nǐ hāo ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nì hāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How are you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Also Just as in English, you may respond to the greeting by repeating it rather than giving an answer.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lì Tóngzhì! </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín hāo</span><span class="font12">. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Comrade Lì! </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How are you</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín hāo</span><span class="font12">. Gāo Tóngzhì! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How are you</span><span class="font12">. Comrade Gāo!</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Literally, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hSn</span><span class="font12"> means ’’very.&quot; The word often accompanies adjectival verbs (like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">h&amp;o</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to be good&quot;), adding little to their meaning. (See also Module 3, Unit 3.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How to identify yourself</span><span class="font12">: You have now learned several ways to introduce yourself. One simple, direct way is to extend your hand and state your name in Chinese—for instance, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mǎ Mínglì</span><span class="font12">. Here are some other ways:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">W8 shi MS Mínglì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am MS Mínglì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ xìng MS. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My surname is MS.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ xìng MS, Jiào MS Mínglì. My surname is MS; I am called MS Mínglì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">WSde Zhōngguo míngzi Jiao My Chinese name is MS MÍnglì. MS MÍnglì.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: Qlngwèn, nī shi Měiguo nSrde rén?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō shi Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān rén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, where are you from in America?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m from San Francisco, California.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font14" style="text-decoration:underline;">Order of place names</span><span class="font14">: Notice that </span><span class="font14" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiāzhōu Jiùjīnshān</span><span class="font14"> is literally &quot;California, San Francisco.&quot; In Chinese, the larger unit comes before the smaller. Similarly, in the question </span><span class="font14" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī shi Meiguo nǎrde rén?</span><span class="font14"> the name of the country comes before the question word </span><span class="font14" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font14">, which is asking for a .mere detailed location. The larger -unit is usually repeated in the answer:</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font14">Nī shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font14">Shandong I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font14">nār</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font2">1</span></p>
<p><span class="font2">S' 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font2">____1</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font13">i éi.?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font4">1 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font14">Wǒ shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font14">Shandong |</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font14">Cīngdǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font0">! 'í GA</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font14">Literally, </span><span class="font14" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiùjīnshān</span><span class="font14"> means &quot;Old Gold Mountain.&quot; name to San Francisco during the Gold Bush days.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">The Chinese gave this</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark29"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark99"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">A. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Respond according to the cues.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Běijīng Fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is he/she</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī àiren zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is your spouse staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Li Tongzhì zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">zhèige fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is Comrade LĪ staying?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Fāng Tongzhì zhù zai nār?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">nèige fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is Comrade Fāng staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Chen Tongzhì zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Běijīng Fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is Comrade Chen staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. LÍn Tongzhì zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is Comrade LÍn staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Huang Tongzhì zhù zai nǎr?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">zhèige fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is Comrade Huǎng staying?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn. (He/she is staying at the</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Beijing Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying at that hotel.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying at the Beijing</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Give affirmative responses to all questions.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Gāo Nushì zhù zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Shi, tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Mínzú Fàndiàn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Yes, she is staying at the</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Is Miss Gáo staying &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">at the Nationalities Hotel?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Zhāng Nushì zhù zai Běijīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shi, tā zhù zai Běijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Jiāng Nushì zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">’i. Huang Nushì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wang Nushì zhù zai BSijlng Fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. LÍn Nushì zhù zai MÍnzú Fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Mao Nushì zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Shi, tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi, tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi, tā zhù zai Bèijìng Fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi, tā zhù zai MÍnzú Fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi, tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">C. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Give negative responses to all</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Jiāng Xiānsheng zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Is Mr. Jiāng staying at this hotel?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. MS Xiānsheng zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Lì Xiānsheng zhù zai Guobīn Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Zhào Xiānsheng zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Liú Xiānsheng zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tang Xiānsheng zhù zai nàge fàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Song Xiānsheng zhù zai zhège fàndiàn ma?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">questions.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Bu shi, tā bú zhù zai zhège fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(No, he isn’t staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai nàge fàndiàn.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai nàge fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai zhège fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">D. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">the</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Give either a negative or an affirmative response, according to cues.</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tang Tongzhì zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Is Comrade Tang staying at this hotel?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Ma Tongzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) zhèige fàndiàn (Is Comrade MS staying at this hotel?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Mǎ Tongzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma? zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. LĪ Tongzhì zhù zai Bǎijīng Fàndiàn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bǎijīng Fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Zhào Tongzhì zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bǎijīng Fàndiàn</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Liu Tongzhì zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nèige fàndiàn</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Jiang Tongzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nèige fàndiàn</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Zhāng Tongzhì zhù zai Bǎijīng Fàndiàn ma? Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Shi, tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn (Yes, he is staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā hú zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(No, he isn't staying at that hotel.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā hú zhù zai nèige fàndiàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Shi tā zhù zai Bǎijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi, tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā bú zhù zai Bǎijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">E. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Change the less polite forms </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige </span><span class="font12">forms </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèiwèi</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèiwèi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nèige rén shi LÍ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tongzhì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(That person is Comrade LI.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Zhèige rén shi Fāng Tongzhì.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nèige rén shi Jiāng Tongzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige rén</span><span class="font12"> to the more polite</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Nèiwèi shi Li Tongzhì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(That one is Comrade LĪ.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhèiwèi shi Fāng Tongzhì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nèiwèi shi Jiāng Tongzhì.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Tóngzhì zhù zai nèige</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Bèijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">fàndiàn? Bèijīng Fàndiàn</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Jiāng Tóngzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn? nèige fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wang Tóngzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn? zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Huáng Tóngzhì zhù. zai nèige fàndiàn? Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Lin Tóngzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn? Bèijīng Fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Bèijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Liú Tóngzhì zhù zai nèige fàndiàn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zhèige fàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">U. Zhèige rén shi Zhōu Tongzhì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nèige rén shi Zhāng Tongzhì.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Zhèige rén shi Chén Tóngzhì.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Nèige rén shi Hú Tóngzhì.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Zhèiwèi shi Zhōu Tóngzhì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nèiwèi shi Zhāng Tóngzhì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhèiwèi shi Chén Tóngzhì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nèiwèi shi Hu Tóngzhì.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">F. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Respond to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige fàndiàn?</span><span class="font12"> &quot;which hotel?&quot; according to the cues.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">1. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Mínzú Fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Which hotel is he/she staying at?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhù zai Mínzú Fàndiàn. (He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">G.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Respond to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige rén</span><span class="font12">? &quot;which person?&quot; with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige rén</span><span class="font12">, &quot;that person.&quot;</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Qlngwèn, nèige rén shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Nèige rén shi Wang Déxián.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wang Déxián? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(That person is Wang Déxián.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, which person</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">is Wang Déxián?)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">2. Qíngwèn, nèige rén Shimin?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">3. Qíngwèn, nèige rén Bǎolán?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">1*. Qíngwèn, nèige rén Tíngfēng?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Qingwèn, nèige rén Wǎnrú?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Qíngwèn, nèige rén Mèilíng?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Qíngwèn, nèige rén Zhīyuǎn?</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">shi Zhao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nèige</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">shi Lin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nèige</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">shi Gāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nèige</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">shi Zhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nèige</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">shi Hu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nèige</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">shi Sòng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nèige</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">rén shi Zhao Shinin, rén shi Lin Bǎolán.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">rén shi Gāo Tíngfēng rén shi Zhāng Wǎnrú.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">rén shi Hú Mèilíng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">rén shi Song Zhīyuǎn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">H.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Ask the appropriate &quot;which” or ’’where” question according to statements.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">1. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā lǎojiā zài Qingdao. (His/her family is from Qingdao.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā xiànzài zài Jiānádà. (He/she is in Canada now.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā zhù zai Bèijīng Fàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying at the Bèijing Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā xiànzài zài Shāndōng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is in Shāndōng now.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">3* Tā zhù zai MÍnzú Fàndiàn. (He/she is staying at the Nationalities Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā lǎojiā zài Húbèi. (His/her family is from Hubei.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā xiànzài zài Mèiguō.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is in America now.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">? Tā lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is his/her family from?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiànzài zài nǎr? (Where is he/she now?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(in which hotel is he/she staying?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is he/she now?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai nèige fàndiàn?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(In which hotel is he/she staying?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is his/her family from?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiànzài zài nǎr?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is he/she now?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">ó. Tā zhù zai zhèige fàndiàn. (He/she is staying at this hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā lāojiā zài Guangdong. (His/her family is from Guangdong.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai neige fàndiàn?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(In which hotel is he/she staying?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lāojiā zài nǎr?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is his/her family from?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText-10.png" alt="" style="width:205pt;height:287pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Pagoda in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark100"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark101"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in Tills Unit</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Where people are staying (houses).</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Where people are working.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Addresses.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. The marker de.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. The marker ba.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. The prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The 2D-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
<h3><a name="bookmark47"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark102"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">(in Taipei)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Nì zhù zai náli?</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Where are you staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m staying at the Ambassador Hotel</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ zhù zai Guōbīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī zhù zai náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Where are you staying?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ zhù zai zhèli.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">I’m staying here.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">How about him?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai nàli.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">He is staying there.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī zhù zai náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Where are you staying?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ zhù zai péngyou jiā.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">I’m staying at a friend’s house.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī péngyou jiā zài náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Where is your friend’s house?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiā zài Dàlī Jiē.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">His house is on Dàlī Street.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">What is your friend’s address?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">His address is No. 1*2 Dàlī Street.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">* A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Shide.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">**A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nà shi Guobīn Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn’t it?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Shìde.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī péngyou xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò ?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Where does your friend work now?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">He works in Tainan.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">* A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">I work at the defense attache’s office.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">**A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">I work at a bank.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">11.<a name="footnote4"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark103">4</a></sup> <a name="footnote5"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark104">5</a></sup><sup></sup>&nbsp;A: Ni péngyou zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò; tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò<sub>K</sub></span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Does your friend work in Taipei?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He doesn’t work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes) 12. lù</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">road</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<h3><a name="bookmark48"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark105"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">ba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(question marker expressing supposition of what answer will be)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">dàfàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">-de dìzhl</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">hotel</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(possessive marker) address</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">gōngzud</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Guóbln Dàfàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">to work Ambassador Hotel</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-hào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">number (in addresses)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Jiā Jiē</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">home, house street</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">road</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">nà-nàge náli nàli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">that</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">that (one) where there</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">péngyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">friend</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shàoxiào Shìde.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">major (military title) Yes, that's so.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǔguānchù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">defense attache's office</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">yínháng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">bank</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zài zhè-zhège zhèli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to be in/at/on (prepositional verb) this this (one) here</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced on C-2, P -2, and, drill tapes</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Dìyī Dàfàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Máiguo Guójì Jiāoliú</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zòngshǔ</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Meiguo Yínháng</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Taiwan Yínháng youzhèngju</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">First Hotel</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U.S. International</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Communications Agency</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bank of America Bank of Taiwan post office</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">11U</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<h3><a name="bookmark49"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark106"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī zhù zai náli?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">W3 zhù zai Guébīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Where are you staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm staying at the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī zhù zai náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Where are you staying?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Wo zhù zai zhèli.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">I'm staying here.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">How about him?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai nàli.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">He is staying there.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 1-2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guébīn</span><span class="font12"> actually refers to any official state guest, not just an ambassador.(The word for ’’ambassador” is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàshī</span><span class="font12">.) The translation &quot;Ambassador Hotel&quot; has been used for years by that hotel and, although inaccurate, has been retained in this text.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàfàndiàn</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;great hotel&quot; or &quot;grand hotel.&quot; It is commonly used in the names of Taiwan and Hong Kong hotels.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Náli</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàli</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèli</span><span class="font12"> are common variants of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nār</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nàr</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèr</span><span class="font12"> in non-Peking dialects of Standard Chinese. The forms with r sire Peking dialect forms. Compare:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking Other</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">nār?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(where?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">nàr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">nàli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(there)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(here)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Notice the difference in tone between </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span><span class="font12">. This is because -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">li </span><span class="font12">has a basic Low tone, and the first of two adjoining Low-tone syllables changes to a Rising tone: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎ</span><span class="font12"> + -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">11</span><span class="font12"> = </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: . Nī zhù zai náli?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3 zhù zai péngyou jiā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. A: Nī péngyou jiā zài náli?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā jiā zài Dàlī Jiē.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Where are you staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m staying at a friend’s house.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where is your friend’s house?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">His house is on Dàll Street.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 3-U</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The possessive relationships in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">péngyou jiā</span><span class="font12">, ’’friend’s house,” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nì péngyou jiā</span><span class="font12">, ’’your friend’s house,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā jiā</span><span class="font12">, &quot;his house,&quot; are unmarked, while the English must include -’s. or the possessive form of the pronoun (&quot;your,&quot; &quot;his&quot;). In Chinese, possessive relationships may be expressed by simply putting the possessor in front of the possessed when the relationship between the two is particularly close, like the relationship between a person and his home, family, or friends.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">5. A: Nì péngyoude dìzhī shi...? B: Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">What’s.your friend’s address? His address is No. U2 Dàlī Street.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Péngyoude dìzhī</span><span class="font12">: The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font12"> in this phrase is Just like the English possessive ending -*£. With the exception of close relationships, this is the usual way to form the possessive in Chinese.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">péngyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">dìzhī</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(your</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">friend</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">address)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Unlike the English -*£ ending, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> is also added to pronouns.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">wǒde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(my)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nīde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(your)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">tāde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(his/her)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">You are learning possessive phrases in which the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font12"> is used (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāde dìzhī</span><span class="font12">) and some possessive phrases which do not contain </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī péngyou jiā</span><span class="font12">). There are certain reasons for the inclusion or omission of -de. If a close relationship exists between the possessor and the possessed, the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font12"> might not be used. If a phrase is long and complex, as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lī Xiānsheng péngyoude tàitai</span><span class="font12">, the marker -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> is used to separate the possessor from the possessed.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">short or simple</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">long or complex</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div style="border:solid;">
<p><span class="font12">nī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jiā</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">wǒ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;péngyou</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Hú Meilíng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-de l&amp;ojiā</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">nī péngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-de dìzhī</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lī Xiānsheng péngyou -de tàitai</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">But these are not hard and fast rules. The use or omission of -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> is not determined solely by the number of syllables in a phrase or by the closeness between the possessor and the possessed, although both of these considerations do play a big part in the decision.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">While some common nouns are usually used without </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font12"> before them, most nouns are more likely to be preceded by -de, and many even require it. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dìzhl</span><span class="font12">, &quot;address,” is the only noun you have learned which REQUIRES the possessive marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font12"> added to the possessor. But other nouns such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiá</span><span class="font12"> are not always preceded by -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de.</span><span class="font12"> This is also the case with nouns indicating personal relationships, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùmǔ,</span><span class="font12"> ’’father,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tàitai, </span><span class="font12">&quot;wife.&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pěngyou,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;friend,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xuésheng</span><span class="font12">, &quot;student,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">l&amp;oshl</span><span class="font12">, &quot;student.&quot; are commonly used without -de, but may also be used with the marker.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">You might expect the question </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī péngyoude dìzhl shi...?</span><span class="font12"> to be completed with a word such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme</span><span class="font12">. &quot;what.<sup>11</sup>However, the incomplete form given in this exchange, with the voice trailing off, inviting completion, is also commonly used.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Addresses</span><span class="font12">: The order in which addresses are given in Chinese is the reverse of that used in English. In Chinese, the order is from the general to the specific: country, province or state, city, street name, street number.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-hào</span><span class="font12">: A street number is always given with the bound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-hào, </span><span class="font12">&quot;number,&quot; after it.<a name="footnote6"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark107">6</a></sup></span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">6. A: Nī shi Wei Shàoxiào ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Shìde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Nèi shi Guóbln Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Shìde.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn’t it?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6-7</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ba is a marker for a question which expresses the speaker's supposition as to what the answer will be. It is the type of question which asks for a confirmation from the listener.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">There are three ways to translate the two questions in exchanges 6 and 7 into English:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">NI shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Aren’t you Major Weiss?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">You are Major Weiss, aren’t you? You must be Major Weiss.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nèi shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Isn’t that the Ambassador Hotel?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">That is the Ambassador Hotel, isn’t it?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">That must be the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Each translation reflects a different degree of certainty on the part of the speaker. (While the differences in certainty are expressed in English by variation in wording, they can be expressed in Chinese by intonation.) You will probably find that the ’’isn't it”/”aren't you” translation fits most situations.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The short answer </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shide</span><span class="font12"> is an expanded form of the short answer </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12">, with the same meaning&quot;: ”Yes, that's so.” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shìde</span><span class="font12"> is also the word used for the &quot;yes” in the military &quot;Yes, sir.”</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nà</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi</span><span class="font12">); In the subject position, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nà</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi</span><span class="font12">), &quot;that,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhè</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi</span><span class="font12">). &quot;this,&quot; may be used either as free words or as bound words, with -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge </span><span class="font12">following. Compare:</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(That</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">is the Ambassador Hotel.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-ge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(That</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">one</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">is the Ambassador Hotel.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">However, the question form </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nS-</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi-</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nàge (fàndiàn) shi Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. A: Nī péngyou xiànzài zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: &nbsp;Nī zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: WŌ zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">10. A: &nbsp;Nī zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">11. A: &nbsp;Nī péngyou zài Táiběi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò; tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">is a bound word.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Which one (hotel) is the Ambassador Hotel?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where does your friend work now?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He works in Tainan.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I work at the defense attache’s office.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I work at a bank.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Does your friend work in Taipei?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He doesn't work in Taipei; he works in Taichung.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 8-11</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǔguānchù</span><span class="font12">, ’’defense attache’s office,&quot; literally means &quot;military attache's office.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài...gōngzuò</span><span class="font12">: Compare these two sentences:</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Táinán.</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(He</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">is in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tainan.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Táinán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(He</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tainan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">works.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">The sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zài Táinán gōngzuò</span><span class="font12"> seems to have two verbs: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;to be in/at/on,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to work.&quot; But there is only one verb in the translation: &quot;He works in Tainan.&quot; The translation reflects the fact that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> loses its full verb status in this sentence and plays a role like that of the English preposition &quot;in.&quot; The </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> phrase in Chinese, like the &quot;in&quot; phrase in English, gives more information about the main verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font12">; that is, it tells where the action takes place. &quot;He works,&quot; and the work takes place &quot;in Tainan.&quot; In sentences like this, the word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> is a prepositional verb. Most relationships expressed by prepositions in English are expressed by prepositional verbs in Chinese.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">You have also seen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> used as a prepositional verb in the sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ni zhù zài náli?</span><span class="font12"> &quot;Where do you live?&quot;—literally, &quot;You live at where?&quot; Notice that in this sentence the prepositional verb phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài náli</span><span class="font12"> comes after the main verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font12">. In the sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ni zài náli gōngzuò?</span><span class="font12"> the prepo-sitional verb phrase</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">&quot;zeti náli</span><span class="font12"> comes before the main verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font12">. Many things, such as stress, contrast, and other objects in the sentence, can influence the order of the prepositional verb phrase and the main verb. In some cases, either order may be used, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ni zài náli zhù?</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ni zhù zài náli?</span><span class="font12"> In other cases, the word order is fixed, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">NI zài náli gōngzuò?&quot;</span><span class="font12"> For text examples, it will be pointed out whether or not the word order may be changed, and the reasons will be given.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò</span><span class="font12">, &quot;He doesn't work in Taipei&quot;: In this sentence, the negative adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> comes before the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài </span><span class="font12">(which starts the complete predicate </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài Táiběi gōngzuò</span><span class="font12">). not before the main verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font12">. This makes sense, for you are not saying &quot;He does NOT WORK,&quot; but you are saying &quot;He does NOT work IN TAIPEI.&quot;</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zài Táiběi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">bú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zài Táiběi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">gōngzuò.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark108"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark109"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">A. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">; Li Xiānsheng zhù zai nali?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Guobīn Dàfàndiàn (Where is Mr. Li staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Gāo Xiānsheng zhù zai nāli? Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Yang Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? Dìyī Dàfàndiàn</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tang Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? zhèli</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Sīmá Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? péngyou jiā</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Liú Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? nàli</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Wang Xiānsheng zhù zai náli? Dìyī Dàfàndiàn</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">; Tā zhù zai Guobīn Dàfàndiàn (He is staying at the Ambassador Hotel. )■</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Dìyī Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai zhèli.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai péngyou jiā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai nàli.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai Dìyī Dàfàndiàn.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">B. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">1. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā péngyou jiā zài náli? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Boài Lù</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where is his/her friend’s house?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2. Lī Xiānsheng jiā zài náli?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Dūnhuà Lu</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">3. Wang Xiānsheng jiā zài náli? Nóngān Jiē</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Hé Xiānsheng jiā zài náli? Dàlī Jiē</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Bāo Xiānsheng jiā zài náli? Nánjīng Lù</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. MS Xiānsheng jiā zài náli? Zhōngshān LÙ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">; Tā jiā zài Boài Lù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her house is on Boài Road.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiā zài Dūnhuà Lù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiā zài Nóngān Jiē.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiā zài Dàlī Jiē.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiā zài Nánjīng Lù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiā zài Zhōngshān Lù.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. LÍn Xiānsheng Jiā zài náli? ZhèJiāng Jiē •</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā Jiā zài Zhèjiāng Jiā.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">C. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">According to each cue, respond with the appropriate street number on</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dall Jiē</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) h2hào</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(What is your friend’s address?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? UOhào</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? 95hào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">h. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? 26hào</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. NĪ péngyoude dìzhī shi...? TThào</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? 68hào</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? UUhào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her address is No. h2 Dall Street.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshihào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Jiǔshiwǔ-hào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Èrshiliù-hào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Qīshiqíhào</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Liùshibá-hào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshisìhào</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">D. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Give the appropriate Taiwan street addresses according to the cues.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Dàlī Jiē U2hào (What is your friend’s</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">address?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Boài Lù 9Hhào</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her address is No. U2 Dàlī Street.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Boài Lù Jiǔshisìhào</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? Dūnhuà Lù 55hào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? Nóngān Jiē 75hào</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? Dàlī Jiē U2hào</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? Dūnhuà Lù 55hào</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Nī péngyoude dìzhī shi...? Bóài Lù 9Uhào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Nóngān Jiē Qíshiwǔ-hào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwfi-hào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">E. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: MS Tàitai jiā zài Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Mrs. M&amp;'s house is at No. 1*2 Dàlī Street.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Zhào Tàitai jiā zài Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Lī Tàitai jiā zài Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Hé Tàitai jiā zài Nóngān Jiē Qīshiwǔhào.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Bāo Tàitai Jiā zài Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wang Tàitai jiā zài Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Lin Tàitai Jiā zài Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her address is No. h2 Dàlī Street.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Nóngān Jiē Qīshiwǔhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dàlī Jiē Sìshièrhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Bóài Lù Jiǔshisìhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde dìzhī shi Dūnhuà Lù Wǔshiwǔhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">F. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Change each </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font12"> question to a ba question.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">; Nín shi Wèi Shàoxiào ma? (Are you Major Weiss?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā shi Zhāng Shàoxiào ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nín shi Huang Xiaojie ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">A. Nà shi Guobīn Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font12"> Zhè shi Dìyī Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nàwèi shi Wang Tàitai ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Nà shi Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">G. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zài náli gōngzuò? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Táibéi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tainan</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Táizhōng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. &nbsp;Tā zài náli gōngzuò? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gāoxiōng</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jīlōng</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;TáibSi</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Táizhōng</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You.</span><span class="font12">: Nín shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(You are Major Weiss, aren’t you?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Zhāng Shàoxiào ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nín shi Huáng Xiaojie ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nà shi Guobīn Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhè shi Dìyī Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nàwèi shi Wáng Tàitai ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nà shi Yuánshān Dàfàndiàn ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā zài TáibSi gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she works in Taipei.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Gāoxiōng gōngzud.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Jīlōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài TáibSi gōngzud.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzud</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">H.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zài yōuzhèngju gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Does he/she work at the post office?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā zài yínháng gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā zài Měiguo Yínháng gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zài Taiwan Yínháng gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">6.</span><span class="font12"> Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā zài yōuzhèngju gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Duì le, tā zài yōuzhèngju gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she works at the post office.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duì le, tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duì le, tā zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duì le, tā zài Měiguo Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duì le, tā zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duì le, tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duì le, tā zài yōuzhèngju gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Add </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font12">, ’’now,” to each statement.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Zhōu Xiānsheng zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Mr. Zhōu works in Taipei.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Zhāng Xiānsheng zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Hú XiSojiě zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. MS XiSojiě zài Gāoxiōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Zhāo Xiānsheng zài Jīlōng gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Chen Xiānsheng zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Jiāng XiSojiě zài Gāoxiōng gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Zhōu Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Mr. Zhōu is working in Taipei now.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Táizhōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hú XiSojiě xiànzài zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS XiSojiě xiànzài zài Gāoxiōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhào Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Jilōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chen Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Táiběi gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Jiāng XiSojiě xiànzài zài Gāoxiōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">12U</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">J. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Make each statement negative by changing </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú zài</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Hu Tóngzhì zài Bèijing gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Hu works in Bèijing.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Li Tóngzhì zài Nanjing gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā zài QīngdSo gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Lin Tóngzhì zài GuSngzhōu gōngzuò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Zhào Tóngzhì zài Shanghai gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Chen Tóngzhì zài QīngdSo gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Huang Tóngzhì zài Bèijing gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Hú Tóngzhì bú zài Bèijing gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Hu doesn't work in Beijing.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Li Tóngzhì bú zài Nánjīng gōngzuò</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài Qingdao gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lin Tóngzhì bú zài GuSngzhōu gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhào Tóngzhì bú zài ShànghSi gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chen Tóngzhì bú zài QingdSo gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Huáng Tóngzhì bú zài Bèijing gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">K. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Give negative responses to the questions, adding correct information according to the cues.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Hú XiSoJiè zài Tāibèi gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Táinán</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Does Miss Hú work in Taipei?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Li Tàitai zài Táizhōng gōngzuò ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jīlóng</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. MS Xiānsheng zài zhèli gōngzuò ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gāoxióng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā zài Wuguānchù gōngzuò ma? Mèiguo YÍnháng</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zài yóuzhèngjú gōngzuò ma? Táiwān YÍnháng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā bú zài Táiběi gōngzuò; tā zài Táinán gōngzuò. (She doesn't work in Taipei; she works in Tainan.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài Táizhōng gōngzuò; tā zài Jīlóng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài zhèli gōngzuò; tā zài Gāoxióng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò; tā zài Měiguo YÍnháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài yóuzhèngju gōngzuò; tá zài Táiwān YÍnháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Lin Xiānsheng zài nàli gōngzuò ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zhèli</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Liú XiSoJiS zài TáibSi gōngzuò ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Táizhōng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài nàli gōngzuò; tā zài zhèli gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài TáibSi gōngzuò; tā zài Táizhōng gōngzud.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">L. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Give an affirmative or negative</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zài TáibSi gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue)</span><span class="font12"> TáibSi</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Does he/she work in Taipei?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā zài TáibSi gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Tainán</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Does he/she work in Taipei?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā zài Táizhōng gōngzuò ma? Jīlōng</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā zài zhèli gōngzuò ma? zhèli</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā zài yóuzhèngju gōngzuò ma? Táiwān Yínháng</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font12"> Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò ma? zhèli</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā zài MSiguo Yínháng gōngzuò ma? MSiguo Yínháng</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">response according to each cue.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Duì le, tā zài TáibSi gōngzuò. (Yes, he/she works in Taipei.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài TáibSi gōngzuò; tā zài Táinán gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she doesn't work in Taipei; he/she works in Tainan.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài Táizhōng gōngzuò; tā zài Jīlōng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duì le, tā zài zhèli gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài yōuzhèngjǔ gōngzuò; tā zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò; tā zài zhèli gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Duì le, tā zài MSiguo Yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark110"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark111"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Members of a family.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The plural ending </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-men.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The question word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jī-</span><span class="font12"> &quot;how many.&quot;</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> &quot;all.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Several ways to express &quot;and.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Weed</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The 3D-1 tape.</span></p>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark51"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark112"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(in Taipei)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Nīmen you háizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">B: You, women you.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. B: Liu Xiānsheng you Měiguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Tā méiyou Měiguo péngyou.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">A: &nbsp;Tā you Yīngguo péngyou.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. A:~ &nbsp;Nīmen you jīge háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Women you sānge háizi.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">h. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Nīmen you jīge nánháizi,</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">jīge nuháizi?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wōmen you liǎngge nánháizi, yíge nuháizi.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. B: Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">A:</span><span class="font12"> Tāmen dōu shi nuhaizi.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. B: Hú Xiānsheng, Hu Tàitai ne? Tāmen you jīge háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen you liǎngge háizi.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">A: Dōu shi nuháizi.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Nīmen háizi dōu zài zhèli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">B: Bù, liǎngge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Měiguo.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. A: Nī jiāli yōu shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Yōu wō tàitai gēn sānge háizi.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">9. B: Nī Jiāli yōu shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Jiù yōu wō fùqin, mǔqin.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Do you have any children?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, we have.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Does Mr. Liu have any American friends?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He doesn’t have any American friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He has .English friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR He has an English friend.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How many children do you have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We have three children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How many hoys and how many girls do you have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We have two boys and one girl.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">All of them are girls.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How about Mr. and Mrs. Hu? How many children do they have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">They have two children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Both of them are girls,</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are all your children here?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What people are (there) in your family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">There’s my wife and three children</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What people are (there) in your family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Just my father and mother.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">only-</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">dìdi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">younger brother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">gēge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">older brother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">JiSjie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">older sister</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">mèimei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">younger sister</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xiōngdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">brothers</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">JiSmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">sisters</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">17.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xiōngdì JiSmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">brothers and sisters</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">18.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">fùmú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">parents</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">19.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">paternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">20.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">paternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">21.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">wèizǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">maternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">22.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">wèizǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">maternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">23.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">■baba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">papa, dad, father</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">2k.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">momma, mom, mother</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="bookmark52"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark113"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">baba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">papa, dad, father</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">dìdi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">younger brother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">all, both</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">fùmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">parents</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">fùqin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">father</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">gēge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">older brother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">gēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">and</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">still, yet</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">háizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">children, child</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Jì-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">how many</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">jiāli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">family</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">jiějie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">older sister</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Jiěmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">sisters</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Jíge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">how many</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Jiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">only, just</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">liǎng-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">two</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">māma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">momma, room, mother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">not, not to have</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">mèimei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">younger sister</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">méiyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">not to have, there is not</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">-men</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(plurel suffix)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">mǔqin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">mother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nán-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">male</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nánháizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">boy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">nlmen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">you (plural)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">X nu-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">female</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">nuháizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">girl</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">tāmen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">they, them</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">wàizǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">maternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">wàizǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">maternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">women</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">we, us</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">xiōngdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">brothers</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">xiōngdì jiěmèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">brothers and sisters</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">you</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to hove, there is</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zhl</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">onl;</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">paternal grandfather</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">paternal grandmother</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced in Communication Game</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">yíng le</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">(I’ve) won</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark53"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark114"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Nimen y6u háizi ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Y5u, w3men you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Do you have any children? Yes, we have.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The plural pronouns are formed by adding -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">men</span><span class="font12"> to the singular pronouns</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">singular</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">w6</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(I)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">ni</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(you)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(he/she)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">plural</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">women</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(we)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nimen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(you)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">tāmen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(they)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">(You have already seen these pronoun forms used as possessives: &quot;my,&quot; &quot;our,&quot; etc. Later you will find that they are also used as objects: &quot;me,&quot; &quot;us,&quot; etc.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Haizi</span><span class="font12">: Chinese nouns have the same form for singular and plural. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Háizi</span><span class="font12"> may be either &quot;child&quot; or &quot;children.&quot;<a name="footnote7"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark115">7</a></sup> Usually the context will make clear whether a noun should be translated as singular or as plural, but not always. Chinese does not require that the matter be pinned down to the same extent that English does. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">W3men y3u háizi</span><span class="font12"> is a perfectly good sentence, even though the only accurate translation is the clumsy &quot;We have one or more children.&quot; We would prefer to have enough information to translate it either as &quot;We have a child&quot; or as &quot;We have children.&quot; At times this ambiguity is an advantage. When you ask </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nimen ySu háizi ma? </span><span class="font12">you do not, after all, know whether you are referring to one child or to more than one child. To cover both bets in the same way in English, we have to say &quot;Do you have </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">any</span><span class="font12"> children?&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2. B: Liu Xiānsheng you Měiguo péngyou ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Tā méiyou Měiguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: . Tā you YIngguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Does Mr. Liú have any American friends?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He doesn’t have any American friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He has English friends. OR He has an English friend.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou</span><span class="font12">: All the verbs discussed so far form the negative with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12">, with the single exception of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">y5u</span><span class="font12">, ”to have,” which has the irregular negative form </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nīmen y5u jīge háizi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: WSmen y3u sānge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. A: Nīmen you jīge nánháizi, jīge nuháizi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3men you liángge nánháizi, yíge nuháizi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How many children do you have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We have three children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How many boys and how many girls do you have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We have two boys and one girl.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 3-H</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In Peking speech, jī~, ”how many,” is usually used only when the number expected in an answer'is about 10 or less. In many other parts of China, speakers use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jī-</span><span class="font12"> no matter how large a number is expected in the answer.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Counters</span><span class="font12">: In Chinese, a noun cannot be counted or specified (i.e., used with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font12">, &quot;which,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi-</span><span class="font12">, &quot;that,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi-</span><span class="font12">, &quot;this&quot;) without the addition of a bound word, a counter, to indicate the sort of thing being specified or counted. English has a few such counters, as &quot;head&quot; in &quot;how many head of cattle&quot; and &quot;loaves&quot; in &quot;seven loaves of bread.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The counter used in a particular instance depends on the noun being specified or counted. Many nouns have special counters. You have already learned the polite counter for persons, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-wèi</span><span class="font12">. Other special counters refer in some way to the kind of thing the noun represents. The word for &quot;hotel,&quot; for instance, has a special counter </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-jiā,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;house,&quot; used for counting or specifying business establishments.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The general counter -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font12"> is used with nouns that do not have special counters. For example, there is no special counter for the word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pùbù, </span><span class="font12">&quot;waterfall,&quot; so you would say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíge pubù,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;one waterfall.&quot; You have already found the general counter -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font12"> in specifying expressions such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">neige háizi</span><span class="font12">, &quot;which child,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige fàndiàn</span><span class="font12">, &quot;this hotel.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">You may find that, in colloquial speech, nouns that have special counters are sometimes used with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font12"> anyway, but this tendency is looked down upon by many speakers.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Here are the numbers 1 through 10 with the counter -ge:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">yíge, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎngg</span><span class="font12">e, sānge, sìge, wǔge, liùge, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíg</span><span class="font12">e, báge, jiǔge, shíge</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The number 2 has a special form before a counter: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng-</span><span class="font12">. Notice that the words for 1, 7, and 8 have Rising tones before -ge, because </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font12"> is basically a Falling-tone syllable. (See also Unit 5, notes on No. 9 and No. 10.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nan-</span><span class="font12">, nu~: The bound words </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nán-</span><span class="font12">, &quot;male,&quot; and nu~, &quot;female^&quot; are often used in compounds; for example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánpéngyou</span><span class="font12">, &quot;boyfriend,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nutǒngzhì</span><span class="font12">, &quot;(woman) Comrade.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">&quot;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">And&quot;</span><span class="font12">: In Chinese, a word for &quot;and&quot; is not needed between parallel phrases like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāngge nánháizi, yíge nuháizi</span><span class="font12">, &quot;two boys, (and) one girl.&quot; A pause is usual between the two phrases, but even the pause is sometimes omitted.</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font12"> B: Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen dōu shi nuháizi.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. B: Hú Xiānsheng, Hú Tàitai ne? Tāmen yōu Jíge háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen yōu liāngge háizi.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Shi nánháizi, shi nùháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">A: Dōu shi nuháizi.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Nlmen háizi dōu zài zhèli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">B: Bù, liāngge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Māiguō.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">All of them are girls.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How about Mr. and Hrs. Hú? How many children do they have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">They have two children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Both of them are girls.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are all your children here?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No. Two are here, and one is still in America.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 5-7</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span><span class="font12"> In Chinese, an &quot;or&quot; question (i.e., a question asking which of two alternatives is true) may be asked simply by stating the two alternatives with a pause between. In this kind of &quot;or&quot; question, the verb must appear in each alternative. (You will learn other ways of making &quot;or&quot; questions in later modules.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dōu</span><span class="font12"> may usually be translated in a sentence as &quot;all (of),&quot; or, if it refers to only two things, as &quot;both (of).&quot; Literally, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;in all cases,&quot; &quot;uniformly,&quot; &quot;entirely,&quot; &quot;completely.&quot; Since it is an adverb, it must be placed after the subject of a sentence and before the verb (like the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12">, &quot;also&quot;).</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">8. A: Ni jiāli yōu shénme rén?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: You wǒ tàitai gēn sānge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">9. B: Nǐ Jiāli yōu shénme rén?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Jiù yōu wǒ fùqin, mǔqin.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">What people are (there) in your family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">There’s my wife and three children</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What people are (there) in your family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Just my father and mother.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 8-9</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Literally, the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">ni</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> jiāli</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;in your home&quot; (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font12">, &quot;home&quot;; -11, &quot;in&quot;). In this sentence it is extended to mean &quot;the people in your home,&quot; that is, &quot;your family.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī jiāli - you - shénme rén?</span><span class="font12"> Phrase by phrase, this question is: &quot;In your family - there are - what people?&quot; The word &quot;family&quot; can be taken to mean either all your relatives or only those living in your household.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">By itself, the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;to be,&quot; &quot;to exist.” You have now seen it translated two ways: 1) as &quot;have,&quot; with a personal subject: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Women ^ǒ</span><span class="font12">u </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānge háizi</span><span class="font12">. &quot;We </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">have</span><span class="font12"> three children.&quot; 2) as &quot;there is/are,&quot; in the so-called impersonal construction: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nī Jiāli yǒu,shénme rén?</span><span class="font12"> &quot;What people </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">are </span><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">there</span><span class="font12">) in your family?&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In exchange 8, the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu</span><span class="font12"> in the answer is translated as &quot;there’s.&quot; Some English speakers may find this translation too colloquial. The answer can also be translated Just by listing the family members, with no verb in the English, as was done in exchange 9- Chinese almost always keeps the verb in the answer to a question, while English tends to leave it out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How to say &quot;and&quot;</span><span class="font12">: Chinese has several words for &quot;and.&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gēn</span><span class="font12"> is the word for &quot;and&quot; when joining nouns or noun phrases. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yě</span><span class="font12"> is the word for &quot;and&quot; when joining verbs, verb phrases, or whole sentences:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ bú xìng Lī, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12"> bú xìng Lǔ. Wǒ xìng Lu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(I'm not surnamed Līj </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">and</span><span class="font12"> I'm not surnamed Lǔ. I'm surnamed Lu.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chinese tends to use a word for &quot;and&quot; when the noun phrases being Joined are not parallel and not to use one when the phrases are parallel:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">NOT PARALLEL</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Yǒu</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">tàitai</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">possessor)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">noun</span><span class="font12">)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">gēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">sānge háizi. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">number</span><span class="font12">) (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">noun</span><span class="font12">)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(There's my wife and three children.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">PARALLEL</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Yǒu</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">li&amp;ngge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nánháizi</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">number</span><span class="font12">)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">noun</span><span class="font12">)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">yíge nuháizi. (There are two (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">number</span><span class="font12">) (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">noun</span><span class="font12">) boys and one ______________________ girl.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">While &quot;and&quot; is often omitted in Chinese, it may be added for emphasis between nouns and between noun phrases—Just as in English.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12">, &quot;only,&quot; &quot;Just,&quot; is an adverb (like yě and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12">). The, use of to mean &quot;only is probably mostly confined to the Peking dialect.<a name="footnote8"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark116">8</a></sup> Speakers from other parts of the country will not necessarily use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12"> to mean &quot;only&quot; or understand it as such. A more widely used and understood word for &quot;only&quot; is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhī</span><span class="font12">. Thus the answer in exchange 9 could also be </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhī you wǒ fùqin, mǔqin</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chinese is much more precise than English in its terms for family members. There is not Just one word for &quot;brother&quot; or &quot;sister&quot; but words for &quot;older brother,&quot; &quot;younger brother,&quot; &quot;older sister,&quot; and &quot;younger sister.&quot;</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">older younger</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(brother)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">gēge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">dìdi</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(sister)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">JiěJie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">mèimei</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(brothers)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xiōngdì</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(sisters)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Jiěmèi</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">When referring to both older and younger sisters, the term </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiěmèi</span><span class="font12"> is used. When referring to both older and younger brothers, the term </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiōngdì</span><span class="font12"> is used. When referring to sisters and brothers, the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiōngdì Jiěmèi </span><span class="font12">is used.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chinese also distinguishes between grandparents on the father's side of the family and grandparents on the mother's side:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">father's side</span><span class="font12"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother's</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">side</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(grandfather)|</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zǔfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">wàizufù</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(grandmother)!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">wàizǔmǔ</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">The syllable </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wài-</span><span class="font12"> in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàizúfù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàizǔmǔ</span><span class="font12"> literally means &quot;outer&quot; or &quot;outside.&quot;</span></p>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark117"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark118"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">A. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Give affirmative answers, using </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">y5u</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā y3u Měiguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Does he/she have any American friends?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Ta y3u Zhōngguo péngyou ma? (Does he/she have Chinese friends?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā y3u Déguo péngyou ma? (Does he/she have German friends?)</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā y3u Rìběn péngyou ma? (Does he/she have Japanese friends?)</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā y3u Jiānádà péngyou ma? (Does he/she have Canadian friends?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā y8u èguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Does he/she have Russian friends?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā y3u Yīngguo péngyou ma? (Does he/she have English friends?)</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Y3u, tā y3u Měiguo péngyou. (Yes, he/she has some American friends.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Y3u, tā you Zhōngguo péngyou. (Yes, he/she has Chinese friends.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Y3u, tā you Déguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she has German friends.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">You, tā y3u Rìběn péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she has Japanese friends.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Y3u, tā y3u Jiānádà péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she has Canadian friends.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">You, tā y3u èguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she has Russian friends.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Y3u, tā y3u Yīngguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she has English friends.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Give affirmative answers, using </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">y5u</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā y3u gēge ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Does he/she have an older brother?)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Y3u, tā you gēge.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she has an older brother.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā y3u jiějie ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">You, tā y3u jiějie.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā you dìdi ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">You, tā y3u dìdi.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā you mèimei ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tāmen y3u háizi ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tāmen ySu nánháizi ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tāmen you nuháizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Y3u, tā y3u mèimei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">YSu, tāmen you háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">YSu, tāmen ySu nánháizi</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">YSu, tāmen you nuháizi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">C. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Give negative answers, using </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">; Zhāng Xiānsheng ySu jiSjie ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Does Mr. Zhāng have an older sister?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wáng Xiānsheng ySu nūháizi ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Lin Xiānsheng ySu mèimei ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā tàitai ySu gēge ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Huang XiSojiè ySu dìdi ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. MS Xiānsheng MS Tàitai ySu háizi ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Yáng Tàitai ySu nánháizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Méiyou, Zhāng Xiānsheng méiyou JiSjie.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(No, Mr. Zhāng doesn't have an older sister.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, Wáng Xiānsheng méiyou nuháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, Lin Xiānsheng méiyou mèimei</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, tā tàitai méiyou gēge.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, Huáng Xiǎojiě méiyou dìdi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, MS Xiānsheng MS Tàitai méiyou háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, Yáng Tàitai méiyou nánháizi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">D. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Give a negative or affirmative response to each question according to the cue.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nī y3u dìdi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) y3u</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Do you have a younger brother?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Nī you dìdi ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) méiyou</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Do you have a younger brother?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Y3u, w3 y3u dìdi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, I have a younger brother.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, w3 méiyou dìdi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(No, I don't have a younger brother.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā yǒu mèimei ma? méiyou</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Wáng Tongzhì yǒu gēge ma? méiyou</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">h. Tāmen yǒu háizi ma? you</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">5. Guō Tóngzhì you Yīngguo péngyou ma? méiyou</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. Chén Xiānsheng yǒu Fàguo péngyou ma? you</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, tā méiyou mèimei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, Wáng Tóngzhì méiyou gēge.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yǒu, tāmen you háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou, Guō Tóngzhì méiyou Yìngguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">You, Chén Xiānsheng you Fàguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ē. Transformation</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Change each </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font12"> question to a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jī</span><span class="font12"> question.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tāmen yǒu háizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Do they have children?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wáng Xiānsheng yǒu jiējie ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tāmen yǒu nánháizi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Nīmen you nuháizi ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Fāng Xiāojiě yǒu gēge ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Zhào Tàitai yǒu dìdi ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā yǒu Zhōngguo péngyou ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">F. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Respond to the questions according</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Zhāng Tóngzhì yǒu jīge háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How many children does Comrade Zhāng have?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Zhào Tóngzhì yǒu jīge nuháizi?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tāmen yǒu jīge háizi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How many children do they have?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiānsheng yǒu jīge jiējie?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen yǒu Jige nánháizi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nīmen yǒu jīge nuháizi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Fāng Xiaojiě yǒu jīge gēge?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhào Tàitai yǒu jīge dìdi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā you jīge Zhōngguo péngyou?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">to the cues.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Zhāng Tóngzhì yǒu liǎngge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Zhāng has two children.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhào Tóngzhì yǒu yíge nūháizi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Chen Tongzhì you Jīge nanháizi? 3</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Jiāng Tongzhì you jīge Měiguo. péngyou? 5</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Fāng Tongzhì yōu jīge mèimei? 1</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wang Xiānsheng you jīge Zhongguo péngyou? 2</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā yōu jīge gēge? 3</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Chén Tongzhì you sānge nánháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Jiāng Tongzhì you wǔge Měiguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Fāng Tongzhì you yíge mèimei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wang Xiānsheng yōu liSngge Zhōngguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā you sānge gēge.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">G. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Add the cues to the questions.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā you jīge nánháizi? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) nuháizi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(How many sons does he/ she have?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Huang Xiānsheng you jīge Měiguo péngyou? Fàguo péngyou</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Lī Tàitai you Jīge gēge? dìdi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Sun XiSojiě you jīge jiějie? mèimei</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tāmen yōu jīge Yīngguo péngyou? Déguo péngyou</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Song Xiānsheng yōu jīge nánháizi? nuháizi</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā yōu jīge gēge? jiějie</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā you jīge nánháizi, Jīge nuháizi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How many sons and how many daughters does he/she have?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Huang Xiānsheng you jīge Měiguo péngyou, jīge Fàguo péngyou?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lī Tàitai you jīge gēge, Jīge dìdi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sun Xiǎojiě yōu Jīge-jiějie, jīge mèimei?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen yōu jīge Yīngguo péngyou, jīge Déguo péngyou?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Song Xiānsheng yōu Jīge nánháizi, jīge nuháizi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā yōu jīge gēge, jīge Jiějie?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">H.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Use 1) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12"> + the number and 2) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font12"> to answer each question.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā you jige nanháizi, Jīge nuháizi? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) 2</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(How many sons and how many daughters does he/she have?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Li Xiānsheng you Jige gēge, Jige JiěJie? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Zhāng Xiǎojiě you Jige JiěJie, Jige mèimei? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Zhōu Tàitai you Jige gēge, Jige dìdi? 1</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Hú Xiānsheng you Jige dìdi, Jige mèimei? 2</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā yōu Jige Fàguo péngyou, Jige Déguo péngyou? 2</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tāmen yōu Jīge nánháizi, Jīge nùháizi? 1</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā Jiù yōu liangge nánháizi, méiyou nuháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she has only two sons, no daughters.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā Jiù yōu yíge gēge, méiyou JiěJie.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā Jiù yōu liāngge JiěJie, méiyou mèimei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā Jiù yōu yíge gēge, méiyou dìdi</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā Jiù yōu liāngge dìdi, méiyou mèimei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā Jiù yōu liāngge Fàguo péngyou, méiyou Déguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen Jiù gōu yíge nánháizi, méiyou nuháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā yōu Jīge nánháizi, Jige nuháizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) 2, 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How many sons and how many daughters does he/she have?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Zhōu Tongzhì yōu Jīge gēge,</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Jīge dìdi? 1, 2</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Zhāng Tongzhì yōu Jīge JiěJie, Jīge mèimei? 3, 1</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tāmen yōu Jīge Zhōngguo péngyou, Jīge Rìběn péngyou? 5, 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā yōu liāngge nánháizi, sānge nuháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she has two sons and three daughters.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhōu Tongzhì yōu yíge gēge, liāngge dìdi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Tongzhì yōu sānge JiěJie, yíge mèimei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen yōu wǔge Zhōngguo péngyou, yíge Rìběn péngyou.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Chén Tongzhì yǒu Jige Yīngguo péngyou, Jige Déguo péngyou? 3, 2</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Liu Tóngzhì y3u Jige nánháizi,* Jige nuháizi? 2, 2</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā y3u Jige JiěJie, Jige gēge? 1, 3</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Chén Tóngzhì y3u sānge Yīngguo péngyou, liǎngge Déguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Liú Tóngzhì<sub>w</sub>y3u liǎngge nánháizi, liǎngge nuháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā y3u yíge JiǎJie, sānge gēge.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">J. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">The speaker will ask you two questions for each exchange. Use the number cue to answer the first question. Answer the second question with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> and the first alternative.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">•• Qíngwèn, tāmen y3u Jige </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tāmen y3u liǎngge háizi. háizi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(They have two children.)</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, how many children do they have?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi? Dōu shi nánháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Are they boys or girls?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Qingwèn, tā y3u Jīge xiōngdì?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">3</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi gēge, shi dìdi?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Qingwèn, tā yǒu Jige Jiēmèi?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi JiǎJie, shi mèimei?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Qingwèn, tā yǒu Jīge Zhōngguo péngyou? U</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi nánpéngyou, shi nupéngyou?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Qingwèn, tā y3u Jige Měiguo péngyou? 2</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Shi nánpéngyou, shi nupéngyou?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Qingwèn, tā yǒu Jīge háizi? 3</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7- Qingwèn, tāmen y3u Jīge háizi?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">5</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi nánháizi, shi nuháizi?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">(Both of them are boys.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā y3u sānge xiōngdì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Dōu shi gēge.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā yǒu liǎngge Jiěmèi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Dōu shi jiějie.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā y3u sìge Zhōngguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Dōu shi nánpéngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā y3u liǎngge Měiguo péngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Dōu shi nánpéngyou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā yǒu sānge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Dōu shi nánháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen you wuge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Dōu shi nánháizi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">K.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Substitution Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nīmen</span><span class="font12"> jiāli you shénme rén? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) tāmen</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāmen</span><span class="font12"> jiāli y3u shénme rén? Fāng Xiānsheng</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3- Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fāng Xiānsheng</span><span class="font12"> jiāli y3u shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Xiǎojiě</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhāng XiǎoJiě</span><span class="font12"> jiāli y3u shénme rén?Lī Mínglī</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5- Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lī Mínglī</span><span class="font12"> jiāli y3u shénme ren? nī gēge</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī gēge</span><span class="font12"> jiāli you shénme rén? nī péngyou</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī péngyou</span><span class="font12"> jiāli y3u shénme rén?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāmen</span><span class="font12"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fāng Xiānsheng</span><span class="font12"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhāng Xiǎojiě</span><span class="font12"> jiāli y5u shénme ren?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lī Mínglī</span><span class="font12"> jiāli y3u shénme rén?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī gēge</span><span class="font12"> jiāli you shénme rén?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī péngyou</span><span class="font12"> jiāli y3u shénme rén?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">L.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Add the cue and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font12"> to each sentence.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā y3u yíge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) tàitai</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she has one child.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">You tā tàitai gēn yíge háizi. (There’s his wife and one child.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Hu Xiānsheng y3u yíge mèimei. mǔqin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā mǔqin gēn yíge mèimei.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Lī Xi&amp;ojiě y3u liāngge dìdi. jiějie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā jiějie gēn liāngge dìdi.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Liu Xiānsheng y3u yíge nuháizi. mǔqin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Y3u</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā mǔqin gēn yíge nuháizi.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">LÍn Tàitai y3u sānge nánháizi. xiānsheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā xiānsheng gēn sānge nánháizi</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā you yíge jiějie. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fùqin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">You</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā fùqin gēn yíge Jiějie.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiānsheng you sìge háizi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Y3u</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">tā tàitai gēn sìge háizi.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">tàitai</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">M.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tāmen háizi dōu zài zhèli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) MSiguo •</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Are all of their children here?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā gēge, JiěJie dōu zài zhèli ma? Jiāzhōu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Bù, yíge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài MSiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(No. One is here, and one is still in America.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, yíge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Jiāzhōu.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā Měiguo péngyou dōu zài zhèli ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Táizhōng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā didi, mèimei dōu zài Zhōngguo ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dezhōu</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wang Xiānshengde háizi dōu zài Dezhōu ma? Jiāzhōu</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nèi liángwèi Xiānsheng dōu zài Shanghai ma? Qingdao</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tāmen háizi dōu zài Xiānggáng ma? MSiguō</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, yíge zài zhèli, yíge hái zài Táizhōng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, yíge zài Zhōngguo, yíge hái zài Dezhōu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, yíge zài Dezhōu, yíge hái zài Jiāzhōu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, yíge zài ShànghSi, yíge hái zài Qingdao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù, yíge zài XiānggSng, yíge hái zài Měiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 4</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark119"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark120"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Arrival and departure times.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> construction.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The UD-1 tape.</span></p>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark10"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark121"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(in Beijīng)</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Nī àiren lai ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā lai.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nī àiren lai le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Lái le, tā lai le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nī àiren yě lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā hái méi lái.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. A: Tā shénme shíhou lái?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā míngtiān lái.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font12"> A: Nī péngyou shénme shíhou dào?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā yījīng dào le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. A: Tā shi shénme shíhou dàode?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā shi zuótiān dàode.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Nī shi yíge rén láide ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">B: Bú shi, wS bú shi yíge rén láide.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. A: &nbsp;Nī shénme shíhou z3u?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3 jīntiān z3u.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: &nbsp;Nī néitiān zSu?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: &nbsp;W3 jīntiān z3u.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Is your wife coming?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She is coming.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Has your wife come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, she has come.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Has your wife come too?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She hasn't come yet.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When is she coming? She is coming tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When is your friend arriving?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He has already arrived.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When did she arrive?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She arrived yesterday.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did you come alone? No, I didn't come alone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When are you leaving?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm leaving today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What day are you leaving?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm leaving today.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">hdutiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">the day after tomorrow</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">qiántiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">the day before yesterday</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">tiāntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">every day</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">13. érzi</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">son</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">11». nuér &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark11"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark122"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">to arrive</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">érzi</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">hòutiān (hòutian) jīntiān (jīntian) lài le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">son</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">the day after tomorrow</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">today</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">to come</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">; new-situation and completion marker)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">míngtiān (míngtian) něitiān nuér</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">qiántiān (qiántian) shénme shíhou shi... de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">tomorrow</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">what day daughter</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">the day before yesterday</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">when</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(focus construction)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">-tiān tiāntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">day every day</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">yíge rén</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">yijīng (yījing)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">zSu</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">zuotiān (zuótian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">singly, alone already</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">to leave yesterday</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">jiéhūn méi jiéhūn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">to get married, to be married not to be married</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced in Communication Game</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">késhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to think, to think that</span></p>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark16"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark123"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Nī àiren lai ma?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Is your wife coming? She is coming.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">These sentences refer to future time, but </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12"> is not a future-tense form. Strictly speaking, Chinese verbs do not have tenses. The same form of the verb can be used in present, past, and future contexts.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We translated the sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zài Táinán gōngzuò</span><span class="font12"> as ”He </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">works</span><span class="font12"> in Tainan,&quot; assuming a present context. But in a past context we could translate it as &quot;He </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">worked</span><span class="font12"> in Tainan&quot;; and in a future context we could translate it as &quot;He </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">will work</span><span class="font12"> in Tainan.&quot; The verb form </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò</span><span class="font12"> does not tell you what time is being talked about. You have to look elsewhere for that information, perhaps to a time expression like &quot;last year&quot; or &quot;now&quot; or &quot;tomorrow,&quot; or to the conversational setting.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nī àiren lái le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Has your wife come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Lái le, tā lái le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, she has come.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Aspect</span><span class="font12">: Le is an aspect marker. Through the use of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> and other one-syllable markers (de, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe, ne</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12">), the Chinese language indicates whether the occurrence being talked about is completed, ongoing, about to occur, or experienced for the first time. Aspect markers may also be used to indicate whether the whole situation in the sentence is a new, changed situation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">&quot;Completion&quot; and &quot;new situation&quot; are not tenses but aspects. Aspect is a way of talking about events or activities in relation to time. While tenses categorize action in terms of features such as completedness and change. Aspect markers are very different from tense markers because the same aspect may be used in past, present, and future contexts.. We may speak of an action that will be completed as of a future time, for example, or of a situation that was new as of a past time. English communicates these ideas to a certain extent through the use of many different tenses for the verb (future perfect, simple past, etc.). Chinese does this through the use of aspect markers and time words. The verbs themselves do not change form.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Le</span><span class="font12"> is used in exchange 2 to indicate two aspects—completion and new situation, (it is, however, often used to indicate only one aspect.) Here, it indicates that the person has come, meaning that the action is completed, and that the person is now here, a changed situation. When the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> refers to both these aspects, we call it &quot;combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">.&quot; Combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> can be thought of as a telescoping of the completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> followed by a new-situation le: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le le</span><span class="font12"> becomes </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">. In the next two units, you will see the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> used to indicate each of these aspects separately.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nī àiren yS lái le ma? B: Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Has your wife come too? She hasn't come yet.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Negative of combined le</span><span class="font12">: Compare these affirmative and negative forms:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">affirmative</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">negative</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">affirmative</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">negative</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(is coming)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(isn't coming)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(has come Cnowl)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">méi(you)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(hasn't come tyetl)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Notice that the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> does not appear in the negative answer in the exchange.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hái</span><span class="font12">: The negative of a sentence containing combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> will include the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12">, &quot;yet,&quot; as well as the negative </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi(you)</span><span class="font12">. In English, the &quot;yet&quot; is frequently left out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Like other adverbs such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12"> always precedes the verb, although not always directly. Elements such as the negatives </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> may come between an adverb and a verb.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou</span><span class="font12">, &quot;not have,&quot; is used to negate the aspect of completion; that is, to say that a certain event did not take place. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou</span><span class="font12"> may be shortened to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12">. Here are three possible negative answers to the question </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le ma?</span><span class="font12"> &quot;Has he come?&quot;</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">‘méiyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(He hasn't come yet.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(He hasn't come-yet.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">méiyou.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">| (Not yet.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">The aspect marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> or its negative </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi(you)</span><span class="font12"> is used when the center of interest is whether or not an action took place. For example, if you do not know whether Mr. Sun came or not, you would ask</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā láile méiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did he come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">and you would he answered either</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā láile. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He came.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">or</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā méi lái. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He didn't come.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In this question and answer, you use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> or its negative </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi(you)</span><span class="font12"> because the focus is on whether the action took place or not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The purpose of the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font12"> construction, on the other hand, is to focus on additional information about a completed action; that is, the construction is used when the center of interest is NOT whether or not a certain action took place. For example, once it has been established that Mr. Sun did in fact come, the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font12"> construction will probably be used for any additional questions and answers about his coming. For example:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi shénme shíhou láide? When did he come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zuótiān láide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He came yesterday.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi yíge rén láide ma? Did he come alone? Tā shi yíge rén láide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He came alone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">These questions and answers use the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font12"> construction because you already know that Mr. Sun came and now you are asking for additional information about his visit. Many types of additional information can be focus points for which the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font12"> construction is used. In </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā shi shénme shíhou láide?</span><span class="font12"> the additional information is the time when something happens. In </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā shi yíge rén láide ma?</span><span class="font12"> the information asked for is the manner in which something takes place. Other possible focus points are place, cause of action, goal of action, and performer of action.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Now let’s take a look at how </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> function separately in this construction. The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12">, coming before the phrase which is the center of interest, serves as a signal that what follows is emphasized. The verb ”to be&quot; is often used in a similar way in English to mark the center of interest:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> zuótiān láide ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Was</span><span class="font12"> it yesterday that he came?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Another way of showing the center of interest in English is by word stress. Here is a comparison between focusing in Chinese with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font12"> and focusing in English with stress:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Has he come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lái le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, he has.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> zuótiān láide ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did he come YESTERDAY?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shi, tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> zuótiān láide. Yes, YESTERDAY.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The marker de coming after the verb indicates completion. When the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> is not used in the sentence, that sentence no longer describes a completed event. The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> by itself emphasizes something about the action. Compare these sentences:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi jintiān lái. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is coming (later) today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Jintiān láide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She came (earlier) today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">For the time being, you will not use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> without </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The negative form of the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font12"> construction is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi...de. </span><span class="font12">Compare this with the negatives you have already learned:</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zuótiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(It was YESTERDAY .that he came.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">bú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zuótiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(It wasn’t YESTERDAY | that he came.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(He has come.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(He hasn’t come.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(míngtiān)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(He is coming [tomorrow!.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(míngtiān)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(He isn’t coming [tomorrow!.) '</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Notice that in a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi...de</span><span class="font12"> construction the negative </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> precedes the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> rather than the main verb. Short answers are also formed with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi </span><span class="font12">rather than with the main verb:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ni shi yíge rén láide ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you come alone?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi,</span><span class="font12"> wǒ shi yíge rén láide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yes</span><span class="font12">, I came alone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bú shi</span><span class="font12">, wS bú shi yíge rén láide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">No</span><span class="font12">, I didn’t come alone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font12"> construction is not used in every completed-action sentence containing a time, place, or manner phrase. If the center of interest is still whether or not the action took place, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is used. If, for example, you knew that someone was expected to come yesterday and you wanted to find out only whether he actually did come, the conversation might go as follows:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Tā zuótiān méi lái ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Didn’t he COME yesterday?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā zuótiān lái le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He DID COME yesterday.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Literally, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíge rén</span><span class="font12"> means ’’one person.” When the expression is used to describe how someone does something, translate it as &quot;alone.&quot;</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">NI shénme shíhou z3u?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">W3 jīntiān z3u.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">When are you leaving? I’m leaving today.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī néitiān z3u?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">What day are you leaving?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">W3 jīntiān z3u.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">I’m leaving today.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 8-9</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The word for &quot;day&quot; is the bound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-tiān</span><span class="font12">. To ask &quot;what day&quot; (literally &quot;which day&quot;), the bound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nSi-</span><span class="font12">, &quot;which,&quot; is combined with the bound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-tiān</span><span class="font12">, &quot;day&quot;: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nāitiān</span><span class="font12"> (like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nÉiguo</span><span class="font12">, &quot;which country&quot;).</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">nSitiān?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(what day?/which day?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">qiántian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(day before yesterday)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(yesterday)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">jīntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(today)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">míngtian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(tomorrow)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">hòutian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(day after tomorrow)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Some speakers say the -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān</span><span class="font12"> in these words in the Neutral tone: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiántian</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuótian</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jintian</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">míngtian</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòutian</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">U. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Tā shénme shíhou lái?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: &nbsp;Tā míngtian lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Ní péngyou shénme shíhou</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">dào?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: &nbsp;Tā yljīng dào le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">When is she coming? She is coming tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When is your friend arriving?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He has already arrived.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. U-5</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Position of time words</span><span class="font12">: Time phrases occupy the same position in a sentence as adverbs such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yé</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12">—between the subject and the verb.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shénme shíhou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(When is she coming?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">míngtian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(She is coming tomorrow.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">yS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(She has come too.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">6. A: Tā shi shénme shíhou dàode? B: Tā shi zuotiān dàode.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">When did she arrive?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">She arrived yesterday.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Nt shi yíge rén láide ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Bú. shi, wǒ bú shi yíge rén láide.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Did you come alone?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, I didn't come alone.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 6~T</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(Shi)...de</span><span class="font12">:* This is another way to indicate the aspect of completion. The aspect marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> and the pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(shi)... de</span><span class="font12"> perform different functions and convey different meanings. This is how they are different:</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">*0n occasion, a speaker may omit the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> (which is why it is written in parentheses in these notes).</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<h3><a name="bookmark124"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark125"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">A. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nī àiren lái ma? (Is your spouse coming?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī fùmǔ zǒu ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nī péngyou zǒu ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Nī gēge zǒu ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nī jièjie lái ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nī mèimei lái ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Nī dìdi zǒu ma?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Nī àiren lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Has your spouse come?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī fùmǔ zǒu le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī pengyou zǒu le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī gēge zǒu le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī jiējie lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī mèimei lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī dìdi zǒu le ma?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">B.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā lái le ma? (Has he/she come?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Mao Tongzhì dào le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Lī Tóngzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. MS Tóngzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Zhāng Tǒngzhì lái le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Huang Tóngzhì dào le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Sun Tóngzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā yījīng lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Has he/she already come?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Máo Tóngzhì yījīng dào le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lī Tóngzhì yījīng zǒu le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">MS Tóngzhì yījīng zǒu le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Tóngzhì yījīng lái le ma? Huáng Tóngzhì yījīng dào le ma? Sun Tóngzhì yījīng zǒu le ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">C.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā lái le ma? (Has he/she come?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">2. Wang</span><span class="font12"> Tongzhì z3u le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Lí Tongzhì dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Hé Tongzhì lái le ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Zhào Tongzhì lái le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Liu Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Sun Tongzhì lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she hasn’t come yet.)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zǒu</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">dào</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zǒu</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">D.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zǒu le ma? (Has he/she left?)</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne? (And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Li Tongzhì zǒu le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā gēge ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wáng Tóngzhì lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Z3u le, tā yìjíng zǒu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she has already left.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yS yljìng zǒu le. (His/her spouse has already left too.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lái le, tā yījìng lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yē yijìng lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Dào le, tā yljīng dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren y? yljīng dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zǒu le, tā yíjìng z3u le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā gēge yě yíjìng z3u le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lái le, tā yljīng lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yē yījīng lái le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Zhào Xiānsheng dào le ma? Tā dìdi ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Zhāng Tóngzhì z3u le ma? Chén Tóngzhì ne?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Dào le, tā yījīng dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā dìdi yē yījīng dào íe.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zǒu le, tā yījīng z3u le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chén Tóngzhì yě yījīng zǒu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">E. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā lái lè ma? (Has he/she come?)</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne? (And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā z3u le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Fang Nushì lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā dìdi ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. LX Xiānsheng dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā fìtaǔ ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Chén Tóngzhì zóu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Jiāng Tóngzhì ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. ,Tā muqin dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā JiáJie ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she hasn’t come yet.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yā hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her spouse hasn’t come yet either.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi zóu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yó hái méi zóu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yó hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Fāng Nushì hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā dìdi yé hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">LX Xiānsheng hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā fùmǔ yě hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chén Tóngzhì hái méi zóu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Jiāng Tóngzhì yé hái méi zóu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mǔqin hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiéjie yé hái méi dào.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">F. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Give an affirmative response to the first question in each exchange, and include </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> in your response to second question.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zóu le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā yljíng zóu le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Has he/she left?) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(He/she has already left.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā àiren hái méi zóu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(And his/her spouse?) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(His/her spouse hasn’t left</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">yet.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā lái le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā yljīng lái le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā àiren hái méi lái.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā dào le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā yljīng dào le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā àiren hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Wáng Xiānsheng zǒu le ma? Tā muqin ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Qian Tongzhì lái le ma? Jiāng Tongzhì ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Mao NUshì dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mèimei ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Zēng Fūren zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mǔqin ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiānsheng yījīng zǒu le Tā mǔqin hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qián Tongzhì yijīng lái le. Jiāng Tóngzhì hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Máo Nushì yījīng dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mèimei hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zēng Fūren yījīng zǒu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mǔqin hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">G. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā lái le ma? (Has he/she come?)</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne? (And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Cáo Tóngzhì lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sun Tóngzhì ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Zhāng Xiānsheng lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā dìdi ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā mǔqin dào le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mèimei ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Wang Nushì zǒu le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Nǔshì ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she hasn’t come yet.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yījīng lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her spouse has already come.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yījīng zǒu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yījīng dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Cáo Tóngzhì hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sun Tóngzhì yījīng lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Xiānsheng hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā dìdi yījīng lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mǔqin hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mèimei yījīng dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Nushì hái méi zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Nushì yījīng zǒu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">H. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span><span class="font12"> .</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Respond to each question with a completed-action answer or a yet-to-be-completed answer, depending on the cue.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">1. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā z3u le ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) zuótiān (Has he/she left?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) zuótiān (And his/her spouse?)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">míngtiān míngtiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā dào le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zuótiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">míngtiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zǒu le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">míngtiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā gēge ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zuótiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Zhào Tóngzhì zuótiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">dào le ma?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Tóngzhì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">ne? zuótiān</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā fùmǔ zǒu le ma? míngtian Tāmen háizi ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zuotiān</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā àiren lái le ma? zuótiān Tāmen háizi ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;míngtiān</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā yljīng z3u le. (His/her spouse has already left.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yS yījīng z5u le. (His/her spouse has already left too.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái mái lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yě hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā yījīng dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren hái méi dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi z3u.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā gēge yījīng z5u le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhào Tongzhì yījīng dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Tongzhì yē yījīng dao le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā fùnni hái méi z3u.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen háizi yījīng z3u le,</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren yījīng lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen háizi hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shénme shíhou lái? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) míngtiān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(When is he/she coming?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Lī Xiānsheng shénme shíhou z3u? jīntiān</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Hú Xiaojiě shénme shíhou dào? hòutian</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Huang Tàitai shénme shíhou z6u? míngtiān</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā míngtiān lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is coming tomorrow</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jīntiān z3u.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hòutian dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā míngtiān zǒu.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font12"> Zeng Xiānsheng shénme shíhou lái? hdutiān</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wang Xiàojiě shénme shíhou dào? jīntiān</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā shénme shíhou z3u? hdutiān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">J. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">For each item, ask ’’which day....”</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker:</span><span class="font12"> Tā lái.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is coming.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wang Xiānsheng zSu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Lī Tàitai dào.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Hú Tàitai zǒu.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Zhāng Xiānsheng dào.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Huang Tàitai lái.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">K. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shénme shíhou lái? (When is he/she coming?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wang Xiānsheng shénme shíhou dào?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Lī Tàitai shénme shíhou zǒu?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">h. Hú Xiānsheng shénme shíhou lái?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Huáng Tàitai shénme shíhou dào?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā hdutiān lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jīntiān dào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hdutiān z3u.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā nǒitiān lái?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Which day is he/she coming?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiānsheng nǒitiān zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lī Tàitai nǒitiān dào?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hú Tàitai nǒitiān zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Xiānsheng nǒitiān dào?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Huáng Tàitai nǒitiān lái?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tǎ nǒitiān zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi shénme shíhou láide? (When did he/she come?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiānsheng shi shénme shíhou dàode?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lī Tàitai shi shénme shíhou zSude?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hú Xiānsheng shi shénme shíhou láide?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Huáng Tàitai shi shénme shíhou dàode?</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">6. Lin Tàitai shénme shíhou zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">LÍn Tàitai shi shénme shíhou zōude?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā shénme shíhou lái?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi shénme shíhou láide?</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">L.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Respond with a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> sentence</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">when the cue makes it appropriate.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) míngtiān (He/she is coming.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā míngtiān lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is coming tomorrow.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">OR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) zuotiān (He/she came.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zuótiān. láide. (He/she came yesterday.}</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">'2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Tàitai zǒu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jintiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Tàitai Jintiān zǑu.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">37</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Huáng Tàitai zǒu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;qiántiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Huang Tàitai shi qiántiān zǒude.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">ù.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Lī Xiānsheng lái. hòutiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Li Xiānsheng hòutiān lái.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">LÍn Xiānsheng lái le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">LÍn Xiānsheng shi zuótiān láide.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">6,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Mǎ Xiǎojle dào le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;qiántiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Ma XiǎoJié shi olántiān dàode.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">M.</span></p></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Dive affirmative responses to the</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">questions,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi zuótiān láide ra? (Did he/&quot;he come yesterday?)</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Y</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ou</span><span class="font12">: ihìde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shi zuótiān lá’.le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she came yesterday.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">wáng Xiānsheng shi Jintiān dàode mt-?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Sb id' .</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">dàode</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiānsheng shi Jintiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Lī Tóngzhì shi qiántiān zǒude ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Shìde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">zǒude</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Lī Tóngzhì shi qiántiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Máo Fūren míngtiān lái ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Shìde.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Máo Fūren míngtiān lái.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen háizi hòutiān dào ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Shìde.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen háizi hòutiān dào.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā fùmǔ Jīntiān zǒu ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Shìde.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā fùmǔ Jintiān zǒu.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">7. Zhang Nùshì shi zuótiān láide</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">ma?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Shìde. Zhāng Nushì shi zuótiān láide.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">N.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Give negative responses to the</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi zuótiān láide ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Did he/she come yesterday?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Jiāng Xiānsheng shi jīntiān dàode ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Zhāng Tóngzhì shi qiántiān zSude ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">It. Tāmen shi zuótiān láide ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tāmen háizi shi qiántiān dàode ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. He Tóngzhì shi jintiān zSude ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā àiren shi zuótiān láide ma?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> questions.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Bù. Tā bú shi zuótiān láide. (No. He/she didn’t come yesterday.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Jiāng Xiānsheng bú shi jintiān dàode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Zhāng Tóngzhì bú shi qiántiān zSude.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Tāmen bú shi zuótiān láide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Tāmen háizi bú shi qiántiān dàode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. He Tóngzhì bú shi jintiān zSude.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Tā àiren bú shi zuótiān láide</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">0.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">According to the cues each </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> question.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi zuótiān láide ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) affirmative</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Did he/she come yesterday?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā shi zuótiān láide ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) negative</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Did he/she come yesterday?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wáng Tóngzhì shi qiántiān dàode ma? neg.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">give an affirmative or a negative response to</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Shìde. Tā shi zuótiān láide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes. He/she came yesterday.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Tā bú shi zuótiān láide. (No. He/she didn’t come yesterday.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Wáng Tóngzhì bú shi qiántiān dàode.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā gēge shi jīntiān laide ma? neg.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Lī Xiānsheng shi jīntiān zSude ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;neg.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font12"> Zhào Fūren shi zuotiān dàode ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aff.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tāmen háizi shi qiantian zSude ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;neg.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Sūn Niishi shi zuotiān dàode ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;neg.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Tā gēge bú shi jīntiān láide</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Lī Xiānsheng bú shi jīntiān zSude.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde. Zhào Fūren shi zuótiān dàode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Tāmen háizi bú shi qiántian zSude.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bù. Sūn Nushì bú shi zuótiān dàode.</span></p>
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText-11.png" alt="" style="width:285pt;height:204pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Celebrating the birthday of Māzǔ (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 5</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark126"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark127"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Date and place of &quot;birth.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Days of the week.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Ages.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. The marker le for new situations.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference T'ces.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The 5D-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
<h3><a name="bookmark61"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark128"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">(in BSijíng)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Andesēn Fūren, ni shi zài nǎr shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3 shi zài Dezhōu shēngde.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nimen shi Xīngqīsì dàode ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Bú shi, women shi Xīngqīwǔ dàode.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nīmen xīngqījī z8u?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wōmen Xīngqītiān zōu.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">h. A: Nī shi nēinián shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō shi YIjiǔsānjiǔnián shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Nī shi jīyuè shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: &nbsp;Wō shi Qíyiie shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Nī shi jīhào shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: &nbsp;WŌ shi Sìhào shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">7.<a name="footnote9"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark129">9</a></sup> A: &nbsp;Nī duo dà le?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō èrshisì le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. <a name="footnote10"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark130">10</a></sup>A: Nī duó dà le?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō sānshiwǔ le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: Nīmen nuháizi jīsuì le?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā básuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">10. A: Nīmen nánháizi dōu jīsuī le?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Yíge jiǔsuī le, yíge liùsuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Mrs. Anderson, where were you born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born in Texas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did you arrive on Thursday?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, we arrived on Friday.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What day of the week are you leaving?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We are leaving on Sunday.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What year were you born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born in 1939.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What month were you born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born in July.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What day of the month were you born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born on the fourth.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How old are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m 2U.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How old are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm 35.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How old is your girl?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She's eight years old.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How old are your boys?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">One is nine, and one is six.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">hòunián (hòunian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">the year after next</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">jínnián (jínnian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">this year</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">míngnián (míngnian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">next year</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">1U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">niánnián (niánnian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">every year</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">15.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">qiánnián (qiánnián)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">the year before last</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">16.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">X &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;X</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">qūnián (qúnian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">last year</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="bookmark62"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark131"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">duo dà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">how old</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">hòunián (hòuuian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">the year after next</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">jíhào</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Jīnnián (jīnnian) jlsuì jīyiiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">what day of the month this year how old what month</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">míngnián (míngnián)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">next year</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">nSinián niánnián (niánnian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">which year every year</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">qiánnián (qiánnián) qunián (qunian)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">the year before last last year</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shēng -suì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">to be born year (of age)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">xīngqījī</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Xíngqītián</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Xíngqīyī (Xingqīèr,</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Xīngqīsān, Xíngqīsì, Xīngqīwǔ, Xīngqlliù)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">what day of the week</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sunday</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Monday (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday Friday, Saturday)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced on C-2, P-2, and drill tapes)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">shàngge yuè xiàge yuè zhèige yuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">last month next month this month</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="bookmark63"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark132"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Āndésēn Fūren, nī shi zài nàr shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3 shi zài Dezhōu shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Mrs. Anderson, where were you born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born in Texas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi...de</span><span class="font12"> construction is used to focus on place expressions as well as on time and manner expressions.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nimen shi Xīngqīsī dàode ma? B: Bú shi, wSmen shi Xīngqīwū dàode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nīmen xīngqījī z3u?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3men Xīngqītiǎn z8u</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Did you arrive on Thursday?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, we arrived on Friday.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What day of the week are you leaving?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">We are leaving on Sunday.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">W3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài Měiguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(I was born in America.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">WHERE</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">wS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zuotiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(I arrived yesterday.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">WHEN</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">W3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">yíge rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(I came alone.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">HOW</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 2-3</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Days of the week</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">xīngqījī?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(what day of the week?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Xīngqīyī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(Monday)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Xīngqīèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(Tuesday)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Xīngqīsǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(Wednesday)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Xīngqīsì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(Thursday)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Xīngqīwū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(Friday)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Xīngqīliù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(Saturday)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Xīngqītiǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(Sunday)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Until now, you have always seen JI-, &quot;how many,&quot; at the beginning of a word (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jige háizi</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jlwèi xiānsheng</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jīhào</span><span class="font12">). In </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīngqījī</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-jī</span><span class="font12"> is at the end of the word. In both places, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ji</span><span class="font12"> occupies the position of a number and acts like a number: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīngqījī,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;what number day of the week?&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">1*. A: Nī shi něinián shēngde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What year were you bom?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ shi Yījiúsānjiǔnián &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I was born in 1939-</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The word for &quot;year,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-nián,</span><span class="font12"> is a bound word (like the word for &quot;day,&quot; -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān</span><span class="font12">). The question word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">něinián</span><span class="font12">, &quot;which year,&quot; is formed with the bound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">něi-</span><span class="font12">, &quot;which.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The year is given as a sequence of digits, so that 1972, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yījiǔqīèrnián, </span><span class="font12">would literally be &quot;one-nine-seven-two year.&quot; In a sequence of digits, the word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr</span><span class="font12"> (not </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liSng-</span><span class="font12">) is used for 2, and the words for 1, 7» and 8 keep their basic High tones. (See notes on No. 10 for cases in which these tones change.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">5. A: Nī shi jīyuè shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ shi Qíyuè shēngde.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">What month were you bom? I was born in July.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">5</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Months</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">jīyuè?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(what month?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Yíyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(January)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Eryuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(February)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Sānyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(March)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Sìyūè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(April)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(May)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Liùyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(June)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Qíyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(July)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Báyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(August)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Jiǔyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(September)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Shíyiiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(October)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Shíyīyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(November)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Shíèryiiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(December)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Since the names of the months are formed with numbers, jī-, &quot;how many,&quot; is the appropriate question word to use for &quot;what month.&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ji-</span><span class="font12"> is used in Bèijīng to ask for a number expected to be around 10 or 11.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Notice the tones on the words for 1, 7, and 8, which most Peking speakers pronounce as Rising before Falling-tone words such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè</span><span class="font12">. The syllable -yī- in the word for &quot;November,&quot; however, is usually pronounced with the High tone: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shíyīyuè</span><span class="font12">. (See the notes on No. 10 for a summary of tone changes.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">6. A: Nī shi jīhào shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3 shi Sìhào shēngde.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">What day of the month were you born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I was born on the fourth.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Days of the month</span><span class="font12"> are expressed by the number of the day followed by the bound word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-hào</span><span class="font12">. You will remember that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-hào</span><span class="font12"> is also used in giving addresses.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In asking about days of the month, jī-, &quot;how many,&quot; is used, even though the question may be answered by a number as high as 31.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The month and day of the month may be given together. For example,</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī shi jīyuè jīhào shēngde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is your month and day of</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">birth?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">WS shi Báyuè Jiǔhào shēngde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I was born on August 9.</span></p>
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī duá dà le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">W3 èrshisì le.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">8.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī duó dà le?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">WS sānshiwǔ le</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">How old are you? I’m 2h.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How old are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m 35.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 7-8</span><span class="font12"> '</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ni duó dà le?</span><span class="font12"> &quot;How old are you?” literally means &quot;How big (in years of age) are you?** This is a common'way to ask a person’s age. The question is appropriate for asking the age of a child or a young adult, but the expression is not considered polite enough for asking an older adult his age. (More formal ways to ask a person’s age will be introduced on the C-2, P-2, and drill tapes.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> which ends these sentences calls attention to the fact that something is true now that was not true before.<a name="footnote11"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark133">11</a></sup> Le has only this new-situation meaning in these sentences. It has no meaning of completion, since, in fact, there is no completed event.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">One way to reflect the new-situation </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> in the English translation is to add the word ’’now”: ”l’m 35 now.” Essentially, however, ’’new situation” (sometimes called &quot;change of state”) is a Chinese grammatical category with no simple English equivalent.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for new situations is always found at the end of a sentence and is sometimes called &quot;sentence le.”</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Notice that neither answer contains a verb. The verb that has been left out is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ygu</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to have.&quot; The verb may not be left out in the negative: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">W5 méiyou sānshiwǔ</span><span class="font12">, &quot;I’m not 35.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: Nimen nūháizi JI suì le? B: Tā básuì le.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How old is your girl? She’s eight years old.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suì</span><span class="font12">: In the traditional Chinese system of giving ages, a person is one </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suì</span><span class="font12"> old at birth and becomes another </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suì</span><span class="font12"> old on the New Year’s following his birth. A baby born the day before New Year’s would thus be two </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suì</span><span class="font12"> old on the day after his birth. Most Chinese, however, have now switched to the Western style of computing age and use -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suì</span><span class="font12"> Just as we use &quot;years old.”</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The word -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suì</span><span class="font12">, like the word -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hào</span><span class="font12">, is a bound word showing what kind of thing a number is counting.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In a date or address you are listing a number and use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr</span><span class="font12"> for 2, while in giving an age you are counting an amount of something and use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liSng</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāngsuì</span><span class="font12">, &quot;two years old.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">10. A: Nīmen nánháizi dōu jīsuī le? B: Yíge jiǔsuī le, yíge liùsuì le.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How old are your boys?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">One is nine, and one is six.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> is used when &quot;both” or ’’all” would probably not be used in English, namely, when expecting different information about each of the things (or persons) being discussed. ’’All” tends to be collective, asking or telling about something the members of a group have in common. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dōu</span><span class="font12"> can be distributive, asking or telling something about the members of a group as individuals.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yí</span><span class="font12">, qí, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bá</span><span class="font12">: In the spoken language of Peking, the basic High tones of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yī</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qī</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bā</span><span class="font12"> usually change to Rising tones before Falling-tone words (such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-hāo</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè</span><span class="font12">, and -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suì</span><span class="font12">). This change is most common when the complete number given has only one digit. When there are two or more digits, the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qī</span><span class="font12"> and bā of numbers ending in 7 and 8 are more likely to have Rising tones than the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yī</span><span class="font12"> of numbers ending in 1 (which is usually in the High tone). Compare:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shíqíhào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the 17th</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shíyīyuè &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;November</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In all cases, the High tone is more likely to be kept in rapid speech. You may also encounter speakers who never make changes in the tones of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yī</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qī</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bā</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Remember that, in the digit-by-digit form of giving the year, the numbers 1, 7» and 8 keep their basic High tones: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yījiǔbāliùnián</span><span class="font12">, 1986</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Additional Required Vocabulary</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">DAYS</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">YEARS</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">qiántiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuot</span><span class="font12">iān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">jīntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">hòutiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">qiánnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">qunián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">jīnnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">míngnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">hòunián</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
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<p><span class="font12">In the Chinese system of expressing relative time in terms of days and years, only one pair of terms is not parallel: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuótiān</span><span class="font12">, ’’yesterday,” and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qunián</span><span class="font12">, &quot;last year. ’’</span></p>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark134"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark135"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">A. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Qlngwèn, tā shi zài nār shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Dézhōu</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, where was he/she born?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Qlngwèn, ni àiren shi zài nàr shēngde? Jiāzhōu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, where was your spouse born?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Qlngwèn, tā àiren shi zài nār shēngde? Shànghài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, where was his/her spouse born?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">It. Qlngwèn, nī háizi shi zài nār shēngde? Sìchuān</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, where was your child born?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. ^Qlngwèn, nlmen nuháizi shi zài nār shēngde? Bèijīng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, where was your daughter born?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Qlngwèn, nlmen nánháizi shi zài nār shēngde? Mázhōu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, where was your son born?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Qlngwèn, Zēng Xiānsheng shi zài nār shēngde? Niǔ Yǔē</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, where was Mr. Zēng born?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi zài Dezhōu shēngde. (He/she was born in Texas.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zài Jiāzhōu shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she was born in California.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zài Shànghài shēngde. (He/she was born in Shànghài.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zài Sìchuān shēngde. (He/she was born in Sìchuān.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zài Bèijīng shēngde. (She was born in Bèijīng.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zài Mázhōu shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He was born in Massachusetts.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zài Niǔ Yǔē shēngde. (He was born in New York.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">B. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">1. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Qlngwèn, nī shénme shíhou zǒu? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) něitiān</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, when are you leaving?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Qlngwèn, nī něitiān zōu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, what day are you leaving?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">2. Qingwèn, ni néitiǎn z3u? Jīyǔè</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">3. Qīngwèn, nī Jīyíiè zǒu? Jīhào</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Qīngwèn, nī Jīhào zǒu? néiniǎn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5* Qīngwèn, nī nǒiniǎn zǒu? Jīyǔè Jīhào</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Qīngwèn, nī Jīyiiè Jīhào zou? xīngqījī</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Qīngwèn, nī xīngqījī z3u?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, nī Jīyiiè z3u?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, nī Jīhào zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, nī néiniǎn zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, nī Jīyiiè Jīhào zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qīngwèn, nī xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">C. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Wǒmen Xīngqīyī zǒu. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Xīngqīèr (We are leaving on</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Monday.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wǒmen Xīngqīèr zǒu. Xīngqīsān</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Wǒmen Xīngqīsān zǒu. Xīngqīsì</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Wǒmen Xīngqīsì zǒu. xīngqījī</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wǒmen xīngqījī zǒu? Xīngqīwǔ</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wǒmen Xīngqīwǔ zǒu. Xīngqītiǎn</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Wǒmen Xīngqītiǎn zǒu. Xīngqīliù</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">8. Wǒmen Xīngqīliù zǒu.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Wǒmen Xīngqīèr zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(We are leaving on Tuesday.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒmen Xīngqīsān zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒmen Xīngqīsì zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒmen xīngqījī zǒu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒmen Xīngqīwǔ zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒmen Xīngqītiǎn zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒmen Xīngqīliù zǒu.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">D.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span><span class="font12"> .</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nī háizi shi něinián shēngde? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) 1971</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(What year was your child born?)</span></p></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi Yījiǔqīyīnián shēngde. (He/she was bora in 1971.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Lī Xiānsheng shi něinián shēngde? 19*^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Yījiǔsìsìnián shēngde.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī dìdi shi něinián shēngde? 19^0</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Yījiǔsìlíngnián shēngde.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nèige háizi shi něinián shēngde? 1967</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Yījiǔliùqīnián shēngde.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Zhèige nánháizi shi něinián shēngde? 1968</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Yījiǔliùbānián shēngde.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nèige rén shi něinián shēngde? 1927</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Yījiǔèrqīnián shēngde.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi něinián shēngde? 1933</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Yījiǔsānsānnián shēngde.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">E. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi jiyuè shēngde? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Eryuè</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(What month was he/she born?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā àiren shi jīyuè shēngde?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wǔyuè</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Zhāng Tóngzhì shi jīyuè shēngde? Sìyuè</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Wang Tóngzhì shi jīyuè shēngde? Shíyīyuè</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nī àiren shi jīyuè shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Báyiiè</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nī gēge shi jīyuè shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shíèryuè</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi Eryuè shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she was bom in February.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Wǔyiiè shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Sìyǔè shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Shíyīyuè shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Bayiiè shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Shíèryuè shēngde.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā mèimei shi jiyiiè shēngde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā shi Liùyiiè shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Liùyūè</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">F. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) yíhào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she was born in January.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. shíyíhào</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā shi Yíyuè shēngde. èrshiliàhào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. qíhào</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5.</span><span class="font12"> Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. shísìhào</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. èrshibáhào</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā shi Yíyiiè shēngde. shíhào</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi Yíyiiè yíhào shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she was born January first.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Yíyiiè shíyīhào shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Yíyiiè èrshiliùhào shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Yíyiiè qíhào shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Yíyiiè shísìhào shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Yíyiiè èrshibáhào shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Yíyiiè shíhào shēngde.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">&lt;s. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker;</span><span class="font12"> Nlmen nuháizi jísuì le? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) 5</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(How old is your daughter?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. T»««n nánháizi jísuì le? 11</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3- Hu Tàitai nuháizi jísuì le?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font15">13</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">rā mèimei jTsuì le? 7</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">s. líf nánháizi Jīsuì le? 6</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā wúsuì le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(She is five.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shíyìsuì le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shísānsuì le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā qísuì le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā liùsuì le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. NX nuháizi jXsuì le? U</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā sìsuì le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Nèige nánháizi jlsuì le? 8 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā básuì le.</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">H.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā duo dà le? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) 35</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(How old is he/she?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. NX gēge duo dà le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;UU</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark136"><span class="font12">3. NX dìdi duo dà le?</span></a></p></li></ul>
<p><a href="#bookmark137"><span class="font12">U. Tā jiějie duo dà le?</span></a></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark138"><span class="font12">5. NX mèimei duo dà le?</span></a></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā àiren duo dà le? 28</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Wáng Tongzhì duo dà le? U1</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā sānshiwǔ le. (He/she is 35.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā sìshisì le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā sānshi le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā sìshiql le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā sānshièr le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā èrshibā le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā sìshiyì le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">I. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nín muqin duá dà suìshu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā liùshiwusuì le. le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(She is 65.)</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) 65</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How old is your mother?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nín fùqin duo dà suìshu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā liùshioísuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">67</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā jiějie duá dà suìshu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā sìshiliùsuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">1*6</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā gēge duá dà suìshu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā sìshisìsuì le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font2">hU</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Zhāng Xiānsheng duá dà suìshu le? Tā qīshièrsuì le. 72</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wáng Tàitai duá dà suìshu le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā wǔshijiǔsuì le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">59</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Wang Tàitai mèimei duó dà suìshu Tā wìíshibásuì le. le? 58</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">J. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Substitute </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàngge yuè</span><span class="font12">, ’’last month” (May), </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige yùè</span><span class="font12">, &quot;this month&quot; (June), or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàge yuè</span><span class="font12">, &quot;next month&quot; (July), according to the month mentioned in the speaker’s sentence.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi Wuyuè láide. (He/she came in May.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā Qíyiiè lái.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is coming in July.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā Liíìyuè lái.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is coming in June.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. &nbsp;Tā shi Liùyūè láide.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā Qíyuè zǒu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā shi Wuyuè dàode.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā shi Liùyuè zǒude.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Ou. Tā shi shangge yiie laide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Oh. He/she came last month.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ou. Tā xiàge yuè lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Oh. He/she is coming next month.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ou. Tā zhèige yuè lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Oh. He/she is coming this month.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ou. Tā shi zheige yue laide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ou. Tā xiàge yuè zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ou. Tā shi shàngge yuè dàode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ou. Tā shi zhèige yiiè zǒude.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">K. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Each of the speaker’s statements is the answer to a question. After hearing each answer, ask the question which could have prompted the response.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">S</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">peaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi Yijiǔsānwǔnián shēngde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He/she was born in 1935.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Sìyuè láide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">\He/she came in April.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi Xīngqīwǔ zǒude.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Ha/she left on Friday.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi něinián shēngde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(What year was he/she born?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi jiyuè láide?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(What month did he/she come?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xīngqījī zǒude?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(What day of the week did he/she leave?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā shi qíhào dàode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she arrived-on the seventh.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā shi Yījiǔqísìnián láide.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā shi Xīngqītiān zǒude.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā shi Jiǔyiiè shēngde.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā phi Jíhào dàode?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(What day of the month did he/she arrive?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi něinián láide?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xīngqījī zSude?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi jíyuè shēngde?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText-12.png" alt="" style="width:288pt;height:203pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Farm in northern Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 6</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark139"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark140"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Duration phrases.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for completion.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The ’’double </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le”</span><span class="font12"> construction.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-guo</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">5. Action verbs.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. State verbs.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The 6D-1 tape.</span></p></li></ul>
<h3><a name="bookmark14"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark141"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">(in Taipei)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Nī zhù duo jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: W8 zhù ytnián.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nī tàitai zhù duo jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā zhù liángtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nī tàitai zài Xiānggāng zhù duá jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: W8 xi&amp;ng tā zhù li&amp;ngtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. A: Nī xiSng zhù duo jiù?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: W8 xiSng zhù yìnián.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. A: Nī xiSng zài Táiwān zhù duá jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: WS xiSng zhù báge yùè.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. <a name="footnote12"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark142">12</a></sup>&nbsp;A: Nī péngyou xiSng zhù duá jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">B; Tā xiSng zhù liSngge xīngqī.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Nī láile duá jiù le?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: WS lāile sāntiān le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. A: Nī tàitai zài Xianggang zhùle duá jiù?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā zhùle liSngtiSn.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: Tā lai le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Lái le, tā lái le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">10. A: Tā lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Méi lái, tā méi lái.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">11. A: Nī cángqián láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ cángqián méi láiguo.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">How long are you staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm staying one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long is your wife staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She is staying two days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I think she is staying two days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long are you thinking of staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm thinking of staying one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm thinking of staying eight months.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long is your friend thinking of staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He is thinking of staying two weeks.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long have you been here?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I have been here three days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She stayed two days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did he come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, he came.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did he come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, he didn't come.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Have you ever been here before?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I have never been here before.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">12. qù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">13. Niǔ Yuē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New York</span></p></li></ul>
<h3><a name="bookmark67"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark143"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">congqián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">before</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">duo Jiu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">how long</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-guo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(experiential marker)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Niǔ Yǔē</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">New York</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">qù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">to go</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xi&amp;ng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to think that, to want to» would like to</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Xiāngg&amp;ng xīngqī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Hong Kong week</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to live somewhere</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="bookmark22"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark144"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Nī zhù duó jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3 zhù yìnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long are you staying? I'm staying one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Expressions like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duó jiǔ</span><span class="font12">, &quot;how long,” and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìnián,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;one year,&quot; called duration phrases, come after the verb.* Notice the contrast with time-when phrases, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shenme shíhou</span><span class="font12">, &quot;when,” and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jInnián</span><span class="font12">, ’’this year,” which come before the verb.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">NI</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shénme shíhou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zSu?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(When are you leaving?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">duó Jiǔ?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(How long are you staying?)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">If a duration phrase is used with the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù,</span><span class="font12"> this phrase preempts the position after the verb; and any place phrase, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài Bèijing</span><span class="font12">. must come before the verb.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">W3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài Bèijing.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(I'm living in Beijing.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">NI</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zài Beijing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zhù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">duó jiǔ?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(How long are you staying in Beijing?)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yìnián</span><span class="font12">: In telling how many years (giving an amount) no counter is used. The tone on </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yi,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;one,” changes to Falling before a Rising tone.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nī tàitai zhù duó jiu? B: Tā zhù liāngtiān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How long is your wife staying? She is staying two days.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liāngtiān</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-tiān</span><span class="font12">, '’day,&quot; like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-nián</span><span class="font12">, &quot;year,&quot; is used without a counter. When telling how many of something, the number 2 takes the form </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng</span><span class="font12">.* (See Unit 3, notes on Nos. 3-^.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nī tàitai zài Xiānggāng zhù duó jiù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wo xiāng tā zhù liāngtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. A: Nī xiāng zhù duó jiù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: WS xiāng zhù yìnián.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How long is your wife staying in Hong Kong?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I think she is staying two days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long are you thinking of staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm thinking of staying one year.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 3-U</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāng</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to think that,&quot; &quot;to want to,&quot; &quot;would like to,&quot; may be used as a main verb or as an auxiliary verb. As a main verb it means &quot;to think that.&quot; It is used this way in the answer of exchange 3 and in the following examples.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">WS xiāng tā míngtiān lái. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think he is coming tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">WS xiāng tā bú qù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I think he is not going.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāng</span><span class="font12"> is used as a main verb meaning &quot;to think that,&quot; it is not made negative. This may be a special problem for English speakers who are used to saying &quot;I </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">don't think</span><span class="font12"> he is going.&quot; In Chinese, it is &quot;I think he is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">not going</span><span class="font12">,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ xiāng tā bú qù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāng</span><span class="font12"> is used as an auxiliary verb, it means &quot;to want to,&quot; &quot;would like to.&quot; It is used this way in exchange U, which could also be translated as &quot;How long would you like to stay?&quot; Here are other examples:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Nī xiāng zǒu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you like to leave? OR</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Do you want to go?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: WS bù xiāng zSu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don't want to leave.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Nī xiāng zài Táiběi gōngzuò ma? Do you want to work in Taipei?</span></p>
<div style="border-top:solid;">
<p><span class="font12">*&quot;One day&quot; is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìtiān</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">The tone on </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yī</span><span class="font12"> changes to Falling before a High -tone.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">'j. A: Nì</span><span class="font12"> xiāng zài Taiwan zhù dué jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W5 xiāng zhùbáge yuè.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">6. A: NX péngyou xiāng zhù duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā xiāng zhù liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How long are you thinking of staying in Taiwan?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m thinking of staying eight months.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long is your friend thinking of staying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He is thinking of staying two weeks.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. $-6</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">You already know that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìnián</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìtiān</span><span class="font12"> are used without counters. The words for ’’month” and &quot;week,&quot; however, are used with counters. Compare:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: NX láile dué jiǔ le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: WS láile sāntiān le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How long have you been here?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I have been here three days. ■</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">sāntiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(three days)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">sānnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(three years)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">sānge xingqī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(three weeks)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">sānge yuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(three months)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le...le</span><span class="font12">, &quot;up until now,&quot; &quot;so far&quot;: The use of completed-action le after the verb and of new-situation </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> after the duration phrase tells you how long the activity has been going on and that it is still going on. The answer could also have been translated &quot;I have been here three days so far. This pattern is sometimes called &quot;double </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Notice that when </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is in the middle of a sentence (in this case, because it is followed by a duration phrase), we write it attached to the verb before it: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">láile duo jiǔ le</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">8. A: Nī tàitai zài Xianggang zhùle duo Jiu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Tā zhùle liǎngtiān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How long did your wife stay in Hong Kong?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She stayed two days.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Completion le</span><span class="font12">: Here you see the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> used to indicate one aspect, completion. Compare a sentence with one </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> to a sentence with two le's:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">W5 zài nàr zhùle sāntiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I stayed there three days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō zài zhèr zhùle sāntiān le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have &quot;been here (stayed here) for</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">three days now (so far).</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is used with verbs that describe actions or processes, not with verbs that describe a state or condition, or a continuing situation. The following sentences, describing states or ongoing situations, have past-tense verbs in English but no </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> in Chinese.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nèige shíhou tāmen zhi yōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At that time they </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">had</span><span class="font12"> only two</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">liSngge háizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā qunián bú zài Shànghǎi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wasn't</span><span class="font12"> in Shànghai last year;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">zài Běijīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">was</span><span class="font12"> in Běijīng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Verb types in Chinese</span><span class="font12">: In studying some languages, it is important to learn whether a noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter. In Chinese, it is important to learn whether a verb is an action, state, or process verb. These three verb categories are meaning (semantic) groups. A verb is a member of one group or another depending on the meaning of the verb. For instance, &quot;running&quot; and &quot;dancing&quot; are actions; &quot;being good&quot; and &quot;being beautiful&quot; are states; and &quot;getting sick&quot; and &quot;melting&quot; are processes. In Chinese, grammatical rules are applied differently to each semantic verb category. For the most part, you have learned only action and state verbs in this course; so these comments will be confined to those two verb categories. (See Unit 8 of this module for process verbs.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Action verbs</span><span class="font12">: These are verbs which describe physical and mental activities. The easiest to classify are verbs of movement such as &quot;walking,&quot; &quot;running,&quot; and &quot;riding&quot;; however, action verbs also include verbs with not too much motion, such as &quot;working&quot; and &quot;writing,&quot; and verbs with no apparent motion, such as &quot;studying.&quot; One test for determining if a verb is an action is asking &quot;What did he do?&quot; &quot;He arrived,&quot; &quot;He spoke,&quot; and &quot;He listened&quot; are answers which contain action verbs. &nbsp;&quot;He knew,&quot; &quot;He</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">wanted,&quot; and &quot;He is here&quot; are answers which contain state verbs, not action</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">verbs. Some of the action verbs you have learned are:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">dào (to arrive) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lái (to come)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">gōngzuò (to work) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zhù (to live, to stay)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">State verbs</span><span class="font12">: These verbs describe qualities, conditions, and states. All adjectival verbs, such as hao, &quot;to be good,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǔ</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to be long (in time),&quot; are state verbs. Emotions, such as &quot;being happy&quot; and &quot;being sad,&quot; are expressed with state verbs. &quot;Knowing,&quot; &quot;liking,&quot; &quot;wanting,&quot; and &quot;understanding,&quot; which may be called<sup>1</sup> mental states, are also expressed with state verbs. Also, all auxiliary verbs, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāng</span><span class="font12">. &quot;to want to,&quot; &quot;would like to,&quot; are state verbs. Here are some of the state verbs:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">dà (to be large) duì (to be correct) xìng (to be surnamed) xiāng (to want to)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">shi (to be) jiào (to be called) zài (to be at) zhǐdao (to know)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Aspect and verb types</span><span class="font12">: Not every aspect marker in Chinese may be used with all types of verbs. Completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> does not occur with state verbs. It does occur with action verbs.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ACTION Tā yljlng dào le. Tā gōngzuòle yìnián. Tā lái le ma?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">He has already arrived.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He worked one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did he come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He wasn't here last year. Yesterday he wanted to go. He didn’t know yesterday.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">STATE Tā qùnián bú zài zhèr. Tā zuotiān xiāng qù. Tā zuótiān bù zhìdào.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lái le, tā lái le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Did he come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, he came.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">10.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Did he come?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Méi lái, tā méi lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">No, he didn’t come</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 9-10</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Compare the two possible interpretations of the question </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le ma? </span><span class="font12">and the answers they receive:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Completion le</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Did</span><span class="font12"> she come?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(She came.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">mei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(She didn't come.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Combined le</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(Has she come?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(She has come. OR She's here.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(She hasn’t come yet.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">The first question, with completion le, asks only if the action took place. The second question, with combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">. asks both whether the action has been completed and whether the resulting new situation still exists.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">11. A: Ni cóngqián láiguo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ cóngqián méi láiguo.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Have you ever been here before? I have never been here before.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The aspect marker -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> means literally &quot;to pass over,&quot; &quot;to cross over.&quot; The implication is that an event took place and then ceased at some time in the past.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">It may help you to conceptualize -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> in terms of a bridge. The whole bridge is the event. The marker -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> stresses the fact that not only have you crossed over the bridge but at present you are no longer standing on it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The meaning of -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> changes slightly depending on what type of verb it is used with: action or process, (-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> may not be used with state verbs.) With an action verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-guo</span><span class="font12"> means that the action took place and then ceased at some time before the present. With a process verb, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> means that the process took place and that the state which resulted from the process ended at some time before the present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Remember that aspect markers like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> and -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> are used only when the speaker feels it necessary to stress some feature or aspect of an event. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Le</span><span class="font12"> is used to stress finishing, or completion, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> is used to stress that a situation occurred in the past and was &quot;over&quot; or &quot;undone&quot; before the time of speaking (that is, the absence of that situation followed the situation).</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Let’s contrast -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> with completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">: Both </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> and -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> express completion, but -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> stresses that an action is no longer being performed, or that a state resulting from a process no longer exists. For example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;He came&quot; or &quot;He has come,&quot; not indicating whether or not he is still there. But </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā láiguo</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;He came&quot; with the specification that he is not there anymore—that is, he came and left.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">One of the uses of the aspect marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-guo</span><span class="font12">.is in sentences which express experience or having'experienced something at least once in the past, that is, &quot;to have had the experience of doing something.&quot; This is how </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-guo</span><span class="font12"> is used in exchange 11. In a question, the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-guo</span><span class="font12"> can be reflected by the English word &quot;ever,&quot; and in a negative statement by &quot;never.&quot;</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Nī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">cángqián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-guo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(Have you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ever</span><span class="font12"> been Ccomel here before?)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">W3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">cángqián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-guo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(I have </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">never</span><span class="font12"> been Ccomel here before.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">W3</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">cángqián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-guo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(I have been Ccornel here before.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">The negative of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le</span><span class="font12"> does not include a le, but the negative of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā láiguo</span><span class="font12"> does have a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-guo</span><span class="font12">. The negative adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mei</span><span class="font12"> is used to negate both completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-guo</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">le.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-guo.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-guo.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="bookmark145"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark146"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">A. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Zhāng Xiānsheng zhù duó jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) yíge yuè</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is Mr. Zhāng staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wáng Xiǎojiè zhù duó jiǔ? liǎngge xīngqī</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is Miss Wáng staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Hú Tàitai zhù duó jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">sānge yuè</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is Mrs. Hú staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">4. Tā zhù duó jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">sìge xīngqī</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is he/she staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā tàitai zhù duó jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">liǎngge xīngqī</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is his wife staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Lī XiSojiè zhù duó jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">wǔge yuè</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is Miss Lī staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā xiānsheng zhù duó jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">liùge xīngqī</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is her husband staying?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Zhāng Xiānsheng zhù yíge yǔè. (Mr. Zhāng is staying one month.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiǎojiè zhù liangge xīngqī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Wáng is staying two weeks.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hú Tàitai zhù sānge yǔè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Mrs. Hú is staying three months.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù sìge xīngqī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying four weeks.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā tàitai zhù liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His wife is staying two weeks.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lī Xiāojiě zhù wǔge yǔè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Lī is staying five months.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiānsheng zhù liùge xīngqī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Her husband is staying six weeks.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Zhāng Tóngzhì zhù duó Jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) sāntiān</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is Comrade Zhāng staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā mǔqin zhù duó jiǔ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yìnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā fùqin zhù duó jiǔ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wǔtiān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Wáng Tóngzhì zhù duó jiǔ? bātiān</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Zhāng Tóngzhì zhù sāntiān (Comrade Zhāng is staying three days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mǔqin zhù yìnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā fùqin zhù wǔtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Tóngzhì zhù bātiān.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. NX JiěJie zhù duó Jiǔ? liāngnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Hú Tóngzhì zhù duó jiù? sìtiān</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā zhù duó Jiù? sǎnnián</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ JiěJie zhù liāngnián</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hú Tóngzhì zhù sìtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhù sǎnnián.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">C. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā mǔqin zhù duó Jiǔ? (cue) liāngge yuè (How long is his/her mother staying?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā mèimei zhù duó Jiǔ? yíge xlngqì</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Zhāng Tàitai zhù duó Jiǔ? Jiǔtiān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā gēge zhù duó Jiǔ? sìge xlngqì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wang Xiānsheng zhù duó Jiu? yíge yuè</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā dìdi zhù duó Jiǔ? yìnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā JiěJie zhù duó Jiǔ? shítiān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā mǔqin zhù liāngge yuè. (His/her mother is staying two months.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mèimei zhù yíge xingqì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Tàitai zhù Jiǔtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā gēge zhù sìge xlngqì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiānsheng zhù yíge yuè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā dìdi zhù yìnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā JiěJie zhù shítiān.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">D. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Zhāng Tàitaide gēge zhù duó Jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Xianggang</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is Mrs. Zhāng’s older brother staying?)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Zhāng Tàitaide gēge zài Xiānggǎng zhù duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long is Mrs. Zhāng’s older brother staying in Hong Kong?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Jiāng Xiānshengde dìdi zhù duó Jiāng Xiānshengde dìdi zài Jiǔ? Guangzhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Guāngzhōu zhù duó Jiǔ?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Zēng XiSojiěde mèimei zhù duo j iù? Zhōngguo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Chén Tongzhìde jiějie zhù duo jiù? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ShànghSi</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Qian Tōngzhìde àiren zhù duo jiù? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Méiguo</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Cao XiSojiěde fùqin zhù duo jiù? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;QlngdSo</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Xià Xiānshengde mùqin zhù duo Jiù? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Běijīng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Zēng Xiaojiěde mèimei zài Zhōngguo zhù duo jiù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chén Tōngzhìde jiějie zài Shanghai zhù duō jiù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Qian Tōngzhìde àiren zài Měiguo zhù duō jiù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Cao Xiǎojiěde fùqin zài Qingdao zhù duō jiù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Xià Xiānshengde mùqin zài Běijīng zhù duō jiù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">E. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhù jītiān?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(How many days is he/ she staying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Hu Xiānsheng zhù jige yùè?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Wáng Tàitai zhù jīge xlngql?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">li. Tā xiānsheng zhù jīnián?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Zhōu XiSojiě zhù Jīge yùè?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wō fùqin zhù jīge xlngql?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā mèimei zhù jītiān?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">; Tā xiSng zhù jītiān?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How many days is he/she planning on staying?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hú Xiānsheng xiSng zhù jīge yùè?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Tàitai xiSng zhù jīge xlngql?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiānsheng xiSng zhù Jīnián? Zhōu Xiǎojiě xiSng zhù jīge yùè?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō fùqin xiSng zhù jīge xlngql?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mèimei xiSng zhù jītiān?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">F.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhù yíge xlngql. (He/she is staying one week.)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā zhù liSngnián.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3 Tā zhù sānge yùè.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">. Tā zhù liSngge xlngql.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Wō xiSng tā zhù yíge xlngql (l think he/she is staying one week.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō xiSng tā zhù liSngnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō xiSng tā zhù sānge yùè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō xiǎng tā zhù liǎngge xlngql.</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zhù qītiān.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā zhù sìnián.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā zhù liùge yiiè.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiāng tā zhù qitiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiāng tā zhù sìnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiāng tā zhù liùge yuè</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">G.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhù yíge xīngqī.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying one week.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Mā Tongzhi zhù yìnián.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Mā is staying one year.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Wáng Tóngzhì zhù sìge yuè.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Wáng is staying four months.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Zēng Tóngzhì zhù wǔtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Zēng is staying five days.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wǒ zhù liǎngge xīngqī.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(I am staying two weeks.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā háizi zhù liùtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her child is staying six days.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā mèimei zhù liāngnián.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her younger sister is staying two years.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhùle yíge xīngqī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she stayed one week.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ma Tóngzhì zhùle yìnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Mā stayed one year.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Tóngzhì zhùle sìge yǔè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Wáng stayed four months.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zēng Tóngzhì zhùle wǔtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Comrade Zēng stayed five days.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā haizi zhùle liùtiān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">WS zhùle liǎngge xīngqī. (I stayed two weeks.) (His/her child stayed six days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mèimei zhùle liāngnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her younger sister stayed two years.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">H.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Transformation Drill</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhùle sāntiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she stayed three days.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wǒ zhùle yíge xīngqī.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(I stayed one week.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhùle sāntiān le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she has stayed three days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ zhùle yíge xīngqī le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(I have stayed one week.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā fùqin zhùle liāngge yuè. (His/her father stayed two months.)</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā JiěJie zhùle shíyītiān. (His/her older sister stayed eleven days.)</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wang Xiānsheng zhùle yìnián. (Mr. Wáng stayed one year.)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wáng Tàitai zhùle sānge xingql. (Mrs. Wáng stayed three weeks.)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Hú Xiāojiě zhùle qītiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Hú stayed seven days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā fùqin zhùle liāngge yuè le. (His/her father has stayed two months.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā JiěJie zhùle shíyítiān le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(His/her older sister has stayed eleven days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Xiānsheng zhùle yìnián le. (Mr. Wáng has stayed one year.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Tàitai zhùle sānge xlngqì le. (Mrs. Wáng has stayed three weeks.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hú Xiāojiě zhùle qitiān le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Hú has stayed seven days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Respond by adding </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāng zhù</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùle</span><span class="font12">, each statement, according to the cue.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhù yìtiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) hái méi lái (He/she is staying one day.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā zhù yìtiān. yījīng zěu le (He/she is staying one day.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā zhù yìtiān. hái zài zhèr (He/she is staying one day.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā zhù liāngge xlngqi. yijìng z3u le</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying two weeks.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā zhù sāntiān. hái méi lái (He/she is staying three days.)</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā zhù yìnián. hái zài zhèr (He/she is staying one year.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùle</span><span class="font12"> + duration phrase + le to</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā xiāng zhù yìtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is planning on staying one day.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle yìtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she stayed one day.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle yìtiān le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she has stayed one day.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle liāngge xlngqi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she stayed two weeks.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiāng zhù sāntiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is planning on staying three days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle yìnián le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she has stayed one year.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zhù wǔge xīngqī. yījīng zǒu le</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is staying five weeks.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle wǔge xlngql.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she stayed five weeks.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">J. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā Xīngqīyī lái, Xīngqīsān zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is coming on Monday, leaving on Wednesday.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā yíyǔè lái, Sìyǔè zǒu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā Wǔyǔè lái, QÍyǔè zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā yíhào lái, liùhào zǒu.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā Liùyǔè lái, Shíyǔè zǒu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā Yījiǔqīliùnián lái, Yījiǔqībānián zǒu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā Xīngqīwǔ lái, xiàge Xīngqīyī zǒu.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā xiSng zhù liāngtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is planning on staying two days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎng zhù sānge yuè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎng zhù liǎngge yùè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎng zhù wǔtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎng zhù sìge yùè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎng zhù liSngnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎng zhù sāntiān.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">K. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi èrhào láide, sìhào zǒude.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she came on the second, left on the fourth.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā shi Yījiǔqīyīnián láide, Yījiǔqīsìnián zǒude.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā shi Sānyǔè láide, Wǔyǔè zǒude.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā shi Xīngqīèr láide, Xīngqīliù zǒude.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā shi Jiǔhào láide, Shíyīhào zǒude.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā zhùle liāngtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she stayed two days.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle sānnián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle liǎngge yùè, Tā zhùle sítiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle liāngtiān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā shi zuótiān láide, Jintiān zǒude.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā shi shàngge yǔè sānshiyíhào láide, zhèige yuè wǔhào zǒude.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">L. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā míngtiān bù lái. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) zuótiān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she isn’t coming tomorrow.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā hòutiān bù zǒu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;qiántiān</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā míngnián bù lái. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;qunián</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā xiàge yuè bù zǒu. shàngge yuè</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā xiàge xingqī bù lái. shàngge xingqī</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā hòunián bù lái. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;qiánnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā Jintiān bù zǒu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jintiān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">M. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">; Tā lái le ma? (Did he/she come?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā àiren lái le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā mǔqin lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">b. Hú Tóngzhì lái le ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā dìdi lái le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wáng Dànián lái le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Zhào Tóngzhì lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle yìtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zhùle wǔtiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā zuótiān méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she didn’t come yesterday.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā qiántiān méi zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā qunián méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shàngge yǔè méi zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shàngge xingqī méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā qiánnián méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā Jintiān méi zǒu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā láiguo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Has he/she ever been here?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren láiguo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā mǔqin láiguo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hú Tóngzhì láiguo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tà dìdi láiguo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wáng Dànián láiguo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhào Tóngzhì láiguo ma?</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">N. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill-</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Give a negative response to each question.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">1. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Wáng XiSojiě lái le ma? (Did Miss Wáng come?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">2. LÍn Xiānsheng lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">3* Liu Tàitai lái le ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā lái le ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Huáng Xiānsheng lái le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Chén XiáojiS lái le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Sun Tàitai lái le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">; Wáng Xiǎojié méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Wáng didn't come.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">LÍn Xiānsheng méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Liu Tàitai méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Huáng Xiānsheng méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chén XiSojiS méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sun Tàitai méi lái.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">0. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Give a negative response to each</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Has he/she ever been here?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā àiren láiguo ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā nánháizi láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tāmen háizi dōu láiguo ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā dìdi láiguo ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā jiéjie láiguo ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā muqin láiguo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">question.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā méi láiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she has never been here.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā àiren méi láiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā nánháizi méi láiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen háizi dōu méi láiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā dìdi méi láiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā jiějie méi láiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā muqin méi láiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 7</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark147"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark148"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. Where someone works.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Where and what someone has studied.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. What languages someone can speak.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Auxiliary verbs.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">5. General objects.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Weed</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">The C-l and P-1 tapes, the</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Reference List and Reference</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Workbook.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">The 7D-1 tape.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">Notes</span></p>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark71"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark149"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">(in Taipei)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō zài Méiguo Guōwùyuàn gōngzuò.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō shi xuésheng.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nín lái zuò shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō lái niàn shū.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">It. A: Òu, wō yé shi xuésheng.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Qīngwèn, nī niàn shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">A: Wō niàn lìshī.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. A: Kē Xiānsheng, nī niàn shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō zài zhèli xué Zhōngwén.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. B: Qīngwèn, nī xuéguo Yīngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Xuéguo.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. B: Qīngwèn, nī huì shuō Yīngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Wō huì shuō yìdiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. A: Nī tàitai yé huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Bú huì, tā bú huì shuō.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: Nīde Zhōngguo huà hén hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Náli, náli. Wō jiù huì shuō yìdiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">10. A: Nī shi zài náli xuéde?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wō shi zài Huáshèngdùn xiiéde.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">11. B: Nī shi zài dàxúé xiiéde Yīngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Shide, wō shi zài Táiwān Dàxúé xuéde Yīngwén.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I work with the State Department.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work? I’m a student.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What did you come here to do? I came here to study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Oh, I’m a student too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, what are you studying? I’m studying history.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m studying Chinese here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, have you ever studied English?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, can you speak English?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I can speak a little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Can your wife speak Chinese too?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">No, she can’t.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Your Chinese is very good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Not at all, not at all. I can speak only a little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where did you study it? I studied it in Washington.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did you study English at college?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">12. jīngjixué</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">13. Rìwén</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">1U. wénxiié</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">15. zhèngzhixiié</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">16. nán</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">17. rongyi</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">18. xūéxí (xuéxi)</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">economics</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Japanese language</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">literature</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">political science</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">to be difficult</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">to be easy</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">to study, to learn (PRC)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="bookmark72"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark150"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">dàxūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">university</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">huà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">language, words</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Huáshèngdùn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Washington</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">huì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">to know how to, can</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">j īngj ixúé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">economics</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lìshǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">history</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Měiguo Guówùyiiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">U.S. Department of State</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">nan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to be difficult</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">niàn (shū)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">to study</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Rìwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Japanese language</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">róngyi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">to be easy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shuō (huà)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">to speak, to talk</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">+ •• wenxue</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">literature</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">xūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to study</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">xūéshēng (xuésheng)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">student</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">xuéxí (xūéxi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">to study, to learn (PRC)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">yìdiSn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">a little</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Yingwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">English</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèngzhixué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">political science</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Zhōngwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Chinese</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zuo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">to do</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">shénme dìfang</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">where, what place</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<h3><a name="bookmark73"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark151"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">1. A: Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ zài Měiguo Guówùyūàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nín zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ shi xuésheng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I work with the State Department.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Where do you work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m a student.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 1-2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài MSiguo Guowùyuàn gōngzuò</span><span class="font12"> means either &quot;work at the State Department&quot; (i.e., at main State in Washington, D.C.) or &quot;work in the organization of the State Department&quot; (no matter where assigned). Here the expression is translated loosely as &quot;work with the State Department,&quot; meaning &quot;in the organization.&quot;</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nín lái zuò shénme?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ lái niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. A: òu, wǒ yě shi xuésheng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Qlngwèn, nī niàn shénme?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ niàn lìshī.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">What did you come here to do?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I came here to study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Oh, I’m a student too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, what are you studying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m studying history.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 3-^</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Purpose</span><span class="font12">: When </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to come,&quot; is followed by another verb, the second verb expresses the purpose of the subject's coming. The &quot;purpose of coming&quot; may be emphasized by the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> construction, with the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> before the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ shi lái niàn shūde</span><span class="font12">, &quot;I came to study.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn shū</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn</span><span class="font12"> by itself means &quot;to read aloud.&quot; When followed by an object, the expression means &quot;to study.&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shū</span><span class="font12"> is ”book(s),&quot; but </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn shū </span><span class="font12">simply means &quot;to study.&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shū</span><span class="font12"> is used as a general object, standing for whatever is being studied.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn lìshī</span><span class="font12">: When you are talking about studying a particular subject, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn</span><span class="font12"> is followed by the name of that subject rather than by the general object </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shū</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">To have the meaning &quot;to study,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn</span><span class="font12"> must be followed by either the general object </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shū</span><span class="font12"> or a specific object such as the name of a subject.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Verb types</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuò</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to do,&quot; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn (shū)</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to study,&quot; are action verV~ Both are made negative with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> when referring to actions not yet finished Both may take completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> or its negative </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā méi niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā yljīng niàn shū le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">He doesn't study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He didn't study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He has already studied</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">5. A: Kē Xiānsheng, nī niàn shénme?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ zài zhèli xué Zhōngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. B: Qīngwèn, nī xuéguo Yīngwén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Xuéguo.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">What are you studying, Mr. Cook?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm studying Chinese here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">May I ask, have you ever studied English?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 5-6</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xūé</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to study&quot; (an action verb): You will recognize </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué</span><span class="font12"> from the word for &quot;student,&quot; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xuésheng</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xūé</span><span class="font12"> may refer to acquiring either knowledge or c. skill. For example, you can </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué</span><span class="font12"> history, economics, a language, piano, and tennis-. On the other hand, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn</span><span class="font12"> is used for &quot;study&quot; in the sense of taking a course or courses in a field of knowledge. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn</span><span class="font12"> is not used for a skill.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In some contexts, the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;to learn.&quot; The following sentence may be interpreted two ways, depending on the situation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō zài Mèiguo yījīng xuéguo. I learned it in America.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(e.g., how to use chopsticks)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR I studied it in America.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(e.g., the Chinese language)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngwén</span><span class="font12"> is used for either the Chinese spoken language or the written language, including literature. In general, use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué</span><span class="font12"> for &quot;learning&quot; to speak Chinese and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn</span><span class="font12"> for &quot;studying&quot; Chinese literature.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">7. &nbsp;B: &nbsp;Qīngwèn, nī huì shuō Yīngwén May I ask, can you speak English?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: &nbsp;Wǒ huì shuō yìdiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can speak a little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">8. &nbsp;A: &nbsp;Nī tàitai yě huì shuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Can your wife speak Chinese too?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: &nbsp;BÚ huì, tā bú huì shuō. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No, she can't.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 7-8</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hui</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to know how to,&quot; &quot;can,&quot; is an auxiliary verb. It is used before the main verb to express an attitude toward the action or to express the potential of action. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiang</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to want to,&quot; &quot;would like to,&quot; is also an auxiliary verb. &quot;Should,&quot; &quot;must,&quot; and &quot;may&quot; are other examples of auxiliary verbs. All auxiliary verbs in Chinese are state verbs, which means that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> is always used to make them negative. Auxiliary verbs never take the aspect marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for completed action, regardless of whether you are talking about past, present, or future.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā qunián bú huì shuō Yīngwén. He couldn’t speak English last year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">When the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is used, it is the aspect marker for new situations.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā qunián bú huì shuō Yíngwén, Last year he couldn’t speak English, xiànzài huì le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but now he can.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo huì shuō yìdiǎn</span><span class="font12">, &quot;I can speak a little&quot;: The word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìdiǎn</span><span class="font12">, literally &quot;a dot,&quot; functions as a noun. It is used in a sentence to mean &quot;a little bit&quot; where a noun object, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yìngwen</span><span class="font12">, &quot;English,&quot; might be used.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yìdiǎn</span><span class="font12"> may not be used directly after an auxiliary verb, which must be followed by another verb.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuō</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to speak,&quot; &quot;to talk,&quot; is another example of a verb which must always have an object.<a name="footnote13"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark152">13</a></sup> </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuō</span><span class="font12"> must be followed by either</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(1) the general object </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huà</span><span class="font12">, &quot;words,&quot; in which case the meaning of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuō huà</span><span class="font12"> is simply &quot;to speak,&quot; &quot;to talk,” as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā hái méi shuō huà</span><span class="font12">, &quot;He hasn’t yet spoken&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(?) a specific object such as the name of a language.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bú huì</span><span class="font12">: The short yes/no answer to a question containing the auxiliary verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> is formed with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> rather than with the main verb.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo huà</span><span class="font12">: This expression refers only to the spoken language, in contrast to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngwén</span><span class="font12">, which refers to both the spoken and written language.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">9• A: Hide Zhōngguo huà hen hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your Chinese is very good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B'. Náli, náli. Wō jiù huì &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not at all, not at all. I can</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">shuō yìdiǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;speak only a little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Literally, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;where.&quot; As a reply to a compliment, we have translated </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span><span class="font12"> as &quot;not at all.&quot; Jn China, it has traditionally been considered proper and a matter of course to deny any compliment received, no matter how much truth there is to it. Many people still regard </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xièxie</span><span class="font12">, &quot;thank you,&quot; as an immodest reply to a compliment, since that would amount to agreeing that the compliment was completely correct.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12">, &quot;only&quot;: As was noted in Unit 3, notes on Nos. 8-9, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12"> meaning &quot;only&quot;is not as widely understood as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhī</span><span class="font12">. The last sentence in exchange 9 could just as well be </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zhī huì shuō yìdiān</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">10. A: Nī shi zài náli xùéde? B: Wǒ shi zài Huáshèngdùn xùéde.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">11. B: Nī shi zài dàxùé xùéde Yīngwén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Shìde, wǒ shi zài Taiwan Dàxùé xùéde Yīngwén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Where did you study it? I studied it in Washington.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Did you study English at college?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, I studied English at Taiwan University.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Nos. 10-11</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In the Peking dialect of Standard Chinese, which is the model for. grammatical patterns presented in this course, the -de of a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de </span><span class="font12">construction comes between the verb and its object. The object, therefore, is outside the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> construction. Compare &quot;I studied here&quot; with &quot;I studied English here&quot;:</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xùé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-de.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài zhèr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">•• X xue</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">-de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Yīngwén.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">However, you may hear some Standard Chinese speakers who place the object inside the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> construction.</span></p>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark74"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark153"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">A. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā zài nàli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Guōwùyǔàn (Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">yōuzhèngju</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā zài náli gōngzuò? yínháng (Where does he/she work?)</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Wǔguānchù</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Guōbīn Dàfàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Beijing Fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā zài náli gōngzuò?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">MÍnzú Fàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Where does he/she work?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā zài Guōwùyǔàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she works with the State Department.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài yōuzhèngju gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she works at the post office.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài yínháng gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she works at a bank.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she works at the defense</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">attache’s office.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Guōbīn Dàfàndiàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she works at the Ambassador</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Beijing Fàndiàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she works at the Bèijing</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hotel.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài MÍnzú Fàndiàn gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she works at the Nationalities</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hotel.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">1. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi xǔésheng, tā xǔé </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi xǔésheng, tā zài zhèli Zhōngwén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;xǔé Zhōngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) zhèli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(He/she is a student; he/she</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is a student; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studies Chinese here.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">he/she studies Chinese.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā shi xǔésheng, tā xǔé Zhōngguo Tā shi xǔésheng, tā zài nàli xǔé huà. nàli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhōngguo huà.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā shi xǔésheng, tā niàn shénme? Tā shi xǔésheng, tā zài zhèli niàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">zhèli</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">shénme?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font10">u.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xuésheng, náli?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">tā niàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">lìshī.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xuésheng, tā lìshī?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zài náli niàn</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xuésheng, zhèli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā niàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">wenxue.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xuésheng, tā wenxue.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài zhèli niàn</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xuésheng, nàli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā xūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Fàwén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xuésheng, tā Fàwén.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài nàli xūé</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xuésheng, zhèli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā xūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi xuésheng, tā shénme?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zài zhèli xūé</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">C. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Qīngwèn, tā niàn shénme? </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(cue</span><span class="font12">) jīngjixúé</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, what is he/ she studying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Qīngwèn, Wáng Dànián niàn shénme? wénxūé</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, what is Wáng Dànián studying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Qīngwèn, Fāng Xiǎojiě niàn shénme? Zhōngguo wénxūé</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, what is Miss Fāng studying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">h. Qīngwèn, tā mèimei niàn shénme? zhèngzhixūé</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, what is his/her younger sister studying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5- Qīngwèn, tā àiren niàn shénme? lìshī</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, what is his/her spouse studying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Qīngwèn, Sun Huìrán niàn shénme? Zhōngguo lìshī</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, what is Sūn Huìrán studying?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā nánháizi niàn shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">J īngj ixūé</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(What is his/her son studying?)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā niàn Jīngjixúé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is studying economics.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn wénxūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He is studying literature.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wénxūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(She is studying Chinese literature.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn zhèngzhixué.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(She is studying political science.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn lìshī.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is studying history.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Zhōngguo lìshī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(She is studying Chinese history.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Jīngjixúé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He is studying economics.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">D. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Wáng Xiānsheng niàn lìshī.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Mr. Wáng is studying history.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Mǎ Xiānsheng niàn wénxué.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Zhāng Xiānsheng niàn jīngjixué.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Lī Xiānsheng niàn Riven.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5-</span><span class="font12"> Tā niàn lìshī.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Hú Xiānsheng niàn Yīngvén.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Chén Xiānsheng niàn Fàvén.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Wáng Xiānsheng lái niàn lìshī. (Mr. Wáng is coming to study history.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Mǎ Xiānsheng lái niàn wénxué.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhāng Xiānsheng lái niàn jīngjixūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Lī Xiānsheng lái niàn Rìwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái niàn lìshī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Hu Xiānsheng lái niàn Yīngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Chén Xiānsheng lái niàn Fàwén.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">E.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Sun Téngzhì lái zuò shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) gōngzuò</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(What did Comrade Sun come to do?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. MS Tongzhì lái zuò shénme? niàn shū</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Chén Téngzhì lái zuò shénme? xué Rìwén</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā lái zuò shénme? niàn lìshī</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Huáng Xiānsheng lái zuò shénme? niàn zhèngzhixūé</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Qián Tongzhì lái zuò shénme? xué Yīngwén</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā lái zuò shénme? gōngzuò</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā lái gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she is coming to work.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái xué Rìwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái niàn lìshī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái niàn zhèngzhixūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái xué Yīngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā lái gōngzuò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">F.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Qingwèn, tā lái niàn shū ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(May I ask, did he/she come to study?)*</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Qingwèn, tā lái niàn Zhōngwén ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Qingwèn, tā lái niàn jíngjixué ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">h. Qingwèn, tā mèimei lái niàn Yingwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">5. Qingwèn, Chén Xiānsheng lái niàn zhèngzhixué ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">- 6. Qingwèn, Wáng Xiānsheng lái xiié Fàwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Qingwèn, Zhāng Xiěojiě lái xué Rìwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Duì le, tā lái niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(That’s right, he/she came to study.)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Duì le,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">lái niàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Zhōngwén.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Duì le,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái niàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Jlngjixiié.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Duì le,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái niàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Yingwén.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Duì le,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái'niàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèngzhixué.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Duì le,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái xué :</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Fàwén.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Duì le,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">lái xiié :</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Rìwén.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">*A11 these sentences could be translated with &quot;is coming” instead of &quot;did come.”</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">G. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi zài dāxué xiiéde Zhōngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Did he/she study Chinese in college?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā shi zài Měiguo xiiéde Zhōngwén ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxíié niànde Yīngwén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā shi zài Měiguo niànde lìshl ma?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">You:</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài dàxué xiiéde Zhōngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she studied Chinese in college.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài Měiguo xiiéde Zhōngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxué niànde Yingwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài Měiguo niànde lìshl.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā shi zài Jiāzhōu niànde zhèngzhixué ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài Jiāzhōu niànde zhèngzhixué.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zài Zhōngguo niànde Zhōngguo wénxūé ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā shi zài Huàshèngdùn niànde jīngjixúé ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài Zhōngguo niànde Zhōngguo wénxūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài Huashèngdùn niànde jīngjixúé.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">H.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Give negative responses to all the questions, and complete your answers according to the cues.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi zài Zhōngguo xūéde Zhōngguo huà ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Měiguo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Did he/she study Chinese in China?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā shi zài Měiguo niànde Fàwén ma? Jiānádà</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3- Tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxūé niànde zhèngzhixūé ma? Měiguo Dàxūé</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">h. Tā shi zài Yīngguo niànde Yīngguo wénxūé ma? Měiguo Dàxūé</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">5-</span><span class="font12"> Tā shi zài Jiāzhōu niànde jīngjixúé ma? Táiwān Dàxūé</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Bú shi, tā shi zài Měiguo xūéde Zhōngguo huà.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(No, he/she studied Chinese in America.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā shi zài Jiānádà niànde Fàwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā shi zài Měiguo Dàxūé niànde zhèngzhixūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā shi zài Měiguo Dàxūé niànde Yīngguo wénxūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxūé niànde Jīngjixúé.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā shi zài Zhōngguo niànde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bú shi, tā shi zài Jiāzhōu Dàxūé</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo lìshī ma? Jiāzhōu Dàxūé niànde Zhōngguo lìshī.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">7- Tā shi zài Jiānádà niànde Zhōngwén ma? Táiwān</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā shi zài Táiwān niànde Zhōngwén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">I. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Give a negative or an affirmative response to each question, according +,•? the cues.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā shi zài Huàshèngdùn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Shìde, tā shi zài Huàshèngdùn xūéde Zhōngguo huà ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;xūéde Zhōngguo huà.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Huàshèngdùn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Yes, he/she studied Chinese</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Did he/she study Chinese &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Washington.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">in Washington?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā shi zài Taiwan Dàxiié Bú shi, tā shi zài MSiguo Dàxiié niànde Zhōngguo lìshī niànde Zhōngguo lìshī. ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(No, he/she studied Chinese history</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) MSiguo Dàxiié &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at American University.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Did he/she study Chinese history at Taiwan University?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā shi zài dàxiié xíiéde Zhōngwén ma? dàxiié</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā shi zài Taiwan Dàxiié niànde Zhōngguo wénxiié ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Jiāzhōu Dàxiié</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā shi zài MSiguo Dàxiié niànde wénxiié ma? MSiguo Dàxiié</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā shi zài Jiāzhōu Dàxiié niànde zhèngzhixiié ma? Táiwān Dàxiié</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā shi zài Fàguo niànde Fàwén (&quot;French”) ma? Měiguō</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài dàxiié xiiéde Zhōngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā shi zài Jiāzhōu Dàxiié niànde Zhōngguo wénxiié.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Shìde, tā shi zài MSiguo Dàxiié niànde wénxiié.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā shi zài Táiwān Dàxiié niànde zhèngzhixiié.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Bú shi, tā shi zài MSiguo niànde Fàwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">J. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Substitution Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nī huì shuō Yīngwén ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Déwén</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Can you speak English?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī huì shuō Déwén ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rìwén</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Nī huì shuō Rìwén ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fàwén</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Nī huì shuō Fàwén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo huà</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Nī huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma? Déguo huà</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">; Nī huì shuo Déwén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Can you speak German?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī huì shuō Rìwén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī huì shuō Fàwén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī huì shuō Déguo huà ma?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">6. Nī huì shuō Déguo huà ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">K. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">1. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Wǒ xué Zhōngwén. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) Rìwén</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(I’m studying Chinese.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Wǒ xué Zhōngwén, wǒ yě xiié Rìwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(I’m studying Chinese, and I'm studying Japanese too.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR WS xūé Zhōngwén. (cue) tā</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">(I’m studying</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Chinese.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Fàwén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Déwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">3.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xue</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Fàwén. tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">h.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xūé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèngzhixūé.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">tā</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">5.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xue</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">zhèngzhixūé.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">jlngjixūé</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">6.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">•• xue</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">wénxūé. lìshī</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">WS xiié Zhōngwén, tā yS xiié Zhōngwén. (I’m studying Chinese; he/she is studying Chinese too.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xué Fàwén, tā yě xūé Déwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">WS xūé Fàwén, tā yě xūé Fàwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">WS xūé zhèngzhixūé, tā yě xūé zhèngzhixué.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">WS xūé zhèngzhixūé, wS yě xué jlngjixūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wo xūé wénxūé, wS yě xūé lìshī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">L. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Combination Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: LÍn Xiānsheng zài Huàshèngdùn. Tā xūéguo Fàwén.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Mr. LÍn was in Washington. He studied French.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Huang Xiǎojiě zài Měiguo. Tā niànguo zhèngzhixūé.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Huang was in America.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">She studied political science.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Liu Tàitai zài Jiāzhōu Dàxūé.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niànguo jlngjixūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Mrs. Liu was at the University of California. She studied economics.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Sòng Xiānsheng zài MěiguS. Tā niànguo lìshī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Mr. Sòng was in America. He studied history.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: LÍn Xiānsheng zài Huashèngdùn xūéguo Fàwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Mr. LÍn studied French in Washington.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Huang XiSojiě zài Měiguo niànguo zhèngzhixūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Huang studied political science in America.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Liu Tàitai zài Jiāzhōu Dàxūé niànguo jlngjixūé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Mrs. Liu studied economics at the University of California.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sòng Xiānsheng zài Měiguo niànguo lìshī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Mr. Sòng studied history in America.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zài Bèijing. Tā xuéguo Zhōngwén.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she was in Bèijing. He/she studied Chinese.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Sun Xiǎojiè zài Jiānádà. Tā niànguo Yīngguo wénxiié.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Sun was in Canada. She studied English literature.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā zài Zhōngguo. Tā niànguo Zhōngguo wénxué.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she was in China. He/she studied Chinese literature.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Bèijing xuéguo Zhōngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she studied Chinese in Bèijing.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Sun Xiǎojiè zài Jiānádà niànguo Yīngguo wénxué.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Miss Sun studied English literature in Canada.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài Zhōngguo niànguo Zhōngguo wenxue.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He/she studied Chinese literature in China.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">M. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Give an affirmative or a negative response to each question, according to the cues.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Nī huì shuō Yingwén ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) xiiéguo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Can you speak English?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Nī huì shuō Yingwén ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) méi xuéguo</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Can you speak English?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Nī huì shuō Zhōngwén ma? xuéguo</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā huì shuō Déwén ma? méi xuéguo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">h. Nī huì shuō Rìwén ma? xuéguo</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5- Tā huì shuō Yīngguo huà ma? xuéguo</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. Nī huì shuō Fàwén ma? méi xuéguo</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Wō huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(I can speak a little.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō bú huì shuō.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(I can’t speak it.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Wō huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú huì shuō.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā huì shuō yìdiǎn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō bú huì shuō.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">N. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Give an affirmative or a negative</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">response to each question, according</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">to the cues.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma? (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) xuéguo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Can he/she speak Chinese?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) méi xuéguo (Can he/she speak Chinese?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā àiren huì shuō Fàwén ma? xuéguo</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā fùqin huì shuō Rìwén ma? méi xuéguo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Lǐ Tóngzhì huì shuō Déwén ma? méi xuéguo</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wáng Tóngzhì huì shuō Yingwén ma? xuéguo</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">6. Chén Tóngzhì huì shuō Fàwén ma? xuéguo</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Huì, tā huì shuō Zhōngguo huà.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(Yes, he/she can speak Chinese.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú huì, tā bú huì shuō</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo huà.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(No, he/she can't speak Chinese.)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Huì, tā àiren huì shuō Fàwén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú huì, tā fùqin bú huì shuō Rìwén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Bú huì, Li Tóngzhì bú huì shuō Déwén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Huì, Wáng Tóngzhì huì shuō Yīngwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Huì, Chén Tóngzhì huì shuō Fàwén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font3" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 8</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark154"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark155"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. More on duration phrases.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for new situations in negative sentences.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Military titles and branches of service.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. The marker ne.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">5. Process verbs.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Materials You Will Need</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. The 8D-1 tape.</span></p>
<div>
<h3><a name="bookmark76"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark156"></a>REFERENCE LIST</span></h3>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(in Taipei)</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1. B: Nī jīntiān hái yǒu kè ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Méiyou kè le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nī cǒngqián niàn Yīngwén niànle duō jiǔ?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ niàn Yīngwén niànle liùnièn.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">3. A: Nī xiànzài niàn shénme ne?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ niàn Fàwén ne.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. A: Nī niàn Fàwén niànle duǒ Jiù le?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ niànle yìnián le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. B: Nī huì xiě Zhōngguo zì ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Huì yìdiān.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. A: Qunián wǒ hái bú huì xiě.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">A: Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiān le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Nī fùqin shi junrén ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Shi, tā shi hāijún junguān.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">8. B: Wǒ jīntiān bù lái le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ bìng le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: Jīntiān hāo le méiyou?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B: Jīntiān hāo le.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Do you have any more classes today? I don’t have any more classes.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long did you study English?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I studied English for six years.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What are you studying now?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m studying French.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">How long have you been studying French?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’ve been studying it for one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Can you write Chinese characters?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">I can</span><span class="font12"> a little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Last year I couldn’t write them.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Now I can write a little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Is your father a military man?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Yes, he’s a naval officer.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm not coming today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I’m sick.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are you better today? (Are you recovered?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Today I’m better.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">10. kōngjūn</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">11. lùjun</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">12. shìbīng</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">13. zuò shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">1U. Déwén</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">air force</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">army enlisted man to work</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">German language</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<h3><a name="bookmark77"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark157"></a>VOCABULARY</span></h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Bing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">to become ill</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Dewén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">German language</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Fàwén (Fàwén)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">French language</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">h&amp;ijún</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">navy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">Jūnguān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">military officer</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Junrén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">military person</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">kè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">class</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">kōngjun</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">air force</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lùjun</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">army</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">shìbīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">enlisted man</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">xiS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">to write</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">zì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">character</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">zuò shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">to work</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="bookmark78"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark158"></a>REFERENCE NOTES</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">1. B: Nī Jintiān hái yǒu kè ma? Do you have any more classes today?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Méiyou kè le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t have any more classes.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hái</span><span class="font12">, &quot;additionally,&quot; &quot;also&quot;: used as an adverb meaning &quot;still.&quot; way to use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī hái xiang zǒu ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nī hái yào xué shénme?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font12">You have already learned the word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái </span><span class="font12">In this exchange you learn a second</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Do you still want to leave?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">What else do you want to study?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou...le</span><span class="font12">: You will remember that in the negative of a completed action, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font12"> replaces the completion marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">—is never used together with it.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12"><sup>11</sup></span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He came)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">méi(you)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(He did not come)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12">In the sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méiyou kè le</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is a new-situation marker, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font12"> is simply the negative of the full verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu</span><span class="font12">. (Remember that the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu</span><span class="font12"> is always made negative with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mei,</span><span class="font12"> never with bù.)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">yǒu kè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">(Now he has class. CDue to a change in the schedule, he now has class at this time.!)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">méi-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">yǒu kè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">(He doesn’t have any more classes.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù...le/méiyou...le</span><span class="font12">: When the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for new situations is used with a negative verb, there are two possible meanings: one is that something that was supposed to happen is now not going to happen; the other is that something that was happening is not happening anymore. Thus the following sentence is ambiguous:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bù lái le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is not coming now. CEither</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">he was expected to come but changed his mind, or he used to come at this time but now has stopped.!</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In the context of a conversation, the meaning of the sentence would &quot;become clear. Here are more■examples with the ’’anymore” meaning:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú niàn shū le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú shi wǒde péngyou le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">He is not going to study anymore. CHe will no longer attend college.3</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He is not my friend anymore.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">There is no more.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">2. A: Nī cóngqián niàn Yīngwén niànle duó jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: WS niàn Yīngwén niànle liùnián.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How long did you study English?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I studied English for six years.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Wo. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">More on duration</span><span class="font12">: In Unit 6 of this module, you learned to express duration in a sentence with no object (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">WS zài Xianggang zhùle liùge yuè le</span><span class="font12">). In this unit, you learn one way to express the duration of an activity which involves using both a verb and an object (e.g., &quot;studying economics&quot;). In such cases, the verb appears twice in the sentence: first when the object is stated, and again when the duration is stated.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn jīngjixǔé, niànle He studied economics for one year, yinián.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xtié Zhōngguo huà, xíiéle He has been studying Chinese for sānge yuè le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three months.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Notice that aspect markers do not occur after the first verb in each sentence, but only after the second verb and at the end of the second sentence.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">3- A: Nī xiànzài niàn shénme ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3 niàn Fàwén ne.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">What are you studying now? I’m studying French.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ne</span><span class="font12"> is an aspect marker used to emphasize the fact that something is in progress. With action verbs, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12"> indicates that the action is going on. With state verbs, ne shows that the state exists. With some process verbs, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12"> indicates that the process is going on. Ne may not be used with certair process verbs. (See also notes on No. 8, about verbs.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">U. A: NI niàn Fàwén niànle duo jiǔ le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ niànle yìnián le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">5. B: Ni huì xiě Zhōngguo zì ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Huì yìdiān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">How long have you been studying French?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I've been studying it for one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Can you write Chinese characters?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I can a little.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. U-5</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiě Zhōngguo zì</span><span class="font12">: The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě</span><span class="font12">, &quot;to write,&quot; can occur with specific objects, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo zì</span><span class="font12">, as well as with the general object </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zì</span><span class="font12">. The combination </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě zì</span><span class="font12"> can mean either &quot;to write characters&quot; or simply &quot;to write.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎng xué xiě Zhōngguo He wants to learn to write Chinese zì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;characters.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Xiǎo dìdi sìsuì le, yljīng Little younger brother is four huì xiě zì le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years old and already can write.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">In the reply </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huì yìdiān</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> is used as a main verb—not as an auxiliary verb, as in the question. As a main verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;to have the skill of,&quot; &quot;to have the knowledge of,&quot; &quot;to know.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wǒ huì Yīngwén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I know English.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">6. A: Qunián wǒ hái bu huì xiě.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">A: Xiànzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiān le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Last year I couldn't write them. Now I can write a little.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qunián wǒ hái bú huì xiě</span><span class="font12">: Notice that here it is the auxiliary verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12">, not the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě,</span><span class="font12"> that is made negative. Auxiliary verbs such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font12"> are STATE verbs and so are made negative with the prefix </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12">, regardless of whether the context is past, present, or future.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xianzài wǒ huì xiě yìdiān le</span><span class="font12">: The marker used is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for new situations. It is always placed at the end of a sentence.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The time word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiànzài</span><span class="font12"> comes at the beginning of the sentence here. Most time words of more than one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in either case before the verb.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">7. A: Ni fùqin shi Jūnrén ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: Shi, tā shi hSijūn jōnguān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">8. B. W8 Jintiān hù lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">B: W3 bìng le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Is your father a military man? les, he's a naval officer.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm not coming today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">I'm sick.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 7-8</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìng,</span><span class="font12"> &quot;to get sick,&quot; &quot;to become ill,&quot; is a process verb; that ìb, the activity described includes some changes in the situation. Process verbs tell of an action which has caused a change from one state to another, as from whole to broken (&quot;to break&quot;) and from frozen to melted (&quot;to melt&quot;). </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bing</span><span class="font12"> is typical of process verbs: not only is an action described (coming down with an illness) but also a resulting state (being ill). Because of this typical combination, process verbs are sometimes thought of as combining the semantic characteristics of action and state verbs.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">One of the main purposes of talking about verbs in terms of action, state, and process is to draw attention to the fact that the Chinese way o£ expressing something may not correspond to the English. For instance, &quot;I am sick&quot; in Chinese is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">W5 bìng le</span><span class="font12"> (&quot;I have gotten sick&quot;). For &quot;I am not sick,&quot; you say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">WS méi bìng</span><span class="font12"> (&quot;I didn't get sick&quot;).</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Process verbs are always made negative with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12">, regardless of whether you are referring to past, present, or future.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Nì bìng le méiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are you sick?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Méiyou. WS méi bìng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No. I'm not sick.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(State verbs are always made negative with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Another reason for putting verbs into categories according to the type of meaning is to discover how verbs behave in sentences. Knowing whether a verb is in the action, state, or process category, you will know what aspect markers and negatives may be used with that verb. In the following charts, a check mark means that this combination of verb and aspect occurs in the language.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ASPECT MARKERS</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">VERBS</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">completion le combined le new-situation le</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12">ACTION</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">STATE</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12">PROCESS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Examples</span><span class="font12">:<a name="footnote14"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark159">14</a></sup></span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ACTION Tā zuótiān gōngzuò le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā yìjìng lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Gēge xiànzài niàn daxiié le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">STATE Tā xiànzài huì xiě zì le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">PROCESS Tā zuótiān bìng le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xiànzài bìng le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bìngle yíge yuè le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12">He worked yesterday, (completion Le)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He has already come, (combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Older brother goes to college now. (new-situation le)<a name="footnote15"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark160">15</a></sup></span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He can write now. (new-situation </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He got sick yesterday, (completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He is sick, (combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He has been sick for one month now. (new-situation </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> and completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">VERBS</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ACTION STATE PROCESS</span></p>
<p><span class="font14">NEGATION</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font13">-------------------------■----------------------------</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi(you)</span><span class="font12">—negation of completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái méi</span><span class="font12">—negation of combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-variant:small-caps;">l</span><span class="font10">__Ld</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Examples</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ACTION Tā bú niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā méi niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He doesn’t (isn’t going to) study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He didn’t study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He hasn’t studied yet.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">STATE Tā qunián bù xiāng niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Last year, she didn't want to study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">PROCESS Tā jīntiān méi bìng. Tā hái méi hāo.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">He is not sick today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">He hasn't yet recovered.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Notice that only action verbs use the whole range of negatives to mark the negative of future or present action, completed action, or new situations. State verbs use the negative prefix </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> even when referring to past states. Process verbs use the negative prefix </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> even when referring to something in the present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">If you find a verb occurring with a negative or an aspect marker you had not expected, you might discuss with your teacher how the verb behaves in terms of these charts. You might discover that what you thought was a state verb is actually a process verb, or vice versa.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">9. A: Jīntiān hāo le méiyou? B: Jīntiān hāo le.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Are you better today? Today I'm better.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jīntiān hāo le</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hāo</span><span class="font12"> is one of many state verbs which can become process verbs. When such a verb becomes a process verb, it takes on a different meaning. While the state verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hāo</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;to be good&quot; or &quot;to be well,&quot; the process verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hāo</span><span class="font12"> means &quot;to get better,&quot; &quot;to recover.&quot; Compare these sentences:</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He's in good health.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zuotiān bìng le. Tā jīntiān Yesterday he became sick. Today he yījīng hāo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is already recovered.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">The difference between the state verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hāo</span><span class="font12"> and the process verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hāo</span><span class="font12"> is even more evident in negative sentences. State verbs, as you remember, are made negative only with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12">. Process verbs are made negative only with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi </span><span class="font12">or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái méi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bù hāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He's not good. CHe's not a good</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">person.1</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi hāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He hasn't yet recovered. CHe is</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">still sick.l</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">It can be difficult to remember that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìng</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hāo</span><span class="font12">, sometimes translated as &quot;to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">be</span><span class="font12"> sick&quot; and &quot;to be better,&quot; are actually process verbs in Chinese, not state verbs. The English sentence &quot;I am better (recovered)&quot; translates as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ hāo le</span><span class="font12"> (&quot;I have </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">become</span><span class="font12"> well&quot;) and would be incorrect without the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jintiān hāo le méiyou?</span><span class="font12"> Questions may be formed from statements containing completion </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> or combined </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> by adding </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font12"> at the end of the statements. You will learn more about forming questions in the first unit of the next module.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12">Tā láile méiyou?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ni hāole méiyou?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font12">Did he come?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Are you recovered (from your illness)?</span></p>
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module02BIO-StudentText-13.png" alt="" style="width:464pt;height:315pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font15">In a Taipei classroom (courtesy of Thatcher Dean)</span></p>
<h3><a name="bookmark161"></a><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark162"></a>DRILLS</span></h3>
<p><span class="font12">A. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā jīntiān hai yōu kè ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(Does he have any more classes today?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā jīntiān hái lái ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā xiànzài hái huì shuō Zhōngguo huà ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā xiànzài hái yōu Zhōngguo shū ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā hái niàn lìshī ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā xiànzài hái zài kōngjūn gōngzuò ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā xiànzài hái xiSng zōu ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā méiyou kè le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He doesn't have any more classes.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bù lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú huì shuō Zhōngguo huà le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā méiyou Zhōngguo shū le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú niàn lìshī le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài kōngjūn gōngzuò le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā bù xiSng zŌu le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">B.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā cóngqián niàn lìshī. (He formerly studied history.)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā congqián niàn shū.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā congqián zài lùjūn zuò shi.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā cóngqián bú huì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā cóngqián bù zhīdào.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tāde Zhōngwén cóngqián bù hen hao.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā cóngqián huì shuō Fàguo huà.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tá cóngqián niàn lìshī, xiànzài bú niàn le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He formerly studied history, but now he doesn't anymore.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián niàn shū, xiànzài bú niàn le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián zài lùjūn zuò shi, xiànzài bú zài lùjūn zuò shi le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián bú huì, xiànzài huì le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián bù zhīdào, xiànzài zhīdao le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāde Zhōngwén cóngqián bù hen hSo, xiànzài hen hSo le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián huì shuō Fàguo huà, xiànzài bú huì le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">C. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā niànguo zhèngzhixūé. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) duó Jiǔ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He has studied political science.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā niànguo JīngJixǔé. Jīnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā niànguo Zhōngguo wénxué.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">duó Jiǔ</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">ù. Tā xuéguo Rìwén. Jige yuè</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zài kōngjūn zuòguo Bhì.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">duó Jiǔ</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā niànguo Zhōngguo lìshī.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">duó Jiǔ</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā niànguo Yīngguo wénxué.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Jīnián</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā niàn zhèngzhixūé, niànle duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long did he study political science?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn JīngJixǔé, niànle-Jīnián?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wénxué, niànle duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xué Rìwén, xǔéle Jīge yuè?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài kōngjǔn zuò shi, zuòle duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Zhōngguo lìshī, niànle duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Yingguo wénxué, niànle Jīnián?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">D. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā xiànzài niàn lìshī. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) duó Jiǔ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(He is studying history now.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā xiànzài xué Rìwén. Jīge yuè</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā xiànzài niàn Yīngwén.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Jīge yuè</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā xiànzài zài hàijun zuò shi. Jīnián</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā xiànzài xué Zhōngguo huà. duó Jiǔ</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā xiànzài zài lùjǔn zuò shi. Jīnián</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā xiànzài zài yínháng zuò shi. Jīnián</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā niàn lìshī, niànle duó Jiǔ le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long has he been studying history?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xué Rìwén, xǔéle Jīge yuè le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Yīngwén, niànle Jīge yǔè le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài hàijǔn zuò shi, zuòle Jīnián le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xǔé Zhōngguo huà, xǔéle duó Jiǔ le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài lùjǔn zuò shi, zuòle Jīnián le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài yínháng zuò shi, zuòle Jīnián le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">E. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā xiànzài hái niàn lìshl ne.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) duó jiǔ (He is still studying</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">history.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā xiànzài hái niàn Zhōngguo wenxué ne. duó jiǔ</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā xiànzài hái xǔé Rìwén ne.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Jige yǔè</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā xiànzài hái zài lùjǔn zuō shi ne. duó Jiǔ</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5.</span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;"> Tā</span><span class="font12"> xiànzài hái xǔé Zhōngguo huà ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;duó jiǔ</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā xiànzài hái niàn zhèngzhixǔé ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;duó jiǔ</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā xiànzài hái niàn JingJixǔé ne. duó J iǔ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">; Tā niàn lìshl, hái 'xiāng niàn duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How much longer is he going to study history?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wènxǔé, hái xiāng niàn duó jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xǔé Rìwén, hái xiāng xǔé jige yǔè?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài lùjǔn zuō shi, hái xiāng zuō duó jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xǔé Zhōngguo huà, hái xiāng xǔé duó jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn zhèngzhixǔé, hái xiāng niàn duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn JingJixǔé, hái xiāng niàn duó Jiu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">F. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā xiànzài niàn lìshl. (He is studying history now.)</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">OR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā niànguo lìshl.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He studied history.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā xiànzài hái niàn lìshl.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He is still studying history.)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā xiànzài niàn Zhōngguo wènxǔé.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā niànguo Zhōngguo wénxǔé.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā xiànzài hái niàn Rìwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā niàn lìshl, niànle duó Jiǔ le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long has he studied history?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn lìshl, niànle duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long did he study history?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn lìshl, hái xiāng niàn duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(How long does he plan to study history?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wènxǔé, niànle duó Jiǔ le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Zhōngguo wénxǔé, niànle duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Rìwén, hái xiāng niàn duó Jiǔ?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā niànguo Rìwén.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā xuéguo Yīngwén.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā xiànzài hái xiié Yīngwén.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">8. Tā xiànzài zài kōngjūn zuò shi.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā niàn Rìwén, niànle duō Jiù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xūé Yīngwén, xūéle duo jiu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā xūé Yīngwén, hái xiang xūé duō jiǔ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā zài kōngjūn zuò shi, zuòle duō jiǔ le?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">G.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Expansion Drill</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">; Wō xiS zì le. (I wrote.)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Wō dōng le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Wō lái le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">U. Wō zōu le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Wō zuò le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Wō ting le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Wō xūé le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">H.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Response Drill</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā xiō le ma? (Did he write?)</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā lái le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā hǎo le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā dōng le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā zōu le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā tīng le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā xūé le ma?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Wō xiō zì le, tā méi xiS zì. (I wrote; he didn’t write.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō dōng le, tā méi dōng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō lái le, tā méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō zōu le, tā méi zōu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō zuò le, tā méi zuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō tīng le, tā méi tīng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Wō xūé le, tā méi xūé.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā hái méi xiǎ.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(He still hasn’t written.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi lái.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi dōng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi zōu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi tīng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái méi xūé.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">I. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Response Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā cóngqián bú huì xiě Zhōngguo zì. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(In the past he couldn't write Chinese characters. And now?)</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā cóngqián bù xiāng xué Rìwén. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā cóngqián bú niàn lìshī. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">1. Tā cóngqián bù dōng Fàwén. Xiànzài ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tāmen congqián méiyou háizi. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā cóngqián bú huì shuō Déguo huà. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā congqián bù xiāng xué Yingwén. Xiànzài ne?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā hái bú huì xiě Zhōngguo zì. (He still can't write Chinese characters.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái bù xiāng xué Rìwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái bú niàn lìshī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái bù dōng Fàwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tāmen hái méiyou háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái bú huì shuō Déguo huà.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā hái bù xiāng xué Yingwén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">J. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Transformation Drill</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Speaker</span><span class="font12">: Tā cóngqián bú huì xiě Zhōngguo zì.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) now he can (In the past he couldn’t</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">write Chinese characters. )</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā cóngqián huì xiě Zhōngguo zì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) no longer</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(In the past he could write Chinese characters. )</span></p>
<p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">: Tā cóngqián bú huì xiě, xiànzài huì xiě le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(In the past he couldn't write; now he can.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián huì xiě, xiànzài bú huì xiě le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(In the past he could write; now he can't.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">OR Tā cóngqián bú huì xiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā cóngqián bú huì xiě, xiànzài</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo zì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hái bú huì xiě.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cue</span><span class="font12">) still can't &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(In the past he couldn't write;</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">(In the past he couldn't &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;now he still can't.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">write Chinese characters. )</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">2. Tā congqián &quot;bu dong Fàwén. now he can</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">3. Tā cóngqián dong Fàwén. no longer</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">U. Tā cóngqián bù dong Fàwén. still can’t</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font12">5. Tā cóngqián bù xiang xué Yingwén. now he does</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">6. Tā cóngqián xiang xiié Yingwén. no longer</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">7. Tā cóngqián bù xiang xué Yingwén. still doesn’t</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">8. Tā cóngqián bù niàn lìshl. now he does</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">9. Tā cóngqián niàn lìshl. no longer</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font12">10. Tā cóngqián bú niàn lìshl. still doesn’t</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián bù dóng, xiànzài dóng le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián dong, xiànzài bù dong le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián bù dong, xiànzài hái bù dong.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián bù xiang xué, xiànzài xiang xué le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián xiāng xué, xiànzài bù xiāng xué le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián bù xiāng xǔé, xiànzài hái bù xiāng xǔé.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián bú niàn, xiànzài niàn le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián niàn, xiànzài bú niàn le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">Tā cóngqián bú niàn, xiànzài hái bú niàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">228</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote1">1</a></sup><a name="bookmark80"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">As used in this course, the words &quot;he,&quot; &quot;him,&quot; and &quot;his&quot; are intended to include both masculine and feminine genders. (Translations of foreign language material not included.)</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote2">2</a></sup><a name="bookmark91"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of romanization. The second, parenthesized version is the conventional, or anglicized, spelling.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote3">3</a></sup><a name="bookmark96"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">♦Another word for &quot;restaurant&quot; is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fànguānzi</span><span class="font12">. The general word for &quot;hotel&quot; is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">luguān</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote4">4</a></sup><a name="bookmark103"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote5">5</a></sup><a name="bookmark104"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote6">6</a></sup><a name="bookmark107"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">The word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font12"> is sometimes translated &quot;number,&quot; as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìyī</span><span class="font12">, &quot;number one.&quot; (See resource module on Numbers, tape U.)</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote7">7</a></sup><a name="bookmark115"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">A few nouns referring to people may be made explicitly plural by adding</span></p>
<p><span class="font12">•</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">men</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">háizimen</span><span class="font12"> can only be &quot;children.&quot;</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote8">8</a></sup><a name="bookmark116"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12"></span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12"> has several other meanings, which will be presented to you as you continue through this course. 2.3U</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote9">9</a></sup><a name="bookmark129"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote10">10</a></sup><a name="bookmark130"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote11">11</a></sup><a name="bookmark133"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Ages may also be asked and given without using the new-situation </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote12">12</a></sup><a name="bookmark142"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote13">13</a></sup><a name="bookmark152"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">See also the note on </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn shū</span><span class="font12">, under exchange 3.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote14">14</a></sup><a name="bookmark159"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">Most of the time you can figure out from a verb’s meaning the semantic category in which that verb belongs. However, process verbs may not be so predictable.</span></p>
<p><sup><a href="#footnote15">15</a></sup><a name="bookmark160"></a></p>
<p><span class="font12">In affirmative sentences containing action verbs, the marker le for new situations is used to describe a change in a general habit.</span></p>
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