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- <p><span class="font2">CM 0192 S</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font4">I ■</span></p>
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- <div><a name="caption1"></a>
- <h1><a name="bookmark0"></a><span class="font7" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark1"></a>STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach</span></h1>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <h2><a name="bookmark2"></a><span class="font6"><a name="bookmark3"></a>MODULE 7: SOCIETY</span><br><br><span class="font6"><a name="bookmark4"></a>STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK</span></h2>
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- <p><span class="font5">SPONSORED BY</span></p>
- <p><span class="font5">AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font3">This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3">Defense Language Institute</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3">Foreign Language Center</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3">NonresidentTraining Division</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3">Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3">Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements-whether real or apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3">Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses not mentioned.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3">In DLIFLC publications, the words </span><span class="font3" style="font-style:italic;">he, him,</span><span class="font3"> and/or </span><span class="font3" style="font-style:italic;">his</span><span class="font3"> denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font3">The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces. Purchase by the customer does not constitute authorization for reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting without prior approval from the DLIFLC.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">MODULE 7: SOCIETY</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Before starting Unit 1 of this module, you should have completed core modules 1 through 6 and the optional modules Personal Welfare, Restaurant, and Hotel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">May 1981</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark5"></a><span class="font12"><a name="bookmark6"></a>PREFACE</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font12"> originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197 in space provided at the Forign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Writers for the first half of the materials were John H.T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T.C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual Staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font12"> was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials.</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook-1.png" alt="" style="width:78pt;height:35pt;">
- <p><span class="font12">Jamies R. Frith, Chairman</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">CONTENTS</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark5"><span class="font12">Preface</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark7"><span class="font12">Introduction Section 1: To the Student</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark8"><span class="font12">Section 2: To the Teacher</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark9"><span class="font12">List of Tapes for Module 7</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark10"><span class="font12">Objectives for the Society Module </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark11"><span class="font12">UNIT 1 Travel Plans Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark12"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark13"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark14"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Phrases with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǎnyú</span><span class="font12">, "concerning," "about"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The directional ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12">, "might," "be likely to," "will"</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark15"><span class="font12">The sentence marker -de, "that’s the way the situation is" Review Dialogue</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark16"><span class="font12">Workbook</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark17"><span class="font12">Exercise Dialogues </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark18"><span class="font12">UNIT 2 Equality of the Sexes Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark19"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark20"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Reference Notes ........................ </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">by</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">biěde, "other(s)" ___V Ifxu.____ ____ ft</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàng</span><span class="font12">, "like**</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark21"><span class="font12">The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12">, "as soon/early as that" Review Dialogue</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark22"><span class="font12">Workbook</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark23"><span class="font12">Exercise Dialogues </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark24"><span class="font12">UNIT 3 Family Values Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark25"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark26"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark27"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The verb ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qilai</span><span class="font12">: the start of an action or condition </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cáí7</span><span class="font12"> "only," before amounts</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12"> showing the manner of an action</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The verb ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12">: —successful reaching/obtaining/finding</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">—(with verbs of speech) "of," "about"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">—successful perceiving (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàndao</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">, "anymore"</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark28"><span class="font12">Placement of phrases with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12">, "to," "up to," "until" Review Dialogue</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark29"><span class="font12">Workbook</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark30"><span class="font12">Exercise Dialogues </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark31"><span class="font12">UNIT h A Family History Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark32"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark33"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark34"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">More on </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12">, marker of absence of change/lack of completion</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Terms for grandparents</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">More on indefinite pronouns ("any/no" expressions)</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark35"><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāngzhu</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bang máng </span><span class="font12">Review Dialogue</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark36"><span class="font12">Workbook</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark37"><span class="font12">Exercise Dialogues </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">UNIT 5 Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes Introduction </span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark38"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark39"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark40"><span class="font12">Reference Notes</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">..,yě hao, ...yě hǎo</span><span class="font12">, "whether...or..."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Necessary condition marked by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase "in order to"</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark41"><span class="font12">Review Dialogue</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark42"><span class="font12">Workbook</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark43"><span class="font12">Exercise Dialogues </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark44"><span class="font12">UNIT 6 Politics and Culture Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark45"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark46"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark47"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de hua</span><span class="font12">, if, in case</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">More on -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> vs. -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> expressing purpose</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark48"><span class="font12">Review Dialogue </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark49"><span class="font12">Workbook</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark50"><span class="font12">Exercise Dialogues </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark51"><span class="font12">UNIT 7 Social Problems Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark52"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark53"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Reference Notes ........................ 215</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-duo</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">le, "much more" "Not anymore," "never again"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián...dōu...</span><span class="font12">, "even"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ yào... Jiù...</span><span class="font12">, "provided that..."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hú shi...,1 iù shi...</span><span class="font12"> , "if not.. .then..."either.. .or..."</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark54"><span class="font12">Review Dialogue</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark55"><span class="font12">Workhook</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark56"><span class="font12">Exercise Dialogues </span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">UNIT 8 Directions for the Future</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark57"><span class="font12">Introduction </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark58"><span class="font12">Reference List</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark59"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark60"><span class="font12">Reference Notes </span></a></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Action-Process compound verbs</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The directional ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huí you</span><span class="font12">, "after all," "anyway" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě bu</span><span class="font12">, "don’t even," "won’t even"</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><a href="#bookmark61"><span class="font12">Review Dialogue </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark62"><span class="font12">Workbook</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark63"><span class="font12">Exercise Dialogues </span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark64"><span class="font12">Vocabulary</span></a></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark57"></a><span class="font12"><a name="bookmark65"></a>INTRODUCTION</span></h3>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">SECTION 1: TO THE STUDENT</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">With the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Society</span><span class="font12"> module, you are taking a step up to a new level of expression in Chinese. Up till now, you have "been dealing with relatively short sentences about concrete situations. In this module, you will start to encounter longer sentences and more abstract statements. The transition will take some time, but you can make it easier on yourself by developing methodical ways of approaching the new material in each unit. The following suggestions may help.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Keep in mind from here on in that the two skills you will continue to work on, production and comprehension, are no longer expected to stay at approximately the same level. It is natural for your ability to understand what others say to increase more rapidly than your ability to express your own thoughts. As you work through the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Society</span><span class="font12"> module, bear in mind that, while you are asked to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">understand</span><span class="font12"> all the dialogues, you are required to be able to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">produce</span><span class="font12"> only a limited part of the language you will hear. This is specified in the module objectives, the unit vocabulary lists, and the introductions to the units.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How to Use the Book</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Each unit of this book presents quite a bit of new information—much more than anyone can master in a few days’ time. This is because information has also been included simply for comparison or for your future reference. This is what you should master in each unit:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) The new grammar listed in the introduction for each unit.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) The basic meanings of each vocabulary item. (Related meanings may be given in the reference notes for purposes of comparison, but you are not required to remember them.)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">(3) The cultural background information discussed in some reference notes and contained in each unit’s review dialogue.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">You may find it helpful to read through the reference notes three times. On the first time through, read only the notes on cultural background. The second time, go through the notes that explain new grammatical structures. The third time, read only the notes on the meanings and usage of new words. For review, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">test yourself</span><span class="font12"> on the example sentences in the notes by covering the Chinese column and trying to translate the English column into Chinese. Check your answer immediately.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How to Use the Tapes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Starting with Module 7, there will he only two thirty-minute tapes per unit, instead of five.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tape 1</span><span class="font12"> introduces the material on the Reference List, giving you a chance to learn to understand these sentences and to practice saying them. Tape 1 replaces both the C-l and P-1 tapes which you used in Modules 1 through 6.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will find that the Tape 1 is denser in content and faster paced than either the C-l or P-1 tapes. The number of new vocabulary items in each unit has been increased from 20-25 to 30-35. You will also notice that the sentences have increased in length. Since you must learn to understand as well as say these sentences from a single tape, you may find that you need to rewind the tape and review the presentation of each sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">several times</span><span class="font12">. In addition, explanations which were formerly found on the C-l and P-1 tapes are now found only in the Reference Notes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tape 2</span><span class="font12"> replaces the C-2 and P-2 tapes. Each Tape 2 will start off with a review of the sentences from the Reference List. This will be followed by three exercise dialogues. You should listen to each dialogue until you understand it thoroughly. The workbook which accompanies Tape 2 describes the setting of the conversation and provides you with the new vocabulary you need to understand it. (You are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">not</span><span class="font12"> required to learn these additional vocabulary items.) The workbook also contains questions about each dialogue, for which you will need to prepare answers in Chinese. Your teacher will ask you to answer these and other questions about the conversation in class.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When you listen to the recorded dialogues, aim only for comprehension of the ideas. Whether or not you can repeat the sentences word for word is not critical. Since they are in colloquial style, the dialogues sometimes contain phrasing which you are not expected to be able to imitate at this stage, yet with a little effort (it is expected to take repeated listenings), you will understand.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">SECTION 2: TO THE TEACHER</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">The format of the core modules from this point on differs considerably from those preceding, and teaching methods should be adapted to the requirements of this new format. Below are a few suggestions on how to use this and subsequent core modules.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How to Use the Reference Notes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The reference notes in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Society</span><span class="font12"> include grammatical explanations, discussions of the usage of new words, and some cultural background information. They are called ’’reference” notes for a reason: they are here for the student’s present and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">future</span><span class="font12"> reference. They are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">not</span><span class="font12"> intended as material for classroom study or discussion, for in these later modules, as in the first six, the bulk of classroom time should be spent in the actual use of Chinese. The thoroughness of the notes is intended to relieve you of the need to give lectures on grammar and usage and allow you to devote most of your time with students to live practice of the language. You should familiarize yourself with the content of the notes so that when students pose questions on word usage or a new structure, you can simply refer them to the relevant note.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The copiousness of example sentences in the notes has a double purpose. First, along with the idiomatic English translations, they show the versatility of the vocabulary items they introduce; at this level of study, a single English translation can seldom fully do justice to the range of nuances expressed by a Chinese word. Second, students can use the example sentences at home for translation practice, either Chinese-English or English-Chinese, using a strip of paper to cover the target-language column and then checking their answer for immediate reinforcement.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">How to Use the Exercise Dialogues</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The three exercise dialogues in each unit (exercises 2, 3, and h) present completely different situations and characters from the unit review dialogue, but include the same new vocabulary and structures. They provide extra listening comprehension practice at normal conversational speed, an area which should receive increased attention from both student and teacher beginning with this module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The language of many of the exercise dialogues is very colloquial and thus a change from the style of the preceding modules. At this stage, students must accustom themselves to hearing everyday Chinese, and if given ample practice, their comprehension will improve quickly. But bear in mind that students are not expected to be able to produce sentences in this colloquial style, only to understand them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The taped exercises 2, 3, and h, are to be listened to outside of class as many times as is necessary for the student to answer the questions in the workbook section. In class, the teacher should ask the questions, rephrased in Chinese, and have students answer from their notes or, preferably, from</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">memory. If students "bring up questions on colloquialisms contained in the dialogues at this time, handle them quickly; avoid digressions on expressions which are not required for production. The point of this activity is for the students to talk—to practice saying the new words and structures of the unit</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Further Classroom Activities</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) Use the subjects discussed in the dialogues as points of departure for class discussions in which the teacher takes the part of the Chinese who wants to understand American society and the American students try to explain their ways of thinking and doing things. Depending on class size, the level of the students, and individual students’ competitiveness or reticence, these conversations will need to "be more or less structured. If necessary in order to maintain the flow of ideas or to keep a small number of students from dominating the discussion, everyone can be asked to outline possible answers before coming to class, or the teacher may prepare an outline for the students.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) Students can be asked to tell the story of the review dialogue or an exercise dialogue in their own words. This can be done by the whole class together; if one student omits an important point in the story, another student can remind him of it or supply it himself.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">(3) Have students pick out from the reference list and the dialogues certain sentences which serve a particular communicative function. The Chinese material in this book is especially suited to this type of exercise because of the colloquial tone of the dialogues and the range of emotions and linguistic functions displayed within them. For example, the students may be asked to find a sentence that conveys enthusiasm toward an idea, one that conveys tentativeness when asking a question about a delicate subject, or one that conveys a desire to be helpful. Using the sentences thus found as takeoff points, the teacher can then ask the students to come up with other sentences with the same linguistic function, or ask them to change elements of the sentence to vary its function.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">For example, Unit 1 of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Society</span><span class="font12"> presents some sentences (in the reference list and dialogues) that can be used as responses to proposals:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ kǎolu kǎolu. I’ll think it over. (non-committal)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Fěichǎng hǎo. Great. (enthusiastic)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nà women shuohǎo le . . . Then we’ve agreed . . . (decisive)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiù zhèiyang. It’s settled, (decisive)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Students can be asked to add to this list sentences expressing a wider range of responses to a proposal, e.g., flat rejection (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù xíng!</span><span class="font12">), scandalization (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nà zěnme kéyi a*</span><span class="font12">), lukewarm acceptance (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kěyǐ . . .</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yě hǎo</span><span class="font12">), indecisiveness (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">M . . .</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nà, wǒ hǎi děi xiǎngyixiǎng</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài shuō ba</span><span class="font12">). etc. If you make up supplementary exercises, you may find it effective to base them on the communicative functions of sentences contained in each unit. A list of these functions will be found in each unit’s introduction.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(U) If the teacher and students find that the new grammar needs to be separately discussed in class, such sessions should be confined to a review of the essential new structures, as listed in each unit’s introduction.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Review</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The two review tapes consist simply of exercises requiring the students to translate the reference list sentences for Units 1 to U and 5 to 8, respectively. The original order of the sentences in the text has been scrambled. The first section of each tape is translation from Chinese to English, the second from English to Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Because material introduced in this module is frequently repeated in subsequent lessons, regular review will not be as important as in the earlier modules, where the situational nature of the lessons means that some vocabulary introduced in order to handle one kind of situation occurs in that one module only. However, if desired, one of each unit’s exercise dialogues can be reserved for review: have students listen to only two instead of all three exercise dialogues while doing the unit, and then return to the third dialogue several units later to brush up on the vocabulary and structures.</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark66"></a><span class="font12"><a name="bookmark67"></a>TAPES FOR MODULE 7 (SOC)</span></h3>
- <div style="border-top:solid;">
- <p><span class="font12">Unit 1:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Unit 2:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Unit 3:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Unit U:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Unit 5:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Unit 6:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Unit 7:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Unit 8:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">SOC 1.1, SOC 1.2 SOC 2.1, SOC 2.2 SOC 3.1, SOC 3.2 SOC U.l, SOC U.2 SOC 5.1, SOC 5.2 soc 6.1, soc 6.2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">SOC 7.1, SOC 7.2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">SOC 8.1, SOC 8.2</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Review Tapes: SOC Review 1-U, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">SOC Review 1-U, Tape 2 (English to Chinese) SOC Review 5-8, Tape 1 (Chinese to English) SOC Review 5-8, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)</span></p>
- <h3><a name="bookmark68"></a><span class="font12"><a name="bookmark69"></a>MODULE 7: SOCIETY</span></h3>
- <p><span class="font12">The Society Module (SOC) will provide you with the linguistic skills and cultural background information you need to visit a Chinese family, discuss some aspects of family life and society, to find out how someone’s family fits into the pattern of traditional Chinese society, and how it reflects the changes of modern society.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Before starting this module, you must take and pass the MTG Criterion Test. In addition, it is assumed that by this point you will have already completed the optional modules Personal Welfare, Restaurant, and Hotel; vocabulary from these modules is now considered taught.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The SOC Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from the first six core modules and associated resource modules is also included.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">OBJECTIVES</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able to</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Say any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists when cued with its English equivalent.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Ask someone about the size of his family, which family members live at home, and where other family members live and why.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">it. Use the rules of Chinese etiquette in social visits: the proper times for visiting; the custom of offering refreshments to visitors and the type of response expected from the visitor; and some polite ways to end a social visit.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5. Discuss the status, duties, and responsibilities of sons in the traditional Chinese family.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">6. Discuss the different relationships within the Chinese family, especially those between parents and children, and between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. Explain why the large (extended) family was the ideal pattern in traditional Chinese society.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. Use the proper-terms for referring to your own or someone else’s children, and understand the terms for addressing one’s children directly; use the terms for paternal grandparents; use the terms for the parents of one’s friend.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">9. Understand why early marriage was a common practice in traditional China.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. Discuss the effects of the development of industry and business on traditional Chinese society.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">11. Discuss the concept of filial obedience.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">12. Compare the position of women in Chinese society before and after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">13. Discuss traditional marriage arrangements in China and the roles women were placed in as a result. Understand the government’s policy toward marriage after 19^9 and the actual changes that have occurred.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">1U. Explain and defend some of your personal views on topics such as equality of the sexes, the status of women, living together, marriage, parent-child relationships, care of the elderly, the effects of political and economic conditions on society, crime, and drug abuse.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">UNIT 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Travel Plans</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(Verb) de shi...</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Phrases with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guanyu</span><span class="font12">, "concerning," "about."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. The directional ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. The auxiliary verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12">, "might," "be likely to," "will."</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">5. The sentence marker -de, "that’s the way the situation is."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Functional Language Contained in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Offering a visitor something to drink.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Responding to an offer of something to drink.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Concluding a social visit.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Telling someone you can’t take the time to explain something but will talk about it later.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. Presenting a suggestion or proposal to do something.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">6. Responding to a suggestion or proposal to so something.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Jīntiān wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièd</span><span class="font12">ao yìběn hǎo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoshuō</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shénme xiǎoshuō, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rang</span><span class="font12"> ni zènme gāoxìng?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Today I "borrowed a good novel (from someone).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What novel is it that makes you so happy?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: Zhèiběn xiǎoshuō xiěde shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàlùd</span><span class="font12">e </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guānyu</span><span class="font12"> dàlùde? Jiè gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Xiàge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xuéqī</span><span class="font12"> ní xiǎng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yánjiū</span><span class="font12"> shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hái shi lǎo wentí: Zhōng-guóde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngzhi</span><span class="font12"> qíngkuàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">h. A: Zuótiān Xiǎo Ming gěi tā nùpéngyou xiě xìn, xiěde hǎo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cháng</span><span class="font12">!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niánqīng</span><span class="font12"> rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒng</span><span class="font12"> shi niánqīng rén. Wo niánqīngde shihou yě shi zhèiyang, nī wàng le?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This novel is about the situation on the mainland.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">About the mainland? How about lending it to me to read?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What are you going to do research on next semester?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s still the same old topic: the political situation in China.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yesterday Xiǎo Ming wrote a letter to his girl friend, and it was really long!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Young people are always young people. When I was young I was like that too, have you forgotten?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shǔ^iàd</span><span class="font12">e shihou, nī xiǎng dào nǎr qu wànrwanr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ xiǎng dào </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yàzhōu </span><span class="font12">Jīge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǒjiā</span><span class="font12"> qu kankan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: Zenme, nī xiǎng yánjiū Yàzhōude </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wénhuà chuántǒng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù néng shuō yánjiū. Wǒ zhī shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shèhuì</span><span class="font12"> qíngkuàng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Where do you want to go over summer vacation?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’d like to go visit a few countries in Asia.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia’s cultural tradition?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It can’t be called research. I Just want to go have a look at the social situation there.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Lǎo Wáng, wǒ Jīntiān </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnJué </span><span class="font12">hen bu shūfu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǎo Wáng, I feel awful today.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kuài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòxia</span><span class="font12">, wǒ qù gěi ni dào bēi chá lai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Sit down and I’ll go pour you a cup of tea.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Nǐ qùde nèige dìfang zhèngzhi, jīngji </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāngmiàn</span><span class="font12">de </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngxing</span><span class="font12"> zěnmeyàng?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Jǐjù huà </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuōbuqǐngchu</span><span class="font12">, you shíjiān wǒ zài gen ni </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mànmānr</span><span class="font12"> shuō ba.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: Yǎnjiū Zhōngguo xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dongde </span><span class="font12">Zhōngguo lìshǐ.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ shuōde zhèiyi</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">diǎn</span><span class="font12"> hen yàojīn, wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolù</span><span class="font12"> kǎolū.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Nǐ zài Zhōngguo zhù liǎng-nián, yídìng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> xuéhǎo Zhōngwénde.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìfāngmiàn</span><span class="font12"> kéyi xuéhǎo Zhōngwén, yìfāngmiàn yě kéyi duō zhīdao yidiǎnr Zhōngguóde shìqing.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What was the political and economic situation like where you went?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I can’t explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when I have time I’ll tell you all about it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">To study the problems of China now, you have to understand Chinese history.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This point of yours is very important; I’11 think it over.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">If you live in China for two years, you’re sure to learn Chinese very well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on the other hand I can find out more things about China.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY 11. yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r) 12. yímiàn...yímiàn...</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">doing...while doing...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">doing...while doing...</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">cháng chuántǒng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be long</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tradition, traditional</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàlù dào -diǎn dǒngde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">mainland, continent</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to pour</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">point</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to understand, to grasp, to know</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">-fāngmiàn (-fāngmiàn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">aspect, side, area, respect</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">gǎnjué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">feeling, sensation; to feel, to perceive</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guānyú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">as to, with regard to, concerning, about</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guojiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">country, state, nation; national</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">huì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">might, be likely to, will</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Jiè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">J ièdao</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-Jù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to borrow; to lend</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to successfully borrow</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">sentence; (counter for sentences or utterances, often followed by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huà</span><span class="font12">, "speech")</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">kǎolu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to consider, to think about</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">mànmānr (mànmàn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">slowly; gradually, by and by; taking one’s time; in all details</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">niánqīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be young</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">qíngkuàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">qíngxing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">rang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to make (someone a certain way)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">shèhuì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shǔjià shuōbuqīngchu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">society, social simmer vacation can’t explain clearly</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">wénhuǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">culture</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎoshuō (-)xuéqī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">fiction, novel</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">semester, term (of school)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yánjiū (yánjiu, yánjiù)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to study (in detail), to do research on; research</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Yàzhōu (Yǎzhōu)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Asia</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">yìbiān(r). . .yìbiān(r).. .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yìfāngmiàn..., yìfāngmiàn...</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">yímiàn(r)...yímiàn(r)...</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">doing...while doing...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">on the one hand..., on the other hand; for one thing..., for another...; doing...while doing...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">doing...while doing...</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèngzhi zǒng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zuòxia</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">politics, political always; inevitably, after all, in any</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to sit down</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">affairs; political without exception, case</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit 1, Reference Notes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Jintiān wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièd</span><span class="font12">ao yìběn hǎo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoshuō</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Today I borrowed a good novel (from someone).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What novel is it that makes you so happy?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shénme xiǎoshuō, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rang</span><span class="font12"> ni zènme gāoxìng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiè</span><span class="font12">: ”to borrow” CAlso ”to lend,” see Notes on No. 2.3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ dào túshūguǎn qù jiè shū. I’m going to the library to borrow</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Etake outl some books.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">For "from,” use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiang</span><span class="font12">" for people and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cong</span><span class="font12"> for place names like the library.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ méi dài qián, xiǎng gēn (xiǎng) Níngning qù jiè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ cōng túshūguǎn jièle yìběn Zhōngguó lìshǐ shū.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I didn’t bring any money. I want to go borrow some from Níngning.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I borrowed a Chinese history book from the library.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cong</span><span class="font12"> can only be followed by a person if the person is made into a place name, for example by the addition of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèr</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎli</span><span class="font12">):</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ cóng tā nèr jièle wǔkuǎi qián. I borrowed five dollars from him.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">For people, you may also use the common pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèn...jiè...</span><span class="font12">, literally ”ask...borrow...”:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ wèn ta jièle yiběn shū. I borrowed a book from him.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bù hǎo yìsi wèn biérén jiè I’m too embarrassed to borrow money</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">qián. from other people.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièdao</span><span class="font12">: The ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎo</span><span class="font12"> expresses that the borrowing results in the thing being obtained. You learned -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎo</span><span class="font12"> and the similar Běijīng -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zháo</span><span class="font12"> in the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiēdao/jiēzhao</span><span class="font12">, ”to receive,” in the Meeting module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You need to know not only what the ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎo</span><span class="font12"> means, but also when to use it and when not to. This can’t be summed up in one neat formula, but you will see from the following examples that -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎo</span><span class="font12"> is used when there was a question of not being able to get the thing. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiè</span><span class="font12"> by itself does not necessarily imply obtaining, so you can use it in situations when you tried to borrow something but couldn’t get it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ gēn tā jièle yìběn I borrowed a dictionary from him.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zìdiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎng</span><span class="font12"> is used more in written style.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ qù jièguo, kěshi méi jièdao.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ni cong túshūguān jièdao nèiběn Mǒiguo lìshí shū le ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méiyǒu, dōu jièchuqu le. Dàgài xià Xīngqiyi cái néng jièdao.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I went and tried to "borrow it, "but</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I didn’t get it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Did you get that American history "book out of the library?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, they had all been taken out.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I probably won’t be able to (borrow and) get it until next Monday.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Jie may have certain other directional or resultative endings. Here are</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">examples.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài zhèr kàn kéyi, bù néng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièchuqu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bǎ wǒde chē </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièqu</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā ba nèiběn shū </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièzǒu</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ cong tā nèr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièlai</span><span class="font12"> wǔkuài qián.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You can read it here, but you can’t take it out.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He borrowed my car (and took it away).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He borrowed that book (and took it away).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I borrowed five dollars from him.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rang</span><span class="font12">: ’’to make’’ someone a certain way, or ’’to cause’’ someone to become a certain way. When used this way, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rang</span><span class="font12"> is followed by a person and an adjectival verb. You learned </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rang</span><span class="font12"> as ’’to let’’ in the Welfare module: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rang wǒ kànkan nǐde hùzhào</span><span class="font12">, ’’Let me see your passport.’’ I </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rang</span><span class="font12"> can also mean ”to have,” ”to tell,’’ or ”to make” someone do something.]</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shuōde huà rang wo hen shēng- What he said made me very angry, qi.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā name bú kèqi rang tā péngyou hen bù hǎo yìsi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He embarrassed his friend by being so rude.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shénme xiāoshuō?—rang ni zhème gāoxìng</span><span class="font12">: question </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme xiāoshuǒ</span><span class="font12">, and the rest of the sentence, is like an afterthought. Compare these examples:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">There is a pause after the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rang ni zhème gāoxìng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi shi shénme kāfēi?—zhème hǎo hē.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi jiù shi ni māide chē?— zènme nánkàn!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ni xǐhuan shùxué a?—name méi yìsi!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What kind of coffee is this? It’s so good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">So this is the car you bought? It’s so ugly!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You like math?—such a boring thing!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: Zhèiběn xiǎoshuō xiěde shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàlùd</span><span class="font12">e </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guānyú</span><span class="font12"> dàlùde? Jiè gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This novel is about the situation on the mainland.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">About the mainland? How about lending it to me to read?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě</span><span class="font12">: This verb which you learned as ”to write” is also one of several ways that ’’about” is expressed in Chinese. When used with this meaning, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě </span><span class="font12">usually appears in the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(Verb) de shi</span><span class="font12"> construction discussed immediately below.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiěde shi</span><span class="font12">: This structure, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(Verb) de shi</span><span class="font12">, is a major structure of Chinese, so pay extra attention! Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(Verb) de shi</span><span class="font12"> when the verb is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">not </span><span class="font12">new information and you want to focus instead on the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">identity</span><span class="font12"> of the thing talked about. The pattern itself makes an equational sentence, that is, an A EQUALS B sentence:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">A</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">IS</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">B</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">VERB de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">B</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zuóde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">báicài.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">’’What he’s making is cabbage.”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In sentence 2A, the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě</span><span class="font12"> is not new information because any novel must ”be written about” something. The object </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàlùde qíngkuàng</span><span class="font12"> is new information which is focused on.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zài JiāzhŌu Dàxué niànde shi shénme?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ niànde shi JīngJixué.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige diànyīng Jiāngde shi yige Zhōngguo rén qù Měiguo wánde shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gāngcái nǐ Jiàode shi shénme? Shi fan háishi miàn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ xiànzài shuōde shi wǒ háishi tā?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā hěn xǐhuan kàn shū, kěshi tā kànde dōu shi yìxiē méi yìside xiǎoshuō.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What is it that you study at the University of California?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s economics.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This film is about a Chinese going to America to visit.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What did you order Just now? Rice or noodles?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is the person you’re talking about now me or him?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He likes to read, but all he reads are stupid novels.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàlù</span><span class="font12">: ’’continent, mainland” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo dàlù</span><span class="font12"> is ’’mainland China,” which may also be called </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàlù</span><span class="font12"> for short Just as we say ’’the mainland”.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">''other ways are by using the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiang</span><span class="font12">, ”to talk about,” as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèiběn shū Jiang shénme?</span><span class="font12">, ’’What is this book about?”; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyu</span><span class="font12"> (see the note in this section).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font12">: "situation, circumstances, state of affairs, condition" Used much more frequently in Chinese than any single one of these translations is used in English. Sometimes the Chinese language uses </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng </span><span class="font12">when in English we would just say "things" or "the way things are."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐde qíngkuàng gēn tāde chàbuduō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ dìdide jíngji qíngkuàng bu tài hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nà shi sìshinián qiánde shi, xiànzài qíngkuàng bù tong le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ néng bu néng gěi wǒ jiǎng-jiang nǐ zài dàlùde qíngkuàng?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐde yìsi shi wǒ zìjǐde qíngkuàng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You and he are in about the same situation.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Líy younger brother’s financial situation isn’t too good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That was forty years ago. Now things are different.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Could you tell me about the way things were for you on the mainland?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you mean my own situation?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Sometimes </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font12"> means the "picture" about a place (especially an organization); in such cases it may not be necessary to translate it literally.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā gěi women jièshaole tāmen He gave us a presentation (briefing) xuéxiàode qíngkuàng. on their school. (E.g., what</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">grades, how many students and teachers, what subjects are taught, etc. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bù tài shùxī Měidàsīde I’m not too familiar with (the way</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">qíngkuàng. things are at) the Department of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">American and Oceanic Affairs.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyù</span><span class="font12">: ’’with regard to, concerning" The phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyù dàlùde</span><span class="font12"> means literally "one concerning the mainland." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guānyù</span><span class="font12"> is rather formal. In everyday speech, the idea of "about" is more often expressed in other ways*, but </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyù</span><span class="font12"> is often used in formal contexts.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guānyù</span><span class="font12"> is a prepositional verb, which means it is followed by a noun (its object) and is related to the main verb. It is not the best behaved of prepositional verbs, however. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guānyù</span><span class="font12"> does not occur where you would normally expect to find a prepositional verb phrase (before the verb, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào Zhōngguo </span><span class="font12">qù) ■ Nor does </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyù</span><span class="font12"> occur in a sentence the way "about" does in English. "About" phrases in English are free to occur after the verb, e.g., "talk about Chinese history," "think about your problem." A </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyù</span><span class="font12"> phrase (that is, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyù </span><span class="font12">and its object) can only occur in the following places in the sentence:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Other ways include using the verbs </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎng</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiě</span><span class="font12"> (see Notes on No. 2). For example, if I am watching a T.V. program and you walk into the room and want to ask, "What’s this about?" the most "everyday" way would be </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiǎng shenme de? </span><span class="font12">(actually an abbreviated form of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèige jiēmù CprogramJ shi jiǎng shenme de</span><span class="font12">?). It would sound stilted to use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyu</span><span class="font12"> in such an informal situation. You see another example of how "about" is expressed in Chinese on the next page under number (3) in the little dialogue: "About what?" is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shénme diànyǐng?</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guānyú</span><span class="font12"> can occur at the "beginning about to "be commented, on.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guānyú nèijiān shi, wǒ shénme dōu "bù zhīdāo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guānyú nèrde qíngkuāng, ni gěi wo dating dating hǎo ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guānyú zhèige, nǐmen hái you méiyou shénme wèntí?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guānyú</span><span class="font12"> can also occur in a phrase</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xièxie ni gàosu wo zhème duō guānyú dàlùde qíngkuāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhǐdao hen duo guānyú zhèi-fāngmiānde shìqing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zhèli méiyou duōshao guānyú Zhōngguode shū.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">of the sentence to introduce the topic</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Concerning that matter, I don't know anything. (OR I don't know anything about that matter.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Would you please ask for me about the situation there?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you have any other questions about this?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">with -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> which modifies a noun.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Thank you for telling me so much about the situation on the mainland.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He knows a lot (of things) about this field.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We don't have very many books about China here.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">It also occurs in a phrase with -de, the whole phrase acting as a noun.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo cong Xiao Zhāo ner jièlai yi-běn shū, shi guānyú Zhōngguo cāide, nǐ kànkan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(3) A </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyú</span><span class="font12"> phrase (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānyú</span><span class="font12"> + noun) viated sentence.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I borrowed a book from Xiǎo Zhao. It's (a book) about Chinese food. Have a look at it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">is occasionally used alone as an abbre</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zuótiān kànle yige diānyǐng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shénme diānyǐng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guānyú Fǎguo...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guānyú Fǎguode shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guānyú Fǎguode jǐngji.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I saw a movie yesterday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">About what?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">About France...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">About what (aspect) of France?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">About the French economy.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Compare the following English and Chinese sentences. Although the parts in parentheses are optional in English, the Chinese sentences would be considered wrong without the underlined -de phrases. (For the first example you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāoxi</span><span class="font12">, "news.")</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ tīngshuō guānyú Tiǎtuōde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāoxi</span><span class="font12"> ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bú yāo wen wo guānyú shùxuéde wèntí.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Have you heard (the news) about Tito? (i.e., that he had died)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don't ask me (any questions) about math.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiè gěi wǒ kànkan</span><span class="font12">: "lend (it) to me to read" In exchange 1, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiè</span><span class="font12"> was translated "borrow." Now you see it used for "to lend." To say "lend something to someone," the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font12"> phrase always follows the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiè</span><span class="font12">.* If the indirect object (person who receives) is a pronoun, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font12"> may be omitted:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiè wo yìzhī bǐ. I</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiè gěi wo yìzhī bǐ. </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">í</span><span class="font12"> Lend me a pen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(in this extremely common sentence, the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font12"> is more frequently omitted.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Xiàge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xuéqǐ</span><span class="font12"> nǐ xiǎng What are you going to do</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yánjiū</span><span class="font12"> shénme? research on next semester?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hài shi lǎo wèntí: Zhōng- It’s still the same old topic: guóde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngzhi</span><span class="font12"> qíngkuàng. the political situation in China.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xueqǐ</span><span class="font12">: "semester, term" Since </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xuéqǐ</span><span class="font12"> means literally just "school-period," it could conceivably apply to a scholastic term of any length, including quarters. Chinese schools, however, run on the semester system (fall-winter and winter-spring).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài yěude Měiguo dàxué yíge Some American colleges have semesters xuéqǐ zhǐ you shíèr-sānge lǐbài. which last only twelve or thirteen weeks.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shàngge xuéqǐ nǐ dōu niànle What (courses) did you take last</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shénme? semester?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xuéqǐ</span><span class="font12"> may also be used without the counter -ge: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàngxuéqǐ</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàxuéqǐ</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìxuéqǐ</span><span class="font12">, etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yánjiū</span><span class="font12">: "to do research on" a topic (usually at the graduate level or abovehSometimes may be translated as "to study" (in depth, not just preparing for a test).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yánjiūde shi něifāngmiande wèntí?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kē Jiàoshòu zài jīngji fāngmian-de yánjiū shi dàjiā hěn shóuxīde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde yanjiū gōngzuò hěn zhèng-yào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Another meaning is "to look into, ties, opinions, questions):</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What area does she study (OR do research on)?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Everyone is familiar with Professor Kē’s research in the area of economics.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">His research work is very important.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to consider, to discuss" (possibili-</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">A </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font12"> phrase before </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiè</span><span class="font12"> would mean "for," not "to." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièle jǐběn shū</span><span class="font12">, "He borrowed a few books for me."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Example: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā gěi wo</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige wèntí women děi yánjiū We should discuss (OR look into this) yanjiū. question.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngzhi</span><span class="font12">: "politics, political affairs; political"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Keep in mind that "because of China’s political system, the word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngzhi</span><span class="font12"> has a different set of meanings than we are used to. This is a large question which we will not go into in depth here. But to give you an idea of this concept, here is the definition of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngzhi</span><span class="font12"> from a Chinese dictionary.*</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngzhi</span><span class="font12">: The concentrated expression of economics. It comes into being on a particular economic base, serves the economic base, and has a tremendous influence on economic development. In a class society, economic interests are the most fundamental interests of the different classes. In order to safeguard their own interests, the classes inevitably wage intense class struggle among each other. Therefore, class struggle and handling relations between the classes becomes the main content of politics. The relations which politics must handle are the internal relations of a class, relations between the classes, relations between nationalities, and international relations. Politics is manifested in policies and activities in the areas of national life and international relations of political parties, social groups, and social forces which represent certain classes. The politics of the exploiting class has as its aim to oppress the working people and to preserve its own narrow interests. In the politics of the proletariat, bourgeois rule is overthrown with revolutionary violence under the leadership of the proletarian political party, and the dictatorship of the proletariat is established; after power has been seized, socialist revolution is carried through to the end, class struggle is properly waged, and contradictions between ourselves and the enemy as well as contradictions among the people . . . are properly handled; then the focus of struggle is progressively turned towards engaging in the cause of socialist construction and devoting major efforts to developing production, and creating the conditions needed to completely abolish classes and bring about communism.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note in particular how the politicization of everyday personal relations in the PRC has resulted in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngzhi</span><span class="font12"> being used in a host of phrases such as "political influence," "political relations," "political background," "political qualifications," etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cíhǎi</span><span class="font12">, Shanghai Císhū Chūbánshè, 1979.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Zuotian Xiao Ming gei ta nupengyou xie xin, xiede hǎo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cháng</span><span class="font12">!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niánqīng</span><span class="font12"> rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒngs</span><span class="font12">hi niánqīng rén.Wǒ niánqīngde shihou yě shi zhèiyang, ní wàng le?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Yesterday Xiao Ming wrote a letter to his girl friend, and it was really long!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Young people are always young people; when I was young I was like that too, have you forgotten?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cháng</span><span class="font12">: "to be long" opposite of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cháng</span><span class="font12"> is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duǎn</span><span class="font12">,</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">in physical length, "to be short. ’’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Chángchéng you duo cháng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You liùqiānduō gōnglí (cháng).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní xiěde tài cháng le, duǎn yidiǎnr, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ hěn cháng shíjiān méi kànjian ta le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎng ní zài nàr zhǎo fángzi yídìng xūyào yige hěn chángde shíjiān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zài zhèr gōngzuòde shíjiān you duo cháng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánqīng</span><span class="font12">: "to be young</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">or in some cases, time. The</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How long is the Great Wall?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s over six thousand kilometers (long).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You made this (piece of writing) too long. Could you shorten it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I haven’t seen him in a long time. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hěn cháng shijiān</span><span class="font12"> is the same as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hěn jiǔ</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m sure it will take you a long time to find a house there.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How long did he work here?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">While the idea of being young is often</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">relative to a particular situation, the teens through the twenties.”</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánqīng rén</span><span class="font12"> usually means people from</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā niánqīngde shihou bī xiànzài When she was young she was even more gěng hǎo kàn. beautiful than now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Niánqīng rén dōu xíhuan wánr. All young people like to have fun.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒng</span><span class="font12">: "always, invariably" Like other adverbs such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhēn</span><span class="font12">, "really," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12">, "still," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒng</span><span class="font12"> is often followed by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní zǒngshi wen wo wèntí. You always ask me questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’There are other words for "long" in other contexts. When referring to distance, use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuǎn</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lu hěn yuǎn</span><span class="font12">, "it’s a long way." For time, you will also need </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǔ</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zǒule duo jiǔ le?</span><span class="font12">, "How long has it been since he left?"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Remember that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo</span><span class="font12"> is another word for "young": </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā bí wǒ xiǎo yísuì</span><span class="font12">, "He's a year younger than I." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ xiǎode shihou</span><span class="font12"> usually means "When I was a child." When speaking to a child, you would say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ní hái xiǎo</span><span class="font12"> for "You’re still young."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zheizhong shiqing zongshi rang This type of thing always makes one rén hěn gāoxìng. very happy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zǒng bù</span><span class="font12">, "always not...," is one way of saying "never":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zǒng bù xǐhuan biérén wen tā He never likes other people to ask jiālide shi. about his famjly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zǒng</span><span class="font12"> has another use, which is the one you see in exchange U: Instead of meaning literally "on every occasion" or "at all times," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒng</span><span class="font12"> is used to suggest that a certain state of affairs should be obviously true, regardless of other circumstances. Translations for this meaning depend upon the context; some are "after all, surely, always, in any case, when all is said and done, inevitably, eventually." Other possible translations are suggested in</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">the following examples.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎoháizi zǒng shi xiǎoháizi, dale jiu hǎo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ bú Jiè wo, wǒ zài zhèr kàn-kan zǒng kéyi ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ niàn shū shi hǎo shi, zǒng bù néng bù chi fan ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ shi Měiguo rén, nǐ zǒng bù néng bù zhǐdào Dézhǒu zài nǎr ba?.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ názǒu wǒde shū, zǒng děi wen wo yíxiǎ!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zǒng you yìtiān, tā huì huílaide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Èrshige bū gòu, nà nǐ shuō sān-shige zǒng gòu le ba?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Gōnggòng qìchē méiyou dào nèige dìfangde, women děi qí zìxíngchē qu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: ōu, qí chē duo lèi...</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zǒng bǐ zǒuzhe qù hǎoduō le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lai wan yidiǎnr zǒng bǐ bù lai hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Children will be children; after they grow up it will be better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you won’t lend it Cthis book! to me, at least I can read it here, can’t I?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s great that you’re studying, but after all, you can’t go without eating, can you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re an American, you can’t very well not know where Texas is, can you?.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You really should ask before you take one of </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">my</span><span class="font12"> books.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Someday he will surely come back.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If twenty isn’t enough, then thirty should surely be enough, wouldn’t you say?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There aren’t any buses that go there. We’ll have to go by bicycle.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, but it’s so tiring to ride a bicycle.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well, it’s much better than walking!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s better to come a little late than not to come at all.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Guānyu nǐ zhèige wèntí, wǒ zhīdaode bù duō, dàgài méiyou bànfǎ huídáhāo.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ zǒng zhǐdaode bī wǒmen duō, jiù qǐng ni jiangjiang ba!</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t know much about this question of yours. I probably can’t give you a good answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In any case, you know more than we do, so please try.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shǔjiàd</span><span class="font12">e shihou, nǐ xiǎng Where do you want to go</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dào nǎr qu wánrwanr? over summer vacation?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ xiǎng dào </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yàzhōu</span><span class="font12"> I’d like to go visit a few</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jǐge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guojiā</span><span class="font12"> qu kànkan. countries in Asia.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shùjià</span><span class="font12">: ’’summer vacation" In China, summer vacation starts in August and ends in September for high schools; college ends in June and starts in late August.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige shùjià wǒ bú dào nǎr qù. This summer vacation I’m not going anywhere.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yàzhōu</span><span class="font12">: "Asia" Yà comes from the transliterated word for Asia, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yàxìyà</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōu</span><span class="font12"> means "continent.~ Many people say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yazhōu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guojiā</span><span class="font12">: "country, nation, state," literally, "country-family." The bound word -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guō</span><span class="font12"> is used only in certain phrases or compound words. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guojiā </span><span class="font12">is the word to use everywhere else. (Sometimes </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guō</span><span class="font12"> may be used alone, such as in reference to kingdoms or dukedoms of ancient China. But a modern nation is called </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guojiā</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: Zenme, nǐ xiǎng yánjiū Yàzhōude </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wenhuà chuántǒng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù néng shuō yánjiū. Wǒ zhǐ shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shèhuì</span><span class="font12"> qíngkuàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zenme?</span><span class="font12">: "oh?; what?; really?"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tion.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zènme, nǐ yè dào zhèr lai le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zènme? Tā bū shi Zhōngguo rén? Nà tāde Zhōngwén zènme zènme hǎo ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ xiàwu you shíjiān ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zènme? You shi ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia’s cultural tradition?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It can’t be called research. I just want to go have a look at the social situation there.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The intonation can change the implica-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well, you’ve come here too!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What? He’s not Chinese? Then how is his Chinese so good?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you have any time this afternoon?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why? Is something happening?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">wénhuà: "culture, civilization" Also </span><span class="font12">"education, cultural background’’ as in méiyou</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">wénhuàde</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">rén, "an uncultured person" or an "uneducated person."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shèhuì</span><span class="font12">: "society; social" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xīn shèhuì</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù shèhuì</span><span class="font12"> are jargon for the new and old societies (after and before the socialist transformation). "in society" is more often </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shèhuìshang</span><span class="font12">, less frequently </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shèhuìli</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Xiānggǎngde shèhuì wèntí zhēn duō.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems, (e.g., drugs, killings)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Lao Wang, wǒ Jīntiān </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnjué </span><span class="font12">hen bu shūfu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Lao Wang, I feel awful today.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kuài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòxia</span><span class="font12">, wǒ qù gěi ni dào bēi chá lai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Sit down and I’ll go get you a cup of tea.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎn jué</span><span class="font12">: "to feel; feeling" In are other examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ gǎnjué zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ jīntiān gǎnjué hǎo yidiǎnr le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ gǎnjué tā jīntiān you diǎnr bu gāoxìng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Suīrán wǒ bù fā shāo le, kěshi zǒng gǎnjué hen lèi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here is an example of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnjué</span><span class="font12"> used as</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi shi wǒde gǎnjué, nīde kànfa zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">7a, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnjué</span><span class="font12"> is used as a verb. Here</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How do you feel?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you feel better today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I get the feeling he’s a little unhappy (OR bothered) today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Although I don’t have a fever any more, I feel very tired all the time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">noun:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s my feeling, what is your opinion?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòxia</span><span class="font12">: "to sit down" Also </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòxialai</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Qǐng zuòxia(lai) tan.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Have a seat and let’s talk about it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào...lai</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dào</span><span class="font12"> is "to pour"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàolai</span><span class="font12"> is "to pour and bring here." You have seen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> used as a directional ending before, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎxialai</span><span class="font12">, "bring down and here," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǎolāi</span><span class="font12"> "run here." There are two things to notice about the meaning of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> as a directional ending: 1) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lai</span><span class="font12"> can be used after verbs which tell of movement from one place to another, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǎo</span><span class="font12">, "to run" or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nā</span><span class="font12">, "to carry"; OR after verbs which describe an action without movement from one place to another, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12">, "to pour." 2) The thing </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> refers to, which is what ends up "here," may be the subject OR the object of the sentence. For example, in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā pǎolai le</span><span class="font12">, "He ran here," it is the subject tā who performs the action of running and comes here. In </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā xiělai yìfēng xìn le</span><span class="font12">, "He has written a letter which has come here," it is the object </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn</span><span class="font12"> which is written and comes here. In </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐfu dōu yǐjǐng xǐlai le</span><span class="font12">, "All the clothes have already been washed and brought here," it is the topic </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐfu</span><span class="font12"> which were washed and brought here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will often split </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> from the verb by inserting an object like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìbēi chá</span><span class="font12">, as in sentence 7B. In fact, in sentence 7B, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> must be split up; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> may not precede the object. The rules allowing </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> to precede the object are complex, and here we will just give some examples of usage.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ nǎr jièlai zhème yíliàng pò</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Where did you borrow such a beat-up</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">old car from?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zuì xǐhuan nǐ cóng Shanghai mǎilaide nèijiàn máoyī.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I like the sweater you bought in Shanghai best.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ yídìng gěi ni zhǎolai něiběn shū OR Wǒ yídìng gěi ni zhǎo něiběn shū lai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ shénme shihou you shíjiān, dǎ ge diànhuà lai, wǒmen yìqǐ qù kàn diànyǐng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bié<sub>w</sub>wàngle míngtiān yě bǎ nǐde nūpéngyou dàilai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll be sure to find that book for you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When you get the time, give me a calx, and we’ll go see a movie together. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lai</span><span class="font12"> must follow the object.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t forget to bring your girlfriend tomorrow too.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">8. A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ qùde něige dìfang, zhèngzhi, jīngji </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāngmiànd</span><span class="font12">e </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngxing</span><span class="font12"> zěnmeyàng?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">What was the political and economic situation like where you went?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Jǐjù huà </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuǒbuqǐngchu</span><span class="font12">, yǒu shíjiān wǒ zài gēn ni mànmānr shuō ba.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">I can’t explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when I have time I’ll tell you all about it.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāngmiàn</span><span class="font12">: "aspect; area; respect; side" This noun is used without a counter. It is a useful, sometimes overused word. You won’t have any trouble understanding how </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāngmiàn</span><span class="font12"> is used, but there will be sentences where you wouldn’t have thought to use it. When translating, it is sometimes better just to leave </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāngmiàn</span><span class="font12"> out of the English than to strain to use the word "aspect," "side," etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fāngmiàn</span><span class="font12"> has two main uses:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) "aspect, respect, area, field"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zheige wěntí you liǎngfāngmiàn. There are two aspects to this</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">question.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒmen zài zhěifāngmiàn zuǒde We haven’t done enough in this area,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hái bu gòu.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Yīngguo zài jīngjixué fāngmiànde yánjiū zuòde bù shǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ méi shìde shihou xíhuan kànkan wénxué fāngmiànde shū.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ kànle ní xiěde yíhòu juéde you yìfāngmiàn kéyi xiěde gèng hǎo.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Něifāngmiàn ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">(2)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A lot of research in the area of economics has been done in England.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When I don’t have anything to do I like to read books on the subject of literature.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After reading what you wrote, I feel there’s one respect in which you can make it better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What respect?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">party, side, referring to a group of people</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Niǔyuē fāngmiàn dàgài bū huì you shénme wentí, kěshi women yīnggāi hé Běijǐng fāngmiàn xiān shāngliang yixia zài shuō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guānyū zhèige wèntí, liǎng fāngmiànde kànfǎ you diǎn bù tong.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">New York won’t have any problem with this, but we should check with Běijīng before going ahead, (meaning groups of people, e.g., offices of a company.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The two sides have somewhat different views on this question.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngxing</span><span class="font12">: In most cases interchangeable with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font12">. In present-day Běijīng speech, at least among the younger generation, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font12"> is the more common of these two words.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuōbuqǐngchu</span><span class="font12">: ’’can’t say/explain clearly” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuǒqǐngchu</span><span class="font12"> is a compound</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">verb of result. Here are other examples:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ shuōbuqīngchu wèishenme tā shěngqì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bù shuōqǐngchule bù xíng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shuōqīngchule tāde mùdi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní néng bu néng shuōqīngchu ’’niánqīng” hé ’’xiǎo” de bù tong?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I can’t really explain why he got angry.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It won’t do not to explain it clearly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He explained his goal clearly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Can you explain clearly the differences between </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánqīng</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo</span><span class="font12">?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mànmānr</span><span class="font12">: Also </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mànmàn</span><span class="font12">. Many adjectival verbs can be doubled to make an adverb, which is used between the subject and the verb. In Běijīng speech, when you double certain adjectival verbs of one-syllable, the second one becomes first tone (no matter what its original tone) and -r_ is added. These adverbs can take the adverbial ending -de. Other examples are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kuàikuāir(de)</span><span class="font12">, ’’quickly,” and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎohāorde</span><span class="font12">, ’’well, properly.”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mànmàn(de)</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">manmānr(de)</span><span class="font12"> has these meanings:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) ’’slowly” Don’t forget, however, that ’’slowly” can sometimes be translated by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">man</span><span class="font12"> alone.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā mànmānrde zǒu huí jiā qu le. He slowly walked home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">BUT Zǒu man yidiǎnr. I</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Man diǎnr zǒu. J Walk more slowly.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) "gradually, bit by bit, by and by"</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ gang lai, duì zhèrde qíngkuàng You just arrived and are unfamiliar bù shúxī, mànmānr nī Jiu zhīdao with the situation here, but you’ll le. come to know it by and by.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mànmānrde, tā Jiu dong le. Gradually he began to understand.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(3) Sentences which instruct someone to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mànmānr</span><span class="font12"> do this or that can often be translated as "take your time...," or "don’t rush."</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Mànmānr zǒu, zānmen lāidejí. Let’s take our time walking. We’ll</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">make it.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Bù jí, mànmānr chī, wǒ děng nī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(U) With verbs meaning "to tell" more of the meaning "in all details. ’’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī zuòxia, wǒ mànmānr gēn ni jiǎng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ hái xiǎng gēn ni duō tāntan zhèijiàn shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hǎode, yīhòu wǒmen mànmàn tan.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s no hurry, so take your time eating. I’ll wait for you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">someone about something, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mànmānr</span><span class="font12"> has</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sit down and I’ll give you the whole story.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’d like to talk some more with you about this.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, later we can talk all about it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: Yanjiū Zhōngguo xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǒngde </span><span class="font12">Zhōngguo lìshī.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">To study the problems of China now you have to understand Chinese history.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nī shuōde zhèiyi</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">diǎn</span><span class="font12"> hěn yàojīn, wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolu</span><span class="font12"> kǎolu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This point of yours is very important; I’ll think it over.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǒngde</span><span class="font12">: "to understand" Narrower in use than </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǒng</span><span class="font12">. You </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǒngde</span><span class="font12"> the meaning of a word, the implications or significance of an event, or the way to do something; but not a foreign language (that you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǒng</span><span class="font12">), nor what the teacher just said (that you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngdǒng le</span><span class="font12">), nor someone else’s feelings (that you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎojiě</span><span class="font12">, which will be presented in the Traveling in China module).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You have seen the component -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> in the verbs </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènde</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">j ide</span><span class="font12">. It is only used in a handful of verbs, sometimes acting like a resultative ending. For example, you can say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènbude</span><span class="font12">, "can’t recognize," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìbude</span><span class="font12">, "can’t remember," but you may not use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǒngde</span><span class="font12"> in the potential form; for "can’t understand," you just say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù dǒngde</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dian</span><span class="font12">: "point” one’s heart.")</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">(For the second example, you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīnli</span><span class="font12">, "in</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">0, hái you yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi shi rang rén xīnli zuì bù shūfude yìdiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèi yidiǎn women yǐjīng tánguo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ juéde tā shuōde měiyidiǎn dōu duì.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, there’s one more point [that should be made J.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is the most upsetting point.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">We’ve been over that point already.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I think that every point of his was right.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">kǎolū:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"to consider, to think over; consideration"</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi yidiǎn women yīnggāi kǎolū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ děi hǎohāor kǎolū zhèige wèntí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi fāngmiànde qíngkuàng nī kǎolule ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">We should consider this point.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I have to think this matter over carefully.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Have you taken this aspect of the matter into consideration?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Nī zài Zhōngguo zhù liǎng-nián, yídìng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> xuéhǎo Zhōngwénde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìfāngmiàn</span><span class="font12"> kéyi xuéhǎo Zhongwén, yìfāngmiàn yě kéyi duō zhīdao yidiǎnr Zhǒngguóde shìqing.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">If you live in China for two years you’re sure to learn Chinese very well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on the other hand I can find out more things about China.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12">: "might, be likely to, will" You already know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> meaning "to know how to, can." Here you see </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> used in a new way, to express likelihood. As you can see from these three English translations, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> ranges in meaning from possible to probable to definite. The context may be sufficient to indicate which, but often the degree of probability is not important to the message, and there might be no single "correct" English translation. Various adverbs can be added before </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> to clarify the degree of certainty, for example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídìng</span><span class="font12">, "definitely," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgài</span><span class="font12">, "probably," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yěxǔ</span><span class="font12">, "perhaps," etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are some examples of how </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12"> can be used to indicate likelihood: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yījīng shíèrdiān bàn le, zhè It’s half past twelve. Who would shihou shéi huì lai ne? come at this hour?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yídìng yào wǒ qù, tā cái huì qù. I’ll have to go or else he won’t go.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Cai yàoshi fàngde tai duō le, baobǐng huì pò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐde chènshān zāngle bù yàojǐn, wǒ huì gěi nǐ xǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bu huì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bu dà huì ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dàgài bu huì shi tā.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yàoshi zài Taiwan māi jiù bu huì zhème guì le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ bu huì zhǎobudào ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ bu yào jí le, wǒ bù huì chū shide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì...ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kàn jīntiān wǎnshang huì liāngkuai yidiǎn ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā huì qù ma? Tā huì qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì bu huì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Míngtiān tā huì bu huì lai?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women xiěde nèifēng xìn, dào xiànzài tāmen hāi meiyou shōudào, women huì bu hui xiěcuǒle dìzhǐ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bǎ men kāi le, zhèiyang nǐ huì bu hui juěde tài lěng?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">If you put too much food in, the pancake will break:.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It doesn’t matter that your shirt got dirty. I’ll wash it for you.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s not very likely.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s probably not him.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you buy it in Taiwan, it won’t be so expensive.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You won’t be unable to find it, will you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t get anxious, I won’t have an accident.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you think it might be cooler tonight?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Will he go? He’ll go.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kàn jīntiān huì bu hui xià yǔ?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Will he come tomorrow?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">They still haven’t gotten the letter we wrote. Could we have written the address wrong?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I opened the door. Will you feel too cold like this?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Does it look to you as if it might rain today?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ huì zǒucuǒde</span><span class="font12">: So far you have seen -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> used as a marker of possession or of modification, and in the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi... de</span><span class="font12"> construction. Here it is used in an entirely new way: at the end of a sentence, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> can mean "that’s the way the situation is.’’ Generally speaking, this -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> is used in emphatic assertions or denials, especially those expressing probability, necessity, desire, etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Usage note</span><span class="font12">: Unless the sentence contains </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> or is understood to have an omitted </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12">, the majority of native Běijīng speakers seem to feel that this -de is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nānfāng huà</span><span class="font12">, southern Chinese (e.g., Nanjing), or a carry-over into Standard Chinese from southern dialects. Because of these regional connotations you needn’t try to use it a lot; it will be enough for you to understand this -de; in fact, you will see that in most of the following examples, the -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> is completely unnecessary.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) Sentences with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> in the sense of This </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> may often he omitted.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ shi bú qùde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige, nǐ shi zhīdaode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige rén (shi) you wèntíde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zènme lai le?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: (Shi) Lī Xiānsheng Jiao wǒ laide.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"it is that..., it is a case of..."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m not going. (More literally, "As for me, it is that I’m not going.’’)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">know</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s something wrong with that guy</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why are you here?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mr. Lǐ told me to come.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Cóngqián wǒ cóng Xianggang In the past whenever I have bought</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">mǎi shūde shihou, měicì (mail-order) books from Hong Kong,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dōu (shi) jì zhīpiàode. I have always paid by check (lit.,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"sent a check").</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) Sentences with an auxiliary verb (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">néng</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yào</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐnggāi</span><span class="font12">, etc.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ gàosu ta, tā huì shēngqìde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài xiě yìliǎngge zhōngtóu, wǒ xiǎng néng xièwánde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zènme méi mǎi a, yìdiǎn dōu bú guì, nǐ yǐnggāi mǎide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zhème bù shūfu, Jīntiānde huì nǐ bù yǐnggāi qùde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zǒng you yìtiān yào hui dàlùde. <a name="footnote1"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark70">1</a></sup><sup></sup></span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you tell him he’ll get angry.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If I write for another hour or two I think I can finish writing it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How come you didn’t buy it? It’s 1 at all expensive. You should ha<sup>1 </sup>bought it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Since you’re feeling so ill, you shouldn’t go to today’s meeting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There will come a day when we will go back to the mainland.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèixiē shū </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídìng</span><span class="font12"> xūyaode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ he kāfēi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cōnglái</span><span class="font12"> bú fàng tángde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mapó Doùfu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">píngcháng</span><span class="font12"> dōu yǒu ròude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒmende gōngzuò zhēnshi tài duō le, zuòbuwánde.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige diànyǐng wǒ cóngqián kànguode.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">These books are definitely needed.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I never take sugar in my coffee.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mapó Beancurd usually has meat in it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We really have an awful lot of work.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We’ll never be through with it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve seen this movie before.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu yào.jǐnde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">Tt doesn't, matter.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Hǎode, hǎode.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">All right, all right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìfāngmiàn...yìfāngmiàn...</span><span class="font11">: Th i s hand..., on the other hand..." or "for and (?) "doing...while doing..."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zài Xianggang yìfāngmiàn nǐ you Jǐhui he Zhōngguo ren tan huà, yìfāngmiān keyi zhǐdao dalude qíngkuāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Tā yìfāngmiàn kàn diànshì, yì-fāngmiàn chǐ dōngxi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">1]. yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r).. .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">12.</span><span class="font11"> yímiàn(r)...yímiàn(r)...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">has two meanings: (1) "on (die one one thing..., for another thing..."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">In Hong Kong, on the one hand you'll have a chance to talk with Chinese and on the other hand you can learn about the situation on the mainland</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He watches television while eating.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">doing...whi1c doing ...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">doing...while doing ...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Mos. 11 and 12</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r)...</span><span class="font11"> and doing. . . Both of these patterns </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mian...yìfāngmiàn. ..</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yìbiān zuò yìbiān xué ba.'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Wo yìbiānr ting yìbiānr xiě.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Women yìbiān zǒu yìbiān tan, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yímiàní r)...yímiàn(r)..■</span><span class="font11">: "doing...whi I e are similar to the second meaning of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yì fāng-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Learn by doing (learn as you do it).'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">I write as 1 listen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Let's talk as we walk, okay?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit 1, Tape 1, Review Dialogue</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As Tom (A) (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tāngmǔ</span><span class="font12">), a graduate student in Chinese Area Studies at Georgetown University, is studying in his apartment, a knock comes at the door It is his classmate Lǐ Ping (B), an exchange student from Hong Kong.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: A! Shi ni ya! Hao Jiǔ Bu jiàn!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Jīntiān zenme you shíjiān chūlai zouzou?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B; Yíge zhōngtóu yǐqián, wo cóng xuéxiào gei ni dǎ diànhuà, ní bú zài jiā, gāngcái wo dào zhèli fūjìn mǎi dōngxi, jiù lái kàn-kan. Zhen bú cuò, ni yījīng huilai le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duìbuqī, wǒ gāngcái dào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">péngyou jiā jiè shū qu le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shénme shū? You shi guānyú</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngguóde ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duì le, you Xiānggǎngde,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dàlùde, ye you Táiwānde, dōu shi xiāoshuōr. Ni zuòxia kàn, wo qù gei ni dào bēi chá lai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Well, it’s you! I haven’t seen you in a long time! How is it you've got time to come out for a walk today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I called you an hour ago from school, but you weren't home. I just came over to this neighborhood to do some shopping, so I stopped by to visit. It's great that you're back already.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sorry. I just went over to a friend's house to borrow a book.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What book? More about China, I bet.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, there are ones from Hong Kong, the mainland and Taiwan, all fiction. Sit down and have a look. I'll go get you a cup of tea.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Bú yào máfan, shénme hēde dōu xíng.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Don't go to any trouble. Anything to drink is fine.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Kěkōukelè, Júzi shuīr , háishi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Coke, orange Juice or beer?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">píjiù?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">M, júzi shui ba!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Um, orange juice.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Hao, wo mashàng j iù lái, yào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, I'll get it right now. Do</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">bīngkuàir ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you want ice cubes?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Bú yào, xièxie.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">No, thanks.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">(Li Ping sits down and leafs through the books, and Tom returns with</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">two</span></p></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">glasses of orange juice. )</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tāngmǔ?.'</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tom?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Ng?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Yeah?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhè sānge dìfangde shū, ni dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Reading books from</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">all three of</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kàn, ní juéde zenmeyàng?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">these places, what do</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you think?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒde gānjué bú shi yíjù huà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">I can't explain my</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">feelings in</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">°K</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ekoukělè</span><span class="font12">, "Coca-Cola"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">júzi shuí(r</span><span class="font12">), "orange juice" (Beijing usage)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">kéyi shuōqīngchude. Eng... zhème shuō ba, wǒ zǒng Juéde dàlù rén, Xianggang rén, he Taiwan rén dōu shi Zhōngguo rén, tāmen you yíyàngle wénhuà chuán-tǒng, kěshi yīnwei zhèngzhide qíngkuàng bù tong, shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě jiu bù yíyàng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Nǐ shuōde duì, dànshi nǐ yào dǒngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, zhǐ kàn shū shi bù gōude.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Ei, nǐ zhīdào ma, xiànzài xué Zhōngwénde xuéshēng you hen duō jíhui dào Zhōngguo qu. Suǒyǐ wǒ jìhuà zài zhèige xuéqī wánle de shihou, qù Zhōngguo kànkan. Erqiě, wǒ hái xiǎng zhǎo </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">ze</span><span class="font11"> hǎo péngyou yìqǐ qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Zuótiān wǒ Jiedao wǒ mǔqlnde xìn, </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">tā</span><span class="font11"> xǐwàng wǒ hui Xiānggǎng guo shùjià; zěnmeyàng, nǐ he wo yìqǐ huíqu ba. Nǐ kéyi zhù zai wǒmen jiāli, erqiě, zài Xianggang yìfāngmiàn nǐ you Jīhui hé Zhōngguo rén tan huà, yì fāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao dàlù, Xiānggǎng he Tai-wǎr.ie qíngkuàng, nǐ kàn hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Fēicháng hǎo.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Name, nǐ hái yào he nǐ jiāli rén shāngliang yixiar ha?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Bu bì, gěi fùmǔ dǎ diànhuàde shihou, gàosu tamen wǒde jìhua Jiu xíng le. Wo yào yánjiū Zhōngguo shèhuì, fùmǔ yídìng huì gāoxìngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">just a few words. Hmm...let's say that I've always felt that people on the mainland, in Hong Kong and Taiwan are all Chinese, all have the same cultural tradition, but because the political situations are different, the social situations are also different.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">You're right. But if you want to understand Chinese society, it's not enough Just to read books.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Say, you know, students of Chines'-have a lot of opportunities to go to China now. So I'm planning to go • ' China for a visit when this se®est<‘r is over. And what's more, I'd like to find a good friend to go with.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Yesterday I got a letter from my mother, and she'd like me to come back to Hong Kong for summer vacation. How about going back with me? You can stay at our house; what's more, in Hong Kong, on the one hand you'll hav'-a chance to talk with Chinese and on the other hand you can learn about * m situation m the na'.r.l and . <sup>:</sup>n Hong Kong and in Taiwan. What do you think</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Great.'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Well then, you'll still want to discuss this a bit with your parents, I suppose?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">That's not necessary. When I call them, I'll tell them my plan, and then everything should be all right. I'm sure they'll be happy that I want to study Chinese society.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Měiguo niánqīng rén dōu you zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ, zhèi yidiǎnr, wǒ fēicháng xǐhuan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Young people in America really think for themselves (:’.ave tneir cwn ideas). T really like that.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">Niánqīng rén you zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ shi duìde, kěshi fùmǔde huà vě ymggai kaolu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">It's good that young people think for tneicselves, bun you still ought to consider wha' ycur •arents say.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: M. Na women shuōhǎo le, Jin-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nián shǔjià qù Xianggang, xiànzài hái you wǔge yuède shíjiān kéyi zhǔnbèi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duì, Jiù zhème bàn! Jīnnián</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiàtiān wǒ Jiù yào dào zhèige dìfang dà, rénkǒu duō, lìshǐ you chángde guójiā qu le. Hài Zhèige Jìhua zhēn ràng wo gāoxìng!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo, jiù zhèiyang. Wǒ yinggāi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zǒu le!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ máng shenme! Hái zǎo ne!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù zǎo le, huíqu hái děi niàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shū ne!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà, you shíjiān nǐ zài lái</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wánr!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Míngtiān Jiàn!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm. Well then we have decided.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This summer vacation we'll go to Hong Kong. We still have five months to prepare.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right, that's what we'll do. This summer we will go to that country with a large area, a great population, and a long history. Boy, this plan really makes me happy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Good, it's settled. I have to go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What's the hurry? It's still early!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No it isn't. I still have to study when I get back.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well then, come again when you have time!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, see you tomorrow.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">See you tomorrow.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise contains a conversation in which a Chinese mother and son, who have lived in the United States for five years, discuss the possibility of his taking a summer trip to China.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conversation occurs only once, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape listen a second time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xīnshì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhǎngdà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dàxuéshēng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gèguó</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gāozhōng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">haohSor</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jìzhu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After listening to it completely, and answer the questions below as you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">you will need to understand this</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">something weighing on one’s mind, worry</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to grow up</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">college student</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">various countries</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">senior high school</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">properly, carefully, thoroughly</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to remember</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. How does Xiao Ming’s mother know that something is on his mind? How does she bring up the subject?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What are his classmates doing over the summer?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Why does he think Asian culture is interesting?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">í+. How does Xiǎo Ming’s mother react to his idea?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. What advice does she give?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this conversation a Chinese student studying at a university in the U.S. comes home on a Friday night and finds his American roommate engrossed in his studies.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wode tiān na!</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">My God!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">xuéshēnghuì</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">guānxīn</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">student association to be concerned about</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jìndàishī modern history</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiàndài modern</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">pǐchá bíng pizza</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gushū ancient books</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Why does the Chinese student object to his roommate studying the classics?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Why doesn’t the American student like to talk about politics?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What other subjects does the Chinese student feel his roommate should become familiar with for a well-rounded education?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Does the American student agree? Why or why not?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. What will the roommates do after the American student finishes his homework?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 4</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this exercise, an American university student visits her Chinese literature professor after class in his office.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will need the following new words and phrases:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Jidòng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">to get worked up, to be agitated</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">liùshi niándài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">the decade of the sixties</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yí as soon as</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gaibi an change(s)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">liúxia to leave</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise h</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Why was Professor Tang so upset in class?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Why did the student visit her professor?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What things does she bring him? Why?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">What recent changes have there been in the state of Chinese literature?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. What is Professor Tang’s attitude about the future?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A mother and. her son who immigrated, to America from China five years ago</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">are talking after dinner:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎo Ming, nǐ zài chǐ yidiǎnr</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">a.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Mā, wǒ chibǎo le, bù xiǎng chǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Měitiān niàn shū niànde zhème</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wan, zài bu duō chi yidiǎnr, zěnme xíng na?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ zhēnde chibǎo le, yidiǎnr</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dōu bù xiǎng chi le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎizi, nǐ you shénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐnshì</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Kě bu kéyi hé wo tántan?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Mā, ni zuòxia. Zanmen lai</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Měiguo sìwǔnián le, lāide shihou wǒ hai shi ge haizi, xiànzài yǐjīng shi dàren le. Wǒ suīran </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngdà</span><span class="font12"> le, kěshi zuò shénme shir, haishi xiǎng xiān he nín tántan.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎode, you shénme shir, nǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiù shuō ba!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Mā, wǒ you Jǐge Měiguo tōng-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xué, dōu shi xué Zhōngwénde, jīnnián shujià, tāmen xiǎng dào Yàzhōu qù kànkan, wǒ yě xiǎng hé tǎmen yìqǐ qù.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Dōu shi nianqīng rén ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, dōu shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàxuéshěng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen qù Yǎzhōu, shi qù wánr</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">háishi qù yánjiū Yǎzhōude zhèngzhi, wénhuà qíngxing?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ xiǎng, tāmen juéde Yàzhōu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wénhuà hěn you yìsi, Yàzhōu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèguō</span><span class="font12"> shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě hěn you yìsi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo MÍng, have some more to eat.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m full, Mom. I don’t want any more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You study so late every day, if you keep eating so little, how will that do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve really had enough. I Just don’t want any more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Son, what do you have on your mind? Can you talk about it with me?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mom, sit down. We’ve been in America for four or five years now. When we came I was still a child, but now I’m an adult. But even though I’ve grown up, whenever I do something I still like to discuss it with you first.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, if you have something you’d like to talk about, go ahead.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mom, I have a few American classmates who study Chinese. This summer vacation, they want to go to Asia, and I’d like to go with them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Are they all young people?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, they’re all college students.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Are they going to Asia for fun or to study the political and cultural situation in Asia?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think they find Asian culture and the social situation in the Asian countries very interesting.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen Juéde zuì you yìside</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dìfang shi nǎr a?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Dāngrán shi Zhōngguo!</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ líkāi Zhōngguo zhǐ you</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">sìwǔniān, Jiù xiǎng huíqu le?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ laide shihou cái shàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāozhōng</span><span class="font12">, duì Zhōngguo wénhuà dǒngdede tài shǎo. Wǒ xiǎng wǒ yǐnggāi huíqu kànkan.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhōngguode wénhuà yǐjīng you</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">sìqiānniānde lìshǐ, yōu yìside dōngxi hěn duo. Nǐ yào yánjiù Zhōngguo wénhuà, wǒ bù </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎnduì</span><span class="font12">. Búguò, zǒu yǐqián, nǐ yídìng yào hé </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yéye hǎohāor</span><span class="font12"> tan yícì. Tā Jǐshíniān méiyou huíqu le, yídìng you hěn duō huà yào hé ni shuō.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ Jìzhu le, yídìng hé Yéye</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">haohāor tányitán.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Which place do they think is the most interesting?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">China, of course!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You left China only four or five years ago, and already you want to go back again?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When I came I was only in senior high, and I understood too little about Chinese culture. I think I ought to go back to visit.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chinese culture already has four thousand years of history, and there are many interesting things. I’m not against your wanting to study Chinese culture. But before you go you have to talk it over thoroughly with Grandpa. He hasn’t been back in several decades and I’m sure he’ll have a lot to say to you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll remember. I’ll make sure I talk it over thoroughly with Grandpa.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Two classmates, an American (B) and a Chinese (A), share an apartment somewhere in America. The American is at home studying </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shǐ Jì</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Records of the Historian,</span><span class="font12"> a classical history. His Chinese classmate comes in the door.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Wǒde tiān, na!</span><span class="font12"> Nǐ hái zài niàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shù? Ai, he bēi píjiǔ xiūxi xiuxi hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, ràng wo bǎ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèiyidiǎnr kànwàn xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bty God! Are you still studying? Hey, how about taking a break for a beer?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, okay, let me finish reading this little bit, okay?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hài, nǐ zǒngshi kàn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǔshù</span><span class="font12">!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài shèhuìde qíngxing, nǐ Jiu yìdiǎnr dōu bu kǎolù ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shéi shuō wǒ bù kǎolù, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnghuìd</span><span class="font12">e shi wǒ yě zuòle bù shǎo ma!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zhén you yìsi! Zuò</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yidiǎnr xuéshěnghuìde shi Jiu shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānxǐn</span><span class="font12"> shèhuì le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Come on, you’re always reading classics! Don’t you ever think about the condition of today’s society?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Who says I don’t think about it. I’ve done a lot with the Student Association, you know!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re something else! Just doing a little work with the Student Association means you’re concerned about society*</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Na nǐ shuō, wo yǐnggāi zuò diǎn shénme ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dàlùshang you name duō rén, nǐ zenme bu wènwen tamende qíngxing zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ Juéde zhèngzhi wèntí tài máfan, wǒ bù xiǎng tan zhèngzhi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo yě méiyou yào gēn nǐ tan zhèngzhide yìsi. Wǒde yìsi shi, nǐ yanjiū Zhōngguode shihou, yìfāngmiàn yào kànkan gǔshǔ, yánjiuyanjiu Zhōngguo chuántōng wénhuà, yifāngmiàn yě kéyi kànkan zhèi yìbǎiniānde Zhōngguo lìshǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiyidiǎn shi duìde. Zhèi yìxuéqǐ wǒ bú shi you Zhōngguo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìndàishǐ</span><span class="font12"> kè ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎng chúle shàng xué yīwài, nǐ hai kéyi kàn yidiǎnr xiǎo-shuōr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kàn xiǎoshuōr?! Wǒ nǎr you shíjiān kàn shenme xiǎoshuōr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zuìjìn zài kàn Jǐběnr Zhōngguo Jìndài xiǎoshuōr, fēicháng you yìsi. Nī rúguǒ xiǎng dǒngde Zhōngguo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàndài</span><span class="font12"> shèhuì, zhēn děi duō kàn diǎnrzhèi-zhǒng xiǎoshuōr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zenme kéyi hé nī bī, nī kànde nàme kuài! E, zheiyang hǎo bu hǎo, nī kànwán yīhòu gàosu wo něiyiběn hǎo yidiǎnr, wǒ zài kàn, xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hǎo hǎo hǎo, Jiù zhèiyang ba! Xiànzài wǒ bú zài máfan ni le. Ei, duì le, Jīntiān wǎnshang zánmen chī shénme? Wǒ lái zuò yidiǎnr, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">BÚ bì zuò le, suíbiàn chǐ diǎnr ba! Wǒ niànwán zhèiyi-diǎnr, zánmen chūqu chī </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǐchá bǐng</span><span class="font12">, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Well then, what do you think I should do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There are so many people on the mainland, how come you don’t try to find out what their situation is like?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think that political problems are too much bother (tedious and involved). I don’t like to talk about politics.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I didn’t mean I wanted to talk politics with you. I mean that as you study China, on the one hand you should read the classics and study traditional Chinese culture, but on the other hand you can also read some Chinese history of the past hundred years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re right about that. I have modern Chinese history class this semester, don’t I?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But I think that besides taking classes, you could read some fiction, too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Read fiction?! When (lit. "where”) do I have time to read any fiction?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lately I’ve been reading a few modern Chinese novels which are very interesting. If you want to understand modern Chinese society, you really have to read more of this kind of fiction.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How can I compare with you; you read so fast! Hey, how about this: after you’ve finished reading them, tell me which book is best and then I’ll read it, okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, that’s what we’ll do. Now I’ll leave you alone. Oh yeah—what are we going to eat tonight? I’ll make something, okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You don’t have to make anything. Why don’t we Just have something easy. After I finish reading this, how about going out and having a pizza?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo! Ní kuài diǎnr niàn,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">niànwán zǎnmen jiu zǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay! Hurry up and read, we’ll leave right after you finish.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">At an American university, a student (A), who has studied in Taiwan, comes to see her professor from China, Professor Tang (B).*</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tang Xiǎnsheng, wǒ kéyi Professor (Teacher) Tang, may I come</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jìnlai ma? in?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Dǎngrán, qǐng jìnlai ba! You Of course, please come in! Is</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shi ma? there some matter (you want to see</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">me about)?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Mm, jǐntiǎn shàng kède shihou</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nín dàgài hěn bu shūfu, wǒ lái kànkan nín.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ou! Hai dàile huār lai!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Xièxie ni.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Mei shenme, yǐnggāide. Tang</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiansheng, nín xiànzàide gǎnjué zěnmeyàng, hǎo yidiǎnr ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎoduō le, xièxie ni.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: You shénme wǒ kéyi gěi nín</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zuòde...nín bié kèqi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ qù dào liǎngbēi kāfěi lai,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ xiǎng, Jǐntiǎn shàng kède</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shihou nín tài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jīdòng</span><span class="font12">, xiànzài zuì hǎo bù he kǎfēi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo ba, nǐ dào liǎngbēi Júzi-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shu? lai. Wǒ bú yào bīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎode, wǒ Jiù lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(She gets the orange Juice out of the and brings it over to his desk.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Um, in class today, you must have felt very bad, so I’ve come to see you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh! You even brought flowers!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Thank you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Not at all, it’s only proper. Dr. Táng, how do you feel now, better?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Much better, thank you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If there’s anything I can do for you...don’t be polite.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How about going and pouring Cusl a couple of cups of coffee?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think that during class today you got too worked up. It would be best if you didn’t have any coffee now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, then get us two glasses of orange Juice. I don’t want any ice.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, I’ll be right back.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">refrigerator in Professor Táng’s office</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">'Professor Táng first studied literature in the early 1930’s in Shànghǎi and himself belonged to several literary clubs and publications which included some of the authors he now discusses with his students.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tang Xiansheng, you yíjù huà</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">•wǒ bù zhīdào kéyi bu kéyi shuō.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You shénme huà, nǐ jiù shuō</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ba!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nín měicì Jiang Zhōngguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liùshi niándài</span><span class="font12"> wénxué dōu fēicháng Jīdòng, zhèiyangr duì nínde shēntī bù hǎo!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, kěshi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yì</span><span class="font12"> tan</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèi fāngmiànde wèntí, zǒngshi rang wo hen Jīdòng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngkuāng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèijīnián youle hěn dàde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎibiàn</span><span class="font12">. Yǒude shíhou hǎo yidiǎnr, yǒude shíhou bù zěnme hǎo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhōngguode shìqing Jiù shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèiyàng, hé zhèngzhide guānxi tài dà. Wǒ lǎo le, wǒ méi bànfǎ dong le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nín shi wǒmende lǎoshī. Ruguǒ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nín bù dong, shéi dong ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Èi, yīhòude yánjiū, Jiù shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nǐmen niánqīng rénde shi le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tang Xiansheng, nín bu yào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèiyangr xiǎng, women dōu xīwàng yīhòu Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngxing huì hǎo yidiǎnr. Jīntiān wǒ zài tùshūguǎn Jièle Jīběnr xīn shu, dōu shi bu cuòde. Gěi nín </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liúxia</span><span class="font12"> ba!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo, you shiJian wo kànyikan.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ zǒu le, nín duō xiūxi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yihuīr. Zàijiàn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo, zài Jiàn. Xièxie nī</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">lai kàn wo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bu kèqi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dr. Tang, there’s something I want to say but I don’t know if I can.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Whatever you have to say, Just say it!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Every time you talk about Chinese literature of the sixties you get very agitated." That’s bad for your health!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I know, but as soon as I talk about the topic it always makes me very agitated.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There have been big changes in the state of Chinese literature in the past few years. Sometimes it’s been a little better and sometimes it hasn’t been too good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s exactly the way things are in China; their relationship with politics is too great. I’m too old, I can’t understand it any more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But you’re our teacher. If you don’t understand, who does?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Sigh) In the future, research will be the Job of you young people.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dr. Tang, don’t think that way. All of us hope that the state of Chinese literature will get better in the future. I got a few new books out of the library today which are all pretty good. I’ll leave them with you!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, I’ll look through them when I have time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m going to leave now. You get some more rest. Good-bye.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All right, good-bye. Thanks for coming to see me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re welcome.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Many authors of considerable fame and accomplishment were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. One unfortunate instance of this resulted in Lǎo Shě’s suicide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Equality of the Sexes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">1. The uses of </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">biěde,</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> "other(s)" and </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">lìngwài</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "other."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">2. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">měi...jiu...</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">3. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yuè...yuè...</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "the more...the more...."</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">U. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yuè lai yuè....</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> "more and more...."</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">5. The verb ending </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">-xiaqu,</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> "to continue," "to go on."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">6. The prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">xiang</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "like."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7. The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">jiù,</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> "as soon/early as that."</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Functional Language Contained in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">1. Asking a person's views on an issue.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">2. Being tactfully hesitant when asking about a delicate topic.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">3. Correcting a false impression given by something you said.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">U. Dismissing an idea or proposal.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Zhèiběn Fǎwén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhōukān xiāngdāng</span><span class="font12"> bú cuò!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: A! Nǐ xiànzài duì Fǎwén hen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you yánjiū</span><span class="font12"> le, néng kàn Fǎwén zázhì le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This French weekly is quite good!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh! You know a lot about French now you can read French magazines!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nánnū píngděng</span><span class="font12"> shi bu shi Zhōngguo rénde kànfǎ?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi, kěshi nèi shi Zhōngguo rénde xīn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, bú shi lǎo guānniàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is equality between men and women a Chinese viewpoint?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, but that's a new concept of the Chinese, not an old one.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Zhèi</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">piān wénzhāng</span><span class="font12"> bù hǎo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ hái you shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Isn’t this article any good?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That wasn’t what I meant. The article is pretty good, it’s just that it’s a bit long.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you have any other articles?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">h. A: Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiēhūn</span><span class="font12"> yīqián </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhí</span><span class="font12"> dōu gēn fùmǔ yìqǐ zhù ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú shi, wǒ méi jiēhūn jiu líkāi jiā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dúlì shēnghuōl</span><span class="font12">e qī-bā nián.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèr you yìpiān guānyù </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōngjūde xǐnwén</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Suànle</span><span class="font12"> ba. Zhèizhǒng xǐnwén you shénme yìsi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Before you got married did you live with your parents all along?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, I left home before I got married and lived independently for seven or eight years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Look, here’s a news article about ’’living together."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Forget it. What’s interesting about that kind of news?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: Nī jiejie </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐxué</span><span class="font12"> fāngmiànde shū </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè</span><span class="font12"> lái </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè</span><span class="font12"> duō le!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, tā zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǐnmìng</span><span class="font12"> xué</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐ</span><span class="font12"> ne.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Your sister is getting more and more medical books!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, she’s studying medicine with all her energy.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Liu Xiānshengde kè </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shízài </span><span class="font12">méi yìsi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ tǐn</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gxiaqu</span><span class="font12">, mànmānr huì </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you xìngqud</span><span class="font12">e.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiang</span><span class="font12"> Wang Jiàoshòu zhèi-yangde lǎoshǐ zhēnshi bù duo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ shuōduì le. Ruguǒ bú shi tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāngzhu</span><span class="font12"> wo, wǒ zhēn bù xiǎng xué le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: Sānnián yīqián wǒ jiu bú </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kào</span><span class="font12"> fùmǔ shēnghuo le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nī néng zìjǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guan</span><span class="font12"> zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Mr. Liu’s class is really boring.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you keep attending it, gradually you’ll become interested.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There really aren’t many teachers like Professor Wang.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re right. If it weren’t for the help he’s given me, I wouldn’t want to study anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I stopped depending on my parents for a living three years ago.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s really great that you can take care of yourself Cbe your own bossí'.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Tā xiěde jǐběn xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liúxíng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà dāngrān, xiàng tā nèiyang you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìwei</span><span class="font12"> you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐshid</span><span class="font12">e rén, xiěde xiǎoshuō yídìng you yìsi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">The novels he wrote are all very popular now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of course. Novels written by someone with his position and knowledge are sure to be interesting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">11. you bāngzhu</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">12. you dàolī</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">13. zìyou</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">12*. -bèizi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">15. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǐnwén Zhōukān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">16. fùnu</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to be helpful</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to make sense</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be free; freedom</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">all one’s life, lifetimi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Newsweek</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">woman; women, womankind</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">bāngzhu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-bèizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">help; to help</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">all one’s life, lifetime</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàolǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">principle, truth, hows and whys; reason, argument, sense</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dìwei dull</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">position, status</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be independent; independence</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">funú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">woman; women, womankind</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">guan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to take care of; to mind, to bother about</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guānniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">concept, idea, notion</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">jiéhūn (jiēhūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to get married</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near, to be next to</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">liúxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">méi yìsi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be uninteresting, to be boring;</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be pointless, to be meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of respect</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nánnū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">men and women, male-female</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">-pi an</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">(counter for sheets, articles or pieces of writing)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">píngděng pínmìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">equality; to be equal (of people) with all one’s might, for all one is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one’s life, to defy death</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shēnghuó shizài suàn le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">life; to live; livelihood</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">really; to be real</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">forget it, let’s drop the matter, let it go at that; come off it, come on</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">tóngjū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to cohabit; cohabitation</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">wénzhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">article, essay; prose (writing) style</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">xiang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be like, to resemble; like; such as</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">xi āngdāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">quite, pretty, considerably</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-xiaqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(resultative ending which indicates continuing an action)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">xìngqu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xinwén</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xinwén Zhōukān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xué yī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">interest</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">news</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Newsweek</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to study medicine</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">yī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">medical science, medicine (used in phrases like xué yī)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yīxué yìzhí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">medical science, medicine</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">all along, continuously, all the time (up until a certain point)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">you bāngzhu you dàolī you xìngqu you yánjiū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be helpful</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to make sense</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be interested</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to have done research on; to know a lot about</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuè...yuè...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yuè lai yuè...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">the more...the more...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">more and more..., increasingly...</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">zhīshi zhōukān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">knowledge</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">weekly publication, weekly</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">zìyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">magazine, a "weekly" freedom; to be free</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Zhèiběn Fǎwén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhōukān </span><span class="font12">xiāngdāng bú cuò.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: A.’ Nǐ xiànzài duì Fǎwén hěn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you yánjiū</span><span class="font12"> le, néng kàn Fǎwén zázhì le.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This French weekly is quite good.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh.’ You know a lot about French now you can read French magazines!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhōukān</span><span class="font12">: ’’weekly publication, weekly magazine’’ One of the meanings for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhōu</span><span class="font12"> is ’’week." (Other meanings include ’’cycle, circuit.’’) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kān</span><span class="font12"> is a word element meaning "to print, to publish" or "a periodical, a publication." Notice that this is a different word from the falling-tone </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàn</span><span class="font12"> "to read." Some other words using these syllables (which you will often hear, but need not learn now) are:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zhōumò zhōubào zhōukān yuèkān bàokān qīkān kānwù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">weekend</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">weekly publication, weekly weekly publication</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">monthly publication newspapers and magazines periodicals</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">publications</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngdāng</span><span class="font12">: "quite, pretty," as in "quite a lot" or "pretty good." This word is not quite as positive as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhēn</span><span class="font12"> "really, truly," but more so than </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12">, "fairly, rather" (which will be presented in Unit U).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā chǎode cài xiāngdāng hǎo chǐ. He cooks pretty well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige zhǎnlǎnguǎn xiāngdāng This exhibition hall is quite good,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bú cuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you yánjiū</span><span class="font12">: "to have done research on, to know a lot about, to be expert on, to be knowledgeable about." You have often seen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12"> used with a noun, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ming</span><span class="font12">, "name," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qián</span><span class="font12">, "money," to form a phrase which acts like an adjectival verb. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You míng</span><span class="font12"> is "to be famous," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you qián</span><span class="font12"> is "to be rich." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You yánjiū</span><span class="font12"> is Just such a phrase.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As shown in sentence IB, to say "knowledgeable ABOUT" something, use the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duì</span><span class="font12">, "towards, with regard to," as in:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">duì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font9">......</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">you yánjiū</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(with regard to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Ca subject of study2</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">have research)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">"to know a lot about (something)"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">: The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is used twice in the sentence above to show a new situation. This person’s French seems to have improved because NOW he knows a lot about French and can read magazines.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nánnū píngděng</span><span class="font12"> shi bu shi Is equality between men and women Zhōngguo rénde kànfǎ? a Chinese viewpoint?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi, kěshi nèi shi Zhōngguo Yes, but that’s a new concept of the rénde xin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, bú Chinese, not an old one.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shi lǎo guānniàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánnū</span><span class="font12">: "male and female," used only for humans.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nánnūde shìqing zuì nan shuō. Matters between men and women are the hardest to judge.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women xuéxiào nánnū xuéshēng There are both men and women students</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dōu you. at our school.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font9">W X X</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nan</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nū</span><span class="font12"> ma^r modify nouns referring to people, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nuxuésheng</span><span class="font12">, "woman student, ’’ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nutōngzhì</span><span class="font12"> , "woman comrade. "</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Chen Yīngmíng dào nǎr qu le? Where did Chen Yīngmíng go?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā he yíge tóngxué chūqu le. He went out with a classmate.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shi nántóngxué shi Was it a male classmate or a female</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nutōngxué? classmate?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nánde</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nūde</span><span class="font12"> are sometimes used for "man" and "woman," but when used to refer to an individual (e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige nánde</span><span class="font12">) they are rather impolite. When used for "men" and "women" in general or to distinguish between the sexes, they are, however, acceptable.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ mǎi zhèizhǒng xíng bu xíng? Should I buy this kind?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù xíng, zhèi shi nánde yòngde. No, this is for men’s use.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Gāngcái you yíge rén dǎ diàn- Just now someone telephoned for you. huà lai zhǎo ni.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi nánde shi nude? Was it a man or a woman?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánnū píngděng</span><span class="font12">: "equality of the sexes," literally "man-woman equality." The marriage law of May 1, 1950, established a policy in the PRC which has *For animals, "male" is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōng(de)</span><span class="font12"> and "female" is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǔ(de)</span><span class="font12">, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngniū</span><span class="font12">, "bull," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǔniū</span><span class="font12">, "cow."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde gǒu shi gōngde háishi mǔde? Is his dog a male or a female?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You rén shuō kāidāo yihòu bù Some people say that after an opera-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yīnggāi chi gōngjī, yīnggāi tion one shouldn’t eat rooster;</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">chi mǔjī. one should eat hen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">remained basically the same up to the present day. It forbade bi g</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">amy</span><span class="font12">polygamy, and the traditional practice of adopting a young girl for the purpose of later marrying her to one’s son. It also fixed a minimum age for marriage, urged the acceptance of remarriage of widows, allowed divorce by mutual consent, and gave women the choice not to take their husband’s surname at marriage. Today, although traditional attitudes toward women and marriage persist especially in rural China, official policy has made some tangible inroads toward the goal of equality. Most importantly, men and woman are regarded as equal under the law. They receive the same schooling. They must receive equal compensation for equal work. (it is expected, however, that women doing heavy physical work are not as strong or productive as men, and so their pay will be correspondingly lower.) In addition, the leadership of communes, production teams, and unions must include special women personnel who represent the interests of women in matters of politics, finance, work, and personal relations.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">píngděng</span><span class="font12">: This word is both a noun and a verb: "to be equal; equality"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Cóngqián zài Zhōngguo nánnū bù Formerly men and women were unequal píngděng, xiànzài bù tong le. in China. Now it is different.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Měiguo rén gēn Zhōngguo rén duì Americans and Chinese don't have nánnù píngděngde guānniàn bú all that similar an idea of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tài yíyàng. equality of the sexes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniàn</span><span class="font12">: "way of thought, concept; sense (of), mentality (of)" This is a way of thinking about the larger issues of life, the way "things"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(values, responsibilities, and so on) should be. One </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniàn</span><span class="font12"> is only part</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">of a whole system of attitudes, thoughts and beliefs. In given contexts, you can sometimes translate it as an "idea" held by a person or group (but it</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">does </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">not</span><span class="font12"> mean "idea" as in "I have a good idea" Cthis would be </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhúyìl</span><span class="font12">). In a</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">society, ways of thinking come and go; people have a mixture of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīn guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, "new ways of thought, new ideas," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lao guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, "old ways of thought, old ideas." Ways of thinking which are no longer current are called </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, "outmoded ways of thinking." For instance, equality of the sexes is a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xín guānniàn</span><span class="font12">; the idea that arranged marriages are superior to marriages of free choice is a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎo guānniàn</span><span class="font12">; the idea of child brides as acceptable and practical is a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù guānniàn</span><span class="font12">. Some </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniàn</span><span class="font12"> are considered "correct" and "good" by the majority, and some are considered "incorrect" and "bad." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiātíng guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, "a sense of family," is usually considered good.’ "Bad" concepts have names too Efor example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">síyǒu guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, "sense of personal ownership"!. People are sometimes criticized because their such-and-such </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniàn</span><span class="font12"> is too weak or too strong, and they are told accordingly either to strengthen it or get rid of it.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Měiguo rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude yíyàng, yǒude bù yíyàng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the same, sometimes not.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’Other "good" concepts containing words that haven’t been presented yet are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàodé guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, "sense of morality," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǔzhí guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, "sense of organization," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngcè guānniàn</span><span class="font12">, "sense of official policy."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kàn ba, zài guò jǐnián nián-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wǎnhūn jiù huì biàncheng ° yizhǒng guānniàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You watch, in a few more years, it will have become an accepted idea that young people should get involved late and marry late.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Zhèi</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">piān wenzhang</span><span class="font12"> bù hǎo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ hái you shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Isn’t this article any good?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That wasn’t what I meant. The article is pretty good, it’s just that it’s a bit long.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you have any other articles?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">piān</span><span class="font12">: This is a counter. First, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">piān</span><span class="font12"> is the counter for whole short pieces of writing, such as articles or essays. Second, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">piān</span><span class="font12"> can count single sheets of paper with writing or printing on them (compare </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhāng zhǐ</span><span class="font12"> which is a sheet of paper without regard to what is on it). Third, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">piān(r)</span><span class="font12"> by itself means a leaf of a book; that is, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìpiān(r)</span><span class="font12"> equals both sides of one page.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wénzhāng</span><span class="font12">: (1) ”a writing, literary composition, article, essay" (counter: -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">piān</span><span class="font12">); (2) "prose style," as in</span></p>
- <div style="border-bottom:solid;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde wénzhāng bú cuò.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">His (prose) writing is very good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bú shi zhèige yìsi</span><span class="font12">: "That wasn’t what I meant," or more literally, "Not that meaning (the one you just said)."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù shi...</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12"> here means "merely, only, just."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chángle yidiǎnr</span><span class="font12">: "a little bit too long." The marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> following an adjectival verb, such as "to be long" can mean either: 1) new situation, the article is now a bit long, or 2) excessive degree, the article is a bit too long. You’ve seen the second meaning in sentences such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tai hǎo le</span><span class="font12">, "That’s wonderful.”’ Sentence 3B tells you that the speaker feels the article is overly long.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biéde:</span><span class="font12"> "other, others" Distinguish in Chinese between </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biéde</span><span class="font12">, "others in general," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lìngwài</span><span class="font12">, "another" or "the other." Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biéde</span><span class="font12"> when you are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">not specifying</span><span class="font12"> "which others." Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lìngwài</span><span class="font12"> + Number + Counter when you refer to a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">certain</span><span class="font12"> "other" or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">certain</span><span class="font12"> "others." Contrast this pair of sentences■ "</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span><span class="font12">: "late involvement and late marriage" This refers to waiting until young people are in their late twenties before they become romantically involved or think of marriage.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">*"</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biàncheng</span><span class="font12">: "to change into" (SOC Unit 3)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ hái yào kàn biéde ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ hái yào kàn lìngwài yíge ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Contrast also:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiběnr zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào lìngwài yìběnr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiběnr zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào biéde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Would you like to look at some other ones? (UNSPECIFIED OTHERS)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Would you like to see the other one, too? (A CERTAIN ONE—"THE" OTHER)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This dictionary is no good. I want the other one. (A CERTAIN OTHER ONE—e.g., the other one which the sales clerk showed you)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This dictionary is no good. I want another. (UNSPECIFIED—e.g., you don’t know whether the store has any others, but you would like to see some)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Other examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen liǎngge rén, yíge shi wǒ gēge, lìngwài yíge shi wǒ péngyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zhèixiē rén lǐbiānr, chùle wǒ dào Xianggang qù yīwài, biéde rén dōu dào Taiwan qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuótiān láide rén, wǒ zhǐ rènshi Tang Huìyíng, lìngwài sānge rén wǒ dōu bù rènshi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of those two, one is my older brother, and the other is my friend. (A CERTAIN OTHER—"THE" OTHER)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of those of us here, only I am going to Hong Kong; all the others are going to Taiwan. (UNSPECIFIED— ANY AND ALL OTHERS IN THE GROUP)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of the people who came yesterday, I only know Tang Huìyíng. I don't know any of the other three.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(CERTAIN OTHERS—"THE" OTHER ONES)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">If you do not specify the set of things mean any others in the whole world:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">you are</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">talking about, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biéde</span><span class="font12"> tends to</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zhǐ you zhèiyiběn, méiyou biéde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">We only don't</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">have this one volume. We have any others.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Women xūyào biéde shū.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">We need (an)other book(s).</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This last sentence you want to change supplement the one</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">can mean either 1) the content of the book(s) is bad and to another book entirely, or 2) you need other books to you are using.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái...biéde</span><span class="font12">: Now that you have seen how to say "other" in Chinese, you should note that the words </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lìngwài</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biéde</span><span class="font12"> are often used in combination with certain adverbs meaning "additionally" or "again": </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12">. For now, concentrate on </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12">. As used in sentence 3B, it means literally "in addition to what has come before."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā hai yào biéde. He wants more of them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā hai zuōle hiéde cài. He made other dishes as well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní hai zhīdao hiéde hao fànguānr Do you know any other good restaurants? ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme</span><span class="font12">: "any" The meaning of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme</span><span class="font12"> is changed from "what" to "any" hy the question word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font12"> at the end of the sentence. (Without ma, the sentence would mean, "What other articles do you have?")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní yào shénme? What do you want?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní yào shénme ma? Do you want anything?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní dōu zhīdao shénme hao fàn- What good restaurants do you know? guǎnr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní zhīdao shénme hǎo fàn- Do you know of any good restaurants?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">guǎnr ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Nī </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiēhūn</span><span class="font12"> yíqián yìzhí dōu Before you got married did you gēn fùmǔ yìqī zhù ma? live with your parents all along?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bu shi, wǒ méi jiēhūn jiu No, I left home Before I got married líkāi jiā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dull shēnghuōl</span><span class="font12">e and lived independently for seven qī-bā nián. or eight years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéhūn</span><span class="font12">: "to get married" Also pronounced </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiēhūn</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiéhūn</span><span class="font12"> is a process verb, not a state verb. It is often seen with an aspect marker such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">, or negated with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou? Have they gotten married yet? (This</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">is the equivalent of "Are they married?")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen méi jiéhūn. They have not gotten married. (Equi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">valent to "They are not married.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen bù jiéhūn. They are not going to get married.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī jiéhūn duo jiǔ le? Have long have you been married?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiéhūn</span><span class="font12"> is a verb-object compound, literally meaning "to knot marriage." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jié </span><span class="font12">and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūn</span><span class="font12"> can be separated by aspect markers, such as -de. or -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī shi shénme shihou jiéde hūn? When did you get married? </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font12"> Nī shi shénme shihou jiéhūnde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Liu Xiānsheng Jiéguo sāncì hūn. Mr. Liu has been married three times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">To say "get married TO SOMEONE" use the pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn...jiéhūn</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">he...Jiéhūn</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le? To whom did he get married?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhí</span><span class="font12">: "all along, continuously, always” You have seen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhí</span><span class="font12">, "straight," used to refer to direction, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhí zōu</span><span class="font12">. Here </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhí</span><span class="font12"> is used to refer to time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women yìzhí zài zhèli gōngzuò. We’ve always worked here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yìzhí zài Taidà niàn shū. He studied all along at Taiwan</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">University.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yìzhí</span><span class="font12"> can "be used with reference to a phrase telling of a period of time (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānnian</span><span class="font12">, "three years," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéhūn yǐqiān</span><span class="font12">, "before getting married") to say "all during (that time)."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Yù yìzhí xiàle sāntiān.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">It rained for three days straight.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Often the time phrase and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhí</span><span class="font12"> are followed by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā wūtiān yìzhí dōu méi xiūxi. He didn’t rest for</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wō méi jiehūn jiu líkāi jiā...</span><span class="font12">: This might look like married and left home,’’ but is actually "when I wasn’t yet left home." The order of events is made explicit and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù...</span><span class="font12"> (already.••)•</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">five days on end.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">”l didn’t get married, I already</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā méi xué sìwǔge yuè Yīngwén Jiù shuōde bú cuò le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bìng méi hǎo Jiù lai shàng ban le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wō gàosu nǐ méi Jītiǎn, nī you wàng le.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Méi duō jiǔ, tā jiù shuìzháo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yù xiàle méi duō jiù jiù ting le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi...</span><span class="font12"> (hadn’t yet.•.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Before he had studied even three or four months of English, he could speak it pretty well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She came back to work before she had recovered from her illness.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I told you Just a few days ago and you’ve forgotten again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He fell asleep before long.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It hadn’t rained long when it stopped.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">literally</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dúlì</span><span class="font12">: "to be independent, to be on one’s own; independence, singly stand."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Měiguo shi yīqīqīliùnián dúlìde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuìjìn jǐniàn you Jǐge xīn dúlìde guōjiā.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">America became independent in 1776.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There have been several newly independent countries in the last few years.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Neige háizi hěn xǐhuan dull That child really likes to he inde-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shēnghuó, tā zài zhōngxuéde pendent. He started to work when</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shíhou yǐjíng kāishǐ gōngzuò le. he was in high school.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhème dà, JīngJi hái méiyou He's so old and still not econom-dúlì. ically independent.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnghuo</span><span class="font12">: "to live; life; livelihood" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sheng-</span><span class="font12"> is stressed and -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huo</span><span class="font12"> is unstressed or neutral tone. A </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> phrase may come either before or after the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnghuo</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiongmāo chàbuduō dōu shēnghuo zài gāoshānshang.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Almost all panda bears live in</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">the high mountains.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zài shēnghuoshang duì wo hěn zhàogu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎo shíhou shēnghuo qíngxing hěn bù hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">She takes good care of me in my daily life.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When he was a child, he lived in very bad circumstances.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèr you yìpiān Look, here's a news article on</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">guānyú </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongJud</span><span class="font12">e </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐnwén</span><span class="font12">. "living together."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Suànl</span><span class="font12">e ba. Zhèizhǒng Forget it. What's interesting about</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xǐnwén you shénme yìsi? that kind of news?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongjū</span><span class="font12">: "to live together, to cohabit" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jū</span><span class="font12"> is a literary word for "to live.<a name="footnote2"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark71">2</a></sup><sup></sup>’ Although some dictionaries define </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongjū</span><span class="font12"> simply as "to live together," giving examples such as an uncle and nephew living together, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongjū</span><span class="font12"> almost always implies sexual relations. It may even be used to describe romances of shorter durations, whether or not a household was set up. You'll notice that in some dialogues in this unit, the speakers prefer the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nannū tongju </span><span class="font12">in order to be explicit.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐnwén</span><span class="font12">: "news" This is the word for "news" as in "the evening news," "the news in the paper today," "official news." It is not the word for news between friends, unless one is Joking about the importance of what is about to be said. EThe word for news between people is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāoxi</span><span class="font12">, "tidings," (MBD, Unit 5) which has a second meaning of "official news."3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kàn diànshi xǐnwén le ma? Did you see the television news?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jintiān bàoshangde xǐnwén hěn The news in the paper today is very</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">you yìsi, yīnggāi hǎohāor interesting; you should read it</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kànkan. carefully.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Jintiān tā gàosu wǒ yíge xinwén, shuō Xiǎo Wáng he Xiǎo Lǐ "Shíyī" jiēhūn.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhēnde? Zhèi zhēn shi ge dà xǐnwén.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Today she told me some real news. She said that Xiǎo Wang and Xiǎo Lǐ are getting married on October 1 (National Day).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Really? Boy, that really </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font12"> big news</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suàn le</span><span class="font12">: "Forget it." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Suàn</span><span class="font12"> is the verb "to calculate, to figure, to compute." The idiom </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suàn le</span><span class="font12"> is translated as "let it be," "let it pass," "drop the matter," "let it go at that. ’’</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Suàn le, bu yào zài wèn tā le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ràng tā zìjǐ bàn, jiù suàn le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Forget it, don’t ask him about it any more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Let him do it himself, and the heck with it.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zánmen chūqu chi fàn ba?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ jiù xiǎng zài jiāli suíbiàn chī yidiǎnr suàn le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Dōu gěi ni, suàn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ yào qù jiù qù, bú qù jiù suàn le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How about going out to eat?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I just want to eat a little bit at home and leave it at that.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Go ahead and take them all.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you want to go, then go. If you don’t want to go, then forget it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ jiějie </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīxué</span><span class="font12"> fāngmiànde shū </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè</span><span class="font12"> lái </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè</span><span class="font12"> duō le.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div style="border-bottom:solid;">
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shǐ a, tā zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pīnmìng</span><span class="font12"> xué </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yī</span><span class="font12"> ne.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Your sister is getting more and more medical books!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, she’s studying medicine with all her energy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ jiějie yīxué fāngmiànde shū</span><span class="font12">: "your sister’s medical books" To say just "your sister’s books" you put a -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> on </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiějie</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ Jiějiede shū</span><span class="font12">. But -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> is not used after </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiějie</span><span class="font12"> in 6A. This is because of the modifying phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīxué fāngmiànde</span><span class="font12">, which ends in -de. To have two -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> phrases in a row before a noun is often considered stylistically bad; the way to get around it is to keep only the last -de. Other examples:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Běijīng C-dei</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">zuì hǎo -de fànguǎnr</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōu Xiānsheng E-del tàitai -de péngyou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè lái yuè duō le</span><span class="font12">: "more and more..." The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuè...yuè...</span><span class="font12"> is used to express the idea "the more...the more..." Fill in the blanks with verbs (state or action).</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuè duō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuè hao</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">"the more the better"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yue kan | yue bu dong</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"the more one reads, the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">more confused one gets"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Péngyou yuè duō yuè hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dìtú yuè dà yuè qīngchu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bù xǐhuan qǐng kè, juéde kèren yuè duō yuè máfan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ yuè xiǎng yuè pà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yuè shuō yuè shēngqì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèipiān wénzhāng xiěde hěn bu qīngchu, nǐ yuè kàn yuè bù dong.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The more friends you have, the better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The larger a map is, the clearer it is.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She doesn't like to invite guests; she feels that the more guests there are, the more trouble it is.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The more I thought about it, the more frightened I got.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The more he talked, the madder he got.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The article is very unclear. The more you read it, the less you understand.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">When the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> is used in the first blank of this pattern, the whole phrase expresses the idea of "increasingly..." or "...-er and ...-er":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">I yuè lai | yuè gāo |</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"to become taller and taller"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Huang Taitaide nuer yue lai yue Mrs. Huang's daughter is getting piàoliang le. prettier all the time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dōngxi yuè lai yuè guì le. Things are getting more and more</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">expensive.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font12"> is the marker of ongoing action which you learned in the Meeting module, Unit 2: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì</span><span class="font12">, "She is attending a meeting now." Note that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> is used in sentence 6B even though the action of studying is not necessarily going on at this very second, but only at intervals. She might not be studying right when this sentence is said, but she still is going to medical school. Likewise, if you are in the middle of a novel, you can say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zài kàn yiběn xiǎoshuō</span><span class="font12"> even if you have put it aside for a day or two.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài...ne</span><span class="font12">: Sentences with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">, the marker of ongoing action, often end in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12">, the marker of absence of change or lack of completion. (See Unit 2 of the Transportation module and Unit h of this module.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǐnmìng</span><span class="font12">: "exerting the utmost strength, with all one’s might, for all one is worth, desperately, like mad" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pǐnmìng</span><span class="font12"> means literally "to risk one’s life" or "to defy death." One translation which captures the spirit of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǐnmìng</span><span class="font12"> is "knocking oneself out."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Shìqing tài duo, tā pīnmìngde zuǒ yě zuòbuwān.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">There’s too much to do. She’s working like mad and still won’t be able to finish.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎoháir yí kànjian lǎoshǔ<a name="footnote3"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark72">3</a></sup> jiù pīnmìng pǎo hui Jiā qu le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">As soon as the child saw the rat, he ran like mad for home.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Liu Xiānshengde kè </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shízài </span><span class="font12">méi yìsi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ tǐn</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gxiaqu</span><span class="font12">, mànmānr huì </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you xìngqud</span><span class="font12">e.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes On No. 7</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Mr. Liu’s class is really boring.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you keep attending it, gradually you’ll become interested.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shízài</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">’’really, indeed, honestly; to be true</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">an adjectival verb which is most often actually.”</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shízài yonggong”, měitiān wǎnshang niàn hǎo jǐge zhōngtéu Yīngwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ shízài bù zhīdào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ shízài gàosu nǐ ba, wǒ bù xiǎng qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yàoshi nǐ shízài méi bànfa, nà Jiù suàn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shízài</span><span class="font12"> can also be used in speaking connotation of dependability.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhèige rén hěn shízài.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to be real” This is used as an adverb meaning ’’really,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He is really industrious; every night he studies several hours of English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I really (OR honestly) don’t know.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll tell you the truth: I don’t want to go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you really can’t do it, then Just forget it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">of people; when so used it carries the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He is very sincere and dependable.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi yìsi</span><span class="font12">: This phrase, meaning literally ’’has no meaning,” has an abundance of uses: (1) uninteresting, boring; (2) pointless, meaningless; (3) to be a drag; (U) without value, not worthy of respect, cheap.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) Zhèiběn shū zhēn méi yìsi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ kàn nǐ bú bì qù nèige dìfang, méi shenme yìsi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) Jīntiān kāi huì, shénme dōu méi zuò, zhēn méi yìsi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bù dong, zài Jiang ye méi yìsi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This book is really boring.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t think you need to go there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s not particularly fun (interesting)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We didn’t get anything done at today’s meeting. How pointless.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He doesn’t understand. It’s pointless to try to explain it any more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bú zài, zánmen qù yě méi yìsi, shénme dōu bù néng zuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(3) Tā zài Měiguo, tā àiren zài Déguo, zhēn méi yìsi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">(U) Zài tā bèihōu° shuō zhèiyangrde huà, zhēn méi yìsi!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Since he’s not there, it would be pointless for us to go. We wouldn’t be able to do anything.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s in America and his love is in Germany. What a drag!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Talking like that behind her back is really low.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngxiaqu</span><span class="font12">: "to go on listening" You’ve seen the action verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ting</span><span class="font12">, "to listen" and the directional ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàqu</span><span class="font12"> "to go down" before. Here </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàqu</span><span class="font12"> is not used as a directional ending, but rather a resultative ending "to continue, to go on." As a resultative verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngxiaqu</span><span class="font12"> may take </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> and bu as middle syllables to make verbs which say "can" and "cannot."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiběn shū tài méi yìsi, wǒ kànbuxiàqù le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ shuōde duì, Jiǎngxiaqu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Gàosu wo, hòulái zěnme le?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Gàosu ni méi yìsi. Nǐ kàn-xiaqu Jiù huì zhīdao le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Shuōxiaqu a, women dōu ài tīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zhèiyang děngxiaqu zěnme xíng ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you xìngqu</span><span class="font12">: "to be interested" what you are interested in.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ duì nèijiàn shi yidiǎnr xìngqu yě méiyou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ duì shénmeyàngrde shū zuì you xìngqu?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This book is too boring. I can’t read on.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s right. Go on (speaking).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tell me, what happens later?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It would be no fun to tell you. Go on reading and you’ll find out.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Go on talking. We all love to listen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How can you go on waiting like this?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Use the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duì</span><span class="font12"> to say</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I have no interest at all in that matter.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What kind of books are you most interested in?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiàng</span><span class="font12"> Wang Jiàoshòu zhèi- There really aren’t many teachers yangde lǎoshī zhēnshi bù like Professor Wáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">duō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: NǏ shuōduì le. Rúguo bú You’re right. If it weren’t for</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shi tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāngzhu</span><span class="font12"> wo, wǒ the help he’s given me, I</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhēn bù xiang xué le. wouldn’t want to study anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàng</span><span class="font12">: "to be similar to, to resemble" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiàng</span><span class="font12"> may be used as a full verb or as a prepositional verb. Here it is a full verb:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xiang fùqin, bú xiang mǔqin. He resembles his father, not his mother.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As a prepositional verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiang</span><span class="font12"> is used in making comparisons. Notice the similarity of the word order between comparison sentences with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiang</span><span class="font12"> and those with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xiang tā gēge name cōngming. She's as intelligent as her brother.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ you tā name gāo. You're as tall as he is.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ gēn tā yíyāng gāo. You're the same height as he.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Comparison sentences with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiang</span><span class="font12"> must have either </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíyàng</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhème</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zènme</span><span class="font12">), or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">name</span><span class="font12"> before the main verb. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiang</span><span class="font12"> makes rather imprecise comparisons; its original meaning is, after all, "resemble” or "like,” not exact equality.*</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ xiang wǒ zhème ná kuàizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiang huàr name hǎokàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiliǎngtiānde tiānqi xiang chūntian name shūfu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde yǎnjing xiang hǎishuǐ yíyàng lán.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">You hold chopsticks like I do. (It’s) as beautiful as a painting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The weather the past couple of days has been as nice as spring.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Her eyes are as blue as sea water.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The negative </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> comes before the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiang</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bú xiang tā mèimei name He's not as intelligent as his</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">cōngming. little sister.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèi shihou shēnghuo bú xiang Life was not as good then as it xiànzài zhème hǎo. is now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiàng...zhèiyang</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèiyang(r)</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèiyang(r)</span><span class="font12"> are sometimes used after a noun or pronoun in phrases with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàng</span><span class="font12">, for example:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiàng tā zhèiyangde rén people like him (lit., "like him this</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kind of people")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiàng Wang Jiàoshòu zhèiyangde teachers like Professor Wang (lit., lǎoshī "like Professor Wang this kind of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">teachers")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In such sentences, the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèiyang(r)</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèiyang(r)</span><span class="font12"> are hard to translate into smooth English. It is usually best to leave those words out of the translation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Měitiān dōu xiàng jīntiān zhèi- If every day were like today, we yang jiù shūfu le. would have it easy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Beijing kao yā zhèiyangde cài, It would be too expensive to eat tiāntiān chī tài guì le. dishes like Běijīng roast duck</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">every day.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">9.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Sānnián yīqián wo Jiu bú </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kào</span><span class="font12"> fùmǔ shēnghuó le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">I stopped depending on my parents for a living three years ago.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nī néng zìjī </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guān</span><span class="font12"> zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">It's really great that you can take care of yourself (be your own boss)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12">: The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12"> is often used after expressions of time, and stresses that the time when the event happens is comparatively prompt, soon, or early. The English translations may vary; this use of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12"> has the flavor of ’’as soon as that" or "as early as that," but it can also be conveyed in English simply by putting extra stress on the time expression. For example, "He's coming TODAY.'" (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā jīntiān jiu lái le.*</span><span class="font12">). When used this way, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12"> is always unstressed or neutral tone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As in sentence 9A, new-situation </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is often (but not always) used at the end of a sentence in connection with the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐde yīfu yìhuīr Jiù xīhāo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Míngtiān wǒ Jiù you gōngfu, kéyi qù le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī zài děng yìhuīr, yìdiān-zhōng Jiù you dìxià huǒchē le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Your clothes will be all washed in Just a while (that soon).</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I'll have time to go tomorrow (that soon).</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wait a while longer, there will be a subway train at one o'clock (that soon).</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Jīntiān zǎoshang wǒ wùdian zhōng jiù qīlai le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I got up at five this morning (that early).</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kào</span><span class="font12">: This verb has several commonly used meanings: (1) to lean against, to lay back on, (2) to depend/rely on, and (3) to be near/next to.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bié kào chēmén. Don't lean against the door of the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">car.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒde Yīngwén bù hāo, xie My English isn't good. When I write</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wénzhāng wánquán kào zìdiān. essays, I depend completely on a</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dictionary.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zǒngshi kào zài chuāngshang* kàn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mài’āmì shi yíge kào hǎide chéngshì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǎn</span><span class="font12">: ”to tend/take care of/look</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐmen liǎngge chūqu wānr, shéi guǎn hāizi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Xuěméi guǎn jiā guǎnde hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Liu Xiansheng shi guǎn kǎo-shìde.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Another meaning is ”to care, to "bother</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bù xǐhuan guǎn biérénde shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ yào zuò shénme, wǒ zìjǐ zhīdao, nǐ shǎo guǎn wǒde shi, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bù guǎn, suíbiàn nǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s always laying back in bed reading.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Miami is a city on the sea.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">after/manage/run/be in charge of”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you two go out (for fun), who’ll look after the kids?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Xuěméi runs the house very well</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mr. Liu is in charge of testing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">about, to concern oneself with.”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He doesn’t like to mind others’ business.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I know what I want to do, would you please not interfere with my affairs so much! (IMPOLITE)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t care. Whatever you like.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">The ending </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-zhāo</span><span class="font12">, ’’succeed (in connecting with or touching),” can also be used with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǎn</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guǎnbuzhāo</span><span class="font12"> means ’’can be no concern of..., to be none of one’s business.”</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi shi women zìjǐde shi, nǐmen guǎnbuzhāo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This is our own affair; it’s none of your business.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">The colloquial </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guǎn ta (ne)!</span><span class="font12"> expresses brusque dismissal: ’’Who cares about</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">him!” or ’’Who cares about that!”</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ Jīntiān wǎnshang ruguǒ bu qù, tā huì hěn bu gāoxìng.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Guǎn ta ne! Wo yào niàn shū, méi shíjiān qù.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">If you don’t go tonight he’ll be very unhappy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Who gives a damn about him! I’ve got to study; I don’t have time to go.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zìjǐ.. .zìjǐ</span><span class="font12">: ’’oneself” Use the pronoun </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǒ</span><span class="font12"> for ”l, me, my, mine,” but use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zìjǐ</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǒ zìjǐ</span><span class="font12"> for ’’myself.” Depending on the context, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zìjǐ</span><span class="font12"> can mean ’’myself, yourself, him/herself, ourselves, themselves.” Sometimes </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zìjǐ</span><span class="font12"> is used twice in the same clause, as in sentence 9B.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bù xǐhuan wǒ zìjǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chuáng</span><span class="font12">: ’’bed</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎoshì</span><span class="font12">: ’’test, exam; testing”</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t like myself, (as said by a confused teenager)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ bù xiǎo le, yinggāi zìjī zhàogu zìjī.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">zhīdao</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī bú yào zìjī gěi zìjī zhǎo máf an.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhèiyangr zuò, zìjī pian”</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">zìjī.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re not a child anymore; you should know how to take care of yourself.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t go asking for trouble for yourself.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">By doing this, he’s only fooling himself.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Tā xiěde jīběn xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liúxíng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà dāngrán, xiàng tā nèiyang you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìwei</span><span class="font12"> yōu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhīshid</span><span class="font12">e rén, xiěde xiǎoshuō yídìng yōu yìsi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">11. yōu bāngzhu</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">12. yōu dàolī</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 10 through 12</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liúxíng</span><span class="font12">: ’’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The novels he wrote are all very popular now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of course. Novels written by someone with his position and knowledge are sure to be interesting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be helpful</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to make sense</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">common. ’’ negative with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This kind of talk is very popular these days, but I don’t think it’s very true.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s not popular to wear long skirts anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">following it to mean "to be popular to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It is popular to wear long skirts now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In a lot of places, it is getting more and more common for men and women to live together.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to be popular, prevalent, current, widespread</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This is an adjectival verb. Make it</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèizhōng huà xiànzài hěn liúxíng, kěshi wō xiǎng zhè huà bú tài duì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài chuān duǎn qúnzi bù liúxíng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You can also use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liúxíng</span><span class="font12"> with a phrase (do something)."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài liúxíng chuān cháng qúnzi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài hěn duō dìfang, yuè lái yuè liúxíng nánnu tóngjū le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liúxíng</span><span class="font12"> is also used in compound nouns, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liúxíngbìng</span><span class="font12">, "epidemic."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhè yíge xlngqī yōu liúxíng- This past week there has been an</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bìng, nīmen Jiāde háizi epidemic; it would be best if</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zuì hǎo bié chū men. your children didn’t go out.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">*</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàogu</span><span class="font12">: "to take care of, to care for" (Society, Unit 5) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">piàn</span><span class="font12">: "to fool, to deceive"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìwei</span><span class="font12">: "position, place or status</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde dìwei hen gāo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ cái gōngzuòle shíjinián jiù yǒule Jīntiānde dìwei hen bù rōngyi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen yào you dúlìde jīngji he shèhuì dìwei.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(in an organization or society)’’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He has a very high position.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Having worked only ten or so years, it wasn’t easy to get the position you have today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">They want independent economic and social status.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you zhǐshi</span><span class="font12">: "to be knowledgeable," literally "to have knowledge" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you dàolǐ</span><span class="font12">: "to make sense," literally "to have reason" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you bāngzhu</span><span class="font12">: "to be helpful," literally "to have help"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here you see three more examples of how </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12">, "to exist, to have," and a noun can be used to make an adjectival verb. Sometimes the meaning of the resulting phrase is more than Just the sum of its parts. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You xìngqu</span><span class="font12"> is "to be interested (in something)," while </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you yìsi</span><span class="font12"> is "to be interesting." Here are some of the others you have already learned.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">you guānxi you yánjiū</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">to be related to yòu míng to be expert you yòng</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to be famous to be useful</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">13• zìyóu</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">14. -bèizi</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">15.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Xǐnwén Zhōukān</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">16. fùnū</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 13 through 16</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bèizi</span><span class="font12">: This word is usually used</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo gōngzuòle yíbèizi, xiànzài liùshisuì le, kéyi xiūxixiuxi le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to be free; freedom</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">all one’s life, lifetime</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Newsweek</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">woman; women, womankind</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">with yī-, as in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve worked all my life and am now sixty years old. I can take a little rest now.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Jiéhūn shi yíbèizide shi, děi Marriage is a lifetime thing; you hǎohāor xiǎngxiang. should think it over carefully.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùnū</span><span class="font12">: In Taiwan, a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">funū</span><span class="font12"> is generally a married woman, but in PRC usage the word has no connotations about marital status. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fùnū</span><span class="font12"> is also used in a collective sense, "women" or "womankind."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit 2, Tape 1, Review Dialogue</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">At the entrance to Lauinger Library at Georgetown University, Lǐ Ping (B) encounters Tom (A).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Èi! Tāngmǔ, nǐ hǎo a! Hey! Hi, Tom!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ hǎo, Lǐ Ping! Lai kàn Hi, Lǐ Ping. Did you come here to</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shū ma? do some reading?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Chile wǎnfàn, chūlai zǒuzou,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dào túshūguǎn kànkan xīn dàode zázhì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zuì xǐhuande Yǐngwén zázhì</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shi shénme?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ng, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǐnwén Zhōukān</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wèishenme ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Xǐnwén Zhōukān</span><span class="font12"> hěn hǎo, duì</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xué Yǐngwén hěn you bāngzhu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duì, kàn zhèige zázhì, yìfāng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">miàn kéyi xué Yǐngwén, yìfāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao Měiguo shèhuìde qíngkuāng, shi bu cud. Zhèige xīngqī you shénme yěu yìside wénzhāng ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You, yěu yìpiān guānyú nánnū</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">píngděngde wénzhāng hěn you yìsi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ou, "nánnū píngděng"...wěde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nupéngyou duì zhèige tímu’ hěn yěu yánjiū. Zěnme? Nǐ yě duì zhèige wèntí you xìngqu ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You, wǒ you xìngqu, érqiě</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎng zhīdao nǐmende kànfǎ. Wo kéyi wèn jǐge wèntí ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Dāngrán, qǐng wèn ba!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèipiān wénzhāng shuō, zài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hěn duō dìfāng yuè lái yuè liú-xíng nánnū tongjū le. E, duì-</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">After dinner I went out for a walk and came to the library to read through some of the new magazines.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What’s your favorite English magazine?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Um, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Newsweek</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Newsweek</span><span class="font12"> is very good. It’s a big help in learning English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right. When you read it, you can-study English at the same time you learn about conditions in American society; it </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font12"> good. Are there any interesting articles in it this week?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, there’s an article about equality of the sexes that’s very interesting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, "equality of the sexes"...My girl friend is an expert on the subject. Don’t tell me—are you interested in that issue too?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, I am, and I’d also like to know your views on it. Can I ask a few questions?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sure. What would you like to know?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The article says that in a lot of places cohabitation is getting more and more common. Uh, excuse</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">*</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tímu</span><span class="font12">, "subject, topic" (see Unit 5)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">buqǐ...</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Méi shenme, nǐ shuōxiaqu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèipiān wénzhāng hái shuō</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèizhōng shi hé fùnude dìwei you guānxi. Zhèi yidiǎn wǒ zhēnshi bù dong le. Zhōngguo rénde chuántǒng guānniàn shi, fùnu méiyou jiēhūn, bù yīnggāi hé tāde nánpéngyou zhù zai yìqī.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒmende guānniàn bú tài yí</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yàng. Yìxiē fùnu, tèbié shi zhīshi fùnu, tāmen bú yào kào xiānsheng shēnghuó, tāmen yào you dúlìde jīngji hé shèhui dìwei. Xiàng wǒde nupéngyou, tā jiù you zhèiyangde kànfǎ. Erqiě wǒ xiǎng, tóngjūde wèntí hé hěn duō shining you guānxi, bù zhī shi fùnude dìwei wèntí.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Rúguo kéyi tánde huà, nī gěi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wo jiǎngjiang zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo, zhèiyangr ba, wǒ gěi ni</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tántan wode shi, nī jiu zhīdao women zěnme xiǎng le. Wǒde nupéngyou, tā shi xué yīde. Xué yī bú shi yíjiàn rongyide shir. Tā hái yào zài dàxué xuéxí liùnián.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà nīmen shénme shihou jiēhūn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiànzài women hái bù xiǎng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiēhūn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Weishénme? Nīmen juéde jiēle</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hūn, yǒule háizi huì hěn máfan, shi bu shi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Jiùshi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">women jiēhūnle, yě bù yídìng mǎshàng yào háizi. Zhǒngyàode shi women zhèi yíbèizi yào zuò shénme, hái méiyou hǎohāor xiǎng-guo ne, yīnggāi xiān xiǎng nèige</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">me. . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Not at all, go on.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It also said in the article that this is related to the status of women. I really don’t understand that point. The traditional Chinese idea is that a woman should not live with her boyfriend before they get married.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We have a somewhat different concept. Some women, especially women intellectuals, don’t want to depend on their husbands in order to live; they want to have independent economic and social status. Like my girlfriend— that’s the way her view is. But also, I think that living together has to do with a lot of things. It’s not just a question of the status of women.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If it’s all right to talk about it, would you tell me more?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, how about this. I’ll tell you about </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">my</span><span class="font12"> situation, and then you’ll know the way we think. My girlfriend is studying medicine. Studying medicine isn’t the easiest thing. She still has six more years of university.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Then when are you getting married?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We don’t want to get married just yet.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why not? You think that once you get married and have children it’ll be a lot of trouble, rigjrt?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s not the point. Even if we get married, we won’t necessarily have children right away The important thing is that we haven’t even thought out well what we want to do in our lives. We should think about</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">°The reason Lī Ping is being so careful here is that he knows Tom and his girlfriend are living together.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wèntí. Erqiě wǒmen dōu yuànyi zài jiēhūn yǐqiān qīngchǔde zhīdao zìjī xǐhuande nèige rén shi yíge shénmeyàngrde rén. Zhèi yě xūyào shíjiān.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kěshi you rén huì juéde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nīmen zhèiyang zuò shi yīnwei nīmen juéde tóngjū bǐ jiēhūn zìyóu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: You rén zhème shuō, kěshi wǒ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎng tāmen méi dǒng wǒmende zìyóu shi shénme.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi shénme ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Měiguo rén Juéde zìjī kéyi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jìhua zìjǐde shēnghuó shi zuì zhòngyàode zìyóu. Rūguo Měiguo méiyǒu zhèizhǒng zìyóu, jiù bú huì you name duō rén xiǎng lai Měiguo le, nī shuō wǒ shuōde duì bu dui?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nī shuōde you diǎnr dàoli.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Ou . . . Wǒ hai wangle wèn ni, jīnniàn xiàtiān, nǐde nupéngyou néng péi ni dào Xiānggǎng qu ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bù xíng. Tā jìhua dào Déguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">qu niàn shū. Shǔjiàde shihou tā yào zài Déguo zhù sānge yuè, nà duì tāde Déwén yídìng hěn you bāngzhu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zěnmeyàng, nī duì </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǐnwén Zhōu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kān</span><span class="font12"> zhèipiān wénzhāng hai you shénme biéde kànfǎ ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kanfǎ you. Zhèige tímu hěn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dà, women yīhòu mànmàn zài tan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo, yīhòu zài tan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">that problem first. What’s more, we each want to have a clear idea of of what kind of person the other is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">before</span><span class="font12"> we get married. And that takes time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But some people will think you are doing this because you feel that living together is freer than marriage.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Some people say that, but I don’t think they have understood what our freedom is.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What is it, then?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Americans feel that to be able to plan their own life is the most important freedom. If America didn’t have that kind of freedom, there wouldn’t be so many people who want to come here. Don’t you think I’m right?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s something to what you say. Oh ... I forgot to ask you something else: Will your girlfriend be able to come with you to Hong Kong this summer?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No. She’s planning to go to school in Germany. During summer vacation she’s going to live in Germany for three months. I’m sure that will help her German a lot.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">So what about it, do you have any other opinions about that article in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Newsweek?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, I have other opinions about it. But it’s a big topic. We can talk all about it later.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, we’ll talk about it later.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit 2, Tape 2 Workbook</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise ia a conversation in which a young man in Beijing talks with a middle-aged man about a problem.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">húshuō to talk nonsense; drivel</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiangbuchū can't think up, can't come up with</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiao Lin tamen Xiao Lin and the others</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shēnqǐng to apply for</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Propose a reason why Xiao Míngzi is no longer in school. (Hint: What are his other friends doing? What is the policy emphasis in China on careers for youth?)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Is Xiao Míngzi looking for a job? Why or why not?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What kind of job does his middle-aged friend suggest?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">1. To whom must Xiao Míngzi apply before he goes out to take pictures?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this conversation a grandmother and her granddaughter discuss sexual equality and changes in morality in new China.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation second time through, look below</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">once straight through. Then, on the and answer the questions.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and conversation:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">phrases you will need to understand this</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nà hái yòng shuō</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">That goes without saying</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">duo hào!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How great that is!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">qíguài</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to be strange</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo Qīngnián</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">China Youth</span><span class="font12"> (a periodical)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">hòulái</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">afterwards</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">dàodé</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">morality, morals, ethics</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What was the status of women before liberation?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What did the granddaughter read about in the latest issue of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">China Youth?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What is her grandmother’s reaction?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">h. What things does a "sense of morality" probably include for the grandmother?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to ta a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to li to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you hav prepared.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Exercise</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this exercise, as a mother and. son finish dinner, they discuss his future.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will need the following new words and phrases:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">shuoshi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bóshì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhǎobudǎo Zhōngxuěshēng</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">gāozhōng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">fādá</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Master’s degree</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ph.D.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be unable to find</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">High School Student</span><span class="font12"> (a periodical) senior high school</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be developed</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise h</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What is Xiǎo Lin’s mother’s major concern about his future?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Why doesn’t he want to go to college anymore?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Who does Xiǎo Lin use as an example of why a college education is useless?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. What is his mother’s position on the advantages of college education in Hong Kong?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">5. Does Xiǎo Lin’s mother act as an advisor or does she expect her son to obey her wishes on this matter?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ kéyi</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Conversation between a middle-aged man</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎo Míngzi, jīntiān zěnme you</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shíjiān zài jiā?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zěnme méi shíjiān? Líkāi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xuéxiào yīhòu, shíjiān duōduō le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bié </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hushuō</span><span class="font12">■ Nǐ you gōngzuò</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">le meiyou?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You gōngzuò! Yǒule gōngzuò</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hái zài zhèr zuòzhe! you yìsi!</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Ni zhēn</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ao! Wǒ zhīdao le,</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">nī hái méi</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">gōngzuò na!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font9">s <sub>w</sub> • •</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ng. Laoshi shuo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">děngyiděng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zhèiyang děngxiaqu zěnme</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xíng ne? Yìtiān méi gōngzuò, yìtiān jiù děi kào fùmǔ a.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hài, wǒ yě zhīdao, zhèiyang</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiàqu bù xíng, kěshi wǒ shizài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngbuchū</span><span class="font12"> shenme hǎo bànfa ya! Nī shuō wǒ zěnme bàn?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nī huì shénme?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ shénme dōu bú huì. Xiàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎo Lin tamen</span><span class="font12"> huì zuò zhuōzi yǐzi shenmede, yě dōu you gōngzuò le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ei, nǐ huì bu hui zhào xiàng?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(A) and a young man (B) in Běijīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Míngzi, how is it that you have time to be at home today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How would I not have time? Since I left school, I’ve had lots more time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Cut it out. Do you have a job yet?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Have a job! If I had a Job would I still be sitting here! You’re something else!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh! I see, you still don’t have a job!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Uh-huh. My teachers said I can wait a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How will it do for you to go on waiting like this? Every day you don’t have a job, you have to depend on your parents.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Sigh), I know that it won’t do to go on like this, but I really can’t think of any good solution! What do you think I should do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What do you know how to do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t know how to do anything. Like Xiǎo Lin and the others, who can make tables, chairs, and so on, all have jobs already.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Say, can you take photographs?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú huì. No.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">*Work is assigned, so getting a job is not a matter of personal initiative. Work assignment is done by the work assignment committee of the city district, under coordination of the citywide office.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"Teachers, while not directly involved in the assignment of work, can be influential in the process. There is a group of teachers in each high school or university who make specific recommendations to city offices which decide whether a student finds work in the city or is sent to the country.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ duì zhào xiang you méiyou</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xìngqu?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You a</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèiyang ba! Wǒ you yíge Rìběn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhàoxiàngjī, wǒ jiao ni zěnmeyàng zhào xiàng, nǐ jiu kéyi you gōngzuǒ le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Suàn le ba, huì zhào xiàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zěnme huì you gōngzuǒ ne!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hài, nǐ zhēn bù cōngming.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Měitiān dōu you bù shǎo rén lai Beijing, shéi bù xiǎng zài Tiān’ānmén qián zhào zhang xiàng! Nǐ zài zhao liǎngge tóngxué, you guǎn zhàoxiàngde, you guǎn shōu qiánde, bu jiù xíng le ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nín shuōde you dàolǐ, jiù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zenme ban! Duì le, yào chūqu zhào xiàng, hái xūyào </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnqǐng </span><span class="font12">ba?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà róngyi. Míngtiān, nǐ qù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhǎo lǎoshī, tāmen huì bāngzhu ni bànde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Are you interested in photography?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sure!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How about this: I have a Japanese camera. I’ll teach you how to -take pictures, and then you can have a job.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Come on! How can I have a job by knowing how to take pictures!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tsk, you’re really not on the ball. Every day there are lots of people who come to Běijīng; who doesn’t want to get their picture taken in front of Tiān’ānmén! If you find a couple of classmates, and have one in charge of taking the pictures and one in charge of collecting the money then you’re all set, right?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What you say makes sense; that’s just what I’ll do! Oh yes—if you want to go out and take pictures, you have to apply, too, don’t you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s easy. Tomorrow, go see your teachers. They’ll help you do it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Conversation between a grandmother Běijīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǎinai, nín shuō, xīn Zhōngguo,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nánnū píngděng, fùnude dìwei gāoduō le, duì bu dui?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Nà hái yǒng shuō</span><span class="font12">. Women</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">niánqīngde shihou, fùnū zài jiāli, zài shěhuìshang dōu méiyou shenme dìwei, zhǐ you hěn shǎode nūháizi you jǐhui niàn shū. Bu xiàng nǐmen, gēn nánháizi yíyàng, niàn shū, zuǒ shi, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duo hǎo</span><span class="font12">!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǎinai, nà nǐ shuō, tongjū</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèijiàn shir shi bu shi duì fùnù bù hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(B) and her granddaughter (A) in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Grandma, don’t you think that in new China, with equality of the sexes the status of women is much higher?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That goes without saying. When we were young, women didn’t have much status in the family or in society. Only a very few girls had a chance to study. It wasn’t like the way it is for you, who study and work just the same as boys. How great that is!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Then what do you think, Grandma, is cohabitation a bad thing for women?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ zěnme yuè shuō yuè </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíguài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">le? Zài xīn Zhōngguo nǎr you tōngjūde shir?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zěnme méiyou? Wǒ gāngcái</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">kànde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo Qǐngniáns</span><span class="font12">hang jiù you yìpiān wénzhāng, zhèipiān wénzhāng shuō, you yíge nánháizi he yíge nùháizi tōngjū le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tāmen wèishénme bù jiēhūn?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nèige nánde xiǎng shàng dàxué.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ou, duì le, jiēle hūn jiu hù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">néng shàng dàxué le. Nà </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulǎi </span><span class="font12">ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hòulái, nèige nánde zhēn shàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dàxué le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Niànwánle shū tāmen jiēhūn le</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ha?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Méiyou. Niànwán shū, nèige</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nánde xiǎng, nèi nuháizi méi dìwei, yě méi qián, tāmen jiu suàn le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Suàn le?.’ Nà shi shénme huà!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā hái you méiyou yidiǎnr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàodé </span><span class="font12">guānniàn!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Dàodé guānniàn?! Hng, xiànzài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shèhuishang jiù you zhèizhǒng shir! Nín shuō zhèi shi wèishénme?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ai! Zhèi shíjǐnián </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíqíguài-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guàid</span><span class="font12">e xǐnwén zhēn duō! Shénme shihou cái néng hǎo yidiǎnr ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shéi zhīdào! Wǒ xiǎng kuài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">le! Kuài hǎo yidiǎnr le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What’s with these odd topics you’re bringing up? Where is there such a thing as cohabitation in new China?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There isn’t, huh? Well in the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">China Youth</span><span class="font12"> that I just read there's an article that said there was a young man who was living with a young woman.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why didn’t they get married?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The man wanted to go to college.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, right, you can’t go to college after you’re married. So what happened afterwards?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Afterwards, the man really went to college.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And after he finished school they got married, I suppose?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No. After he finished school, the guy thought, she didn’t have any status or any money, so they should call it quits.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Call it quits.’ What kind of thing is that to say! Didn’t he have any sense of morality!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sense of morality?.' Ha, that's just the sort of thing that society is full of these days! Why do you think that is?!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Sigh) The last decade or so there sure has been a lot of strange news! When will it get better?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think it will be soon! It’s going to get better soon!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In Hong Kong, a mother (A) and son (B) have just finished dinner.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎo Lin, chīle fàn bú yào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">niàn shū le, xiūxi xiuxi ba!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Lin, don't study any more after dinner, just relax a bit!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo. Nín yào he chǎ ma? Wǒ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">qù dào.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Deng yíxià, ràng wo kànkan,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nǐde máoyí shi bu shi pò le? Míngtiān wǒ děi qù gěi ni mǎi jiàn xínde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Mā, wǒ bú yào xinde, zhèijiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hai kéyi chuān ne.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tiān lěng le, nǐ xūyào yíjiàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xǐn máoyǐ, wǒ huì gěi ni yùbei-hǎo. Míngniàn nǐ shàng dàxuéde shihou, wǒ huì duō gěi ni yùbei jijiàn xǐn yīfu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú yòng le, wǒ bù xiǎng shàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dàxué le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wèishénme? Nǐ bú shi yào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xué yī ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: BÙ shǎo rén shuō bú shàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dàxué yě kéyi gōngzuò, yě yíyàng kéyi shēnghuó. Wèishénme yídìng yào shàng dàxué ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèizhōng huà xiànzài hěn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">liúxíng, kěshi wǒ xiǎng zhè huà bú tài duì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wèishénme? Yǒude rén zài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dàxuéli pǐnmìng niàn shū, xiàng women Jiā duìmiànde Zhōu Xian-sheng, duì shùxué nàme you yān-jiū, déle </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuòshì</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">boshì</span><span class="font12">, hái bu shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎobudào</span><span class="font12"> gōngzuò!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhōu Xianshengde qíngxing</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">gēn biérén bù tong, suírǎn tā xiāngdāng you zhīshi, kěshi tā bù xǐhuande gōngzuò tā jiu bú zuò, nà dāngrán bù róngyi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎo-dào</span><span class="font12"> gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì le, tā bù xǐhuan zuò</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">lǎoshǐ, tā Jiù xǐhuan xiě wénzhāng, zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngxuéshēng</span><span class="font12"> zhōu-kānshang wǒ hái kànjianguo tāde wénzhāng ne!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you want to drink some tea? I’ll go pour it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wait a second, let me see, is your sweater torn? Tomorrow I’ll have to go buy you a new one.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mom, I don’t want a new one. I can still wear this one.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The weather’s getting cold, you need a new sweater. I’ll get one ready for you. Next year when you go to college I’ll get a few more new things ready for you to wear.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You don’t need to, I don’t want to go to college anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why not? Don’t you want to study medicine?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A lot of people say that you can work and live Just the same without going to college. Why is it necessary to go to college?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This kind of talk is very popular these days, but I don’t think it’s very true.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why not? Some people study like mad at a university, like Mr. Zhōu who lives across from us; he’s such an expert in mathematics, he’s got a Master’s degree and a Ph.D., and isn’t he still unable to find a job!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mr. Zhou’s situation is different from other people’s. Although he is quite knowledgeable, he won’t take a Job he doesn’t like. So of course it isn’t easy for him to find a job.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right. He doesn’t like to be a teacher, he just likes to write articles. I’ve even seen his articles in the weekly </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">High School Student</span><span class="font12"> .*</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāde wénzhāng hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo, kǎshi bù rongyì dong,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhōngxuéshēng kàn zhèiyangde wénzhāng tài nan le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Suóyi, nǐ bù néng shuō Zhōu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Xianshengde qíngxing jiù shi dàjiāde qíngxing. Wǒ xiǎng, kéyi zhèiyang shuō: niànguo hěn duō shūde rén bù yídìng you hěn hǎode gōngzuǒ. Kěshi duō niàn yidiǎnr shū duì zhǎo gōngzuǒ yídìng you bāngzhu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kěshi, wǒde jīge tongxué</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāozhōng</span><span class="font12"> méiyou niǎnwán jiu zuǒ shile, xiànzài tāmende shēnghuo dōu bū yòng kào fùmǔ le, tāmen dōu dūlì le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Dànshi wǒ xiǎng, shèhuì hǎishi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xūyào you zhīshide rén, shèhuì yuè </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fādá</span><span class="font12"> yuè xūyào you zhīshi. Nǐ shuō duì bu dui?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì!</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Name hǎo le, nǐ niàn dàxuéde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shi zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Mm . . . wǒ zài xiǎngyixiǎng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo, women míngtiān zài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tantan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Are his articles good?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, but they’re not easy to understand. They’re too hard for high school students to read.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">So you can’t say that Mr. Zhou’s situation is everyone's situation. I think you might say this: someone who has had a lot of education doesn't necessarily get a very good job. But getting more education will certainly be helpful in looking for a job.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But several classmates of mine started working before they had finished high school, and now they don't have to depend on their parents to support them; they're all independent.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But I think that society still needs knowledgeable people. The more developed society is, the more it needs knowledge. Don't you think so?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All right then, what about the matter of your going to college?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm . . . I'll think it over some more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, we'll talk more about it tomorrow.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">UNIT 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Family Values</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Gra</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font0">rm </span><span class="font2" style="font-variant:small-caps;">hi</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">ar Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">1. The verb ending -</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">qilai</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> showing the start of an action or condition.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">2. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">(méi)you shénme (Adjectival Verb)</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3.</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"> Cónglái bù/méi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "never. ’’</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">h. The adverh </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "only," "before amounts.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5.</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> The marker -</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> showing the manner of an action.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">6.</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> The vert ending -</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> for (1) successful reaching/obtaining/finding, (2) "of," "about" (with certain verbs), (3) successful perceiving (e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">kàndao</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "to see").</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">7.</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "anymore."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">8. Placement of phrases with the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "to," "up to," "until."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">9. The use of </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">suǒyoude</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "all."</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Functional Language Contained in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">1. Narrating a brief story about a person.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">2. Expressing approval and disapproval of someone’s attitude or way of thinking.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">3. Expressing puzzlement at a situation.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">U. Stressing how understandable a situation is.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ jiějie xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rèxīnqilai </span><span class="font12">le?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">How is it that your older sister has become so interested and enthusiastic about political questions now?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi méiyou shénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíguài</span><span class="font12">, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué zhèngzhixué le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">There’s nothing strange about that, she started studying political science this year.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zěnme bù chī le?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Why aren’t you eating?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒde wèi hěn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánshòu</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chību-xiàqù</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">My stomach is uncomfortable, I can’t eat anymore.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nà wǒ gěi ni </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nòng</span><span class="font12"> dianr tāng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll go get you some soup then.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">11.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you yòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be useful</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">12.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">hěiyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">(darkness of) night, nighttime</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">13.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">xīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">heart</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">báitiān biàn biàncheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">daytime</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to change, to become different to turn into, to become</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">cái</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-chéng chíbuxiàqù cónglái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">only (before an amount)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">into</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">cannot eat (cannot get down)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ever (up till now), always</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(up till now)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cónglái bù/méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">never</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">-dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">(resultative ending used for perception by one of the senses:</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàndao</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàndao</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngdao</span><span class="font12">, etc.) (resultative ending used to indicate reaching: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdao</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuōdao</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tán-dao</span><span class="font12">, etc. , often translated as "about")</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">děng dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to wait until; when, by the time</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">hēiyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">(darkness of) night, nighttime</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Jiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to stress, to pay attention to, to be particular about</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Jiātíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">family</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">kàndao kū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to see to cry</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">liáo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">liáo tian(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to chat to chat</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">ma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">(marker of obviousness of reasoning)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nánshòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">nòng (neng) nònglai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to do; to fool with; to get to get and bring</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">qíguài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-qilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(resultative ending which indicates starting)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">rèxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be enthusiastic and interested; to be warmhearted; to be earnest</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">rèxínqilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to become enthusiastic and interested</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">shuōdao</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">suǒyǒude...dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to speak of; as for all</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎngdào xiǎoshun</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-xiaqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to think of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to he filial; filial obedience</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">down (directional ending used for eating or drinking down)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">xǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">heart; mind</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">-yì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yì tian dào wan yònggōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">hundred million</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">all day long</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be industrious, to be hardworking (in one’s studies)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you yòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be useful</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">zhang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhǎngdà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhòng nan qīng nū zhuàn qián</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zuìjìn zuò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to grow</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to grow up</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to regard males as superior to females</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to earn money, to make money</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">recently; soon</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be, to act as</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Wǒ qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liáo tiānr</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ bié qù le, tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìtiān dào wan yònggōng</span><span class="font12">, mei shijiān péi ni liào tiānr.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to have a chat.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t go, she works hard all day long and doesn’t have the time to chat with you.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Wang jiā Xiǎo Lan </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cónglái </span><span class="font12">méiyou nánpéngyou ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cai</span><span class="font12"> shíjiùsuì, mángzhe niàn shū, hái méiyou </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12"> zhèixie shir ne.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Wǒde xiǎo nuér liǎngsānsuìde shihou cháng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kū</span><span class="font12">, xiànzài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngdà</span><span class="font12"> le, hū zài kū le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Hasn’t the Wang family’s Xiǎo Lan ever had a hoy friend?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She’s only nineteen years old, busy studying, and hasn’t thought of these things yet.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My youngest daughter cried a lot when she was two or three years old, but now she has grown up and doesn’t cry anymore.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuò</span><span class="font12"> fùmǔde bù yīnggāi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhòng nan qīng nu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Those who are parents shouldn’t regard males as superior to females.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì. Zuò háizide yě yīnggāi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàoshun</span><span class="font12"> fùmū.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Right. And those who are children should show filial obedience to their parents.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7- A: Nǐ dìdi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">báitiān</span><span class="font12"> zài Jiā ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bu zài, nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">děng dào</span><span class="font12"> wǎnshang zài dǎ diànhuà lai ba.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Zhōngguo rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái bù jiǎng</span><span class="font12"> nánnù píngděng ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuōdao</span><span class="font12"> nánnū píngděng, nà shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjìn</span><span class="font12"> jǐshíniánde xīn guānniàn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: Da </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiātíng</span><span class="font12"> you shénme hǎo?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zenme bù hǎo? Rén duō, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhuàn qiánd</span><span class="font12">e rén yě duō </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font12">!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Is your younger brother at home during the day?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, wait until the evening and then call him.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Didn’t the Chinese ever stress equality between men and women?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As for equality of the sexes, that's a new concept of the last few decades.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Yàoshi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suōyōude</span><span class="font12"> rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu </span><span class="font12">xiàng nín zhèiyang xiǎng, Zhōngguo xiànzài bù zhīdào you duōshao </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yì</span><span class="font12"> rén le!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Nǐ zhèicì hui guó </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàndao</span><span class="font12"> nǐ lǎojiāde rén le ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kàndao le. Tāmen shěng-huóde bu cuò, wo lǎojiā yě </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biànchéng</span><span class="font12"> yíge hěn rènaode dìfangr le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What's good about large families?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What could be bad about them? After all, if there are more people, there are also more people earning money!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If everyone thought the way you do, who knows how many hundreds of millions of people there would be in China now!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Did you see the people in your hometown on this visit back to your country?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. They’re living pretty well, and my hometown has become quite a bustling place.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">1. A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ jiějie xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rèxīnqilai </span><span class="font12">le?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">How is that your older sister has become so interested and enthusiastic about political questions now?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi méiyou shénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíguài</span><span class="font12">, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué zhèngzhixué le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">There’s nothing strange about that, she started studying political science this year.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rèxīn</span><span class="font12">: "to be enthusiastic and interested; to he warmhearted, to he earnest"There are two meanings for this adjectival verh. It can he used to describe a positive feeling toward a cause or issue, or to describe warm feelings toward other people.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Like many adjectival verbs, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rèxīn</span><span class="font12"> may be used either as a main verb or as an adverb (that is, modifying another verb).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">As main verb</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā duì xué Zhongwén hěn rèxīn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">He’s very enthusiastic about studying Chinese.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā duì rén hěn rèxīn, shénme shíhou dōu xǐhuan bāng rén máng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">As an adverb</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā hěn rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde qíngkuāng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hǎo hāizi, nǐ zènme rèxīn bāngzhu biérén, hěn hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">very</span><span class="font12"> warmhearted towards people. He always likes to help people out.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">She studies the mainland situation very enthusiastically.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Good child. It’s good that you’re so eager to help others.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qilai</span><span class="font12">: As a verb by itself, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐlāi</span><span class="font12"> means "to rise up." As part of a compound verb, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qilai</span><span class="font12"> has several different functions. First, it can be a directional or resultative ending meaning "go up, rise up (physically)":</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhànqilai le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā tiàoqilai le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige zhuōzi women tāibuqilāi, nǐ lai bangbang máng hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He stood up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She jumped up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We can’t lift this table up. Come and help us, okay?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiào</span><span class="font12">, "to jump, to leap"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In addition to meaning literally ”to go up," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-qilai</span><span class="font12"> can "be used to tell something about the aspect of the verb: to show *’the start of the action or condition." In the example in the Reference List above, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qilai</span><span class="font12"> indicates that older sister’s enthusiasm has newly started up. Other examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(WITH AN ACTION VERB)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Haizi kūqilai le. The child began (has begun) to cry.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(WITH AN ADJECTIVAL VERB)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tiānqi rèqilai le. The weather has warmed up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As with many other compound verbs, the object of the verb may be inserted between the two parts of the verb ending:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bù zhīdao wèishénme, tā xiànzài I don’t know why, but he has started hēqi jiù lai le. to drink now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ liùge yuè méi xiāngguo jiā, I haven’t thought of home for kěshi jīntiān xiāngqi jiā six months, but today I started</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lai le. to feel homesick.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Another function of the ending </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-qilai</span><span class="font12"> is to make generalized statements which are sometimes translated using "when ...ing," or "when it comes to ...ing":</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zheige yizide yangzi hěn hāo kàn, kěshi zuòqilai bù shūfu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shuōqi Zhōngwén lai zhēn nāntīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuòqi shi lai, tā bī shéi dōu kuài.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shuōqilai rōngyi, zuòqilai nan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qilai</span><span class="font12"> is used this way with verbs of "it seems" is communicated:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kànqilai tā zhīdao zhèijiàn shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā kànqilai hěn niánqīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tīngqilai hěn you dàolī.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This kind of chair is very attractive, but when you sit in it, it’s uncomfortable.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It sounds terrible when he speaks Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When it comes to working, he is faster than anyone else.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It * s easy to talk about, but hard to do.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">of perception, the additional meaning</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It looks as if he knows about this matter.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He looks very young.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It sounds reasonable.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">-Qilai is also used in several idiomatic expressions where its meaning is harder to pinpoint, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiangqilai</span><span class="font12">, "to think of, to remember," where -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qilai</span><span class="font12"> seems to indicate the coming "up" into consciousness of an idea.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo xiǎngqilai le, tā xing Mài. Now I remember, his surname is Mài.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiguài</span><span class="font12">: "to be strange, to be surprising, to be odd"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">qiguai, ta tiantian lai, Jǐntiǎn zěnme méi lái ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige shihou, shénme qíguàide shi dōu you, bié shuō le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmende guānxi wǒ Juéde hěn qíguài.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In colloquial style, the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíguài</span><span class="font12"> is that..., can’t understand (why).?., can</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zhēn qíguài tā wèishenme yào zěnme zuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo zhēn qíguài zhèiJiàn shi tā zěnme kéyi bàndedào.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How strange. He comes every day. How is it he didn’t come today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Back then, there were all kinds of strange things; don’t talk about it any more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I find their relationship very strange.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">also used to mean "to find it strange t imagine (how)...," e.g.,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I really can’t understand why he wanted (OR wants) to do that.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I really can’t imagine how he can (OR could) do it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài</span><span class="font12">: "There’s nothing strange about that." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You shénme</span><span class="font12"> is used before an adjectival verb, as in</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">you shénme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">méiyou shénme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Gàosu ta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you shénme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">bú duì?</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"What’s so good about that?"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"There’s nothing good about that." "What’s wrong with telling him?"</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tā duì Zhōngguóde qíngkuàng zhǐdaode bù shǎo.’</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà you shénme qíguài, tā zài Zhongguo zhùguo shínián.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: Nǐ zěnme bù chǐ le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒde wèi hěn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánshòu</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǐbu-xiǎqù</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà wǒ gěi ni </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nòng</span><span class="font12"> dianr tāng lai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He knows so much about China!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What’s strange about that, he lived in China for ten years!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why aren’t you eating?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My stomach is uncomfortable, I can’t eat anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll go get you some soup then.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánshòu</span><span class="font12">: "to feel uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy," literally , "to find something hard to bear" This adjectival verb can be used to describe physical aches and pains, or emotional ones.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài fēijīshang zuòle èrshige xiǎoshí, tài nánshòu le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhēn ràng rén nánshòu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Twenty hours on an airplane. How uncomfortable!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It really makes one feel bad.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zánmen dōu shi zuò yīshēngde, kànjian bìngren’ méi yào chi, zhēn nánshòu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">We’re both in medicine; seeing sick people without medicine to take was really upsetting.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">To make it clear you are talking about sadness and not a physical pain, you can use the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīnli hěn nánshòu</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīn</span><span class="font12">, No. 13 on this reference list, being the equivalent of either the heart or mind in such instances).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tīngdàole zhèiyàngrde huà, tā He was very sad after hearing xīnli hěn nánshòu. that kind of talk.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chībuxiàqù</span><span class="font12">: ’’unable to eat (it all) up" Here you see an example of -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàqù</span><span class="font12"> used for its meaning as a directional ending. While in English we might say "eat it UP," the Chinese, more analytically, say "eat it down." Using the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hē</span><span class="font12">, "to drink," you can also say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hēxiaqu</span><span class="font12">, "to drink down." The meaning of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chīxiaqu</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hēxiaqu</span><span class="font12"> might be better conveyed as "to take in" or "to get down" food or drink; you use these verbs when you want to stress getting food or drink down into the stomach, rather than just the action of eating.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As a resultative verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chīxiaqu</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hēxiaqu</span><span class="font12"> may take -de- or -bu- as a middle syllable for the additional meaning of "can" or "cannot." In </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chīde-xiàqù/chībuxiàqù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hēdexiàqù/hēbuxiàqù</span><span class="font12">, the syllables -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xià</span><span class="font12"> and -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qù</span><span class="font12"> are still somewhat stressed (you can still hear their falling tones), whereas they are unstressed and often neutral tone in the words </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chīxiaqu</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hēxiaqu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">chīdexiàqù </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chībuxiàqù </span><span class="font12">méi chīxiaqu chīxiaqu le</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">able to eat it down </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">unable to eat it down </span><span class="font12">didn’t eat it down ate it down</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ chīde tài bǎo le, chībuxiàqù I’m too full, I can’t eat any more le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige yào chīxiaqu jiù huì hǎo You’ll feel better after you take le. this medicine.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèige yào zhēn kǔ, wǒ hēbuxiàqù.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méiyou guānxi, kuài diǎnr hēxiaqu jiu kéyi le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nòng</span><span class="font12">: This is a very common verb</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">ings. First of all it means "to do, to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zánmen kāishī nòng fàn, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This medicine is really bitter. I can’t get it down.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sure you can. Just drink it down real fast.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">with several especially useful mean' make" in a broad, vague sense:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Let’s start to make dinner, okay?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bù zhīdào zěnme nòngle hǎoduō Somehow he made himself a lot of qián. money.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìngren</span><span class="font12">: "sick person, patient"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ bú bì guan zhèijiǎn shi, nòngde bù hǎo dōu shi nǐde cuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shìqing yuè nòng yuè da, zhēn bù zhǐdǎo zěnme ban cái hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhème shuō nòngde wǒ zhēn bù hǎo yìsi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t think you should try to take charge of this. If you handled it badly it would be all your fault.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This matter is getting blown up bigger and bigger. I really don’t know what to do.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">His saying that really embarrassed me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nong</span><span class="font12"> can mean ’’to play with, to fool</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bie nòng wǒde biǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nòng</span><span class="font12"> can be followed by another verb e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nòngzāng</span><span class="font12">, ’’to make (something) (lit., "to make Csomething! break’’); thing! die”). Examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shi shéi bǎ wǒde yùsǎn nònghuǎi le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">with, to monkey with”:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t fool with my watch.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">which shows the result of some action, dirty”; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nòngpò</span><span class="font12">, ”to break something" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nòngsǐ</span><span class="font12">, "to kill" (lit., "to make Csome</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Who was it who broke my umbrella? (literally, "made it so that it broke")</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ qù bǎ zǎofǎn nònghǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige wèntí hěn yǎojǐn, děi nòngqǐngchu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bié nòngzāngle nǐde yǐfu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ nòngcuò le ba, tā qùnián cái cōng dàlù chūlai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige wèntí, nǐ zuótiān gěi wo jiǎngguò le, jīntiān wǒ you nòngbudong le, nǐ kě bu kéyi zai gěi wo jiǎng yícì?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll go get breakfast ready.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This question is very important, we must get it clear.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don't get your clothes dirty.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re mistaken, I think. He didn’t leave the mainland until last year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yesterday you explained this question to me, but today I can’t understand it again. Could you explain it to me once again?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nònglai</span><span class="font12">: "to get and bring (here)" Compare the use of the directional ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nònglai</span><span class="font12"> to its use in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ gěi ni dǎo bēi chá lai</span><span class="font12">, which you learned in Unit 1.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ cong nǎr nònglaide?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Where did you get this from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Wǒ qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎo tiānr</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ Lie qù le, tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìtiān dao wǎn yònggōng</span><span class="font12">, méi shíjiān péi ni liào tiānr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to have a chat.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t go, she works hard all day long and doesn’t have the time to chat with you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāo tiān(r)</span><span class="font12">: ”to chat” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liao</span><span class="font12"> means ”to chat,” and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiān(r)</span><span class="font12"> acts as its object^</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tiān(r)~</span><span class="font12">may also be omitted.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women liāole yíge zhōngtōu. We chatted for an hour.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ shénme shihou you gōngfu, When you have time, we’ll go find women zhǎo ge dìfang liāoliao a place and chat a while, tiānr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ bié qù le</span><span class="font12">: ’’don’t go” The English translation here can’t really be adequate without getting cumbersome. The one syllable </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> tells you that not going is a change from what was earlier expected. To show the meaning of the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> for new situation, the translation might be ’’Change your plans and don ’ t go. ”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìtiān dào wǎn</span><span class="font12">: ’’all day long” The syllable </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐ</span><span class="font12"> (’’one”) is sometimes used to mean ’’the whole, the entire.” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yìtiān dào wǎn</span><span class="font12"> can be literally translated as ’’the whole day until late,” but is also often used to mean ’’all the time, always.” You can use the whole phrase as you would a time-when word (e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐntiǎn</span><span class="font12">), or you can split it up with a verb, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìtiān máng dào wǎn </span><span class="font12">’’busy the whole day until late,” or ’’busy all day long.”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yìtiān dào wǎn dōu zài māng. He’s busy all day long.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yìtiān dào wǎn shuō tāde She’s always saying from morning</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">qián bú gòu yòng. to night that she doesn’t have</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">enough money.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yònggōng</span><span class="font12">: ”to be diligent, to be hardworking” in one’s </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">studies</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī bú yònggōng jiù bú rang ni If you don’t work hard, I won’t let niàn dàxué le. you go to college.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zhèrde xuésheng dōu hěn All our students here are very yònggōng. hardworking.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">péi</span><span class="font12">: ”to accompany; to keep somebody company” In the Transportation module, you saw the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">péi</span><span class="font12"> meaning<sub>w</sub>”to accompany, to go along with” in the sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā qǐng wo péi tā yìqǐ qù lúxíng</span><span class="font12">, "She asked me to accompany her on her trip.”Here you see </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">péi</span><span class="font12"> used in another sense, "to keep someone company."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Míngtiān wǒ yào péi wǒ mùqin qù kàn bìng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tomorrow I’m going along with my mother to see the doctor.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Méi rén péi wǒ qù, wǒ Jiu "bú qù le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women lái péipei nǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǎo rén chángcháng xǐhuan you rén péizhe tā shuō huà.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">If no one goes along with me, I won’t go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We’11 keep you company.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Older people often like to have someone to keep them company and talk with them.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">h. A: Wáng jiā Xiǎo Lán </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái </span><span class="font12">méiyou nánpéngyou ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12"> shíjiǔsuì, mángzhe niàn shū, hái méiyou </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12"> zhèixie shir ne!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Hasn’t the Wáng family’s Xiǎo Lan ever had a boyfriend?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She’s only nineteen years old, busy studying, and hasn’t thought of these things yet.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái</span><span class="font12">: ’’ever (up till now), always (up till now)” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Conglái</span><span class="font12"> means that something remains the same or unchanged from the past up to now. It is almost always followed by an adverb—</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12">, or the negatives </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12">. The two most common combinations are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái bù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cónglái méi</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12">, of course, have different uses; roughly speaking, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái bù</span><span class="font12"> means "(habitually) never (do X)’’ and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cónglái méi</span><span class="font12"> means ’’have never (done X in the past)." With </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cónglái méi</span><span class="font12">, the verb of the sentence usually takes the aspect marker -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo </span><span class="font12">(experience at any previous time).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā cónglái bù dào wǒ Jiā lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā cónglái méi dào wǒ jiā láiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ cónglái méiyou xiǎngdào xiànzài hái you zhèiyangde jiātíng, zhèiyangde fùmǔ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">She never comes to my house.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She has never been to my house (before).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I never imagined that there were still families and parents like this these days.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12">: In the Transportation Module, you saw the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12"> used to mean "then and only then" or "not until then." It was used to talk about something that happened later than expected, for example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā shi zuótiān cái láide</span><span class="font12">, "He didn’t get here until yesterday." In sentence </span><span class="font2" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ub,</span><span class="font12"> you see </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12"> (still an adverb) used to mean "only" a certain amount.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cái</span><span class="font12"> means "only" in the sense of "as little as," "so little." It stresses that the amount is less than expected, less than normal, etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You already know two other adverbs which mean "only": </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cái </span><span class="font12">is used with the meaning "only" strictly before amounts, while </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù </span><span class="font12">are also used for "only" in the sense of "no other way" or "no others":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhǐ/Jiù néng zènme zuò. (We) can only do it this way.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒmen jǐge rén, zhǐ/jiù you wǒ I am the only one of us who can speak huì shuō Fǎguo huà. French.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cái</span><span class="font12"> may not be used in such sentences.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(That is, it could have "been, should have "been, or might later "become more.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā cái xuéle sānnián, jiù shuōde name hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">He’s only studied three years and speaks so well. (AS LITTLE AS THREE YEARS)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yígòng cái kànle sānpiān wen- He only read three articles zhāng. altogether. (SO FEW)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Although adverbs normally come only before a verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12"> may stand directly before an amount:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Cái wùge rén?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāde fángzi yìnián cái sānbǎi kuài.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Cái zènme yidiǎnr?</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Only five people? (SO FEW?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">His house costs only three hundred dollars a year. (SO LITTLE!)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is that all? (SO LITTLE?)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sentence UB illustrates that when speaking about a person’s age, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12"> should be used for "only" rather than </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12">. It is also much better to use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12"> for "only" when speaking about the time of day, the date, etc.:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Cái yìdiǎn zhōng, hái láidejí.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s only one o’clock, we can still</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">make it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Jintiān cái shísānhào, hái zǎo ne!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Today is only the thirteenth (of the month). It’s still early!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cái</span><span class="font12"> is not used in sentences meaning the speaker imposes a restriction on an amount. This includes suggestions, instructions, commands, wishes, or sentences expressing intention. In these sentences, use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ</span><span class="font12">, e.g.: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ jiù gěi ta yidiǎnr ba</span><span class="font12">, "Just give him a little"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zhǐ yào chi yìwǎn fan</span><span class="font12">, "l only want to eat one bowl of rice."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mángzhe niàn shū</span><span class="font12">: "to be busy studying" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Máng</span><span class="font12"> here is not the state verb "to be busy," but an action verb, "to busily engage in (something)." Here are other examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zài máng shénme ne? What are you busy with?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ mángle yìtiān le. I have been busily working all day.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yìtiān dào wan máng zhèige He is busy with all sorts of things máng nèige. all day long.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12">: In sentence hB, you see the marker -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12"> used in a sentence with word order like that of one in the Directions module: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zǒuzhe qù kéyi ma? </span><span class="font12">"Can you get there by walking?" -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhe</span><span class="font12"> is the marker of DURATION. It may be attached to an action or process verb. The combination action verb plus -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe </span><span class="font12">refers to the duration of the action, that is, the action has started and is continuing, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā pǎozhe ne</span><span class="font12">, "He is running." The combination process verb plus -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12"> refers to the duration of the new state entered into through the process (remember that "process" here means a change from one state to</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">another), for example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā bìngzhe ne</span><span class="font12">, "He is ill," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Men kāizhe ne</span><span class="font12">, "The door is open."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Often you see the combination verb plus </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-zhe</span><span class="font12"> followed by another verb, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mángzhe niàn shū</span><span class="font12">. In this case, the verb plus -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12"> describes the means or manner of the following verb.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zǒuzhe qù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā pǎozhe xiā lóu qu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā kāizhe chē lái le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā názhe dōngxi shàng chē le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhèi jǐtiān mángzhe kāi huì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā jízhe zǒu, bǎ yàoshi wàng zai jiāli le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zǒuzhe liáo tiān.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Let’s go on foot.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He went running downstairs.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He came driving a car.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Carrying the things, he boarded the bus.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The last few days he has been busy with meetings.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He was in a hurry to leave, and left the keys at home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We talked while walking.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12">: "to think of" -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dào</span><span class="font12"> here is not the prepositional verb "to" but the ending for compound verbs of result which you have so far seen in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièdao</span><span class="font12">, "to successfully borrow" and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuōdao</span><span class="font12">, "to talk about." The verb ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> means "to successfully reach/obtain/find." In the compound verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12">, the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font12"> expresses the action of thinking about it, and -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào </span><span class="font12">says that your thought "reached to" the idea—came into your head.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Another verb like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font12"> in referring to mental activity is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolū</span><span class="font12">, "to consider," which you learned in Unit 1, and just as with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font12">, you can use -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolū</span><span class="font12">. Here are examples of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolùdào</span><span class="font12">. Notice the different translations possible for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mei xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngbudào</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ hái xiǎngdào lìngwài yidiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎng dàgài jiù nǐ yíge rén lái, shéi xiǎngdào nǐmen dōu lái le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ méi xiǎngdào huì you zhèi-zhǒng qíngkuàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎngbudào tāmen huì zenme kuài jiēhūn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ni mei kaolūdao zhei yidian ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zěnme kǎoludedào nàme duō shìqing!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve thought of another point.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I thought you would probably be the only one coining. Who would have thought all of you would come!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I didn’t expect this kind of situation. (Lit., "I didn’t think there would be this kind of situation.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I was surprised they got married so soon.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You didn’t consider that point, did you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How could I take so many things into consideration!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Wǒde xiǎo nūér liǎngsānsuìde My youngest daughter cried a lot shihou cháng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kū</span><span class="font12">, xiànzài when she was two or three years</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngdà</span><span class="font12"> le, bú zài kū le. old, but now she has grown up</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">and doesn’t cry anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Notes on No. $</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo nūér</span><span class="font12">: Not "little daughter," as you might have thought, but "youngest daughter." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎo</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà</span><span class="font12"> are used, respectively, for the "youngest" and "oldest" of brothers and sisters. The ones in between, if there are any, are numbered. For example, a mother would refer to her four sons, starting with the eldest, as her </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà érzi</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr érzi</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sān érzi</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo érzi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngdà</span><span class="font12">: "to grow up" This is a compound verb of result made of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhang </span><span class="font12">"to grow" and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà</span><span class="font12"> "to be big."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zhǎngdàle xiǎng zuǒ shénme? What do you want to do when you grow up?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sānge yuè bū jiàn, zhèige hǎizi It’s been just three months since I zhǎngdàle bù shǎo. last saw this youngster and he has</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">grown quite a bit.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bū zài kū le</span><span class="font12">: "doesn’t cry anymore" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font12"> is the adverb which you learned meaning "again." Here it means "anymore," referring to the continuing of a</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">situation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ tài lèi le, méiyou bànfǎ zài xiě le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bù néng zài chǐ le, zài chī jiù bù shūfu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bū yào zài xiǎng zhèixiē shìqing le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bū yào zài shuō le, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yǐhòu wǒ bū zài name màn le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m too tired. I can’t write any more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I can’t eat any more. If I eat more I won’t feel well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Stop thinking about these things.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t talk about it anymore, okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the future, I won’t be so slow anymore.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuò</span><span class="font12"> fùmǔde bù yǐnggāi Those who are parents shouldn’t</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhòng nan qǐng nu</span><span class="font12">. regard males as superior to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">females.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì. Zuò háizide yě yǐnggāi Right. And those who are children </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàoshun</span><span class="font12"> fùmǔ. should show filial obedience to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">their parents.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò</span><span class="font12">: "to be, to act as" As you are well aware, there are times when you can’t use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> to translate English "to be." One of these is when "to be" means that a person takes on a certain role, position, or occupation. An example is "to be president" as in "I want to be president" or "He was president for eight years." In such cases you use the same verb "to do", </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎode shihou chángcháng xiǎng When I was young I often thought jiānglái yào zuò yíge yǐsheng, I wanted to be a doctor when</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kěshi xiànzài zhīdao zuò yǐsheng I grew up, but now I know that</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tài nán le. it’s too hard to be a doctor.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā congqián zuòguo Jīngji Bùzhǎng. He was once the Minister of Einance. (You could also say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā cóngqián shi Jǐngji Bùzhǎng</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi shi wǒ dìyǐcì zuò zhǔrén This is the first time I am to be qīng kè, xīnli hěn jǐnzhāng.°° host and have guests over. I’m nervous.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Phrases like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò fùmǔde</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò háizide</span><span class="font12"> in the reference list sentence are used to talk about categories of people as defined by a certain role, position, occupation, etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèizhǒng shìqing, zuò fùmǔde Those in the position of parents yǐnggāi xiān xiǎngdào. should foresee things like this.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kàndao xuéshengde Zhōngwén When we see that our students have</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xuéde nàme hǎo, women zuò learned their Chinese so well, it</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lǎoshīde zhēn gāoxìng. makes us teachers very happy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhòng nán qīng nǔ</span><span class="font12">: "to treat men as important and women as unimportant," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhòng</span><span class="font12"> is the verb "to be heavy," with the additional meaning, in literary style, of "to stress, to put importance on." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīng</span><span class="font12"> is the verb "to be light (in weight)," with an extended meaning in literary Chinese of "to regard lightly, to attach little importance to."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the traditional Chinese family, a son had a starring role. One reason was that sons assured the family’s continuity, something which every man felt was his duty to his ancestors. In addition, the son usually became the family representative after the father’s death or retirement. A daughter, on the other hand, was expected to leave the family and become part of her</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǔrén</span><span class="font12">, "host, master" **</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">,jǐnzhāng</span><span class="font12">, "to be nervous, to be tense" husband’s household, so her importance was considerably less than that of a son. A woman was always subject to a man’s authority: a daughter had to obey her father, a wife had to obey her husband, and a widow had to obey her son.’ Of course, individual women, by their strength, intelligence, and personality, were able to exert great influence on the family, but this was often accomplished indirectly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàoshun</span><span class="font12">: This can be used either as a verb with an object, "to be filial toward (someone)," as in the Reference List sentence above, or as an adjectival verb meaning "to be filial":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige háizi hěn xiàoshun. This child is very filial.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In traditional society, filial obedience was regarded as the primary virtue in life and the source of all other virtues. It consisted of respect for one’s parents and ancestors, obedience in all cases to one’s parents’ will, consideration and care for their daily welfare, continuation of the family line, and avoidance of any actions which would shame the good name and reputation of the family. But more than formal adherence to rules of good conduct, filial obedience was also an attitude of warmth, founded in the deep love of son and daughter for their parents. And although its origin and center is the relationship of child to parents, this important concept extended outside the family to govern all other relationships in the life of a Chinese. It was said that if a son was not filial to his parents, he would probably not fulfill the duties of a good husband, a faithful friend, or a loyal citizen.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Nǐ dǐdi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">báitiān</span><span class="font12"> zài jiā ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bu zài, nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">děng dào</span><span class="font12"> wǎnshang zài dǎ diànhuà lai ba.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Is your younger brother at home during the day?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, wait until the evening and then call him.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">báitiān</span><span class="font12">: "daytime; during daylight," literally "white-day" In the sense of "daylight," the opposite of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">báitiān</span><span class="font12"> is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hēiyè</span><span class="font12">, "dark of night," literally, "black-night." In the sense of "daytime, working hours," the opposite of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">báitiān</span><span class="font12"> is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnshang</span><span class="font12">, "evening, night."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā báitiān zuò shǐ, wǎnshang She works during the day and</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">niàn shū. studies at night.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">děng dào</span><span class="font12">: "wait until" Here you see the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> "to, up to" used after another verb. (Contrast this with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12"> "to think of" where </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font12"> is used as a verb ending showing result and is written as part of the verb.) You now know two meanings for the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12">, one having to do with location and the other with time: ’This is from an old saying called the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sān Cong</span><span class="font12">, "the Three Follows," i.e., the three paths to be followed. The saying is usually quoted in its original classical style: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài jiā cong fù, chū jià cong fū, fū sǐ cong zǐ</span><span class="font12">, "When at home obey your father, when married, obey your husband., when your husband dies obey your son."</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) location: "to, up to"</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) time: "until"</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">What is the difference between putting your </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> phrase after the verb or before it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dào phrase after verb</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> phrase tells where or at what time you end up </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">as a result</span><span class="font12"> of the action, then it comes after the verb:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zǒu dào shūfáng wàibian, ting- I walked up to the door of the study Jian tāmen zài lǐbian shuō huà. and heard them inside talking.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ yǐjīng kàn dao dìyìbǎilíngyī I’ve already read up to page 101. yè le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang kàn shū Last night I read until past three</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kàn dao sāndiǎnduō zhōng. o’clock (in the morning).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In sentences which show that something changes location, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> "to this place" or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qù</span><span class="font12"> "to that place" will usually come at the end of the whole clause:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">I MAIN VERB dào TIME OR PLACE lai OR qu~|</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zǒu dào wǒ qiánmian qu le. He walked in front of me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Qīng bǎ nèijǐběn shū ná dào Please bring those books here,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèli lai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dào phrase before the verb</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">a. Put the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> phrase before </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qù</span><span class="font12"> when they are the main verb of the sentence:</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā dào Chongqing qù le. He has gone to Chongqing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yào dào wǒ zhèr lái. He is coming to my place.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">b. If another verb phrase follows the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> phrase, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qù</span><span class="font12"> may sometimes be omitted making the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> phrase appear to modify the second verb phrase:</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Women dào nǎr chī fàn? Where shall we go to eat?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Dào fàntīng chī fàn. We’ll go to the dining room to eat.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">(Literally, these mean "To where shall we eat?" and "We’ll to the dining room eat.")</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">c. A </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> phrase may come before the verb if the phrase shows that a point is reached prior to the action or condition:</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">à, "page"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Dào xiàwu zài tan.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Let’s wait until the afternoon and then talk. (Contrast </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tan dào xiàwu</span><span class="font12">, "talk until the afternoon.")</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Zhōngguo rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái bù j iǎng</span><span class="font12"> nánnù píngděng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuōdao</span><span class="font12"> nánnu píngděng, nà shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjin</span><span class="font12"> jǐshíniánde xìn guānniàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Didn’t the Chinese ever stress equality between men and women?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As for equality of the sexes, that’s a new concept of the last few decades.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái bù</span><span class="font12">: "never, never does... Earlier in this unit (No. h), you saw the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglai mei</span><span class="font12"> "have never, had never..." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Conglái</span><span class="font12"> itself means "at any time in the past up until now."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ conglái bù xiǎng zǎoshang I never feel like studying in the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">niàn shū. morning.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Whether you choose </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái bù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái mei</span><span class="font12"> depends on what kind of verb you are using and how it is normally negated. To summarize what you learned back in the Biographic Information module, STATE verbs (which include adjectival verbs and auxiliary verbs) are always negated with bù. PROCESS verbs are always negated with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mei</span><span class="font12"> when referring to an actual state of affairs. ACTION verbs can be negated with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> depending on the meaning. While there are grammar rules for choosing </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> to negate your verb, there are also semantic reasons for choosing one or the other: Are you generalizing about something habitual or speaking of a specific instance?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">STATE VERBS (Use bù. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒde qián </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái</span><span class="font12"> dōu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bu</span><span class="font12"> gòu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cónglái bù</span><span class="font12"> xiǎng zuò zhèiyangde gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cónglái bù</span><span class="font12"> xíhuan qù Niù Yuē.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">PROCESS VERBS (Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mei</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cónglái méi</span><span class="font12"> jiēguo hūn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cónglái méi</span><span class="font12"> bìngguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige diànshì cónglái méi huài-guo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I have never had enough money.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He never wants/has never wanted to do this kind of work.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I never like/have never liked going to New York.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She has never gotten married.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He has never gotten sick.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This television has never broken.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">ACTION VERBS (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> make a difference in meaning.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) Wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái méi</span><span class="font12"> kànguo zhèi-yangrde shū.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I have never read a book like this. (PAST EXPERIENCE)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) Wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái bú</span><span class="font12"> kàn zheiyangrde shū.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I never read (present) this kind of book OR I never used to read this kind of book. (HABITUAL)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Conglái vs. cóngqián</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cóngqián</span><span class="font12">, "the past," is a noun, a time word. It may, for example, be the object of the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài congqián you rén zenme zuò</span><span class="font12">, "in the past, some people did it that way." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Conglai</span><span class="font12"> may also be used as a moveable adverb, in which case it can be translated "in the past, before, formerly": </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ congqián (OR Cóngqián wǒ) méiyou chē, xiànzài you le</span><span class="font12">, "Before I didn't have a car, but now I do."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Conglái</span><span class="font12">, "always (in the past), from the beginning," is not a noun; it cannot, for example, be the object of the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">. It is used adverbially, always between the subject and the verb. Both </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cóngqián méi</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái méi</span><span class="font12"> may sometimes be translated as "never," but </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái méi</span><span class="font12"> makes a stronger statement.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cóngqián méi</span><span class="font12"> chiguo Zhōngguo I haven't eaten Chinese food before, cài. (There wasn't one time when I ate</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chinese food.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái méi</span><span class="font12"> chīguo Zhōngguo cai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎng</span><span class="font12">: "to be particular about, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎngjiu</span><span class="font12">.J</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige rén hěn jiǎng chi, hěn jiǎng chuān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen jiā tài jiǎng guīju.’ Women Xiǎo Lán yīnggāi xiǎoxīn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I have never eaten Chinese food (from the very beginning).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to stress, to pay attention to" LAlso</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This person is fastidious about what he eats and what he wears.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Their family is overly particular about manners. Our Xiǎo Lán should be careful.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuōdao</span><span class="font12">: "to speak of; as for" In this unit, you have seen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> used as a resultative ending "to sucessfully reach/obtain/find," as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12">, "to think of." You also saw it as a prepositional verb in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">děng dào</span><span class="font12">, "wait until." Here you see another example of -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dao</span><span class="font12"> as a resultative ending. When -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dao</span><span class="font12"> is used with verbs of speech, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuō</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tán</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎng</span><span class="font12">, they are translated as "to speak of" or "to talk about." (In this meaning, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dao</span><span class="font12"> is not interchangeable with -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zháo</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, We were talking about you just nǐ jiù lái le. now, and here you are!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jǐntiǎn nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wǒ Did you talk about me with him méiyou? today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ chángcháng xiǎngdào wǒde I often think of my child,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">“</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guīju</span><span class="font12">: "manners" (see Unit U)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Notice that in sentence 8B, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuōdao</span><span class="font12"> is used at the beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, as we use "when it comes to" or "speaking of" in English. Here are some other examples.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shuōdao jiéhūnde shi, wǒ hai When it comes to the marriage, I</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">děi xiǎngyixiǎng. have to think it over some more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tandao Zhōngguo wénhuà, When it comes to Chinese culture,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō. he knows a lot more than I do.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Shuōdao Lǐ Xiansheng, wǒ jiu xiǎngqilai le, hǎo jiǔ méi qù kàn ta le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjǐn</span><span class="font12">: "recently, lately; recent word, coming either before or after the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuǐjǐn, women gōngsí you pàile yíge rén qù Xianggang.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zuǐjǐn tài máng, méi shíjiān gēn ta shuō.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Speaking of Mr. Lǐ, it occurs to me that we haven’t been to see him in quite a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">last" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuǐjǐn</span><span class="font12"> may be used as a time subject, but always before the verb.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Recently, our company sent another person to Hong Kong.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve been very busy lately, and haven’t had time to tell him.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjǐn</span><span class="font12"> is used as</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">In sentence 8B (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">,..nà shi zuìjǐn jǐshíniánde xīn guānniàn</span><span class="font12">), an adjective modifying a Number-Counter-Noun. Other examples:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Zuìjǐn yíge yuè, tā dōu méiyou She hasn’t written for the last month, lai xìn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shi zuìjǐn jǐtiān cái láide. She just arrived within the last few days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Besides referring to the near past, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjǐn</span><span class="font12"> can also refer to the near future— "soon":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zuìjǐn yào chū guo. He will be going abroad soon.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">To make it clear you are talking about the future rather than the past, use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjǐn</span><span class="font12"> in combination with auxiliary verbs like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yào</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎsuan</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǔnbèi</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐhuà</span><span class="font12">, etc.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: Dà </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiātíng</span><span class="font12"> yǒu shénme hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zěnme bù hǎo? Rén duō, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhuàn qiánde</span><span class="font12"> rén yě duo ma!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Yàoshi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suǒyǒude</span><span class="font12"> rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu </span><span class="font12">xiàng nín zhèiyang xiǎng, Zhōngguo xiànzài bù zhǐdào yǒu duōshao </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yì</span><span class="font12"> rén le!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What’s good about large f</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ami</span><span class="font12"> lies?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What could be bad about them? After all, if there are more people there are also more people earning money.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If everyone thought they way you do, who knows how many hundreds of millions of people there would be in China now!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà jiātíng</span><span class="font12">: "large family; extended family" The phrases </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà jiātíng</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo jiātíng</span><span class="font12">, literally "large family" and "small family," are often used in a specific sense. In traditional Chinese society, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà jiātíng</span><span class="font12"> referred not merely to the number of people in the family, but to the number of generations living together. Although opinions on this vary greatly, you need at least three generations living together to be considered a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà jiātíng</span><span class="font12">—an "extended f</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ami</span><span class="font12">ly"—and each generation must be several people "deep." Ideally, such a family contained a father and mother, all their sons and their wives, their sons’ sons and their wives, and all their children, extending to about the fourth generation. A classic example of a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà jiātíng</span><span class="font12">, like the Jiǎ family in the novel </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dream of the Red Chamber</span><span class="font12">, might include over 130 people all living in households within one complex of houses and courtyards.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do not misuse </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiātíng</span><span class="font12">, which refers to the family as an entity, for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā rén</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiālide rén</span><span class="font12">, which refer to the people in the family. This mistake is easy to make because both ideas can be expressed in English by the word "family":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ dào Niǔ Yuē qù kàn wǒ Jiā rén I’m going to New York to see my (OR wǒ jiālide rén). family.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zěnme bù hǎo</span><span class="font12">: "How could they be bad?" or, more idiomatically, "What could be bad about them?" Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zěnme</span><span class="font12"> to make a rhetorical question disagreeing with someone else’s position.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bú duì, bú duì. That’s not right, that’s not right.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zěnme bú duì.’ What do you mean it’s wrong!</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Women bù kéyi zhèiyangr zuò. We can’t do it this way.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zěnme bù kéyi?.’ Zhèi méiyou Why not?! There’s nothing wrong with</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shenme bù kéyide. it.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ma</span><span class="font12">: This little marker is sometimes used at the end of a sentence to imply that the reasoning behind the statement is obvious. It can be translated as "you know" or "after all," or by a tone of voice conveying that one thinks one’s statement is self-evident. (For the following example, you need</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào lājī</span><span class="font12">, "to take out Hit.,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Husband: Wèishenme zǒng děi wǒ zuò fàn ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wife: Nǎnnu píngděng ma!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">H: Nà hǎo, yǐhǒu nǐ guǎn dào lājǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">W: Wèishenme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">H: Nannu píngděng ma!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">’dump’] the garbage.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why do I always have to do the cooking?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Equality of the sexes.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, then from now on, you take care of taking out the garbage.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Equality of the sexes!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suǒyǒude</span><span class="font12">: "all" This is the word for "all" used to modify nouns. (The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> is used to modify verbs.) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Suǒyǒude</span><span class="font12"> is mostly used with nouns at the front of the sentence (that is, subjects or objects in topic position). In sentences with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suǒyǒude</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> is almost always used, too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Suǒyǒude cài dōu hěn hǎo chi. All the food is delicious.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">SuǒySude cài wǒ dōu chīwán le. I finished all the food.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Suǒyǒude</span><span class="font12"> can be used with the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎ</span><span class="font12"> construction, in which case </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> goes before the main verb, not before the prepositional verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎ</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bǎ suǒyǒude cài dōu chiwán le. I finished all the food.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Suǒyǒude</span><span class="font12"> can also be used without a noun following it, as long as the context makes it clear what things </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suǒyǒude</span><span class="font12"> refers to:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xǐhuan gōngyuán, Huáshèngdùn I like parks. I’ve been to all the suǒyǒude wǒ dōu qùguo le. ones in Washington.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are some more example sentences with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">suǒyǒude</span><span class="font12">. Notice that the -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> is sometimes omitted.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Suǒyǒude kāfēitīng wǒ dōu qùguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ruguo wǒ you qián wǒ jiù yào mǎi suǒyǒu zhàixiē Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā dàoguo Měiguo suǒyǒu(de) you yìside dìfang.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve been to all the coffeehouses.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If I had money, I’d like to buy all of these Chinese-English dictionaries.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He has been to all the interesting places in the U.S.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yì</span><span class="font12">: "hundred</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">single syllable to</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">million" After </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiān</span><span class="font12">, "1000," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wan</span><span class="font12">, "10,000," the next represent a higher number in Chinese is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yì</span><span class="font12">, "100,000,000."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">1,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">10,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">100,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">1,000,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">10,000,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">100,000,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">1,000,000,000</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">yìqiān</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yíwàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shíwàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yìbǎi wàn ("one million")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yìqiān wàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yíy\</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shíyì ("one billion")</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Nǐ zhàicì hui guo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàndao</span><span class="font12"> nǐ lǎojiāde rén le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kàndao le. Tāmen shēng-huóde bú cuò, wǒ lǎojiā yě </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biànchéng</span><span class="font12"> yíge hěn rànaode dìfangr le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Did you see the people in your hometown on this visit back to your country?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, they’re living pretty well, and my hometown has become quite a bustling place.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàndao</span><span class="font12">: "to see, to perceive by sight" This is another example of the ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dao</span><span class="font12"> used as part of a compound verb of result. You have now seen -dao meaning (1) "to successfully reach/obtain/find" and (2) "about." With verbs of perception, the meaning of -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dao</span><span class="font12"> can be thought of as "sucessfully reach" by means of the senses, or "to successfully perceive." Another instance of this is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngdao</span><span class="font12"> "to hear, to perceive by listening."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Běijīng speakers prefer </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànjian</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngjian</span><span class="font12"> in many contexts, but </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàndao </span><span class="font12">and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngdao</span><span class="font12"> are used by all speakers of Standard Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biàn</span><span class="font12">: "to change, to become different, to transform, to alter"</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige rén zhēnde biàn le, yǐqiān tā bú shi zhèiyangrde.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">This fellow has really changed, he wasn’t this way before.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèijiàn máoyī xǐle jǐcì, biàn yānsè le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">After this sweater was washed a few times, it changed color.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Jǐniān bú jiàn, tā yǐjīng biàn lǎo le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">I hadn’t seen him for a few years;</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">he had aged a lot. (refers to his appearance)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">You can also use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biàn</span><span class="font12"> in the pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">biàn—de—STATE VERB</span><span class="font12">, as in:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Cong qùniàn dào xiànzài, tā He has become a lot healthier</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">biànde jiànkāngduō le. since last year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo shíjīnián méi jiàndao ta, I haven’t seen him in over ten years,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bù zhīdào tā biànde zěnme- I wonder what he is like now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yang le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéng</span><span class="font12">: "become," "into" This is used with a number of verbs to form a compound: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎichéng</span><span class="font12">, "to change (one thing) into (another)"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fānyichéng</span><span class="font12">, "to translate into"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòchéng</span><span class="font12">, "to make into"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngchéng</span><span class="font12">, "to grow into."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bā tāde chènshān gǎichéng yíjiàn xiǎoháizide yīfu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Qīng ni bā zhàipiān wénzhāng fānyichéng Rìwén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige haizi yǐjīng zhǎngchéng dàren le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I took his shirt and altered it into an article of clothing for a child.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Please translate this article into Japanese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This child has already grown into an adult.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">11. you yòng to be useful</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">12. hēiyè (darkness of) night, nighttime</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">13. xīn heart; mind</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Nos. 12 and 13</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hēiyè</span><span class="font12">: This is mostly used in sentences where </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">baitiān</span><span class="font12">, "(light of) day, daytime," is contrasted with its opposite (see the first exchange of the review dialogue for this unit). The normal word for "nighttime" is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnshang</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīn</span><span class="font12">: The abstract concept "heart, Tā(de) xīn hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zuòle zhèijiàn shi, xīnli hěn nánguò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xiěwánle zhěipiān xiǎoshuō, xīnli hěn gāoxìng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xīnli xiǎngde he tā zuòde bù yíyàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(For the organ "heart,</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīnzàng</span><span class="font12">, literally,</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">or, in many contexts, "mind":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He has a good heart (i.e., he is kind).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He felt very bad after he did that.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He was very happy after he finished writing this short story.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He acts differently than he thinks.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"heart-organ.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit 3, Review Dialogue</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">On the flight from Washington to Hong Kong (via New York and. Anchorage), Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) are chatting.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zai fēijǐshang zuòle zhème yì-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tiān, gǎnjué zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhēn bu shūfu, měicì zuò fēi-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jī dōu xiàng shēng bìng yíyàng. Tèbié shi zài fēijǐshang huànle shíjiān, bāitiān biànchengle hēiyè, hēiyè biànchengle bái-tiān, tài nánshòu le!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duì le, bù shūfude shihou</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yǐnggāi hē diǎnr bǐngshuǐr. Wǒ qù gěi ni nòng dianr bǐngshuǐr lai, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi wǒ shizài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hēbuxiàqù le. . . . Suàn le ba, women liàoliao tiānr, yěxǔ huì hǎo yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zài guò jǐge zhōngtóu nǐ jiu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dào jiā le, xiǎng jiā ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiǎng. Zài Měiguo liǎngniān</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">le, yìtiān māng dào wǎn, méiyou xiǎngguo jiā, kěshi xiànzài xiǎngqi jiā lai le. Nǐ shuō qíguài bu qíguài?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà méiyou shénme qíguài. Rén</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ma, zǒng yào you diǎnr jiātíng guānniàn. Tèbié shi Zhōngguo rén; Zhōngguo rén shi jiǎng xiàoshunde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ juéde zuò fùmǔ shi hěn bù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">rōngyide, háizi yǐnggāi xiàoshun fùmǔ.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèige xiǎngfǎ shi nǐ fùmǔ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiāo nide ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bu shi, shi shèhuì jiāo wode.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How do you feel after being on a plane all day like this?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t feel well at all. Every time I take a plane it’s like getting ill. Especially with the time change on the plane, daylight turning into night and night turning back into daylight, how uncomfortable!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right; You should have some ice water when you don’t feel well. I’ll go get you some ice water, okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well, okay, but I really couldn’t drink any. . . . Forget it, let’s just chat and maybe it’ll get a little better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Just another few hours and you’ll be home. Are you homesick?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. The whole two years I was in America, I was busy all day long and never got homesick, but now here I am feeling homesick. Don’t you think that’s strange?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s nothing strange about that. People are people! They have to have a sense of attachment to their family. Especially Chinese people; the Chinese put a lot of importance on filial obedience.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think that it’s very difficult to be parents, so children ought to be filial toward their parents.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Did your parents teach you that way of thinking?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, society taught it to me. My</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">“</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi...</span><span class="font12"> means literally, ’’as for being all right, it is all right, but...” This means "It is. okay, but..." or in more idiomatic English, "Well, okay, but..."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ mǔqin conglái bù he wo tan xiàoshun.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhēnde?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhēnde. Wǒ dìyǐcì zhuàn qián-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">de shihou, cái shíwǔsuì. Hui dao Jiāli, Jiù bǎ kǒudàili suǒ-yǒude qián dōu gěi wǒ mǔqin le, hái shuō wǒ yǐhòu yào xiàoshun mama.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ mama zěnme shuō?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tǎ kū le. Tā shuō wǒ néng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dull, néng zài shèhuishang zuò ge you yòngde rén Jiù shi zuì hǎode xiàoshun. Wǒ gěi tāde qián, tā dōu gěi wo mǎicheng shū. Yǐhòu, wǒ Jiu gèng yònggōng le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhēn shi yíwěi hǎo māma.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi. . . . Wǒ xiě xìn gěi tā,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">gàosu ta wǒ yào hé yíwèi Měiguó péngyou yìqǐ huilai guò shǔjià, tā hěn gāoxìng. Tā hěn huānyíng nǐ lái.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Duìbuqǐ, liǎngwèi xiānsēn,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nǐmen yào hē diǎn sénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ bū dà shūfu, bǔ yào shenme.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Ou, bú dà sūfǔ, yìbēi zè cá,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎode, xièxie ni.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ lái yipíng píjiǔ. Nǐmen</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">you méiyou Heineken?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Yǒu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xièxie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Bǔ kèqì. Zèiwèi xiānsēn, nǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hái yào sénme, qǐng gàosu wǒ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">mother never talks to me about filial obedience.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Really?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Really. The first time I made money I was only fifteen. When I got home, I gave all the money I had in my pocket to my mother, and I said that in the future I must be filial toward her.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What did she say?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She cried. She said that if I could be independent and be a useful person in society that would be the best way to show filial obedience. She used all the money I gave her to buy books for me. After that, I worked even harder.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She's really a good mother.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, she is. . . . She was very happy when I wrote her telling her that I was going to come back with an American friend for the summer vacation. She's very glad to have you at (welcomes you to) our house.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Excuse me, what would you two gentlemen like to drink?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I'm not feeling too well, I don't want anything.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, you don't feel well? How about a cup of hot tea?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All right, thank you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I'd like a beer. Do you have Heineken?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Thank you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You're welcome. Sir, if you want anything else, please let me know.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">We have altered the spelling to show the stewardess's non-standard pronunciation.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎode, xièxie ni.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Women shuō dao nǎr le? Duì le,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nīmen jiāli chúle nǐ fùmǔ he zǔmǔ yǐwài hái you shénme rén ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ wangle, wo hái you yíge</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">mèimei, zài yínháng zuò shìde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ou, duì le, n? gēn wo shuōguo,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ zěnme wangle ne!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shuōdao wo mèimei, Jiù xiǎngdào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ mǔqin. Nǐ zhidao zài Zhōng-guō, zhòng nán qīng nude guānniàn háishi yǒude. Kěshi wǒ mèimei shi líkāi dàxué yǐhòu you zài Yīngguó niànle liǎngnián shū cái zuò shìde. Zhèi yě yào gǎnxiè wǒ mǔqin.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ mèimei xiànzài zh? zuò shi,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">háishi yě niàn diǎnr shū?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā zhǐ zuò shi. Buguò tā hěn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde qíngxing, cháng kàn hěn duō guānyu dàlùde shū. Tā cháng shuō, "Wo shi Zhōngguo rén, dàlùshang you shí-yì Zhōngguo rén, wǒ zěnme kéyi bù zhídào tāmende shēnghuó, gōngzuò, hé xuéxíde qíngkuàng ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāde huà hěn you dàolǐ.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā you hěn duō dàlù láide</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">péngyou; nǐ hé tā tántan, yě huì Juéde hěn you yìsi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tā duì dàlùde qíngxing zenme</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">rèxǐn, nǐ mǔqin you shénme kànfa ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā cháng shuō: "Háizi zhǎng-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dàle, tāmen yào zǒu shénme lù yīnggāi zìjī kǎolū."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhēn hǎo, shízài shi tài hǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">All right. Thank you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Now, where were we? Oh yes: Is there anyone else in your family besides your parents and your grandmother?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You’ve forgotten that I also have a younger sister who works in a bank.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, of course. You told me before. How could I have forgotten!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Mentioning my sister reminds me of my mother again. You know, in China people still have the concept that men are superior to women. But after my sister graduated from college, she studied for two more years in England before she started working. That was also thanks to my mother.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Does your sister Just work now, or does she also take some classes?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">She’s Just working, but she studies the mainland situation very enthusiastically. She reads a lot of books about the mainland. She often says, "I’m Chinese, and there are one billion Chinese on the mainland. How can I be ignorant of the way they live, work, and study?"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What she says is quite right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She has a lot of friends from the mainland; you’ll find it very interesting to talk with her.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Does your mother have anything to say about her enthusiastic interest in the situation on the mainland?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She often says, "When children grow up, they should decide for themselves what road they want to take."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s great! That’s really wonderful.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">*</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnxiè</span><span class="font12">, "to be grateful/thankful to"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Deng dao nǐ jiàndao tade shihou, When you meet her I’m sure you’ll</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nǐ yídìng huì xǐhuan ta, yě huì like her, and our home, too. xǐhuan wǒmen jiāde.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Yídìng!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I’m sure I will, too!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a conversation between a Chinese student and an American student in their dormitory room somewhere in the the U.S.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kěkǒukělè</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Coca Cola</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">-ban (counter for a class of students)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nūshēng coeds, women students</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zǎo a long time ago</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">diào yǎnlèi to cry (lit., "fall tears")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What is the Chinese student’s girlfriend studying? Why is he worried about her?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What was the traditional Chinese attitude toward educating women?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. How did the Chinese student first meet his girlfriend?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Why do you suppose she would let herself cry in the library?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">What was her boyfriend’s reaction?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. How was she able to come to college?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this conversation a mother and son in Beijing talk after a day of work.</span></p>
- <div style="border-bottom:solid;">
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation second time through, look helow</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words you kělián sǐ hu fàngxīn rìzi jǐngshen</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">once straight through. Then, on the and answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">will need to understand this conversation</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to he pitiful</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to die</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to worry</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">days</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">energy, spirits</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will he ahle to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What is Wang Li’s problem?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. How does the son propose to help her?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What problem does the mother see with this proposal? What does the son volunteer to do?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">U. What is the mother’s reaction to her son’s suggestion?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. What two other things would lift Wáng Li’s spirits?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have prepared your answers, you may want to look at the translation for the conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1+</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this conversation, a husband, and wife talk in their home in Běijīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will need the following new words:</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Qīnghǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(a province in Western China)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">bìngrén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">sick person, patient</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">fǎnzhèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">anyway, in any case</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">chéngli rén yě hǎo, xiāngxia rén yě hǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">whether it's city people or country people</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">yīyuàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">hospital</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise h</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Why was Xiùyun late coming home?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Why did she get medicine for her husband? For what reason does she insist he take the medicine?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What did they see in Qīnghǎi ten years ago?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">h. What are their professions?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">5. What kind of situation does the husband hope China will never have again?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Conversation between an American student and a Chinese student in their college dormitory in America.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span><span class="font12"> Nǐ zěnme yíge rén zài zhèli?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Hide nūpéngyou ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zài tūshūguǎn niàn tāde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Jīngjixué.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A: Tā </span><span class="font12">zhēn yònggōng! Zhème hǎode</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tiānqi, hái zài pīnmìng niàn shū!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a! Gāngcái, wǒ qù gěi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ta sòngle yidiǎn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kěkǒukělè</span><span class="font12">, wǒ gēn ta shuō, zhèiyang niànxiaqu shi yào shēng hìngde, kěshi tā bù ting, háishi zài nar niàn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span><span class="font12"> Wǒ xiǎng nīde nūpengyou you</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">diǎnr tèbié, women </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bānl</span><span class="font12">ide jīge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nūshēng zǎo</span><span class="font12"> jiu pǎo dao hǎi-biānr qu wánr le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè he tāde jiātíng yǒu guānxi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font11">A: </span><span class="font12">Zěnme ne?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tāde fùmù yǒu zhòng nan qīng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nude lǎo guānniàn. Tāmen xiǎng érzi shi zìjīde, nuér zhǎngdàle zǒng yào Jiēhūnde, Jiēle hūn Jiù shi biérén Jiāde rén le, niàn shū you shénme yòng?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">A: </span><span class="font12">Wǒ conglái méiyou xiǎngdào,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiànzài hái yǒu zhèiyangde Jiātíng, zhèiyangde fùmǔ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè méiyou shénme qíguài, bǎ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lǎo guānniàn biàncheng xìn guānniàn bu shi yíjiàn róngyide shi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà, nīde nūpéngyou yǒu xiōng-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dì Jiěmèi ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How come you’re all alone here? Where’s your girlfriend?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She’s in the library studying her economics.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She really works hard! The weather is so nice, and she’s still knocking herself out studying.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s right! Just now, I went to take her a Coke, and I told her she was going to get sick if she kept on studying like this, but she wouldn’t listen. She Just went on studying.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think your girlfriend is a little unusual. Several of the women students in our class took off for the beach a long time ago.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It has to do with her family.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What do you mean?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Her parents have the old idea of regarding men as superior to women. They think that a son is theirs, but a daughter gets married sooner or later when she grows up, and after she’s married she belongs to another family, so what use is it for her to get an education?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I never imagined that there were still families and parents like that these days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s nothing so strange about that; it’s not an easy thing to change one’s old ideas into new ideas.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Then, does your girl friend have any brothers and sisters?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">B: </span><span class="font12">Yǒu, Jiù yǒu yíge gēge.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, Just one older brother.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font11">A: </span><span class="font12">Tā niàn shū niànde hǎo bu hǎo? How does he do in school?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Mǎmǎhūhū, wǒ xiǎng tā bú shi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yíge hěn yònggōngde xuéshēng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ rènshi ta?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Rènshi. Wǒ he tāmen shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhōngxué tóngxué, tā gēge zhīdao tā niànwánle zhōngxué jiu kéyi shàng dàxué, kěshi tā fùmǔ bú ràng mèimei niàn dàxué. Wǒ kàndao tā changcháng yíge rén zài túshūguǎn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">diào yǎnlèi</span><span class="font12">, jiù wèn ta wèishénme, mànmànde, wǒ jiu zhīdao tāde qíngxing le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: 0, shi zhèiyang.’ Nà tā shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zěnme lái dàxué niàn shūde ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ fùmǔ bāngzhu ta. ^ùnián,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tā zìjī yě zhuànle diǎn qián. Wǒ mǔqin shuō zhèige háizi zènme xiǎng niàn shū, women duō bāngzhu ta yidiǎnr, ràng ta hǎohāo niàn shū ba.’ Zhèi-yàng tā jiù bú zuò shi, zhǐ niàn shū le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shi zhèiyang.’ Women qù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">kànkan ta, ràng ta xiūxi-xiuxi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo, zǒu.’</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Just so-so, I don’t think he’s a very hard worker.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You know him?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. We were classmates in high school. Her brother knew that after he finished high school he could go to college, but her parents wouldn’t let her go. I used to see her alone in the library, crying, and I asked her why. Gradually, I found out about her situation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, so that’s the story! So then, how was it that she came to college?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My parents helped her out. Also, last year she earned some money on her own. My mother said she wanted so badly to study, that we should help her out and let her do it properly.’ This way she can just study without having to work.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, is that so! Let’s go see her, and make her take a break.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Good, let’s go!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In Běijīng, a mother and son talk after a day of work.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Mā, nín dào nǎr qu le?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zài Lǎo Wáng jiā zuòle yihuǐr.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wáng LǏde qíngkuàng hǎo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yidiǎnr ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo yidiǎnr, bù kū le, kěshi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">háishi yìtiān dào wǎn méiyou yíjù huà.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhēn ràng rén nánshòu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kě bu shi ma, shizài shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kělián</span><span class="font12">, Wáng Li fùqin sǐle cái</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Where have you been, Mom?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I was over at Lǎo Wáng’s for a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is Wáng Li’s situation better now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Somewhat better. She isn’t crying anymore, but she still doesn’t say a thing all day long.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It really makes one feel bad.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Doesn’t it, though? It’s really pitiful: first Wáng Li’s father</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bànnián mǔqin you sǐ le. Báitiān hǎo yidiǎnr, dàjiā ké^i qù péipei ta. Wǎnshang, nū-háizi yíge rén zài jiāli, zhēn rang rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú fàngxǐn</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Mā, wǒ xiǎngdào yíge hǎo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">bǎnfǎ, rang Wang LÌ bān dao zánmen jiā lái ba! Nín gēn tā liáoliao tiānr, yěxǔ huì hǎo yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Mm, zhèige bǎnfǎ hǎo shi hǎo,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">kěshi zánmen jiā jiù zhè liǎngjiān xiǎo wūzi, wǒ bǎ nǐ fang zai nǎr ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ xiǎng Wáng Lì bānlái yǐhoù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ kéyi zǎi Wáng jiā zhù jǐtiān, děng Wáng Lìde qíngkuàng hǎo yì-diǎnr, wǒ zǎi bānhuilai ma!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo háizi, nǐ zhème rèxīn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">bāngzhu biérén, hěn hǎo. . . . Wáng Li hěn xiàoshun, zhèixiē </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rìzi</span><span class="font12">, tā huì chángcháng xiǎng tāde fùmǔ, duō hé tā tántan, mǎnmānrde, tā huì hǎo yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ zǎi qù zhǎozhao tā cóng-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">qiánde tǒngxué, rǎng tamen dōu lái hé ta tántan, péi ta chūqu zǒuzou.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì le, děngdǎo tā shàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">bān le, jiù hǎo le. Rén mángde shihou </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐngshén</span><span class="font12"> huì hǎo yìxiē.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duì. Nà zánmen xiànzài jiù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">qù jiē ta ba!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Děngyiděng, bǎ wūzi shōushi-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo zài qù.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ gēn nín yíkuàir shōushi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dies, and then less than half a year later her mother dies, too. During the daytime it’s not so bad, everybody goes and keeps her company. But in the evening the girl is alone at home. It really makes one worry.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mom, I’ve thought of a good way (to solve the problem). Have Wáng Lì move to our house! If you can chat with her, maybe that will help.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font12"> a good idea, but our place only has these two small rooms. Where would I put you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think I could go live at the Wáng's house. When Wáng Li’s condition is a little better, I’ll move back here!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Good boy. It’s good that you’re so eager to help others. . . . Wáng Lì is very filial, and she’ll miss her parents a lot during this time. If we talk with her a lot, gradually, she'll get better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll go call on some of her former classmates and have them come talk with her and go out for walks with her.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right. When she starts work, everything will be all right. When a person is busy, their spirits improve.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right. Well, let's go get her right now!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wait. Let’s straighten up the room before we go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll straighten it up with you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A husband, and wife talk in Běijīng.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiùyun, nǐ huílai le. Jīntiān</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zěnme zěnme wǎn?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiàle bānr, wǒ you qù mǎi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">diSnr yào.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ xiǎng wǒ yǐjīng hǎo le,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hái mǎi shénme yào?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ cái yìtiān bù fā shāo, jiù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shuō hǎo le? Kuài yidiǎnr bǎ zhèi liǎngzhǒng yào dōu chīxiaqu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ nǎr xūyào zěnme duō yào!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèizhǒng gǎnmào bu shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yìtiān liǎngtiān jiù huì hǎode, nǐ yídìng děi bǎ zhèi jǐzhǒng yào dōu chīle.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ chī.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ gěi ni dào bēi rèshuǐ lai,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiànzài jiù chī.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ei°, shuōdao chī yào, wǒ jiu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎngqilai le, nǐ hái jìde shí-nián qián, zánmen zài Qīnghǎi xiāngxià kànjiande nèijiàn shi ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Hi Xiùyun, you’re back. How come you’re so late tonight?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After work I went to buy some medicine.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think I’ve already recovered. What are you buying medicine for?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Your fever has only been gone for one day and you say you’ve recovered? Come on and take these two medicines.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As if I needed all this medicine!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This kind of cold doesn’t get better in just a day or two.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You have to take all of these medicines.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, okay, I’ll take them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll get you a cup of hot water, and you take them right now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Say, speaking of taking medicine reminds me, do you remember what we saw out in the country of Qīnghǎi ten years ago?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zěnme bu jìde, zánmen dōu shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zuò yīshēngde, kànjian </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìngren </span><span class="font12">méi yào chī, zhēn nánshòu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Kěshi, hái yǒu rén shuō</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèizhǒng qíngxing méi guānxi, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fanzhèng</span><span class="font12"> Zhōngguo rén duō, zhēn shi bù jiǎng dàolǐ!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hài! Nèige shihou, shénme</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">qíguàide shir dōu you, bié shuō le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Kéyi bù shuō, kěshi bū huì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wàng. Zhōngguo yǒu jǐyì rén, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngli rén yě hǎo, xiāngxià</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How could I forget. We’re both doctors; seeing sick people without medicine to take was really upsetting.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">But you know what some people say? They say that this sort of situation doesn’t matter, that there are plenty of Chinese anyway. How crazy!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Sigh). Back then, there were all sorts of strange things; don’t talk about it any more.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">We don’t have to talk about it, but we won't forge* it. ■ .er ■■ are several hundred million peonle in China.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ei</span><span class="font12"> is an interjection which tells that the speaker just thought of something.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ren yě hǎo</span><span class="font12">, you hing hù néng kàn yǐsheng, you hing méi yào chide shi, zài yě hù néng you le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: NǏ shuōde duì. Hǎo le, hǎo le,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nǐde hing cái hǎo yidiǎnr, nǐ chile yào zǎo diǎnr xiūxi ha.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ xiān hǎ yào chile, děng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yihuǐr, wo hái děi chūqu yítàng, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yiyuànl</span><span class="font12">i hái you jǐjiàn shi děi hàn, wǒ qù kàn yixia jiu huilai.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zǎo diǎnr huílai.’</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Whether it’s people in the city or people in the country, we can’t have any more situations where people are sick and yet unahle to see a doctor or get medicine.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re right. Okay, your illness is only a little better, after you take your medicine go to hed early.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll take the medicine now, but I have to go out again in a while. I still have a few things I have to take care of at the hospital. I’ll be back right after I go take a look there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t come back too late.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">soc</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">UNIT U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A Family History</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. More on </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12">, marker of absence of change/lack of completion.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō</span><span class="font12">), "how....”’</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. More on indefinite pronouns ("any/no" expressions).</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Review of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you (Noun)</span><span class="font12"> phrases.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Functional Language Contained in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Expressing worries or reservations about doing something.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Reassuring someone that they need not worry.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Asking for clarification of the meaning of what someone just said.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Commenting on other’s good fortune.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Nǐ Laba zhème zǎo jiu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐlai</span><span class="font12"> le!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánji</span><span class="font12"> dà le, měitiān shuìde zǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Your father got up so early!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s getting on in years, and</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">he goes to bed early.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: Xiǎo Wangde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yeye</span><span class="font12"> you he nèixie </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo péngyou </span><span class="font12">liáo tiānr ne!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font12"> hěn hǎo, hěn xǐhuan háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Wang’s grandfather is talking with those kids again!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s a very good person, and he likes children a lot.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Zhèi liǎngnián nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎinai shēntǐ</span><span class="font12"> hǎo ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hái</span><span class="font12"> hǎo, you shihou hái néng qǐlai </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōushi </span><span class="font12">shoushi wūzi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Zhāng jiāde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">érxífu</span><span class="font12"> hěn you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǐju</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai zhēn you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fuqi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guòqù</span><span class="font12">, Zhōngguo rén chū guō niàn shū </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō </span><span class="font12">nán!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiànzài hǎo le, zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànbuqǐ </span><span class="font12">le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rénjia</span><span class="font12"> dōu juéde Xiǎo Wáng shi ge hěn yōu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐmàod</span><span class="font12">e háizi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Has your grandmother’s health been good the past couple of years?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and straighten up the room.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The Zhāng family’s daughter-in-law is a proper young woman.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, the Zhāng family’s grandmother is really blessed with good fortune.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go abroad to study!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Now it’s better, no matter where they go, no one looks down on them anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Everyone feels Xiǎo Wáng is a very well-mannered child.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Zhèi yì </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font12"> rén dōu niànguo bù shǎo shū.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">8.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Tǐngshuō tāmende </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnzi sūnnu</span><span class="font12"> xiànzài dōu niàn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Si Shū</span><span class="font12"> ne!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen Jiā guòqù shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you qián</span><span class="font12"> rén, you bù shǎo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cáichǎn</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ shuōde cáichǎn shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǔdǐ</span><span class="font12"> ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This whole family has had quite a good education.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters are (all) studying the Four Books now!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Their family used to be rich. They had quite a lot of property.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The property you’re talking about is land, isn’t it?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">9.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùxialai</span><span class="font12"> ba, yě kéyi gěi women </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāng</span><span class="font12"> dianr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">máng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ báitiān you kè, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ hǎo </span><span class="font12">wǎnshang zuò diǎnr shǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Stay (live) here and you can help us a bit.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I have classes during the day;</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I can only work at night.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Wǒ mǔqin zǒng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānxǐn</span><span class="font12"> wǒ gěge zài wàibianr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǐ kǔ</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tāmen Jǐge xiǎo péngyou </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hùxiāng</span><span class="font12"> bāng máng, bú huì chǐ kǔde.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">My mother is always worried that my older brother is having a rough time away from home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">His bunch of friends help each other out. They don’t have such a rough time.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">baba</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bang máng bù shǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">father, dad, papa</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to help; help</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">cáichǎn chī kǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">property</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to suffer, to undergo hardship</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">dānxīn duo (duō)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be worried, to be uneasy how...</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">érxífu(r) (érxífer)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">daught er-in-law</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">fuqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">blessings, good fortune</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guīju</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">rules of proper behavior, social etiquette, manners; rule (of a community or organization), established practice, custom</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guòqù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">the past</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">hái hùxiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">fairly, passably mutually</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">-jiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">(counter for families)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">kànbuqǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to look down on, to scorn, to despise</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǐmào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">manners, politeness</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nǎinai niánji</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">grandmother (on father’s side) age</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">qǐlai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to get up (in several senses)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">rén</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">rénjia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">person; body; self people; they; he, she; I</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">shēntǐ shōushi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">body; health</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to straighten up; to get one’s things ready</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Si Shū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">the Four Books (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàxué</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngyōng</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lúnyǔ</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">sūnnū sūnzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mèngzǐ</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">granddaughter (through one’s son) grandson (through one’s son)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">tǔdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">land</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎo péngyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">little friend; kids</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">yéye you you guǐju you lǐmào you qián</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhǐ hǎo zhùxialai</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">grandfather (on the father’s side) also</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to have manners, to he proper</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to he well mannered, to he polite</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to he rich</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">can only, to have to, to he forced to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to move and stay (in a place), to settle down</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit U, Reference Notes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">“baba</span><span class="font12"> zhème zǎo jiu Your father got up so early.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐlai</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánji</span><span class="font12"> dà le, měitiān He’s getting on in years, and</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shuǐde zǎo. he goes to bed early.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhème zǎo jiu qǐlai le</span><span class="font12">: The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12"> is used to stress the earliness (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhème zǎo</span><span class="font12">) of father’s getting up. On this use of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font12">, review Unit 2, Notes on No. 9• Here are more examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā wǔdiǎn zhōng jiu qǐlai le. He got up at five (that early).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ mǎshàng jiu lái. I’ll be there in a minute.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bù jiù, tā jiu líkāi le. Shortly afterwards, he left.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐlai</span><span class="font12">: "to get up," from a bed or just from a sitting position. In an abstract sense it means "to arise," e.g., "to arise and revolt" C</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐlai gemǐngi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ tiāntiān shénme shihou qǐlai? When do you get up every day?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā niánji dà le</span><span class="font12">: Literally, "As for him, the age is now big." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Le</span><span class="font12"> is used here to indicate change of state, as it often is in sentences telling a person’s age (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā sānshi suǐ le</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You should learn the following typical examples of how to use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánji</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā (you) duo dà niánji le? How old is he? (USED ONLY OF ADULTS)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā niánji dà le. He’s advanced in years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā niánji bù xiǎo le. She’s not young any more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nín duo dà niánji le?</span><span class="font12"> to ask an adult’s age. To ask a child’s age, though, say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ duo dà le?</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ you duo dà?</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ jǐsuǐ (le)?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The Chinese are not secretive about their age the way many Westerners are. It is not considered impolite to ask someone’s age, even women and old people. As in the West, old people are often proud of their age and glad to let you know it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měitiān shuǐde zǎo</span><span class="font12">: Literally, "every day goes to bed early." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měitiān </span><span class="font12">is needed in Chinese to express the idea of "habitual" which in English is conveyed simply by the present tense of "goes." Without </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">měitiān</span><span class="font12">, the Chinese sentence might refer to one particular instance only. For example, it might mean that grandfather went to bed early the night before.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuì</span><span class="font12">, which you may know from the Welfare module, means "to sleep," hut also "to go to hed, to retire." It is like many verbs in Chinese which can indicate either the continuing performance of an action (sleeping) or the start of an action (trying to sleep, i.e., going to hed). In the following examples, the pair of translations show the ambiguity. In real conversation, of course, the ambiguity rarely causes problems because the listener interprets one way or the other according to the context:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font8">{</span><span class="font12">Has he gone to bed?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Did he sleep (and then get up)?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font8">{</span><span class="font12">Has it started to rain?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Did it rain (and then stop)?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">í Has the bell gone off?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Diànlíng xiǎngle’ ma? (</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I Did the bell ring (and then stop)?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">To remove this ambiguity, you can use more specific phrasing. For example, the aspect marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12"> specifies absence of change, lack of completion, and so rules out the second translation for each of the above three sentences: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā shuì ne</span><span class="font12">, "He is sleeping," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xià yǔ ne</span><span class="font12">, "It’s raining," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Diànlíng xiǎng ne</span><span class="font12">, "The bell is ringing." To be even more specific you could use ~</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12">, the marker of duration (usually used in combination with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12">): </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā shuìzhe ne</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiàzhe yǔ ne</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Diànlíng xiǎngzhe ne</span><span class="font12">. Or you could use the marker </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> for ongoing action:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zài shuì</span><span class="font12">, "He is (in the midst of) sleeping," etc. To be the most specific of all, you can use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12"> all in the same sentence: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zài shuìzhe ne</span><span class="font12">, etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuì</span><span class="font12"> can also be used to mean "to lie down," regardless of whether the person sleeps or not. (The meaning "lie down" for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuì</span><span class="font12"> is only accepted by some speakers; others always use the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tang</span><span class="font12">, "to lie down," which you learned in the Welfare module.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shuì zai dìshang kàn diànshì. He lies on the floor and watches television.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kàn tā shuì dao zhuōzishang Look at him lying on the table! lai le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuìde zǎo</span><span class="font12"> is another example of a manner expression following a verb plus -de, a structure which was introduced back in the Transportation module (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ kāide tài kuài le</span><span class="font12">, "You are driving too fast"). </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shuìde wǎn</span><span class="font12"> means either "to go to bed late" or "to sleep late."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">*</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng</span><span class="font12">: "to sound, to make a sound"</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎo Wangde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yéye</span><span class="font12"> you he nèixie </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo péngyou </span><span class="font12">liáo tiānr ne.’</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font12"> hěn hǎo, hěn xǐhuan háizi.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Wang’s grandfather is talking with those kids again.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s a very good person, and he likes children a lot.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yéye</span><span class="font12">: "grandfather,” only for the father’s father. Back in the Biographic Information module you learned </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǔfù</span><span class="font12"> for "paternal grandfather." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yéye</span><span class="font12"> is the same person, but is the word you would use when addressing him directly or when talking about him informally. See the diagram under </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎinai</span><span class="font12"> below (Notes on No. 3). COne's mother's father is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎoyé</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàigōng</span><span class="font12">.1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎo péngyou</span><span class="font12">, "little friends," is a warm term for young children. It may be used either to address children directly or to talk about them in the third person. The host of a children's television show, for example, would address the young viewers as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo péngyou(men)</span><span class="font12">. You may someday need to use this word to address a young child whom you don't know, for example, one that you meet on the street. And, of course, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo péngyou</span><span class="font12"> is also used in its literal sense to refer to the "young friends" of a child.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo péngyou.' Tiān hēi le, kuài Little boy/girl, it's getting dark hui jiā qu ba.' out. You'd better go back home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèixiē xiǎo péngyou dōu zài Those kids are playing outdoors,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wàitou wānr ne.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāo tiānr ne</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ne</span><span class="font12">, which you first learned in the sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hái méi ne</span><span class="font12">, is the marker which emphasizes ABSENCE OF CHANGE or LACK OF COMPLETION. (it is, in a way, the opposite of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12">, which marks CHANGED SITUATION or COMPLETION.) In what specific situations can or should you use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne?</span><span class="font12"> We can note two kinds of meaning for sentences in which absence-of-change </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12"> often appears:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) Continued State, e.g.,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hai you ne. There is still some more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hai méiyou ne. Not yet.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) Ongoing Action, e.g.,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā chī fàn ne. He's eating.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǎinai zuò fàn ne. Grandma is cooking.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Remember also that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12"> is often used in sentences which contain </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-zhe</span><span class="font12">, the marker of DURATION (something like continued state), or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">, the marker of ONGOING ACTION.</span></p>
- <div style="border-top:solid;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shuì jiào ne.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shuìzhe ne.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zài shuì ne.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">(NO CHANGE)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(DURATION + NO CHANGE) (ONGOING + NO CHANGE)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He is sleeping.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">There is a famous nursery rhyme which contains two ongoing-action sentences that end in ahsence-of-change </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12">. In one of its many versions, the rhyme goes like this (just read and enjoy; ignore the words you don’t know):</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo hàozir</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shàng dēngtáir</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tōu you he</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiabulái</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiao Yéye</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yéye zá suàn ne </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">^(ONGO</span><span class="font12">ING ACTION)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiào Nǎinai </span><span class="font1" style="font-style:italic;">y'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǎinai zhǔ fan ne^</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiào Niūer</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bào māo lai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zēr! Zā! Deizhao le!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A little mouse</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Went up the lampstand To steal oil to drink But he couldn’t get down He called Grandpa</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But Grandpa was crushing garlic He called Grandma But Grandma was cooking He called Granddaughter Who "brought the cat Squeak! Scratch! Got him!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font12">: Besides the meaning of ’’man, person," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font12"> can also "be used to refer more specifically to someone’s (1) character, (2) mental state of "being, or (3) physical self.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) character</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā rén hěn rèxīn, chāngchàng bāngzhu biérén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā rén zuò shi hǎo you xiǎoxīn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā rén zhēn bú cuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) mental state</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā hēduō le, rén yòu diǎnr bú tài qīngchu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">(3) physical self</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ rén hǎo diǎnr le ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Cao Yǔshēng bú shi shuō wǔ-diǎn zhōng kāi huì ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tā rén ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā gāngcái hái zài zhèr, zěnme yìhuǐr rén bú Jiàn le?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Rén lǎo xǐn bu lǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He is a very warmhearted person.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He often helps others.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He does things well and carefully.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He is a very nice person.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He had too much to drink and is a little foggy.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Are you better today? (i.e., your health)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Didn’t Cáo Yǔshēng say there would be a meeting at five o’clock?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s right!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">So where </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font12"> he?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He was Just here a minute ago, how could he have disappeared so fast?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(saying) The person is old, but his heart is not old. ("young at heart")</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Ren yì zǒu, chá jiu liáng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(saying) As soon as the person has left, the tea gets cold. (describes someone who forgets a friendship no sooner than he has left—often used to describe Americans)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Zhèi liǎngnián nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎinai </span><span class="font12">shēntǐ hǎo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hái</span><span class="font12"> hǎo, you shihou hái néng qǐlai </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōushi </span><span class="font12">shoushi wūzi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Has your grandmother’s health been good the past couple of years?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and straighten up the room.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi liǎngnián</span><span class="font12">: "the last couple of years" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèi</span><span class="font12"> before an amount of time often means "the last" or "the past." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liang</span><span class="font12"> does not necessarily mean exactly "two" but can mean "a couple," an indefinite small number.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Guo liǎngtiān women Jiù qù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">We are going there in a couple of days.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎinai</span><span class="font12">: "paternal grandmother" For "grandma and grandpa," the Chinese order is almost always </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yéye nǎinai</span><span class="font12">. LA maternal grandmother is called </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎolao </span><span class="font12">or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàipó</span><span class="font12">.J Here is a tree showing what to call grandparents in Chinese. The top two rows are conversational terms used either to address grandparents directly or refer to them. The third row shows the more formal words which you learned in BIO; these are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">not</span><span class="font12"> used in addressing one’s grandparents directly. (The labels "Northern" and "Southern," are generalizations; many more terms exist, but these are widely encountered.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(Northern) (Southern)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook-2.png" alt="" style="width:316pt;height:164pt;">
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēntǐ</span><span class="font12">: "body" OR "health"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde shēntǐ zhēn bang.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He is in great shape.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">"</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bang</span><span class="font12">, "to be great/fantastic/terrific"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Bié zǒngshi pīnmìng niàn shū, děi duo zhùyì shēntǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t always he knocking yourself out studying; you should look after your health more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái hǎo</span><span class="font12">: "fairly good" You first learned the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12"> as meaning "still." When used before a state verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font12"> can also mean that the quality expressed by that verb may still be said to apply, although just barely. Often it may be translated as "fairly, passably":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige dianyǐng hái bū cuè, The movie was fairly good. Although</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">suīrán cháng yidiǎn, kěshi it was a little long, it was</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">duì wǒde Zhōngwén you bāngzhu. good for my Chinese.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Sometimes, however, you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige fànguǎnr hái keyi, yǒu jǐge cài nǐ keyi shishi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hái mámahūhū, jiù shi máng yidiǎnr.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhōngguo you yìqiānniánde lìshǐ...</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: A, nǐ shuō shenme? Yìqiān-nián?.’</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: ōu, bū shi, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānq</span><span class="font12">iānnián.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà hái chàbuduō.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōushi</span><span class="font12">: "to straighten up"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ yīnggāi bǎ nǐde wūzi shōushi shoushi le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiansheng zǒngshi shuō wǒ wūzi shōushide bù gānjing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèijiàn shi yì kāishǐ jiù zuòde bù hǎo, xiànzài méi bànfǎ shōushi le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">will need to find other translations:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">That restaurant isn’t too bad. They have a few dishes you might try.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How have you been lately?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Enh, all right, just a little busy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">China has one thousand years of history...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What? How’s that? </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">One</span><span class="font12"> thousand years?.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, I mean </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">three</span><span class="font12"> thousand years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s more like it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You ought to straighten up your room (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Le</span><span class="font12"> indicates "It’s gotten to that point.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My husband always says I don’t keep my room neat.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This thing was handled poorly right from the start. Now there’s no way it can be remedied.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shōushi xíngli</span><span class="font12"> means "to pack one’s baggage."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Zhāng jiāde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">érxífu</span><span class="font12"> hěn yǒu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǐju</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai zhēn you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fūqi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The Zhāng family’s daughter-in-law is a proper young woman.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, the Zhāng family’s grandmother is really blessed with good fortune.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhāng jia</span><span class="font12">: "the Zhāng family" In Běijīng pronunciation, the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font12"> is unstressed and often neutral tone, like a suffix: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhāngjia</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">érxífu:</span><span class="font12"> "daughter-in-law" In Běijīng, this word is often pronounced</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ěrxífur</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">érxífer</span><span class="font12"> (note the vowel change).</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guīju</span><span class="font12">: A definite standard, regulation, or custom which forms part of the conduct of a group of people (e.g., a community, a company, a gang, etc.)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhao Zhōngguode lǎo guīju, qīng kède shihou kèren yīnggāi xiān kāishǐ chī.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zai qù nèige guójiā yīqián, zuì hǎo wǒ neng zhīdao yìxiē nèrde guīju.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jūnrén you hěn duō tèbiéde guīju.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhè shi wǒmende guīju.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhème duō guīju!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">It is an old Chinese custom that when you have guests, the guests should start eating first.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Before going to that country it would best if I could find out about some of their customs.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Military people have a lot of special regulations.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s the way we do things here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All this formality!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You guīju</span><span class="font12">, as you see in exchange U, means "to have manners, to be proper (in benavior)." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mei guīju</span><span class="font12"> is "to be badly behaved," said, for example, of a child. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù guīju</span><span class="font12"> may be used to imply unfaithfulness of a wife.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhāng Taitai jiāo háizi jiāode Mrs. Zhāng teaches her children well, hǎo, tāde háizi dōu hěn you they are all very well-behaved,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">guīju.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Sānr! Bié zhèiyangr. Ke- Cut it out, Xiǎo Sānr. What will the ren kànjian nǐ zènme méi guests think when they see you mis-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">guīju, zěnme hǎo yìsi? behaving so?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font12">: This is a traditional Chinese concept: the destiny to enjoy happiness in life. It is different from the Western idea of luck Ewhich is closer to Chinese </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yùnqiZ</span><span class="font12">I. Luck refers to chance occurrences like winning a lottery, while </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font12"> refers to one’s whole life situation. Some people have more </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font12"> and some less. In practice, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font12"> is measured by a person’s wealth, prestige, and especially his or her family situation. In traditional China, for a man to have a lot of sons was reason to say he had </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font12">. In exchange U, the grandmother is said to have </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font12"> because her daughter-in-law is a very proper or well-behaved woman.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhēn yōu fúqi, búdàn yōu yíge He is really blessed with good for-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo jiātíng, you yōu yíge hǎo tune. Not only does he have a nice gōngzuò. family, but a good job, too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ fūqi zhēn hǎo, da érzi jì You are really blessed with good for-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">qián, xiǎo nūér song huār! tune. Your oldest son sent you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">money and your little girl gave you flowers</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Daughters-in-law</span><span class="font12">: The relationship between the husband’s wife and his mother is different in traditional China from in the West. A wife, after all, is considered to become a member of her husband’s family, so she is supposed to regard her mother-in-law as her new mother, and show her the same filial obedience. The husband’s mother, for her part, tries to find for her son a young woman who will obey and get along with her, who will work hard for the family and around the house.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guòqù</span><span class="font12">, Zhōngguo rén chū guō niàn shū </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duo </span><span class="font12">nán.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiànzài hǎo le, zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànbuqǐ </span><span class="font12">le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go abroad to study.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Now it’s better, no matter where they go, no one looks down on them anymore.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqù</span><span class="font12">: "the past" Distinguish this noun from the verb "to pass," which in Beijing has a neutral-tone </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qu</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font12">. Since it is a time word, the noun </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqù</span><span class="font12"> may go either before the subject or between the subject and verb. Most commonly it is placed at the very beginning of the sentence, before the subject:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guòqu, tā zài Xiānggǎngde shihou, In the past, when he was in Hong tā jiāo shū. Kong, he taught school.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guòqù, tā bāngguo wo hěn duō máng. In the past he has been a great help to me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guòqù</span><span class="font12"> may also be used to modify a noun</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nà dōu shi guòqùde shi le.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō nán</span><span class="font12">: "how difficult.’" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Duō</span><span class="font12">, used before a state verb to express a</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jīntiān tiānqi duō hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ bù zhīdào zài zhèr mǎi diàn-yīng piào you duō nán.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Duō piàoliangde háizi a.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zěnme kéyi zhème shuō? Duō ràng rén shěngqì.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kàn tā duō xǐhuan niàn shū.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">phrase:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Those are all things of the past.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">in Běijīng often pronounced </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō</span><span class="font12">, is high degree, like "how" in English:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How nice the weather is today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You don’t know how hard it is to buy a movie ticket here.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What a beautiful child!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How can he say such a thing? How infuriating!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Look at how he loves to study.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒu dào nǎr yě méi rén kànbuqǐ</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǎr</span><span class="font12"> here is used as an indefinite pronoun, "anywhere, no matter where." You learned about indefinite pronouns in the Meeting module, where you had the sentence </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Míngtiān xiàwu shénme shíhou dōu kéyi</span><span class="font12">. A question word, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shénme</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">něig</span><span class="font12">e or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font12"> followed by the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> before the verb expresses the idea of "any." When the verb has </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> before it, the pattern expresses the ideas of "nobody, nothing, neither, nowhere," etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shéi dōu kéyi qù. Anyone may go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shéi dōu bù kéyi qù. No one may go.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Shénme dōu kéyi yòng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shénme dōu bù kéyi yòng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Něige dōu yíyàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Něige dōu bù qīngchu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǎr dōu kéyi qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǎr dōu méi zhèr hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">You may use anything.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You may not use anything.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Any of them would be the same.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">None of them is clear.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You can go anywhere.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No place is as good as here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> is used before the verb, the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12"> can be used in place of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shéi yě bù kéyi qù. No one can go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shénme yě bù kéyi yòng. You may not use anything.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Něige yě bù qíngchu. None of them is clear.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǎr yě méi zhèr hǎo. No place is as good as here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The "any/no" expression may be the subject or object of the sentence, or as in exchange 5, it may be the object of a prepositional verb:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mai gěi shéi dōu kéyi. It’s okay to sell it to anyone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mai gěi shéi dōu bu kéyi. It’s not okay to sell it to any-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mài gěi shéi yě bu kéyi. J one.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Fang zai nǎr dōu yíyàng. It’s the same wherever you put it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Fàng zai nǎr dōu bù yíyàng. It’s different every place you put it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dào něige yóujú qù jì dōu kéyi. It would be all right to go to any post office to mail it•</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gēn shéi shuō dōu (OR yě) méi It doesn’t matter who you tell it to. guānxi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànbuqǐ</span><span class="font12">: A resultative compound verb meaning "to look down on, to scorn, to despise." Unlike other resultative verb compounds, this one occurs only with -de- or -bu-. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Méi kànqǐ</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànqǐ le</span><span class="font12"> are very rare.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bié kànbuqǐ zhèixiē xiǎo shi. Don’t look down on these little matters.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zuì kànbuqǐ zhèiyangde rén. I despise this kind of person most.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bù yǐnggāi kànbuqǐ fùnū, nánrén Don’t look down on women. Anything</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">néng zuǒde shi, nùrén yě néng a man can do a woman can do. zuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The positive form </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàndeqǐ</span><span class="font12"> means to treat someone or something seriously because you believe them/it to be capable, important, worthy, etc. It may be translated as "to think a lot of," "to think highly of":</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ kàndeqǐ ni cái ràng nǐ guan zhèijiàn shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng ràng biérén kàndeqǐ ni, n? děi bī biérén zuò-de hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s only because I think a lot of you that I’m letting you have charge of this matter.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you want to have others think highly of you, you have to do better than they.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rénjia</span><span class="font12"> dōu juéde Xiǎo Wáng Everyone feels Xiǎo Wáng is a very shi ge hěn you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐmàod</span><span class="font12">e well-mannered child,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">háizi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rénjia</span><span class="font12">: This pronoun has a few different meanings. As used in exchange 6 it means "everyone, people (in general), they":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Rénjia dōu shuō nèige dìfang hěn People say that place is very pretty, hǎo kàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It can also mean "other people" or "someone else":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiběnr shū dàgài kéyi jiè gěi I can probably lend you this book, nī, būguò shi rénjiade, wǒ děi but it’s someone else’s. I have xiǎn wènwen. to ask them first.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Besides referring to unspecified people, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rénjia</span><span class="font12"> can also refer to specific people. Most often it refers to a specific third party, "he," "she," or ’’they":</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Rénjia bu jiè, suàn le ba.’</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ nūér you háizi le meiyou?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méiyou—rénjia bú yào.’</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ gěi rénjia, rénjia bú yào. Zěnme ban?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kàn rénjia Xiǎo Huá xuéde duo hǎo, nǐ ne.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">If he doesn’t want to lend it, then just forget it.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Has your daughter had any children yet?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No—she doesn’t want any.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I tried to give it to her, but she didn’t want it. What can you do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Look at how well Xiǎo Huá does in her studies, but you.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Renjia</span><span class="font12"> may also refer to the speaker, in other words, "l." In such a case, the speaker is being intentionally playful, witty, or cute:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ yào zenme duō?.’ Gěi rénjia yidiǎnr ma.'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Rénjia bù xǐhuan zhèizhōng diànyīng.' Wèishénme yídǐng yào qù kàn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Rénjia děng nǐ yíge zhōngtōu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jǐntiǎn shi Xǐngqǐtiān, ràng rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr ma!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">You want so much?! Come on, give me a little!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don't like this kind of movie!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why do I have to go see it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve been waiting for you for an hour.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Today's Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">1ǐmào</span><span class="font12">: "manners, etiquette," the expression in speech and behavior of modesty and respectfulness. This includes politeness of speech, saying the right things at the right times, table manners, and so on. C</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">LǏ</span><span class="font12"> is "ritual." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mào</span><span class="font12"> is "appearance."!</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Congqian zài Zhōngguo lǐmào hěn yàojǐn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Etiquette used to be very important in China.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yōu lǐmào</span><span class="font12"> means "to be well-mannered," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou lǐmào</span><span class="font12"> "to be ill-mannered."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Zhèi yǐ</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font12"> rén dōu niànguo bù shǎo shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tīngshuō tāmende </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnzi sūnnū</span><span class="font12"> xiànzài dōu ni àn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Si Shū</span><span class="font12"> ne.'</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This whole family has had quite a good education.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters are (all) studying the Four Books now!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèi yìjiā rén</span><span class="font12">: "this family" You already a noun meaning "family," for example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">women jiā</span><span class="font12">, also be used as a counter. It may be used alone ing. The translation is still "family."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">know that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font12"> can be used as "our family." But </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font12"> can or with the noun rén follow-</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèi yijiā, rénrén dōu gōngzuò, yìtiān dào wǎn méi rén zài jiā.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Everyone in that family works.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">There's no one home all day long.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Cong zhèi sānjiā rénde qíngxing, nǐ kéyi zhīdao yìxiē guānyū Zhōngguo rénde shēnghuo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">From the situations of these three families, you can learn something about the life of the Chinese.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niànguo bù shǎo shū</span><span class="font12">: Literally, "studied a lot of books." This is the GENERAL OBJECT </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shū</span><span class="font12"> which you first learned back in the Biographic Information module. It doesn't really mean "books," but anything at all which is studied. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Niàn shū</span><span class="font12"> Just means "to study, to be in school," so we translate </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niànguo bù shǎo shū</span><span class="font12"> as "to be very well educated" or "to have a good education."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sūnzi</span><span class="font12">, "grandson," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnnu</span><span class="font12">, "granddaughter" include only the children of one’s son. CThe children of one’s daughter are called </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàisūnzi</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wài-sūnnu</span><span class="font12">.i </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sūnnu</span><span class="font12"> may also have an -r ending: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnnur</span><span class="font12"> (the real Běijīng pronunciation of -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nur</span><span class="font12"> is kind of tricky; ask a native Běijīng speaker to say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnnur </span><span class="font12">for you).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Si Shū</span><span class="font12">: "the Four Books," which are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Daxué</span><span class="font12">, "The Great Learning"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōn</span><span class="font12">g-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yōng</span><span class="font12">, "The Doctrine of the Mean"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lunyǔ</span><span class="font12">, "The Analects of Confucius"; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mèngzǐ</span><span class="font12">, "Mencius." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàxué</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngyōng</span><span class="font12"> are chapters from </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǐ Jì</span><span class="font12">, "The Book of Rites," which were raised to the status of separate "books" by the Southern Song Dynasty philosopher </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhū Xī</span><span class="font12">. After the Song Dynasty, philosophers of the Idealist school looked upon the Four Books as the classics of Confucianism. Many older Chinese you meet today studied the Four Books when they were children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Tāmen jiā guòqù shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu qián</span><span class="font12"> Their family used to be rich, rén, yǒu bù shǎo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cáichǎn</span><span class="font12">. They had quite a lot of property.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ shuōde cáichǎn shi The property you’re talking</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǔdì</span><span class="font12"> ba? about is land, isn’t it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu qián</span><span class="font12">: "to be rich," literally, "to have money." You have now seen quite a few phrases built around the state verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">you yìsi to you bāngzhu to yǒu dǎolī to you xìngqu to yǒu yánjiū to</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">be interesting, to be fun</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">be helpful</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">be reasonable, to be logical</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">be interested</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">be expert</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Like other state verbs (such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo</span><span class="font12">, "to be good," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ài</span><span class="font12">, "to love," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font12">, "to be able to, to know how to,"), </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu</span><span class="font12"> can be modified by adverbs such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hěn</span><span class="font12">, "very"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēicháng</span><span class="font12">, "very, extremely"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhēn</span><span class="font12">, "really"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tài</span><span class="font12">, "too"; etc.</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">hěn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">yǒu qián.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nèiběn shū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zhēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you yìsi.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Ping</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">méi xìngqu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zenme shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shízài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">méiyou dàolǐ.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"He is very rich."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"That book is really interesting." "Lǐ Ping is the least interested." "To say that is really unreasonable.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">, of course, differs from all other state verbs in that it is made negative with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> instead of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">BÙ</span><span class="font12"> may nevertheless modify an adverb preceding </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bū tài yǒu qián.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He isn’t too rich.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">You cannot use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> in this sentence because the negation goes with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tài</span><span class="font12">, not with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu</span><span class="font12">. In fact, switching around the order of negative and adverb results in a big difference in meaning:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Bū tài you yìsi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tài méiyou yìsi.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Not too interesting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">So boring!</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you qián rén</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"wealthy people" This is a sort of compound noun, so</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">-de is not used.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùxialai</span><span class="font12"> ba, yě kéyi Stay (live) here and you can help</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gěi wǒmen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāng</span><span class="font12"> dianr us a bit.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">máng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ báitiān you kè, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ hǎo</span><span class="font12"> I have classes during the day; wǎnshang zuò diǎnr shǐ. I can only work at night.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">either mean The ending not going away.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùxialai</span><span class="font12">: "to stay; to settle down" in a place. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhù</span><span class="font12"> can "to live, to reside" or just "to stay" temporarily in a place, -xialai adds the meaning of coming to rest,</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Gang láide shihou bù zhīdao, zhùxialai yǐhǒu cái zhīdao wèishénme méi rén xǐhuan dǎo zhèige dìfang lái.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ xiǎnzǎi qù zhǎo yige lùguǎn qu.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méi guānxi, nǐ jiù zǎi wǒ jiā zhùxialai baJ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāng máng</span><span class="font12">: "to help; help" Unit 6. common.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">When you first get here you don’t know, it’s only after you’ve lived here for a while that you realize why nobody likes to come here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m going to go look for a hotel now</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s all right, why don’t you just stay at my house?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You first saw this in the Welfare module, Both are very</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Then in Unit 2 of this module, you learned </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāngzhu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bāngzhu</span><span class="font12"> is a little more formal than </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāng máng</span><span class="font12">, which is purely</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">conversational.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bāng máng</span><span class="font12"> is a verb-object phrase (literally, "help-busy,"—"help me in my busy-ness"). For example, you can say</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bāng wo yidiǎnr máng. Help me a little.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zǎi Měiguode shihou, tā He helped me a lot when I was in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bāngle wǒ bù shǎo máng. America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bāngzhu</span><span class="font12">, however, is just a verb. The word order is therefore simpler with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāngzhu</span><span class="font12"> than with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāngmáng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">bāngzhu wo.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">bāng wǒde máng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gěi wo bāng máng.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">"He helps me."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You can see that when </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāng máng</span><span class="font12"> is used, the person helped is expressed either (1) in a phrase modifying </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">máng</span><span class="font12"> or (2) in a prepositional phrase with gěi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ hǎo</span><span class="font12">: "can only, have no choice hut to"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎ zhème dàde yù, women zhǐ hǎo hú qù le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dǎjiǎ dōu hú yuǎnyi péi wo qù, wō zhǐ hǎo yíge rén qù le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oqyou yuè lai yuè guǐ, hěn duō rén zhǐ hǎo zuò gōnggòng qìchē le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Since it’s raining so hard, we have no choice hut not to go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nobody wants to go with me. All I can do is go hy myself.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">With gasoline getting more and more expensive, many people have no choice hut to take the hus.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Wō mùqin zǒng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎnxǐn</span><span class="font12"> wǒ gēge zǎi wǎihianr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǐ kù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tāmen jīge xiǎopéngyou </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hùxiǎng hang mǎng</span><span class="font12">, hú huì chǐ kǔde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎnxǐn</span><span class="font12">: "to he worried (that)"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yǐjīng shíyīdiǎn le, Xiǎo Ping hái méi huílai, tāde fùmǔ hěn dǎnxǐn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī hú hi dǎnxǐn, háizi dale, tǎ zìjī huì dǒngde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ dǎnxǐn tǎde xuéxí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ dǎnxǐn wǒ nǎinaide shēntǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ dǎnxǐn tǎ you shénme wèntí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tǎ dǎnxǐn tǎ zuòbuhǎo nèijiǎn shi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">My mother is always worried that my older brother is having a rough time away from home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">His bunch of friends help each other out. They don’t have such a rough time.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s eleven o’clock already and Xiǎo Ping hasn’t gotten back home yet. His parents are very worried.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You don’t need to worry. When the child grows up he’ll understand.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m worried about his studies.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m worried about my grandmother’s health.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m worried that he has some problem.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s worried he won’t be able to do it well.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎi wǎihianr</span><span class="font12">: Literally, "on the outside," a common way of saying "away from home" or "away from one’s hometown." The Chinese have an expression (in literary style), </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zǎi jiǎ qiǎn rì hǎo, chū wǎi yì shi nán</span><span class="font12">, "At home one thousand days are good, but when one is on the outside (away from one’s hometown) even one moment is difficult."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǐ kǔ</span><span class="font12">: "to have a rough time, to suffer hardships" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kǔ</span><span class="font12">, "bitter," when referring to life or an experience, means "hardship, suffering, pain."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tǎ chīle bù shǎo kù cái cong dǎ- He went through some rough times xué bìyè. before he graduated from college.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Méiyou chīguo zhànzhēngde’ kǔ, If you haven’t experienced the suffer-jiù bù zhīdao jīntiānde shēng- ing of war, you don’t know that our huó láide bù róngyi. life today didn’t come easily.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Neng chi kǔ</span><span class="font12"> means "to be able to take hardships," "to have fortitude."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo hěn duō rénde kànfǎ shi In China many people think that young</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">niánqīng rén yīnggāi néng chī people ought to be able to take kǔ. hardship.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā neige rén hěn néng chī kǔ, He can take a lot of hardship. Don’t bú yòng dānxīn. worry.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hùxiāng</span><span class="font12">: "mutually, reciprocally, with each other" This is an adverb, so it must go after the subject (if there is one) and before the verb.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women kéyi hùxiāng xuéxí. Nǐ We can learn from each other. You jiāo wo Yǐngwén, wō Jiāo ni teach me English and I’ll teach you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngwén. Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhànzhēng</span><span class="font12">, "war"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit b, Review Dialogue</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Early in the morning the day after Hong Kong, Lǐ Ping’s grandmother (C) is when Lǐ Ping walks in.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǎinai, nín zhēn zǎo. Wǒ mā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ne? *</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Tā ya, chūqu mǎi cai le. Erzi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">huilai le, zǒng yào duō mǎi diǎnr cài ma.’ Nǐde péngyou ne? Tā hái méiyou qǐlai La?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Qilai le, xǐ liǎn ne.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Xiǎo Ping a, nǐde péngyou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiao shénme míngzi, wǒ you wang le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Jiao ’’Tāngmǔ.’’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: 5, "Tāngmǔ," hái hǎo jì. Nǐ hé</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tā shuō, dàole zánmen jiā, Jiù shi yìjiā rén, shénme shir dōu bié kèqi. Tā yí kèqi, wǒ Jiu hù zhidao zěnme bàn hǎo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒmen huilai yǐqián zài Tāngmǔ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiā zhùle liǎngtiān, tā Laba māma duì wǒ hěn hǎo. Tāngmǔ rén yě hěn hǎo, zài Měiguode shihou, tā gěi wo bù shǎo bāngzhu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Ò, zhèiyang hǎo, niánqīng rén</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yǐnggāi hùxiāng bāng máng. Ai.’ Jìde nī yéye zài Rìběn nèi shihou, pīnmìng niàn shū, rénjia Rìběn rén háishi kànbuqǐ ya, nǎr you shénme Rìběn péngyou. Zhǐ hǎo Jīge Zhōngguo xuésheng zhù zai yìqǐ. Ai.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǎinai, guǒqùde shi Jiu bié qù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎng ta le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) arrive in straightening up the living room,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re up so early, Grandma. Where’s Mom?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, she went out to buy some groceries. When a son comes back, you’ve always got to buy some extra food. Where’s your friend? He’s not up yet, is he?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, he’s up. He’s washing his face.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Ping, what’s your friend’s name? I’ve forgotten it again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"Tom. ’’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hm, "Tom," that’s fairly easy to remember. You tell him that in our house he’s Just part of the family and he shouldn’t be polite about anything. Once he starts in with the politeness, I won’t know what to do.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Before we came back we stayed at Tom’s house for a couple of days. His parents were very nice to me. Tom is also a very good person; when we were in America, he helped me a lot.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm. That’s good. Young people ought to help each other out. (Sigh) I remember when your grandfather was in Japan, he studied like crazy, but those Japanese still looked down on him. He didn’t have any Japanese friends to speak of. The Chinese students just had to live together. (Sigh)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Grandma, don’t go thinking about things from bygone days anymore.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Questions ending in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12"> often ask the whereabouts of someone or something, hence the translation "Where’s Mom?"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Xiànzài hǎodeduō le, nǐ zài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wàibianr niàn shū, wǒ bu nàme dǎnxǐn le. ...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Tom enters. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lǐ Nǎinai , nín zǎo!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Zǎo, Tāngmǔ, zuòle yìtiān fēijǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bù duō shuì yihuǐr?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shuìgòu le. Lǐ Nǎinai, nín</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zuòzhe ba, women bāng nín shōushi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Duō you līmàode háizi!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">These days, it’s much better. I don’t worry so much about you out there studying.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Good morning, Grandma Lǐ!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Good morning, Tom. After a day on the airplane don’t you want to get some more sleep?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, I’ve gotten enough sleep. Grandma Lǐ, you sit down, we’ll straighten up for you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What a well-mannered child!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lǐ Nǎinai, nín he érzi, érxífur</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhù zai yìqǐ, sūnzi, sūnnǔ yě cháng lái, nínde fúqi zhēn hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Shéi shuō bú shi ne? Wǒ cháng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shuō, women jiāde fúqi dōu shi wǒ nà xiàoshunde érxífur dàilaide.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ nǎinai you gāi’ shuō women</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiāde lìshǐ le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lǐ Nǎinai, zhèixiē shir nín</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">gěi wǒ jiǎngjiang xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Hǎo wa. Shuōqilái huà jiu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">cháng le.’” Wǒ he Xiǎo Ping yéye dōu shi Shěnyáng rén. Rìben rén láile yǐhòu, cáichǎn ya, tǔdì ya, dōu bù néng guan le, líkāi jiā pǎo dàole Nánfāng. Xiǎo Ping bàba zài Shànghǎi niàn shū cái rànshile women zhèige érxífu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Grandma Lǐ, you’re so fortunate to live with your son and daughter-in-law, and to have your grandson and grandaughter come often.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s for sure. I often say that the good fortune of our f </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ami</span><span class="font12"> 1y was all brought to us by that filial daughter-in-law of mine.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here goes Grandma telling our family history again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Grandma Lǐ, could you tell me about these things?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sure! It’s a long story. Xiao Ping’s grandfather and I are both from Shěnyáng (Mukden). When the Japanese came, we couldn’t bother with our property or land any more; we left our home and fled to the South.. Xiǎo Ping’s father didn’t meet our daughter-in-law’ until he was going to school in Shànghǎi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">*Tom knows that this way of addressing Grandma is proper for a friend of her grandson. He intentionally calls her </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǐ Nǎinai</span><span class="font12"> as soon as he sees her in order to establish the relationship.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">”gāi: "will probably"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’’’More literally, "When it comes to telling it, the talk is long." ’’’’Notice that grandma’s phrasing shows that the woman is first a daughter-in-law, then a wife.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nei shihou nuhaizi shang da-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xuéde duō hu duō?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Méiyou xiànzài zhème duō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women érxífu jiā xiāngdāng yǒu qián, érqiě yídàjiā rén yǒu qī-hāshígè, zài Sūzhōu shéi dōu zhīdao tāmen jiā.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèiyangrde jiātíng’ guīju</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yídìng bù shǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Shéi shuō hu shi ne.’ Tāmen</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jiāde xiáojie bù néng zài wài-hianr niàn shū, zhǐ néng qīng lāoshǐ dào jiāli jiāo diǎnr Si Shū shenmede. Xiǎo Ping mǔqin juéde yíge fùnǔ yào zài shèhuìshang dull, yídìng děi chūqu niàn shū. Jiù zhèiyang, tā cái pǎo dào Shànghǎi niàn shū qu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zài nèi shihou, zhēn hu róngyi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Zài dàxuéde shíhou, Xiǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Píngde fùmǔ shi hěn hǎode péngyou, kěshi zěnme hàn ne? Women shénme dōu méiyou le, yě méiyou qián, zìjǐde érzi zěnme néng hé zhèiyangr yíwèi xiáojie jiēhūn ne? Xiǎo Ping mā hu name xiǎng. . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tā zěnme xiǎng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Tā shuō tā yào zhǎo yíge zìjǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xǐhuande rén jiēhūn, dìwei he qián dōu hu zhǒngyào. Ai, tā chile duōshao kǔ cái líkāile nèige dà jiātíng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà, nǐmen zěnme dào Xiānggǎng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lái le ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Tāmen zài Yīngguó niànwán shū</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jiù lái Xiānggǎng zuǒ shi, yìnián yǐhòu you hǎ women jiē-lai le, zhèiyangr yìjiā rén cái zài Xiānggǎng zhùxialai le. Xiànzài wǒ niánji dà le, jiāli dà shir xiǎo shir dōu shi Xiǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Were there many women who went to college in those days?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Not as many as there are now. My daughter-in-law’s family was quite rich, and there were seventy or eighty people in that one big family. Everyone in Sūzhōu knew them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A family like that must have had a strict code of behavior.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You bet they did! Their young ladies couldn’t go to school outside the home: they could only hire a teacher to come to the house and teach them a little of the Four Books and so forth. Xiǎo Ping’s mother felt that if a woman wanted to be independent in society, she had to leave home to study. That’s why she ran away to Shànghǎi to go to school.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That must have been really hard back then.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When they were in college, Xiǎo Ping’s parents were very good friends, but what were we to do? We didn’t have a thing left, and we didn’t have any money. How could our (own) son marry a young lady like that? But Xiǎo Ping’s mother didn’t think so. . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What did she think?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She said she wanted to find a person she herself liked to get married to, and that status and money weren’t important. (Sigh) What she went through to leave that big family.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well then, how did you come to Hong Kong?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When they finished school in England they came to Hong Kong to work; a year later they brought us out, and then our whole family settled here. Now that I’m getting on in years, Xiǎo Ping’s mother takes care of all the big and small matters</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ping mùqin guan. Nǐ shuō wǒ fúqi hǎo, zhēn shi yidiǎnr yě bū cuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span><span class="font12"> Nǎinai, wǒ mǎ kuài huilai le</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ba?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Kuài huilai le, women qù bǎ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zǎofàn nònghǎo ba.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A, B: Hǎo, zǒu ba.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">here at home. So when you say I’m blessed with good fortune, you’re absolutely right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Grandma, Mom will be home soon, won’t she?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. Let’s go get breakfast ready.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, let’s go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit U, Tape 2 Workbook</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You may</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a conversation between two neighbors who meet in their courtyard in Beijing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Dàjiě</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shàng bānde shàng bān, shàng xuéde shàng xué</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zuòbuliǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yí</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhàngfǔ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gāi</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"Older Sister," a familiar way of addressing a woman about one's own age or older</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">They're either at the office or at school; some are at the office and others at school</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">unable to do</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">as soon as</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to build, to construct</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">government</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">should</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Why does Older Sister Lin do all of her own housework?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What does she think of her daughter-in-law?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What can you infer about what housing is like in Older Sister Lin's neighborhood?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">k. From this conversation you can see that a daughter-in-law</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">is very important in the Chinese family. Make a list of her responsibilities.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this conversation a Chinese man invites his girlfriend over for dinner.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">pa to be afraid</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shǒuchāode handwritten</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Why is Xiao Lan hesitant to go to her boyfriend’s home for dinner?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Why does Xiao Lan think large families are difficult?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Where would the couple live if they got married? Why must they wait for a place of their own to live?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. What does Xiao Lan think of bringing to her boyfriend’s home that evening? Why?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this exercise a grandmother talks with her granddaughter.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will need the following new words and phrases:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">quánjiā rén</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">xìngkuí</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">guò rìzi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">rìzi bù hǎo guò</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">qiāo men</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise U</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">the whole family fortunately, luckily to live; to get along hard to get along to knock at the door</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What does Grandma think of the new generation of daughters-in-law?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. How does Grandma remember her own experience as a newlywed?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What is the difference between "standards of conduct" and "manners"?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Why does Grandma reprimand Xiǎo Yun? Do you think she was justified?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In Beijing, two old neighbors meet in their courtyard.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dajiě</span><span class="font12">, xī yifu na!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù xī zěnme ban, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàng bānde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàng ban, shàng xuéde shang xué</span><span class="font12">, jiālide shir hai bu shi dōu děi wǒ zuò!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Haizimen dōu mang, you nín zài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiā, gěi tamen bāng bù shǎo mángr.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ai, nianJi dà le, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòbuliāo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">duōshǎo shir le!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ kàn, nín érxífur zài jiāde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shihour, yě bāng nín zuò bù shǎo shi a.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ shuōde yidiǎnr yě bú cuò,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ nèige érxífur bǐ wǒ érzi hāo-duō le, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yí</span><span class="font12"> dào jiā, you zuò fàn, you xǐ yifu, you shōushi wūzi, ài! Kěxi wǒ bù néng shénme shir dōu kào ta ya.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wèishenme ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Rénjia duō mang! Yíge yuè cái</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">néng hui jiā yícì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà tā bù néng zài nín jiāli</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhùxialai ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù xíng a! Wūzi tài xiǎo!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Erxífur huílaile, ràng ta zhù zai nǎr?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shi a! Yàoshi you fángzi,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yijiā rén zhù zai yíkuàir, hùxiāng bāngmángr, nà you duō hǎo! Duì le, ting wǒ nuér shuō, tāmen xuéxiào nèibiānr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gàil</span><span class="font12">e hǎo duō xīn fángzi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Older Sister Lin, doing your laundry?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If I didn’t do it what would we do; everyone is either at the office or at school, don’t I have to do all the house work in the end!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Your children are all busy, but you’re at home helping them out a lot.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Sigh), I’m getting old, I can’t do very much any more!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I see that when your daughter-in-law is home she helps you do a lot of things too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re absolutely right. That daughter-in-law of mine is much better than my son. As soon as she gets to the house, she cooks and washes and straightens up the room. (Sigh), it’s too bad I can’t depend on her for everything.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why not?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She’s so busy! She can only come home once a month.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well, can’t she move in with you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That wouldn’t do! The house is too small! If my daughter-in-law came back, where would I have her stay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes! If you had enough housing, how nice it would be to have the whole family living together and helping each other. Oh yes—I hear from my daughter that a lot of new buildings have been built over by their school.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Fángzi wèntí shi ge dà shir,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngfǔ</span><span class="font12"> bú huì bù guǎn. Yǒule xǐn fangzi, zánmen jiu hǎo le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Kě bu shi ma! Dàole nèige</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shihour, nín jiu bú yòng dǎnxǐn le. Nín gēn nín érxífur yídìng néng bǎ zhèige jiā nòngde shūshufufude.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a! Nà jiu hǎo le!</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo, Lin Dàjiě, bù zǎo le,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ yě gāi hui jiā zuò fàn qu le. You shíjiān zài liáo a.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méi shir jiu lái zuòzuo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Màn zǒu a!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The housing problem is a big thing; the government wouldn’t ignore it. After we get some new housing Tin this areai we’ll be all right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s for sure! When that time comes you won’t have to worry any more. I’m sure you and your daughter-in-law will be able to make a very comfortable home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes.’ Then everything will be all right.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All right, Older Sister Lin, it’s getting late, and I should really be going back home to fix dinner. We’ll chat some more when we have time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Stop in sometime when you’re not busy. Take care!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">In Běijīng, a S^-year-old man (M) talks with his 23-year-old woman friend</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(F). They have been close friends for</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Xiǎo Lán, jǐntiǎn wǒ bàba zài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jiā, wǎnshang dào women jiā chǐ fàn ba!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Wǒ bú qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Wèishénme? Wǒ bàba rén hěn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo, nǐ bú bì dǎnxǐn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Wǒ mā shuō . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Nǐ mā shuō shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Wǒ mā shuō: nǐ jiā rén duō, nǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yéye, nǎinai hái zài, xiōngdì jiěmèi hǎojǐgè, jiāli guīju yě bù shǎo, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pà</span><span class="font12"> wǒ qùle yǐhòu chǐ kǔ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Lán, my father is home today, why don’t you have dinner at our house tonight?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m not going.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why? My father’s a very good person you don’t have to worry.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My mother said . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What did your mother say?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My mother said that you have a big family. Your grandparents are still alive, you have so many brothers and sisters, and your family has such a strict code of behavior, that she was afraid I would have a rough time after I went Ci.e., after I married you and went to live with your family!.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">“</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shūshufufude</span><span class="font12">, "very comfortable" *“</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě gāi</span><span class="font12">, "really should"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Hai, nǐ xiǎngde tài duō le, wo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nainai guòqǔ zuò érxífude shihou chǐguo hěn duō kǔ, suōyǐ tā duì wō mama tèbié hǎo, nǐ xiǎng wǒ nǎinai, wǒ mama tāmen zěnme huì rang ni chǐ kǔ ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">F: </span><span class="font12">Xiànzài dāngrán hái hǎo, yǐhòu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ne? Yídàjiā rén zhǔ zai yíkuàir, shíjiān chángle zǒng shi hěn máfande.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Zhèi yidiǎn wǒ yě xiǎngdàole,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">niánji dàle, xiǎngfa youde shihou he niánqīng rén bǔ tài yíyàng, yǐhòu youle fángzi women bānchulai jiu xíng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">F: </span><span class="font12">Shénme shíhour cái néng yǒu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">fángzi ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Bié jí, wǒ xiǎng bǔ huì děng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hěn cháng shíjiānde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">F: </span><span class="font12">Èng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Nàme, jīntiān wǎnshang dào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">women jiā qu, hǎo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Mm . . . Jīntiān wǎnshang dōu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yǒu shéi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Zhǐ yǒu wǒ bàba, māma, hé wǒ,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiōngdì jiěmèi dōu bǔ zài.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Nà, yéye, nǎinai ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Yéye nǎinai hē cháde shihou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">guòlai zuò yixiar, ránhòu jiu hui tāmen wūzi xiūxi qu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Tōuyicì qǔ, wǒ dài diǎnr</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shénme hǎo a?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Shénme dōu bǔ yào dài.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh come on, you’re thinking too much. Back when my grandmother was a daughter-in-law she had quite a rough time, so she’s particularly good to my mother. Really, how could my grandmother and mother give you a hard time.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of course it’s okay now, but how about later on? When a large family lives together, it always gets difficult after a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve thought of that too. When people get older, their way of thinking is sometimes kind of different from young people. Afterwards when we get a place Cof our own] we’ll move out, and then it will be all right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And when will we be able to get a place to live?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t worry, I don’t think we’ll have to wait too long.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Then, how about going to our house tonight?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm . . . Who’s going to be there tonight?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Just my father, mother, and I. None of my brothers and sisters will be there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What about your grandparents?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">They’ll come out and sit for a while when we have tea, and then they’ll go back to their room to rest.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What should I bring, since this is my first visit?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t bring anything at all.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">"</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fángzi</span><span class="font12"> here refers to any type of housing, including an apartment or just a room. The housing situation in Běijīng is so tight that this couple will probably have to wait months to get one room.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Na zěnme xíng? Tǐngshuō nǐ</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">yéyede zì xiěde hěn hǎo a?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Shǐ a, zěnme la?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Wǒ hàha you yítǎo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǒuchāode</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Si Shū, song gěi nǐ yéye hǎo hu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Na tài hǎo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">F: Wǒ hui jiā shōushi yixiar jiu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">M: Děng yihuǐr wǒ lái jiē ni a.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Èi!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How can I do that? I hear your grandfather is very good at writing characters?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s right. Why?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My father has a handwritten copy of the Four Books. How about if I give it to your grandfather?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That would be great.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m going to go home now to straighten up a bit and then I’ll be right there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll come and get you in a while.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Conversation between a grandmother</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎo Yun na.’ Bādiǎn ban le,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hai bu qǐlai.’</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǎinai, jintiān shi Xīngqītiān,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">rang rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr ma.’</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎnzǎide niánqīng rén zhēn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">you fūqi, shuì dao bādiǎn ban hái bu xiǎng qǐ. Women zuò érxífu-de shihou, wǔdiǎn zhōng jiu děi qǐlai, zuò </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">quánjiā rénd</span><span class="font12">e zǎofǎn le, nǎr néng shuì dao bādiǎn ban?!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà dōu shi guǒqùde shir le!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shi a. Guǒqùde shi, zhēn shi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">méi bǎnfar shuō. Wǒ gēn nǐ yéye jiēhūnde shihou, nǐ yéye Jiā hěn you qián, yě you bù shǎo tǔdì, wǒmen jiāli méi shenme cáichǎn, dǎole rénjia jiāli, yídàjiā rén dōu kǎnzhe wǒ zhèige xīn láide érxífu. Zěnme ban ne? Wǒ zhī-hǎo zuǒle zhèiyangr zuǒ nèi-yangr*, yìtiān dǎo wǎn méiyou tíngde shihou. Ai! </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xìngkuī</span><span class="font12"> nǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuǒle zhèiyangr zuǒ nèiyangr</span><span class="font12">: ’’After i.e., "do one task after another."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">and granddaughter in Běijīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Yun! It’s half past eight, aren’t you getting up!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Grandma, today’s Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Young people today are so fortunate. They sleep until eight-thirty and still don’t want to get up. When we were daughters-in-law, we had to get up at five o’clock and make breakfast for the whole family. Who could sleep until eight-thirty!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Those are all things of the past!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. The things of the past are really sad to recall. When I married your grandfather, his family was rich and had a lot of land. Our family didn’t have much property. When I arrived in his household, everyone in that huge family stared at me, the new daughter-in-law. What could I do? Just keep slaving away. I didn’t stop the whole day long. (Sigh) It’s a good thing your grandfather</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">having done this thing, do that thing,"</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">yéye shi ge hao rén, wode </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rìzi </span><span class="font12">cái hǎo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guò</span><span class="font12"> yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiànzài bù tong le, xiànzài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">niánqīng rén jiéhūn yīhòu hú yòng zài dǎnxǐn zhèixiē le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Kěshi guīju háishi děi you a!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Dei you lǐmào, jiǎli lǎorén dōu qǐlai le, nǐ hái shuì zài chuángshang, nà zěnme xíng?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo le, hǎo le, nǎinai, wǒ mǎ-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shàng jiu qǐlai le. Nī tīng, shéi zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiǎo men</span><span class="font12"> na?!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hái wen shenme?’ Hái hu shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nīde péngyou lái le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Láojià, láojià, hǎo nǎinai,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nín qù kǎi mén ha, wǒ kuài hǎ wūzi shōushi yixiar.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ jiù qù, kuài</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shōushi ha!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">was a good man; that’s the only thing that made life a little easier.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Things are different now. Now young people don’t have to worry about that sort of thing after they get married.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But you still have to have standards of conduct! You have to have manners. If the old people in the family are up and you’re still in hed sleeping, is that any way to act?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, okay, grandma. I’ll get up right away. Listen, who’s knocking at the door?.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You have to ask? It’s your friend, of course.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, please, please, would you go get the door, dear grandma? I’ll straighten the room real quickly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, I’ll get it right away. You hurry and straighten up.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">°</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hái</span><span class="font12">, "still" is used in rhetorical questions; here it implies "The answer to your question is so obvious, why are you still asking?" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shénme</span><span class="font12">, here in the neutral tone, means "why, what for" rather than "what."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">°</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hái bu shi</span><span class="font12"> is used in rhetorical questions; literally, it means, "Is it not still (a case of...)," or in more colloquial English, "Could it be anything but...." Here, it is best translated as "of course."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">°</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎo nǎinai</span><span class="font12">: A rather theatrical, humorously cajoling form of address, "dear grandma." The girl uses this term in order to get her grandmother to do her the favor of answering the front door.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">UNIT 5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo</span><span class="font12">, "whether... or"</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cai</span><span class="font12"> marking necessary condition.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wèile</span><span class="font12">, "in order to."</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5- Comparison of two words for "afterwards," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulǎi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Functional Language Contained in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Inquiring about customs in the culture.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Expressing that you don’t understand something and asking another’s interpretation of it.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Expressing that you don’t see the value of something and asking another's point of view on it.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">4. Expressing partial agreement, specifying one's reservations.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">1.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi liǎngnián, nǐmende </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōurù</span><span class="font12"> zěnmeyàng?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">What has your income been like the past couple of years?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi liǎngnián, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongyè shēngchǎn</span><span class="font12"> qíngkuàng bu cuò, shōurù yě hái hǎo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">The past couple of years, agricultural production conditions have been pretty good, and our income has been all right, too.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuōfǎ</span><span class="font12"> wǒ méi ting-dong, nǐ tǐng</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">míngbai </span><span class="font12">le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">I didn’t understand the way he said that. Did you understand it?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Méiyou, wǒ yě méi tīngmíngbai, érqiě zhèige </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tímu</span><span class="font12"> yě tài nán le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">No, I didn’t understand it either.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Moreover this topic is too hard.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Tā wèishénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎohūn</span><span class="font12">?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Qùnián tā fùqin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12"> le, méi rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàogu</span><span class="font12"> ta, zhǐ hǎo jiehūn le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Duōshù</span><span class="font12"> rén dōu xǐhuan zìyou.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kěshi, hú shi hěn duō rén néng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dédao</span><span class="font12"> zìyou.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Weile</span><span class="font12"> néng hùxiāng zhàogu, tāmen yìjiā sān</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dài</span><span class="font12"> zhù zai yiqi.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Tīngshuō cóngqián, nǐmen zhèli you hěn duō you yìside </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hòulái</span><span class="font12"> gōngshāngyè fādá le, fēngsú yě </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎibiàn </span><span class="font12">le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">11. láodòng</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">12. láolì</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">13. gōngyè</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">11. shāngyè</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">15. dàduōshù(r)</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">16. huó</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">17- xíguàn</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">18. ting</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Why did she get married early?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Last year her father died and there was no one to take care of her. All she could do was get married.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Most people like freedom.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But not many people can obtain freedom.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All three generations live together so that they can take care of each other.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve heard that in the past you had a lot of interesting customs here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. Later, when industry and commerce developed, customs changed, too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to labor; labor</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">labor force, labor</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">industry</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">business, commerce</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">the great majority</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to live; to become alive; to survive; to be live/alive/living; to be movable/moving</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">habit, custom, usual practice; to be accustomed to, to be used to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to heed, to obey (someone’s orders)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">bǎochí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to keep, to preserve, to maintain</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">only in that case, only under this condition</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàduōshù(r)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-dài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">the great majority</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">generation (counter); era, (historical) period</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">de dédao duōshù(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to get</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to get</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">the majority of, most of</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">fādá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be (highly) developed, to be flourishing, to be prosperous</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">fēngsú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">custom(s)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">gǎibiàn gōngyè gōngshāngyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to change</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">industry</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">industry and commerce</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">hǎochù hòulái huó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">benefit, advant age</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">later, afterwards</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to live; to become alive; to survive; to be live/alive/living; to be movable/moving</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">láodòng láodònglì láolì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to labor</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">labor force, labor; able-bodied persor labor force, labor</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">míngbai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to understand, to be clear on, to comprehend; to be clear, to be obvious</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nóngyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">agriculture</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">shāngyè shēngchǎn shōurù shuōfǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">commerce, business</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to produce; production</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">income, earnings</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">way of saying a thing; statement, version, argument</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">sǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to die</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">tímu (tímù)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">topic, subject; title; (test) question, problem</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">ting tóngyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to heed, to obey (someone’s orders) to agree, to consent; agreement, consent</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wèile</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">in order to; for the purpose of; for the sake of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lUT</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">xíguàn habit, custom, usual practice; to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">be accustomed to, to be used to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">. . .yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo whether...or...; both...and...</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yě jiù you hǎochù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">accordingly, correspondingly, so to be beneficial, to be good (for)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">zǎohūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">early marriage; child marriage; to marry as a child, to marry early</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zhàngfu zhǎogu zhèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">husband</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to take of; care</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">just, precisely, right</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Xué pinyin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě hǎo</span><span class="font12">, bù xué pinyin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě hǎo</span><span class="font12">, Zhōngguo zì zong děi xue.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, zhèiyang Zhōngguo wénhuà </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12"> néng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎochíx</span><span class="font12">iàqù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Whether you study romanization or not, you’ll always have to study Chinese characters.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, this is the only way Chinese culture can continue to be preserved.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Jiāli </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">láodònglì</span><span class="font12"> duō, shēnghuo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě jiù</span><span class="font12"> huì hǎo yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kěshi xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng yǒu shénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎochù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Zài nàr xiě zìde neige rén shi bu shi tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàngfu?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zheng</span><span class="font12"> shi tā!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gōngshāngyè fādá</span><span class="font12"> you shénme haochù?Nali dōu name zāng!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèi yìdiǎn wǒ bù </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōngyì, </span><span class="font12">gōngshāngyè fādá you bù shǎo hǎochù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">If a family has more manpower, then it follows that life will be a little better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But now it’s not necessarily an advantage to have a lot of people.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is that person writing over there her husband?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s him all right!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What benefit is there in having a flourishing industry and commerce? It’s so dirty everywhere!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t agree with that. There are a lot of benefits to having a flourishing industry and commerce.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Zhèi liSngnián, nīmende </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōurù</span><span class="font12"> zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèi liSngnián, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongyè shēngchǎn</span><span class="font12"> qíngkuàng hú cuò, shōurù yě hái hao.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What has your income heen like the past couple of years?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">These past couple of years agricultural production conditions have heen pretty good, and income is all right, too.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèiliǎngnián</span><span class="font12">: See Unit U, Notes on No. 3-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōurù</span><span class="font12">: "income, earnings" While in English you say "income" is "large" or "small," in Chinese you say "much" (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō</span><span class="font12">) or "little" (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǎo</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde shōurù hù shao. Her income isn’t small. (lit., "little")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde shōurù hú tài duō. His income isn’t very high.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēngchǎn</span><span class="font12">: "to produce (agricultural or industrial products), to manu-facture (industrial products); production, operation (of a plant)"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nīmen dōu shēngchǎn shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yōu rén shuō xiāngxiade shēngchǎn hé shēnghuo qíngkuàng hǎo yìdiǎn le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wō zhǎo Lī Guoqiáng.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duìhuqī, xiànzài shi shēngchǎn shíjiān, hù néng zhǎo rén.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What (all) do you produce?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Some people say that production and living conditions in the countryside have gotten somewhat better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m looking for Lī Guoqiáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m sorry, it’s production time now You can’t visit people.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: Tāde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuōfǎ</span><span class="font12"> wō méi tīng-dōng, nī tīn</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gmínghai </span><span class="font12">le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méiyou, wō yě méi tīngmínghai, érqiě zhèige </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tímu</span><span class="font12"> yě tài nán le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I didn’t understand the way he said that. Did you understand it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, I didn’t understand it either.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Moreover, this topic is too hard.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mínghai</span><span class="font12">: "to he clear on, to understand," literally, "hright-white" This is an adjectival verh which may or may not he followed hy an object:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài wō míngbai le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Now I see.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wō míngbai nīde yìsi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I understand what you mean.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gāngcǎi nǐ you gěi wǒ jiǎngle Now that you've just explained it to yícǐ, wo bǐjiǎo míngbai le. me again, I understand it better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Míngbai</span><span class="font12"> can also be used to mean "to be clear, to be obvious," as in:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèijiàn shìqing hěn míngbai. This matter is very clear/obvious.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngmíngbai</span><span class="font12">: "to hear and understand" This is a compound verb of result with an adjectival verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">míngbai</span><span class="font12"> indicating the result. As just stated </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">míngbai</span><span class="font12"> can mean either "to understand" or "to be clear," but </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tingmíngbai </span><span class="font12">means only "to understand by listening," NOT "to hear clearly." Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngqǐng-chu</span><span class="font12"> to mean "to hear clearly."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuótiānde ke wǒ yidiǎnr dōu tīngbumíngbai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I couldn't understand a thing in yesterday's class.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Gāngcāi lǎoshí shuōde wo méi tīngqīngchu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I didn't hear (clearly) what the teacher just said.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Another verb of perception which can take </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">míngbai</span><span class="font12"> to show the result is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàn</span><span class="font12">, "to see, to read."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kàn méi kànmíngbai zhèige Did you understand the (test) question</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tímu? (when you read it)?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As a compound verb of result, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tingmíngbai</span><span class="font12"> can take the syllables -de- and -bu- to add the meaning of "can" and "can't." (For the following example you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàiwén</span><span class="font12">, "foreign language," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù guǎn</span><span class="font12">, "no matter.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gang xué yìzhong wàiwénde shihou, When you're just beginning to study bù guǎn tīngdemíngbai tǐngbu- a foreign language, it's good for</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">míngbai, duō ting duì nǐ yídìng you to listen a lot whether you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">you hǎochù. understand or not.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tímu</span><span class="font12">: This noun has three commonly used meanings: (1) "topic, subject," (2) "title," and (3) "question, problem" (e.g., on a test or in an exercise).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒmen jīntiān huàn yíge tan huàde tímu, tányitǎn shēnghuó fāngmiànde shi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Today let's change the topic of conversation and chat about things from daily life.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiběn shūde tímu shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguó-</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The title of this book is Chinese</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de Shèhuì</span><span class="font12">."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Society</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuótiān kǎoshìde tímu name duō, wǒ zhēn bù zhīdao xiān zuò něige hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">There were so many problems on yesterday's test, I didn't know which to do first.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiyangde tímu wǒ zài gāozhōng de shihou dōu zuòguo, xiànzài dōu wangle.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I did this sort of problems when I was in senior high school, but now I have forgotten all about them.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāozhōng</span><span class="font12">, "senior high," short for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎojí zhōngxué</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Xué pinyin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě hǎo</span><span class="font12">, bù xué pinyin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě hǎo</span><span class="font12">, Zhōngguo zì zǒng děi xué.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, zhèiyang Zhōngguo wénhuà </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cai</span><span class="font12"> néng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎochíx</span><span class="font12">iàqù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Whether you study roma.ni y.a+.ì nn or not, you’ll always have to study Chinese characters.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, this is the only way Chinese culture can continue to be preserved.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">. . . yě hǎo, . .. yě hǎo:</span><span class="font12"> This pattern can mean either (1) ’’whether... or... ”</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">or (2) ’’both. . . and....’’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ qù yě hǎo, bú qù yě hǎo, wo yídìng qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā ting yě hǎo, bù ting yě hǎo, zǒng you yìtiān tā huì míngbaide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā lái yě hǎo, bù lái yě hǎo, zánmen xiān chī fàn ba.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ qù yě hǎo, huòshi wō qù yě hǎo, zǒng děi you yíge rén qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the review dialogue, you will see an and..</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Buguò wō xiǎng, dàlù yě hǎo, Tái-wān yě hǎo, jǐshínián lái dōu yōule hěn dàde gǎibiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo rén yě hǎo, Měiguo rén yě hǎo, dōu yīnggāi bǎochí tāmende wénhuà chuántōng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Whether or not you are going, I'm going for sure.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Whether he listens or not, there'll be a day when he understands.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Whether or not he comes, let's start eating.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Whether you go or I go, somebody has to go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">example of the second meaning, "both...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But I think that both the mainland and Taiwan have undergone big changes in the past few decades.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chinese people and American people should both preserve their cultural heritage.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12">: You've already seen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cái</span><span class="font12"> in talking about TIME ("not until") as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zuotiān cái láide</span><span class="font12">, "He didn't come until yesterday." Here you see another use of cái, "not unless." It points out a NECESSARY CONDITION.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèijiàn shi,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">tā guǎn</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">cái xíng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">As for this</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">(if) he takes</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">only in that</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">case</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">matter,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">care of it,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">will it be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">okay.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">"it won't be okay unless he takes care of this matter."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are other examples:</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Shi ge Zhèiyang Piānyi Nǐ qù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèitào pānziwǎn you kèren lāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">cāi gòu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">cāi hǎo. wǒ cāi mǎi. wǒ cāi qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ cāi yòng.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"No fewer than ten is enough." "Only in this way is it good." "I won’t huy it unless it’s cheap." "I won't go unless you do." "I don’t use this set of dishes</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">unless I have guests."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎochí:</span><span class="font12"> "to keep, to preserve, to maintain"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Yàoshi nǐ néng hǎochí měitiān jì’ sìge xǐn zì, yìniān kéyi jì yìqiān duō ge zì le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo shèhuì hěn duō dìfang dōu hǎochízhe lǎode fēngsú xíguǎn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">If you can keep on memorizing four new characters a day, you'll he ahle to memorize over a thousand a year.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There are a lot of places in Chinese society which are still holding on to old customs and hahits.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font14">U.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Jiāli </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāodònglì</span><span class="font12"> duō, shēnghuo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě jiù</span><span class="font12"> huì hǎo yidiǎnr.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">If a family has more manpower, then it follows that life will be a little better.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Keshi xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng you shénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎochù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">But now it's not necessarily an advantage to have a lot of people.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. h</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāodònglì</span><span class="font12">: "work force," literally "lahor-power"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Fùnu zài nóngcūn shi xiāngdāng In rural areas, women are a very zhòngyàode lāodònglì. important source of labor.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lāodònglì</span><span class="font12"> may also he used to refer to ahle-hodied individuals who do manual labor:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen jiā you jǐge lāodònglì? How many able-bodied persons are there in their family?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You sìge ban lāodònglì. There are four and a half. (The half</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">may be a child or an older person who cannot do as much work.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-lì hy itself means "power" or "ability," and is used in combinations:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nénglì ability rénlì manpower</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">diànlì electric power tīnglì hearing ability</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">huōlì firepower; thermal shuǐlì water power, hydraulic</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dònglì motivating power, force, power</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">impetus, driving force</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">°Jì, "to remember," can also mean "to commit to memory."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě Jiù</span><span class="font12">: "accordingly," literally "also then" Other translations for this are "correspondingly," "so." The tone of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12"> is often neutral.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā duì wǒ hěn hu kèqi, wo yě Jiu "bù gēn tā shuō huà le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo Jiao ta bu yào bāng wo xǐ wan, tā yídìng yào xí, wǒ yě Jiu ràng ta xǐ le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ shi liangnián yǐqián xuéde Zhōngwén kěshi yìzhí mei Jihui shuō, yě Jiu wàng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎng qù, kěshi méi biérén yào qù, yě Jiu suàn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo gang xué Zhōngwénde shíhou, hěn zhùyì fāyīn, shíjiān chángle yě Jiu bù guǎn le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He was very rude to me, so I won’t talk with him anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I told him not to help me wash the dishes, but he insisted, so I let him wash them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I studied Chinese two years ago, but I never had the chance to speak it, so I forgot it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I wanted to go, but nobody else did, so I said the heck with it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When I first started studying Chinese I payed a lot of attention to pronunciation, but as time went on, I stopped paying attention to it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎochù</span><span class="font12">: "benefit, advantage" You may also hear </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎochù</span><span class="font12"> (Neutral-tone -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chu</span><span class="font12">). The phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu hǎochù</span><span class="font12"> means "to be advantageous, to be beneficial."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ tiāntiān dōu he Jiǔ you shénme hǎochù.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">What good does it do you to drink every day.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Use the pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duì...yǒu hǎochù</span><span class="font12"> for "to be good for..., to be of benefit to..</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: You rén shuō he piJiǔ duì shěntǐ you hǎochù.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù yídìng ba, wǒ you xuěyā gāo, duì wo méi shenme hǎochù.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Some people say that it is good for the health (body) to drink beer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Not necessarily! I have high blood pressure. It’s not good for me.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Women yíkuàir niàn shū duì liǎngge rén dōu yǒu hǎochù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">It would be advantageous to both of us to study together.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén Is that person writing over there shi bu shi tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàngfu</span><span class="font12">? her husband?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zheng</span><span class="font12"> shi tā! That’s him all right!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén</span><span class="font12">: ’’the person writing over there" Notice once again that the preferred word order is to put the specifier-number-counter between the modifying phrase and the noun.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Specifier-Number-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Modifying phrase</span><span class="font12">____________</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Counter</span><span class="font12">__________</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Noun</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">xiě zìde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nèige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">rén</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">hěn hǎo kànde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nèi sānge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nuháir</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">It is also possible to put the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige</span><span class="font12"> at the head of the phrase (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige xiě zìde rén</span><span class="font12">) but especially in longer phrases it sounds better to keep </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèige</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige</span><span class="font12"> close to the noun, as in the Reference List sentence above.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèng</span><span class="font12">: "just, right, exactly, precisely Like other adverbs, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèng</span><span class="font12"> is placed in front of a verb.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo zheng yao zhao ni shangliang zhèijiàn shìqing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ chuān zhèige yánsè zhèng héshì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ yào kànde zhèng shi zhèiběn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuótiān lái kàn nǐde zhèng shi zhèige rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèng shi yǐnwei zhèige, tā cái zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù shi</span><span class="font12"> is more colloquial than </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèng </span><span class="font12">shi tā!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I was just looking for you to talk about this matter.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This color is just right for you (to wear).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is just the book I want to read.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is precisely the person who came to see you yesterday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s precisely why he left.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shi. For 5B, you could also say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gōngshāngyè fādá</span><span class="font12"> you shénme hǎochù? Náli dōu nàme zāng!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèi yìdiǎn wǒ bú </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōngyì</span><span class="font12">, gōngshāngyè fādá you bù shǎo hǎochù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What benefit is there in having a flourishing industry and commerce? It’s so dirty everywhere!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t agree with that. There are a lot of benefits to having a flourishing industry and commerce.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngshāngyè</span><span class="font12">: ’’industry and commerce’’ This is a compound of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngyè </span><span class="font12">’’industry'* and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shāngyè</span><span class="font12">, "commerce. ’’ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gōngyè</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongyè</span><span class="font12"> can also combine as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngnongyè</span><span class="font12">, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngnongyè shēngchǎn</span><span class="font12">, "industrial and agricultural production."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fādá</span><span class="font12">: "to be developed, to be well-developed; to be prosperous, to be flourishing" This is an adjectival verb, that is, it describes a state or condition. A literal translation of the Reference List sentence above might be: "(For) industry-commerce to be flourishing, there is what benefit?" In addition to describing industry, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fādá</span><span class="font12"> can be used to describe a person’s muscular build or a developed country.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige guójiā hěn fādá. This country is very prosperous.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen nàrde wenhuà hěn fādá. The culture there is very developed.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t confuse the state verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fādá</span><span class="font12"> with the action verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāzhǎn</span><span class="font12">, which can take an object, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāzhǎn nongyè</span><span class="font12">, "to develop agricultureT”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli dōu...</span><span class="font12">: "everywhere" Here you see another example of a question word (here </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span><span class="font12"> "where") used to mean "every..." or "any..." In order to get such a meaning, you must use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náli</span><span class="font12"> (or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shéi</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shenme</span><span class="font12">, etc.) before </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12">. Notice that the question word can come in various places in the sentence.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Q: Tā xiàtiān xiǎng qù shénme dìfang?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā shénme dìfang dōu bú qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Q: Shéi yào qù nèibiānr kāi huì?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shéi dou qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zěnme zuò dōu bù xíng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Where is he going this summer?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He is not going anywhere.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Who is going to the meeting there?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Everybody is going.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Any way you do it, it Just doesn’t work.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongyì</span><span class="font12">: "to agree, to consent; agreement, consent" As a verb, the meaning of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongyì</span><span class="font12"> is the same as in English. But there is a difference in how you say WHO it is you agree with. In Chinese, you don’t agree with a person; you agree with an idea, opinion, statement, etc. In sentence </span><span class="font2" style="font-variant:small-caps;">6b,</span><span class="font12"> the object </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi yìdiǎn</span><span class="font12"> is up front in the sentence. Notice the placement of the object in the sentences below.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde xiǎngfa ní tongyì ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you agree with his opinion?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo tongyì tāde kànfa.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I agree with him (his ideas).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">CAUTION: Often speakers of English want to say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn...tongyì</span><span class="font12"> because we say "agree with..." in English, but there is no such form in Chinese. Instead, use the last example above. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongyì</span><span class="font12"> may also be directly followed by a clause, as in</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bù tongyì tāmen jiēhūn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">He doesn’t approve of (OR won’t agree to) their getting married.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As a noun, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongyì</span><span class="font12"> means "agreement” or "consent."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Women xūyào tāmende tongyì cái néng zuò zhèijiàn shi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">We need their consent before we can do this.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Tā wèishénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zāohūn?</span><span class="font12"> Why did she get married early?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Qùnián tā fùqin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12"> le, méi Last year her father died and there rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàogu</span><span class="font12"> ta, zhǐ hao was no one to take care of her, so</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jiēhūn le. all she could do was get married.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exchange illustrates that old ways of thinking persist in China today. Although in urban areas an increasing number of women are self-sufficient, great variations in social and economic conditions are starkly obvious in a comparison of city and country life.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zāohūn</span><span class="font12">: "early marriage" This can refer to two different things, sometimes causing confusion.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">First, it refers to the Chinese practice of marrying a young girl off long before she was an adult in order to bring some money into her parents’ home and to add to the number of able-bodied workers in her in-laws’ home. Her "husband" was also very young—as young as twelve to fourteen years old, and often younger than she.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Second, these days </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zāohūn</span><span class="font12"> can simply mean marrying at a somewhat younger age than is normally expected. This is the meaning in exchange 7-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ershisìsuì jiēhūn zěnme néng How can you say getting married at</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shuō shi zāohūn? twenty-four is early marriage?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo guòqù dàduōshù rén dōu In the past most people in China zāohūn. married at an early age.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12">: "to die" This is a process verb, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìng</span><span class="font12"> "to become ill, to get sick," and therefore corresponds to the English "to become dead" rather than "to be dead." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sǐ</span><span class="font12"> is a process verb; it describes an instantaneous change of state. In English one can say of a person with a terminal illness that he "is dying," but this cannot be translated directly into Chinese. Rather, one must say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā kuài (yào) sǐ le</span><span class="font12">, "He is about to die," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā huōbuliāo duō jiǔ le</span><span class="font12">, "He won’t live much longer," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā huōbucháng le</span><span class="font12">, "He hasn’t long to live."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tīngshuō Lāo Liūde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lāo Liu’s father has died.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12"> is not usually negated with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12">, but rather with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái méi </span><span class="font12">(even when it corresponds to English "to be dead").</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèi shihou, tā fùqin méi sǐ, At that time, his father was alive,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kéyi chángcháng zhàogu ta. and was able to take care of him.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sǐ</span><span class="font12"> can "be used directly "before a noun as an adjective meaning "dead." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi side</span><span class="font12"> may "be used to mean ”is dead.”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi shi yìtiáo sǐ yu. This is a dead fish.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèitiáo yu shi side. This fish is a dead one OR This</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">fish is dead.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sǐ may he considered "blunt and uncouth or inauspicious when used for people. To he respectful, use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqu le</span><span class="font12">, ’’passed away,” or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùshì le</span><span class="font12">, ’’left the world.” Sometimes you can avoid saying </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12"> hy using </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái zài</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái huozhe</span><span class="font12">, ’’still living,” e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nèi shihou tā yeye hái zài/hái huozhe</span><span class="font12">, ”At that time, his grandfather was still living.” (See Notes on No. 15-)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In some parts of traditional China, the usage of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12"> was affected hy superstition. This is especially true in Taiwan. Even today, during the lunar New Year holidays, some traditionalists take pains to avoid uttering </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12">, ”to die,” lest they he plagued hy had luck and death in the clan for the next twelve months. In Taiwan, the superstition extends to the similar-sounding word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">si</span><span class="font12">, ’’four.” Some hospitals have no fourth floor; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sìlou</span><span class="font12">, ’’fourth floor,” could too easily become </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐlou</span><span class="font12">, ’’death floor,” in rapid speech. For a similar reason, some motorists refuse to drive cars with license plates hearing the number h. And if money is given as a wedding present, the figure must not contain the number h, or the donor would be guilty of wishing death on the couple.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàogu</span><span class="font12">: ’’to look after, to take care of; care” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You zhàogu</span><span class="font12"> can mean ’’to be well taken care of, to receive good treatment.” (For the first example, you need to know that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yòueryuán</span><span class="font12"> means ’’kindergarten.”)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Háizimen zài Jiāli bǐ zài yòuér-yuánli you zhàogu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yíge rén zài jiā, méiyou zhàogu bù xíng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bìngde hěn lìhai, xūyào tèbié-(de) zhàogu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde háizi duì tā hěn hǎo, tāde shēnghuó you zhàogu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The children get better care at home than they would at kindergarten.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">With his being all alone at home, it won’t do for him to be without care.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He is very ill and needs special care.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">His children are very good to him;</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">his daily needs are well taken care of.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Duōshù</span><span class="font12"> rén dōu xǐhuan zìyou. Most people like freedom.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kěshi, hú shi hěn duō rén néng But not many people can obtain </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dédao</span><span class="font12"> zìyou. freedom.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōshù(r)</span><span class="font12">: "majority, most," literally, "the larger number" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dàduōshù(r) </span><span class="font12">is "the great majority." In many instances, there isn’t much difference in meaning between </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōshù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàduōshù</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Duōshù</span><span class="font12"> can be used to modify a noun, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōshùdǎng</span><span class="font12">, "the majority party," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōshù mínzú</span><span class="font12">, "majority nationalities." CThe opposite of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōshù</span><span class="font12"> is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǎoshù</span><span class="font12">, "minority." See Traveling in China module, Unit 1.J</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font12">: "it is not the case that" To translate the subject "not many people" into Chinese, you need to use a verb (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12">). You can’t put bù directly before </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hěn duō rén</span><span class="font12">. Other examples:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige dìfang, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi</span><span class="font12"> nǐ xiǎng qù jiù kéyi qù(de), nǐ děi xiān dédao tongyì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bú shi</span><span class="font12"> wǒ bú yuànyi gēn ni jiēhūn , shi wǒ fùmǔ bù tongyì.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You can’t go there any time you want You need to get approval first.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s not that I don’t want to marry you; it’s that my parents don’t approve.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dé</span><span class="font12">: "to get, to receive" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dé</span><span class="font12"> is much more limited than English "to get." Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dé</span><span class="font12"> only for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">passively</span><span class="font12"> receiving a prize, a degree, a grade, and the like. (For these examples, you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎoshì</span><span class="font12">, "test"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yōu</span><span class="font12">, "excellent" Fused in mainland schools like the grade "A" in the U.S.!; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēn</span><span class="font12">, "points"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎng</span><span class="font12">, "prize"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuǒshì</span><span class="font12">, "Master’s degree.’’)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuótiānde kǎoshì wǒ déle ge I got an "A" on yesterday’s test,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"you."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tǎ déle yìbǎi fēn. He got 100 (points).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shéi dé jiǎng le? Who won the prize?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shi něiniǎn déde shuǒshì? What year did he receive his Master’s</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">degree?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">De</span><span class="font12"> is also used for "contracting" diseases. (in the second example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎnwěiyǎn </span><span class="font12">is "appendicitis.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā dé bìng le, bù néng qù le. He came down with something and cannot go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā déle lānwěiyán, děi mǎshǎng He got appendicitis and had to be kāi dāo. operated on immediately.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dedao</span><span class="font12">: "to receive, to get, to gain, to obtain" Add the ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> to the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> to get the meaning of successful obtaining (cf. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièdao</span><span class="font12">, "to successfully borrow," in Unit 1).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng He left immediately after getting jiù zǒu le. his passport.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā gēn ta jiēhūn, jiù shi xiǎng dédao tāde qián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hěn duō rén débudào zìyóu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā cóng zhèli débudào shenme hǎochù.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He only married her to get her money.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Many people are unable to obtain freedom.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He won’t be able to gain anything from this.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">"To get" in English often means to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">actively</span><span class="font12"> seek to obtain a thing. In those cases, do not use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dé(dào)</span><span class="font12">. Use such verbs as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ná/nádào/nálai</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎo/zhǎodào/ zhǎolai</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nòngdao/nònglai</span><span class="font12">, or a more specific verb such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎi</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yào</span><span class="font12"> ("to ask for"), </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiè</span><span class="font12">; and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐng(lai)</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiào(lai)</span><span class="font12"> for "getting" people.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Wèile</span><span class="font12"> néng hùxiāng zhàogu, All three generations live together</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tāmen yìjiā sā</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ndài</span><span class="font12"> zhù zai so that they can take care of each</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yìqǐ. other.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèile</span><span class="font12">: "in order to, for the purpose of; for the sake of" A phrase with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèile</span><span class="font12"> may come at the very front of the sentence or after the subject.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā wèile yào dào Zhōngguo qù Because he wants to go to China to gōngzuǒ, suóyi xiànzài zài xué work, he is studying Chinese now. Zhōngwén ne.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile kàn diànyǐng, tā méi qù He didn’t go to class so he could go shàng kè. see a movie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wèile</span><span class="font12"> may also come after </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèijiàn shi dōu shi wèile tā. This was done all for him.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This prepositional verb covers a range of meanings falling under the categories of (1) benefit, (2) purpose, or (3) motive. It is sometimes hard to pinpoint exactly which of these meanings is the one expressed by a particular sentence.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Benefit, sake</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ wèile tā cái láide. I came only for his sake.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ wánquán shi wèile nǐ. I am (doing this) entirely for your</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">sake.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Purpose, goal</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile qián, tā shenme dōu zuǒde-chūlái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile mǎi zhèiběn shū, tā qùle liùge shūdiàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ pǎo zhème yuǎnde lù, jiù shi wèile ná zhèizhāng piào?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile bǎochí niánqīng, tā yòng niūnǎi xǐzǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wèile yào</span><span class="font12"> is a common combination</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile yào qù kàn péngyou, jīntiān wǒ děi zǎo yidiǎnr xià bān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile yào niàn shū, wǒ zhèige Xǐngqītiān bù chūqu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile bú yào tài lèi, wǒ měitiān dōu zuǒ chē shàng bān.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile néng dull shēnghuō, tā hěn zǎo jiù líkāi fùmǔ le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">For money, he is liable to do anything</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He went to six bookstores in order to get this book.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You came all this way just to get that ticket?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She washes with (cow's) milk to preserve her youth.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">which often means the same as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèile</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In order to go visit a friend, I have to leave work a little early today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I'm not going out this Sunday so that I can study.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In order not to get too tired, I take the bus to work every day.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In order to live independently, she left her parents very early.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Motive or reason for some act, thought, or feeling</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile zhèijiàn shi, wǒ juéde hěn bù hǎo yìsi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I feel very embarrassed about (because of) this matter.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile zhèijiàn shi, tā yíyè dōu shuìbuzháo jiào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ jiù shi wèi(le) zhèijiàn shi láide.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He couldn't get to sleep all night on account of this matter.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I have come precisely because of this matter.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Jiù wèi(le) zhème yidiǎnr shi, You got angry over such a small nǐ jiù shēngqì la? thing?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Even though you will find that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèile</span><span class="font12"> is sometimes idiomatically translated as "because," as in these last examples, it is still not completely a synonym of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐnwèi</span><span class="font12">. When you want to say "because," you should use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐnwèi</span><span class="font12">. When you want to say "for the sake of" or "for the purpose of," use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèile</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Tīngshuō cóngqián, nǐmen I’ve heard that in the past you had zhèli you hěn duō you a lot of interesting customs here,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yìside </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hòulái</span><span class="font12"> gōngshāngyè Yes. Later, when industry and fādále, fēngsú yě </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎibiàn</span><span class="font12"> le. commerce developed, customs changed, too.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēng</span><span class="font12">sú: "custom” The definition of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font12"> in a Chinese dictionary reads: ’’the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc., adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society.” Compare this with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font12">: "behavior, tendency or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly." Notice that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn </span><span class="font12">may refer to the practices or habits of either an individual or a community, whereas </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font12"> refers only to those of a community.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guòqù Zhōngguo you zǎohūnde In the past China had the custom</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">fēngsú. of early (child) marriage.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font12">: "afterwards, later" Both </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font12"> are time nouns which can be translated as "afterwards" or "later." But there are differences between them:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Differences in patterns</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐhòu</span><span class="font12"> can either follow another element (trans-lated as "after...") or it can be used by itself.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā láile yǐhòu, women Jiù zou le. After he came, we left.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yǐhòu tā méiyou zài láiguo. Afterwards, he never came back again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hòulái</span><span class="font12"> can only be used by itself.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hòulái tā jiù shuì jiào le. Afterwards he went to sleep.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Differences in meaning</span><span class="font12">: Both </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jrǐhòu</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font12"> may be used to refer to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">the past. For example, either </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font12"> may be used in the sentence</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kāishǐde shihou tā bù zhǐdào zěnme bàn, kěshi hòulái/yǐhòu xiǎngchūle yíge hǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bànfa</span><span class="font12">, "in the beginning, he didn’t know what to do, but later he thought up a good way."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But if you want to say "afterwards" or "later" referring to the future, you can only use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font12">. When it refers to the future time, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font12"> can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài Let’s wait until </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">the future</span><span class="font12"> to see shuō• about </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">future</span><span class="font12"> matters.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yǐhòu n? you kòng, qǐng cháng In the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">future</span><span class="font12"> when you have time, lái wán. please come over more often.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni. I’ll tell you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">later on</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde hāizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā His child said that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">someday</span><span class="font12">, he wants</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yào gēn yíge Rìběn rén jiēhūn. to marry a Japanese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Usage Note</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐhòu</span><span class="font12"> has the literal meaning of "after that." It implies that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, a sort of time boundary. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐhòu</span><span class="font12"> refers to the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). It is often translated as "since."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu He only wrote one book, and hasn’t zài méi xiěguo. written any since (if he is still</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">alive) OR He wrote only one book, and after that never wrote another. (if he is dead)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāibiàn</span><span class="font12">: "to change; change"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bù míngbai tā wèishénme háishi I don’t understand why he still can't bù néng gaibiàn tāde guānniàn. change his ideas (way of thinking).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Biàn</span><span class="font12">, which you learned in Unit 3, can be used only as a verb, not as a noun. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Biàn</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāibiàn</span><span class="font12"> may be interchangeable in a small number of contexts, but there is an essential difference between them: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Biàn</span><span class="font12"> is a process verb, "to become different," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāibiàn</span><span class="font12"> is an action plus process, "to alter in such a way as to become different."This can cause English-speaking students confusion because the English verb "change" covers both these meanings. Here are some examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde xiāngfā biàn le. His way of thinking changed (became</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">different).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women yínggāi gāibiàn zhèige We should change this state of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">qíngkuāng. affairs (alter this state of affairs</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">so that it becomes different).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāodòng</span><span class="font12">: The verb "to do physical labor, to labor, to work" or the noun "physical labor, manual labor."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shēngchān lāodòng productive labor</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lāodòng shōurù income from work</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huo</span><span class="font12">: "to live" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huō</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnghuo</span><span class="font12">, and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font12"> may all be translated as "to live" but actually have different meanings. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huo</span><span class="font12"> basically refers to the body’s having life or breath, and is the opposite of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shēnghuo</span><span class="font12"> emphasizes day-to-day living; it is used mostly when describing the needs or quality of daily life. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhù</span><span class="font12"> is used to talk about residence in a particular place, either as one’s home, or temporarily (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù lūguān</span><span class="font12">, "to stay at a hotel," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù yuan</span><span class="font12">, "to stay in the hospital").</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yu zai shuǐli cai neng huo. Fish can live only in water.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige dìfangde rén kéyi huó dao The people there live to be very</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hěn lǎo. old.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā huóde hěn cháng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā dàgài huóbucháng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huó</span><span class="font12"> often means "to live" in the sense</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā Jin yīyuànde shihou, shéi dōu xiǎng tā bù néng huó le, kěshi tā you huóle yìnián cái sǐ.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huó</span><span class="font12"> can modify a noun directly, for example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huó yu</span><span class="font12">, live fish," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huó rén</span><span class="font12">, "living person." But to say, "is he alive?" you must use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huó</span><span class="font12"> with the ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā huozhe ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huó</span><span class="font12"> can also mean "movable, moving," as in: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huózì</span><span class="font12">, "movable type"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huóyè</span><span class="font12">, "loose-leaf" C</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huóyèjiāzi</span><span class="font12"> is "loose-leaf binder"!; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huóshuǐ</span><span class="font12">, "flowing water."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn:</span><span class="font12"> As a noun, this means "habit" or, in a more general sense,</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">"custom, usual practice."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tǎng zai chuángshang<a name="footnote4"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark73">4</a></sup> kàn shū shi yíge bù hǎode xíguàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo you zǎo qǐde xíguàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Taitai bù xǐhuan tā xiānsheng bànyè yīhòu cái hui jiāde xíguàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige jùzi bù zhīdào wèishenme zènme shuō, zhèi jiù shi wǒmen-de xíguàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He had a long life.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He probably won’t live much longer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">of "to survive":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">When he went into the hospital, no one thought he could live (survive), but he lived another year before he died</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s a bad habit to read in bed.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m an early riser. (Lit., "I have the habit of getting up early.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The wife doesn’t like her husband’s habit of not coming home until after midnight.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">why</span><span class="font12"> this sentence is said this way. It’s just the way we say it.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">'to get/be used to,</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">As a verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font12"> means</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jīntiān shi wǒ dìyītiān dài yǎn-jìng, wǒ hái méi xíguàn. Wǒ xīwàng hěn kuài jiu kéyi xíguàn le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ hěn bù xíguàn chī zhèrde fàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ yījīng xíguàn zhème zuò le, hěn nán gǎi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to become/be accustomed to":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Today is my first day wearing glasses and I’m not used to them yet. I hope I can get used to them quickly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m not at all used to the food here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m already used to doing it this way It’s very hard to change.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ting</span><span class="font12">: This word., which you already know as "to listen," can also mean "to heed, to obey" someone’s suggestions, directions, or orders.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shuōde yǒu dàolǐ, nǐ yīnggāi What he says makes sense. You should ting tāde huà. listen to him (do as he says).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ gàosu tā yīnggāi zhèiyang I told him he should, do this, but</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zuò, tā bù tīng. he wouldn't listen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hǎo ba, tīng nīde. Okay, I’ll do as you say. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nīde</span><span class="font12"> is</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">short for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nīde huà</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lī Ping’s classmate from Taiwan, Wáng Chéng (D), have Just gone to the movie </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">The Dream of the Red Chamber</span><span class="font12">*. On their way home , they chat.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tāngmǔ, nī zěnme bù shuō huà?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duìbuqī, kàn zhèige diànyīng,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shizài ràng rén bu shūfu, tèbié shi kàn dao nèige dìfangr . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">D: Nǎge dìfang?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Jiù shi Dàiyù side shihou . . .</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ng, duì le, Dàiyù sīde shihou</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèng shi Bǎoyù Jiēhūnde shihou. Kan dao zhèli, zhēn shi ràng rén hěn bu shūfu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">D: Nīmen you méiyou zhùyidào, hěn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">duō nude kàn dao zhège dìfang dōu kū le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ kàndao le. Ai, yǒude shihou,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ zhēnde bù míngbai, wèishenme hěn duō shūli háishi shuō Zhōng-guō chuántǒngde dà Jiātíng you bù shǎo hǎochu, hǎochu zài náli? Wèile bǎochí dà Jiātíngde chuán-tǒng, ràng niánqīngde yídài huò-zhě Jīdài chī name duō kǔ, zhè Jiù shi dà Jiātíngde hǎochù ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">D: Dà Jiātíngde hǎochù xiànzài bu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">duō le. Nīmen zhīdào Zhōngguode dà Jiātíng gēn lìshī you guānxī. Zhōngguo shi nongyè shèhuì, shēngchǎn dōu yào kào rénlì, shéi Jiāde láolì duō, shéi Jiāde shēnghuo Jiù huì hǎo yìdiǎn. Lī Ping, nǐ xiǎng shi bu shi zhèyàng ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi, shi zhèiyangde.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nàme, xiànzài qíngxing bù tong</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How come you aren’t talking, Tom?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m sorry. Watching this movie was really distressing. Especially when it got to that part . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Which part?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The part when Dàiyù dies . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm, right, Dàiyù dies Just when Bǎoyù is getting married. At that point, I really felt uncomfortable.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Did you notice, a lot of women started crying when it got to that part.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. (Sigh) Sometimes I really don’t understand why a lot of books say that there were many advantages to the traditional Chinese large family. What advantages? Just in order to preserve the tradition of the large family, the younger generation or generations were made to suffer so much. That’s the advantage of the large family?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The large family doesn’t have many advantages any more. You know, the large family has to do with Chinese history. China was an agricultural society, and production depended on manpower. If a family had a larger labor force they had a better life. Lī Ping, do you think that’s right?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, that’s right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But now the situation is different.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">’This novel by Cáo Xuěqín (172U?-1?6U) tells of the twilight years of the Jiǎ family, grown wealthy in the service of Qīng Dynasty emperors. The story revolves around the spoiled and effeminate young man of the house, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiǎ Bǎoyù</span><span class="font12"> (Precious Jade), and his love for his cousin, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lin Dàiyù</span><span class="font12"> (Black Jade).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">le, xiànzài gōngshāngyè fādá le, wèishenme hái yǒu ren shuō dà Jiātíng hao ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">D: Dà Jiātíngde guānniàn yǐjíng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yǒu Jǐqiānniánde lìshǐ le, yào gaibiàn tā, xūyào bǐjiào chángde shíjiān. Dàlùde qíngxing wǒ bù qíngchu, Taiwānde qíngxing shi dà Jiātíng yuè lái yuè shǎo le. Suīrán Zhōngguo rén xǐhuan dà Jiātíng, Juédé dàjiā zhù zai yìqǐ, hùxiāng yǒu zhàogu, dànshi gōngshāngyè fādá le, gōngzuòde Jíhuì duō le, xiǎo Jiātíng yě Jiu yuè lái yuè duō le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiànzài dà Jiātíng yuè lái yuè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shǎo, zǎohūnde fēngsú yě Jiu méiyou le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zāohūn hé dà Jiātíng yǒu shénme</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">guānxi ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">D: You guānxi. Zhè zhǔyào° shi láo-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lìde wèntí.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ xiǎng, zāohūn, zǎo you háizi,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiāli láodònglì duō, lǎorén yě Jiu kéyi zǎo yidiǎn dédào zhàogu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Kěshi zài gōngshāngyè shèhuìli,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">duōshù lǎorén dōu yǒu shōurù. Xiànzài Táiwān yǐjíng shi gōngshāngyè shèhuì, zhèiyangde wèntí yě Jiu méiyou le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Dànshi, nǐ bié wàngle, dàlù hái</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shi nongyè shèhuì, zhàogu lǎorén-de wèntí hái shi dà wèntí, zǎohūnde fēngsú yě háishi yǒu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ dàgài nòngcuòle ba, dàlùde</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèngfù zěnme huì tongyì rénmen zāohūn ne?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Now that industry and commerce are highly developed, why do some people still say that the large family is good?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The concept of the large family has already existed for several thousand years. It’ll take a rather long time to change it. I don’t know about the situation on the mainland. But on Taiwan, the situation is that there are fewer and fewer large families. Although the Chinese like big families and think that if everyone lives together they can take care of each other, industry and commerce are flourishing and there are more Job opportunities, so there are more and more small families.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Now as large families grow fewer and fewer, the custom of child marriage will disappear.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is child marriage related to the large family?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. It’s mainly a question of labor force.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After all, with child marriage, children are born sooner, the family has more work hands, and the old people can get taken care of sooner.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But in an industrial-commercial society, most of the old people have an income. Today Taiwan is already an industrial-commercial society, so that kind of problem doesn’t exist there anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But don’t forget that the mainland is still an agricultural society. Caring for old people is still a big problem, and the custom of child marriage still exists there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You must be mistaken. How could the government on the mainland agree to let people marry as children?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǔyào</span><span class="font12">, "mainly"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ shuōde shi nóngcūn,! shénme</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zǎohūn na, zhòng nán qīng nú a, zhèizhǒng shi zǒng shi he Jīngji bù fādá you guānxide.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">D: Wǒ shizài bù xǐhuan zaohūn. Wo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiang duōshù zǎohūnde rén hòulái-de shēnghuó dōu you diǎn wèntí.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tèbié shi fùnū.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duì le, wǒ tīngshuōguo zhèiyang</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yìzhong shuōfā: Zhōngguo fùnu méiyou Jiēhūn yǐqián yào ting fùmǔde, Jiele hūn děi tīng zhàngfude, zhàngfu sǐle děi tīng érzide.^ Qīngwèn, Zhōngguo fùnu shénme shihou cái néng you tāmen zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ, shénme shihou cái néng you yidiǎnr zìyóu ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ou, xiànzài méiyou rén Jiǎng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèixiē le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Suīrán méiyou rén Jiǎng, kěshi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèizhǒng chuántong sīxiǎng^ hái-shi you a!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">D: Nī shuōde yě you dàolǐ, háishi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nàjù huà, Jīqiānniánde lǎo guānniàn bǔ shi hěn kuài kéyi gǎibiànde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ììg, búguò wǒ xiǎng, dàlù yě</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo, Táiwān yě hǎo, Jīshínián lái dōu yǒule hěn dàde gǎibiàn, fùnude dìwei yě dōu yǒule tígāo, chuántǒngde guānniàn yě zài biàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ng, zheyidian wo tongyi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m talking about rural areas, Things like child marriage or regarding males as superior to females always have to do with an undeveloped economy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I really don’t like child marriage. I think that most people who are married as children have problems later on in life.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Especially women.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right. I’ve heard a saying to the effect that before a Chinese woman gets married she has to obey her parents, after she gets married she has to obey her husband, and after her husband dies she has to obey her son. I ask you, when will Chinese women be able to think for themselves? When will they be able to have a little freedom?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nobody is strict about those customs anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nobody is strict about them, but the traditional thinking is still there!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s right. It’s still the same old story. Ideas which are several thousand years old can’t be changed very quickly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yeah, but I think that both the mainland and Taiwan have undergone big changes in the past few decades. The status of women has improved, and traditional ideas are changing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm, that I agree with.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I'</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nóngcūn</span><span class="font12">, "rural area" (See Unit 6)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">^</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo funu meiyou jiēhūn yiqian yao tīng fùmǔde</span><span class="font12">: (1) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou jiēhūn yǐqián</span><span class="font12"> is completely equivalent to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiēhūn yǐqián</span><span class="font12"> "before getting married". The </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font12"> does not change the meaning. (2) </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tīng fùmǔde</span><span class="font12"> is equivalent to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīng fùmǔde huà</span><span class="font12">, "to obey one’s parents."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">^</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sīxiǎng</span><span class="font12">, "thought, thinking" (See Life in China module, Unit h)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">^</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tígāo</span><span class="font12">, "raise, improve(ment)" (See Traveling in China module, Unit 2)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo, women dào jiǎ le. Wang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chéng jìnqu zuòzuo ba!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">D: Hǎo, jìnqù yíxià.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, we are at my house. Come in for a while, Wang Chéng, okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, I’ll come in for a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a conversation between a grandmother and her high-school-age granddaughter in Tianjin.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhāng Lǐ Shi (an old way of referring to a</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">woman whose own surname is Lǐ and whose husband’s surname is Zhāng)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zài shuō besides, moreover</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Can you infer how people generally learn about new policies like birth control in China?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What does Grandma think of the new policy?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What is the difference between the old and the new custom with regard to taking one’s husband’s surname after marriage?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this conversation two classmates are talking in Hong Kong about the situation on the mainland.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shichang market</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nóngmín peasant</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">For this conversation, you also need to know what "free markets" are. The Chinese term is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zìyou shìchǎng</span><span class="font12">. These are government-controlled, negotiated-price markets which individual peasants, brigades, or communes hold in the cities at officially designated locations to sell agricultural products, livestock, and fish. After units have fulfilled state quotas for an agricultural sideline product, any surplus (with the exception of certain restricted products) may be sold on the open market. Free markets are supposed to encourage agricultural sideline production, stimulate the exchange of urban and rural products, improve the supply of non-staple foods in the cities, and supplement state-operated commerce.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. How do free markets help peasants? How do they help agricultural production?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. How do free markets improve life for people in the cities?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What other developments in the countryside do the classmates think will affect the mainland’s economic situation?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. For how long did classmate B’s family live in the Jiangxi countryside?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this exercise two classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in the family of a friend.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will need the following words and phrases:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lǎoxiānsheng old gentleman</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gǔhuī ashes (of a person)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">sònghuiqu to take back</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can t</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">alk </span><span class="font12">about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Where will Mr. Wang’s remains be buried?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What was the nature of family clashes between Mr. Wang and his five sons?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. From Mr. Wang’s point of view, what were the advantages in having his sons get married young?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. What did his sons think about early marriage?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">5. What did Mr. Wang gradually come to understand that made him give up trying to have his sons marry early?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">6. What sentence can you say to someone in a conversation to suggest that you talk about a different topic?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In Tiānjīn, a grandmother talks with her high school age daughter.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎolán, kàn hào na!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǎinai, jǐntiǎn hàoshang shuōle,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">"Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge gòu le, sānge tài duō"!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shénme? "Yíge zuì hǎo"? Wǒ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">méi tīngmínghai.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà shi shuō shēng háizi, shēng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge jiù gòu le, sānge tài duō.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A:<sub> w</sub>"Shēng yíge zuì hǎo"? Shēng ge nuháizi zěnme hàn? Hái děi zài shēng yíge nánde ma!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ei, nǎinai, nuháizi you shenme</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hù hǎo? Nánháizi yě hǎo, nuháizi yě hǎo, dōu shi zìjīde háizi ya!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà hù yíyàng, nuháizi jiēle hūn,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shēngle háizi, háizi děi xing zhàngfude xìngr, nī xiǎng nánháizi he nuháizi yíyàng ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B:<sub> w</sub>Nà wǒ hù tongyì. Nín yě shi nude, nín wèishenme nàme kànbuqī fùnu a?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bu shi kànhuqǐ, shèhuìde qíng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xing jiù shi zhèiyangr. Nǐ yéye xing Zhāng, wǒ zìjǐ xing LǏ, jiēhūn yǐhòu rénjia jiào wo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhāng Lǐ Shi</span><span class="font12">, zěnme méiyou rén jiào wo Lǐ Zhāng Shi?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèi shi jiù fēngsú, xiànzài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">méiyou zhèixiē shuōfǎr le. Wǒ shi Zhāng Xiǎolán, jiēhūn yǐhòu wǒ hái shi Zhāng Xiǎolán.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Yǐhòu háizi yě xing Zhāng ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zěnme bù kéyi, nín kàn duìmiànr-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">de Wáng Āyí, yǒule háizi jiào Wang Lin, yě méiyou rén shuō bù kéyi ma! </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài shuō</span><span class="font12">, duō shēng háizi you</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Reading the paper, Xiǎolán?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Grandma, today it says in the paper, "One is best, two are enough, three are too many"!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What? "One is best"? I don't understand.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It's about having children. It's best to have one, two are enough, and three are too many.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"It's best to have one"? What do you do if you have a girl? Then you have to try to have a boy!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But Grandma, what's wrong with girls? Boys or girls, they're all one's own children!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It's not the same thing. When a girl gets married and has a child, the child has to take the husband's surname. You think boys are the same as girls?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That I don't agree with. You're a woman too. Why do you look down on women so much?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It's not that I look down on them. That's the way society is. Your grandfather's name is Zhāng and mine is Lǐ. After we got married people called me Zhāng LǏ Shi. Why didn't anyone call me Lǐ Zhāng Shi!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That's the old custom. Those terms aren't used anymore. I'm Zhāng Xiǎolán, and after I get married I'll still be Zhāng Xiǎolán.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And will your children use the surname Zhāng too?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why not? Look at Auntie Wáng across the way. When she had her child it was called Wáng LÍn, and no one said there was anything wrong with that.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">shénme hǎochur, dajiā shōurù dōu bù duō, háizi duōle, dàren duō kǔ!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎole, hāole, jiù suàn nǐ shuōde</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">duì. Kuài chī fàn ba! Chīwánle hái děi shàng xué qu na!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Besides, what’s the advantage in having a lot of children? Everyone has a small income, and if there are a lot of children, how hard it is for the adults!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, okay, let’s say you’re right. Hurry up and eat! You have to go to school after you finish eating!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In Hong Kong, two classmates are talking.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zuìjìn kàn bào le meiyou?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shénme bào?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Dàlù bàozhī. You yíjiàn shìqing</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hěn you yìsi, bù zhīdào nǐ zhùyì le meiyou?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shénme shi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zìyóu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìchāng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ng, wǒ yě kàndao le, wǒ xiàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhei shi yíge bāngzhu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nóngmín </span><span class="font12">zhuàn qiánde hāo bànfa.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lìngwài yidiǎn, nóngmínde shōurù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">duō le, duì nóngyè shēngchǎn yě you hāochu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì, wǒ xiǎng wèile ràng xiāng-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiade shēngchǎn hé shēnghuó qíngkuàng hǎo yidiǎn, zhèiyangde shìchāng yǐnggāi bànxiaqu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Erqiě, chéngli rénde shēnghuó yě</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">huì hǎo yidiǎnr, tāmen kéyi zài zìyóu shìchāng mǎidao xīnxiande cài, zhēnshi bú cuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Yǐhòu zìyóu shìchāng yuè bàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yuè hǎo, xiāngxiade xiǎo gōngshāngyè yě huì fādáqilai, dàlùde jīngji qíngkuàng huì you hěn dàde gǎibiàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Have you been reading the papers lately?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What papers?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The mainland newspapers. I wonder if you’ve noticed something very interesting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Free markets.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm, I’ve seen that too. I think it’s a good way to help peasants make money.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And another point is that it will be good for agricultural production if the peasants’ income goes up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right. I think they ought to continue running these markets in order to make production and living conditions in the country better.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What’s more, life will be better for people in the cities. They can buy fresh foods at the free markets. It’s really pretty good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the future, free markets will get better and better, small industry and commerce in the countryside will begin to prosper, and there will be big changes in the mainland’s economic situation.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ jìde nǐ lǎojiā zài Jiangxi.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi. Ting wǒ fùqin shuō, tāmen</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jǐdài rén dōu zhù zai Jiāngxǐ xiāngxià.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiànzài lǎojiā hái yǒu rén ha?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Yǒu, wǒ tíngshuō nerde qíngkuàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiànzài hú cuò le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà hǎo, yǒu jíhui xiǎng huíqu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">kànkan ha?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Yídìng!</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I remember your family is from Jiāngxǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. My father tells me that they lived in the Jiāngxǐ countryside for several generations.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You still have family there, don’t you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. I understand that the situation there is pretty good now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s good, if you have the chance do you want to go hack to visit?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sure!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise u</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Conversation between two classmates in</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ tíngshuō Wang Tāode fùqin sǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi. Wang Tāo hé tā mǔqin xià</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Xīngqīyī yào bǎ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎoxiānshengd</span><span class="font12">e </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǔhuǐ sònghuiqu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen lǎojiā zài nǎr?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zài Guǎngdōng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tíngshuō Wang Lǎoxiānsheng huó-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhede shihou chángcháng xǐhuan tan lǎojiāde shir?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a! Wang Lǎoxiānsheng rén</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hěn hǎo, jiù shi yǒu diǎnr lǎo guānniàn, zǒng xiǎng bǎochí dà jiātíngde chuántǒng, kěshi jiā-lide niánqīng rén duōshu dōu bù ting tāde huà, you shihou tā yě hěn bu gāoxìng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: ' Nǐ néng bu néng gěi wo jiǎng-jiang ne?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Hong Kong.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I hear that Wang Tāo’s father died.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. Wang Tāo and his mother are going to take the old gentleman’s ashes back next Monday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Where’s their family from?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guǎngdōng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I understand that when Mr. Wang was alive he often liked to talk about the way things were back in their old home, is that right?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes! Mr. Wang was a very good person, but he was a bit old-fashioned in his way of thinking. He always wanted to keep the tradition of the large family, but most of the young people in the family wouldn’t listen to him. So sometimes he was very displeased.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Can you tell me about it?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">°It is the custom to take the remains back to one’s hometown.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xíng a! Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng you</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wǔge érzi, tā yuànyi érzimen zǎohūn, tā xiǎng, zǎo jiēhūn, zǎo you sūnzi, nà duo hǎo!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zǎohūn, lǎorén yě kéyi zǎo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yidiǎnr you zhàogu, zhè bú cuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng zhèng shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèige yìsi. Keshi érzimen bú nàme xiǎng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen zěnme xiǎng?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tāmen shuō nèizhǒng "zǎohūn,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiāli láodònglì duō, shōurù jiu duō, shēnghuo jiu hǎo" de xiǎngfǎ shizài shi tài jiù le. Tāmen shi niánqīng rén, tāmende guānniàn dōu shi xīnde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng zěnme bàn ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hòulái tā mànmànde yě míngbai</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiànzài gēn guòqù wánquán bù tong le, tā yě jiù bù shuō shenme le. Suōyi yìzhí dào Wáng Xiān-sheng sǐ, Jiāli yě méiyou shenme dà wèntí.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo le, women huàn ge tímu ba,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tántan nīde qíngxing. Nī zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Niàn shū niànde hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bu cuò, jiù shi máng. Jǐntiǎn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">you diǎn shíjiān xiūxi xiuxi, women qù hē chá hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo, zǒu ba!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sure! Mr. Wáng had five sons. He wanted his sons to marry early.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He thought that if Chis sons3 got married young, he would get grandsons sooner, and how great that would be.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">With early marriage, old people can be cared for sooner; that's good too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That's exactly what Mr. Wáng had in mind. But his sons didn't think think so.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What did they think?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">They thought the idea that "early marriage brings the family more manpower, and therefore more income and a better life" is really too old. They're young people and all their ideas are new ones.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What did Mr. Wáng do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Later he gradually came to understand that things are completely different now from the way they used to be, so he stopped talking about it. So there weren't any big problems in the family up until Mr. Wáng died.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, let's change the subject and talk about your situation. How have you been lately? Are your studies going well?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Pretty well, its just that I'm busy. But today I have time to take a break. Let's go have some tea, okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, let's go!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">UNIT 6 Politics and. Culture</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de huà</span><span class="font12">, ’’if," ”in case.”</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Choosing between -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> and -le.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. More on </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">, "in the midst of.”</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù guǎn. ..</span><span class="font12"> , ’’no matter.’’</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Nǎr</span><span class="font12"> used in rhetorical questions to make a denial.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">6. Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">7.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Qù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> expressing purpose.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">8.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> (Amount of time) lai</span><span class="font12">, ’’in the past...,” ’’over the past....’’</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Functional Language Contained in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Requesting to speak with someone.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Making a comment in order to verify a piece of information.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Expressing that you are disturbed by a troublesome circumstance.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Expressing scandalized disapproval.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng tīng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gùshi-de huà</span><span class="font12">, wǒ gěi ni jiǎng yíge ya!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Suàn Le. Wǒmen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎ qí</span><span class="font12"> ba!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: Tīngshuǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiěfàng</span><span class="font12"> yǐhòu, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gǒngchǎndǎng</span><span class="font12"> zuǒle xiě hǎo shi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Eng, you xiě </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngcè</span><span class="font12"> shi hú cuò, you xiě hú tǎi hǎo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Lǎo Wangde érzi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rùg</span><span class="font12">uo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tuan</span><span class="font12"> ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méiyou, tīngshuǒ cānjiǎguo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hongwèibīng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Nǐ tīngshuǒ le ma, Lǎo Zhǎngde nuér </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">àishang </span><span class="font12">Xiǎo Wang le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè zhēn shi mafan shir, Lǎo Zhang zuì </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen</span><span class="font12"> Wang-jiǎde rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Rúguo nī hú </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièyìd</span><span class="font12">e huà, wǒ xiǎng hé nǐde mishu tan Jifēn zhōng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ zì</span><span class="font12">, mashàng Jiù lai.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you want to listen to a story, I’ll tell you one.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Forget it. Let’s play chess.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve heard that the Communist Party did some good things after liberation. <a name="footnote5"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark74">5</a></sup></span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, some policies were all right, hut some weren’t too good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Did Lǎo Wang’s son ever Join the Communist Youth League?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, hut I’ve heard that he was in the Red Guards.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Have you heard? Lǎo Zhang’s daughter has fallen in love with Xiǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhāng really hates the Wáng family.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you don’t mind, I’d like to talk with your secretary for a few minutes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s typing, he’ll be here in a moment.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">6.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige háizi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú xiàng huà</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù guǎn</span><span class="font12"> zěnme shuō dōu bù tīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì ma, zhè nǎr xiàng Xīn Zhōngguode </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">értong</span><span class="font12">!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This child is too much. No matter what you say, he Just doesn’t listen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, he’s certainly no Cnot like anyl child of "New China."</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Zhèipiān </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duǎnpiān</span><span class="font12"> xiǎoshuō xiěde shi shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiěde shi yíge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongcūn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gànhud</span><span class="font12">e gùshi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jí Jímángmángd</span><span class="font12">e, zuò shénme qu a?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Shàng xué</span><span class="font12"> qu a!</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèngfǔ</span><span class="font12"> shǐ hu shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎohù </span><span class="font12">rénmende cáichǎn?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shǐ. Zhèngfǔ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shíxíng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎohù rénmen cáichǎnde zhèngcè.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐngdǎoxià</span><span class="font12">, Zhōngguo zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐjiès</span><span class="font12">hangde dìwei yǒule hěn dàde gǎihiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">What is this short story about?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s the story of a cadre in a rural area.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What are you in such a hurry to go do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m going to school!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Does the government protect people’s property?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. The government is carrying out a policy of protecting people’s property.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Under the leadership of the Communist Party, China’s position in the world has changed greatly.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">11. A: Shínián </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12">, zhèi liǎngge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngshǐd</span><span class="font12">e gōngshāngyè yuè lái yuè fādá le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè hé zhèngfǔde lǐngdǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shi fēnbùkāide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the past ten years industry and commerce in these two cities have hecome more and more developed.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This can’t he separated from the government’s leadership.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">12. dang</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">13. yuányīn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">1U. Jiārù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">political party; (capital D-) the (Communist) Party</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">reason, cause</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to Join</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">ài àishang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to love</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to fall in love with</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">bǎohù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bù guan</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bú xiàng huà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to protect</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">no matter (what, whether, etc.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk, acts, etc.)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">canjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to participate in, to take part in, to Join, to attend</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chéngshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">city; urban</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">dang dǎ zì -de huà duǎnpiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">(political) party to type (on a typewriter) if; in case; supposing that short (stories, articles)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">értóng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">child (formal word)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">fen fēnkāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to divide, to separate, to split to separate, to split up</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">gànbu Gòngchǎndǎng gùshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">cadre</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">the Communist Party story</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">hen</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hóngwàibīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to hate, to loathe, to detest (a) Red Guard; the Red Guards</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Jiǎrù Jiěfàng jièyì jíjímángmang jímáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to join</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to liberate, to emancipate; liberation</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to mind, to take offense</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">in a big hurry</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be hasty, to be hurried</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">...lái lǐngdǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">for the past...(amount of time) to lead, to direct, to exercise</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">leadership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nóngcūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">country, rural area; rural; village</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">ru</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">rù Tuan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to enter; to Join</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to Join the Communist Youth League (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gòngqingtuán</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gòngchǎnzhǔyì Qīngniántuán</span><span class="font12">)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">-shang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">(verb ending indicating starting and continuing)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shàng xué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to go to school; to attend school</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shijiè shijièshang shíxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">world</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">in the world, in the whole world</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to practice, to carry out, to put into effect, to implement</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">-tuán Tuan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">group, society</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">the (Communist Youth) League</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">-xia xia qí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">under</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to play chess</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuányīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">reason, cause</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">zhèngcè zhèngfǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">policy government</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng tīng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gùshi-</span><span class="font12"> If you want to listen to a story, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de huà</span><span class="font12">, wǒ gěi ni Jiang I’ll tell you one.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yíge ya!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Suàn le. Women </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xià qí</span><span class="font12"> ha! Forget it. Let’s play chess.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gùshi</span><span class="font12">: "story," only in the sense of a short, fictional tale. Remember that another word you have learned, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoshuō</span><span class="font12">, can also be used for "story" in the sense of a literary work. Also take special note that a news "story" should be translated as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐnwěn</span><span class="font12"> (NOT </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gùshi</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"To tell stories" is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiǎng (OR shuō) gùshi</span><span class="font12"> (don’t use the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gàosu</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐmen zhèr yǒu shénme értǒng Do you have any children’s stories gùshi ma? here? (in a bookstore)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèipiān gùshi xiěde zhēn hǎo. This story is very well written.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gùshi</span><span class="font12"> may take as a counter either -ge, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duàn</span><span class="font12">, or -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pian</span><span class="font12"> (for written stories).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de huà</span><span class="font12">: "if," "in case," or "supposing that" Used at the end of a clause which tells a hypothetical situation, often in combination with another word for "if" (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yàoshi</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rúguǒ</span><span class="font12">, etc.) earlier in the same clause.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yàoshi nǐ bu qùde huà, wǒ yě bu If you don’t go, I won’t go. qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chǐ fàn chībǎo le, yàoshi zài chǐ If you eat more after you’re already de huà, dùzi Jiu bù shūfu le. full, your stomach won’t feel well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ qǐlai tài zǎode huà, wǒ Jiù If I get up too early I feel tired, huì Juéde lèi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yào shi wǒde huà, wǒ bu nàme zuò. If it had been me, I wouldn’t have</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">done it that way.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xià qí</span><span class="font12">: "play chess" This is actually a general word for several different kinds of chess or other board games. CSpecific names do exist for each game: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàngqí</span><span class="font12">, "Chinese chess"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tiàoqí</span><span class="font12">, "(the Chinese form of) checkers"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wéiqí</span><span class="font12">, "go" (a board game); </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guojì xiàngqí</span><span class="font12"> (PRC) or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐyáng qí</span><span class="font12"> (Taiwan), "international or Western chess"; etc.J</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ gēn shéi xià qí?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Who did you play chess with?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xià qí xiàde hěn hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He plays chess very well.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: Tīngshuǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiěfàng</span><span class="font12"> yīhòu, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gòngchǎndǎng</span><span class="font12"> zuole xiě hǎo shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Eng, you xiě </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngcè</span><span class="font12"> shi hú cuò, you xiē hú tài hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve heard that the Communist Party did some good things after liberation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, some policies were all right, hut some weren’t too good.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiěfàng</span><span class="font12">: "to liberate, to emancipate; liberation" This word is applied in Communist ideology to the overthrow of what is considered "reactionary" rule. In China today </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiěfàng</span><span class="font12"> may be used to refer to the actual occupation of an individual area by Communist forces at any time from 19^+5 up until 1950 (when the administrative authority of the Communist government had finally extended throughout the mainland and Hǎinán Island). For example, if someone says</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zhèige dìfang jiěfàngde Our area was liberated late (in the wǎn. revolution).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">this means that Communist forces reached their area at a late date (perhaps in late 19^+9 or early 1950). </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiěfàng</span><span class="font12"> may also be used to refer to the end of "China’s War of Liberation," marked by the official proclamation of the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 19^+9. For example,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiěfàng yīhòude jīnián, wǒ zhù For the first few years after liber-zai Shànghǎi. ation I lived in Shànghǎi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gòngchǎndǎng</span><span class="font12">: "the Communist party," literally "share-property party" In a mainland China context, the Communist party is often referred to simply as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dǎng</span><span class="font12">, "the Party.” The official name is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhongguo Gòngchǎndǎng</span><span class="font12">, "Chinese Communist Party (CCP)."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngcè</span><span class="font12">: "policy" (especially of a government)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuìjìnde zhèngcè gǎibiàn le. The (government’s) policy has changed</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">recently.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Lǎo Wangde érzi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rùg</span><span class="font12">uo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tuán</span><span class="font12"> ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méiyou, tīngshuǒ cānjiāguo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hǒngwèibīng</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Did Lǎo Wang’s son ever join the Communist Youth League?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, but I’ve heard that he was in the Red Guards.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">rù: "to enter" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rù</span><span class="font12"> is most often used in literary Chinese. In the spoken language, it is mainly used in a handful of set phrases like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù xué</span><span class="font12">, "to enter school, to start school," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù yuàn</span><span class="font12">, "to be hospitalized." Otherwise, "to enter" is expressed by the verbs </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jin</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìnlai</span><span class="font12">, or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìnqu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the set phrases </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù Tuán</span><span class="font12">, "to join the Communist Youth League," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù Dǎng</span><span class="font12">, "to Join the Communist Party," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù</span><span class="font12"> is actually short for the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎrù</span><span class="font12"> (No. 11+ on the Reference List), which means "to join" an organization.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tuan</span><span class="font12">: "the League," short for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhongguo Gòngchǎnzhùyì Qīngniāntuān</span><span class="font12">, "China Communist Youth League," also abbreviated as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gòngqingtuān</span><span class="font12">. This is a nationwide organization for working youth and students between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five. Its aim is to cultivate members’ political awareness and their cultural and scientific knowledge. The League’s history goes back to 1922, but its name, goals, and influence have changed over the years. During the Cultural Revolution, the functions of the League were largely taken over by the Red Guards (see note on next page), but in 1973 the League began to recover its former influence. Today, the League organizes political study sessions as well as educational and recreational activities at schools, universities, factories, and other places of work. The League also provides leadership for the Young Pioneers (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shàoxiǎnduì</span><span class="font12">), an organization for children from seven to fourteen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The connection between the Communist Party and the League is a close one, although the League is independently organized and has its own central committee with a national congress that meets periodically. Policy leadership for the League comes from the Youth Department of the Communist Party Central Committee. By no means do all League members go on to become Party members, but leadership experience in League activities makes many likely candidates for later Party membership.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cānjiǎ</span><span class="font12">: "to Join; to participate in, to take part in; to attend"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Canjiā</span><span class="font12"> refers to the action of Joining a group or Joining in an activity. It also means "to participate" or "to take part in." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cānjiǎ</span><span class="font12"> is also the word to use for "to attend" a meeting, convention, or other gathering (but not a play, film, or other non-participatory event).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo cānjiǎ Shìjiè Yínháng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women jìhuà xià xīngqī kai ge wanhuì,° nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng cānjiǎ?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dàjiǎ dou yinggāi cānjiǎ lāodòng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā cānjiāle yíge xùnliànbǎn."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ yào qù cǎnjiǎ míngtiǎn xiàwude huì.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">China has Joined the World Bank.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We’re planning to have an evening party next week. Would you like to Join in?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Everyone should participate in (physical) labor.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He is attending a training class OR He attended a training class, (depends on context)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m going to attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rùguo Tuan</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cǎnjiǎguo Hongwèibing</span><span class="font12">: You were introduced to the marker -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> in the Biographic Information module, with sentences like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">NǏ cōngqiān lāiguo ma?</span><span class="font12">, "Have you ever been here before?" You also saw that -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> can provide by itself the meaning of "ever": </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tǎ qùguo Zhōngguo ma?</span><span class="font12">, "Has he ever been to China?" In exchange 3, the speakers use -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> with the meaning of "ever" having done something.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnhuì</span><span class="font12">, "evening party" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xùnliànbǎn</span><span class="font12">, "training class"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why use -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> and not -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> in these sentences? A helpful rule of thumb is to use -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> in Chinese when you would say "ever" in English. But -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> and "ever" do not </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">always</span><span class="font12"> correspond; as you can see in sentence 3B, the English does not contain the word "ever." The reason speaker B decided to use -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo </span><span class="font12">there rather than </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is that he knows Lǎo Wang’s son is no longer in the Red Guards. Using -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> rather than </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> implies that the Joining (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cānjiā</span><span class="font12">) was later undone—that the son is not a Red Guard now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cānjiā</span><span class="font12"> tells an action that results in a new state: the action of Joining results in the state of being part of something. Similar verbs include </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò</span><span class="font12">, "to sit," (the action of sitting results in the state of being seated) and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chuān</span><span class="font12"> (the action of putting on clothes results in the state of the clothes being on). Process verbs as well show the change from one state to a new state, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìng</span><span class="font12"> (to go from wellness to sickness), </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12"> (to go from not being here to being here). When -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> is used with these kinds of verbs it often implies that the resulting state is no longer in effect.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hongwèibíng</span><span class="font12">: "the Red Guards," lit., "Red Guard-Soldiers" It was in Beijing in 1966 that middle school and college students first began to form groups calling themselves </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hóngwèibìng</span><span class="font12">. At that time CCP Chairman Máo Zedong had been trying with little success to stir up a mass movement against "revisionist" elements in the Chinese Communist Party, and to infuse the country with a new revolutionary spirit. The newly formed Red Guard groups first directed their efforts at reactionary leaders in the schools. After Mao publicly expressed his support for the Red Guards, their movement quickly grew into a major force in the first stage of the Cultural Revolution. Their opposition to Liu Shàoqí, then Chairman (head of state) of the PRC, was instrumental in his downfall. Before long, groups of Red Guards were crisscrossing China by train, bus, any means of transportation—many on foot—to spread the concepts of the Cultural Revolution. The scale of these excursions is difficult to imagine; Red Guards, other student groups, and tagalongs— altogether millions of young people—were to be seen everywhere, bringing Beijing’s political movements to the rest of the country.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After their inception, the thousands of Red Guard groups nationwide had difficulty forming a cohesive organization, and after the first three years of the Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1968) their power began to wane. They remained a prestige group, however, until their official abolishment in 1978.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Outside observers, as well as many Chinese, had mixed opinions of the Red Guards. That they were a major force in stirring the country to Join in the movements of the time is beyond question. But the zealous excesses and cruelties of many Red Guards toward people of "undesirable" political or family backgrounds are equally well known.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guo</span><span class="font12"> may also be used when the speaker does not know for sure whether the state is still in effect. But do not use -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12"> when you know for sure that the state </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font12"> still in effect. For example, if you know that a person has come here and is still here, you can only say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā lái le</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">b. A: Ní tīngshuǒ le ma, Lǎo Zhāngde nuěr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">àishang </span><span class="font12">Xiǎo Wang le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè zhēn shi máfan shir, Lǎo Zhang zuì </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen</span><span class="font12"> Wáng jiāde rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Notes on No.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Have you heard? Lǎo Zhang’s daughter has fallen in love with Xiǎo Wáng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhang really hates the Wáng family.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ài</span><span class="font12">: ’to love (state verb)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎng tǎ shi zhènde ài ní. I think she really loves you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā you ài xuéxí, you ài láodòng, She loves study and loves physical shi ge hǎo tongzhì. labor. She is a good comrade.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ai</span><span class="font12"> can also mean to like, to be fond etc. It is usually used before a verb,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zuì ài chī tángcù páigǔ le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhēn ài jiǎng huà.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ ài kàn diànyǐng ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú ài.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ fùqin ài xià qí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">àishang</span><span class="font12">: "to fall in love (with</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài zhèige xuéxiào shàng kè yíge yuè yǐhòu, tā jiu àishang tāde Zhōngwén lǎoshī le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Cong dìyīcì kànjian ta, wǒ jiu àishang ta le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zhīdao nī bú ài wo le, xīhuan shang Wáng Cheng le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">a food, hobby, sport, activity, as in the following examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I just love sweet and sour spareribs!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He really loves to talk.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you like to go to the movies?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My father is fond of (playing) chess.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">someone)’’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After attending classes at this school for one month, he fell in love with his Chinese teacher.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I fell in love with her right from the first time I saw her.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I know you don’t love me anymore; you’ve taken a liking to Wáng Cheng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Particularly in Beijing speech, the ending </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-shang</span><span class="font12"> added to some verbs has the meaning of starting and then continuing, "to set about (doing something), to fall into the habit of (doing something), to take to (doing something)."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen you xiàshang qí le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī you chōushang yān* le?!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">They have started to play chess again OR They’re back playing chess again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re smoking again?!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǒu yān</span><span class="font12">, "to smoke"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Rénjia shuì jiào le, nǐ zěnme chàngshang gē le?.’</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">There are people trying to sleep. What are you doing singing?.'</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kànshang</span><span class="font12"> means "to take a fancy to, to settle on":</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ kànshang nèizhǒng chē le, děng wǒ yǒule qián wǒ yídìng mǎi yíliàng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I've taken a fancy to that kind of car. When I have money I'll cer tainly "buy one.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">àishang Xiǎo Wang le</span><span class="font12">: A new-situation </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is extremely common when presenting an event as "hot news," as the speaker does in this sentence. Hot news should, after all, he presented to the listener as something he doesn't already know—as a new situation. (For the second example you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒngtǒng</span><span class="font12">, "president," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎngwèn</span><span class="font12">, "to visit.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zhǎodao yige xīnde gōngzuò I've found a new joh! le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jǐntiǎn hàozhǐshang shuō Měiguo It says in today's paper that the zǒngtǒng yào dào Zhōngguo lái president of the U.S. is going to fǎngwèn le. come visit China!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of course, this </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font12"> is sometimes optional. It may he omitted in the above two examples, hut not in sentence </span><span class="font2" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ua.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen</span><span class="font12">: "to hate," only in the literal meaning of "to loathe, to detest, to have intense ill feelings toward"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ hen nèiyìjiā rén. I hate that whole family.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ hen ta gěi wo dàilaile name I hate him for bringing me so much duō máfan. trouble.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zuì hen zuò zhèizhōng shi. I detest doing this sort of thing most of all.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"To hate" in the milder sense of "to dislike" or "to wish to avoid" is expressed in Chinese by other words. (For the last example below you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǎoyàn</span><span class="font12">, "to dislike, to be disgusted with.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zǎoshang wǒ zhēn bú yào qǐlai. I hate to get up in the morning.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiyang máfan nǐ, wǒ zhēn bù hǎo I hate to put you to all this yìsi. trouble.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiàng tā zhèiyangde rén méiyou I hate to see someone like him yíge hǎo gōngzuò, tài kěxī le. without a good job.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ tǎoyàn mǎi dōngxi.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I hate shopping.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">*</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chang gē</span><span class="font12">, "to sing (songs)" (a verb plus general object, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn shū</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Rúguo nǐ bú </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièyìd</span><span class="font12">e huà, wǒ xiǎng he nǐde mishu tan jifěn zhong.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ zì</span><span class="font12">, mǎshàng jiù lái.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">If you don’t mind, I’d like to talk with your secretary for a few minutes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s typing, he’ll be here in a moment.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. $</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièyì</span><span class="font12">: "to take offense, to mind' a negative word (bù or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bié</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ shi shuǒzhe wánrde, xīwàng nǐ bú yào jièyì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ bú huì jièyì ba?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú huì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ Jièyì bu Jièyì wǒ míngtiān dài ge pengyou qù canjiā nǐde wǎnhuì<a name="footnote6"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark75">6</a></sup>?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This is mostly used when preceded by</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I was kidding (when I said that). I hope you don’t take offense.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You don’t mind, do you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, that’s all right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you mind if I take a friend along to your party tomorrow night?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ zì</span><span class="font12">: "to type" on a typewriter, literally "to hit characters."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā dǎ zì dǎde hěn kuài. He types very fast.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zì</span><span class="font12"> here is a general object like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">huà</span><span class="font12"> in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuo huà</span><span class="font12">. Speakers of English are often tempted to say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ zì zhèige</span><span class="font12"> for "type this," but that is incorrect. To specify the thing which is typed, use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ</span><span class="font12"> without the word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zì</span><span class="font12">. Some verb</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">endings, especially -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chulai</span><span class="font12">, are often</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gěi wo dǎ yíxiàr (zhèige).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Qǐng ni bǎ zhèifēng xìn dǎ yíxiàr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ děi qù dǎ yifeng xìn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ dǎwán nèifēng xìn le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèifēng xìn dǎchulai le meiyou?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bǎ zhèige dǎchulaile mǎshàng gěi ni sòngguoqu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Used as a noun, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ zì</span><span class="font12"> means "typing"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xuéguo dǎ zì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zài yíge zhōngxué Jiāo Yǐngw dǎ zì.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">used with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">da</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Type this for me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Please type this letter.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I have to go type a letter.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Have you finished typing that letter?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Has that letter been typed?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll bring this over to you as soon as I finish typing it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">like the school subject):</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ve studied typing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She teaches English typing at a middle school.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zì</span><span class="font12">, by itself, may be used as follows:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ dǎcuòle yíge zì. I typed a character (letter or word)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wrong.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiběn shū, zì tài xiǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">The type is too small in this hook.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài dǎ zì</span><span class="font12">: "He’s (in the midst of) typing" You first learned </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">, the marker of ongoing action, in Meeting, Unit 2: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zài kāi huì</span><span class="font12">, "He is (in the midst of) attending a meeting." Use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> to specify that an action is in the midst of progressing or evolving.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Because </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> denotes "continuing action," it is used with action verbs, which indicate the event has duration. On the other hand, process verbs, which indicate simply a change of state, are not compatible with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12">, "to die," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font12">, "to arrive," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ting</span><span class="font12">, "to (come to a) stop," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qù</span><span class="font12">, "to go." The verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12">, for example, describes the instantaneous transition from a living state to a dead state. It makes no sense to speak of being "in the midst of dying"; a person is either alive or dead." Likewise, you have either arrived (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàole</span><span class="font12">) or not; are either stopped (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tingle</span><span class="font12">) or still moving; are either gone (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùle</span><span class="font12">) or still present.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You can make </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> negative with either </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font12">. Questions are usually best formed with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi bu shi zài</span><span class="font12">; some speakers use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you méiyou zài</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài bu zai</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sentences with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> often end in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ne</span><span class="font12">, the emphatic marker of absence of change (see Unit U, Notes on No. 2).</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: Zhèige háizi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú xiàng huà</span><span class="font12">, This child is too much. No matter </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù guǎn</span><span class="font12"> zěnme shuō dōu what you say, he Just doesn’t</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">bù ting. listen.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì ma, zhè nǎr xiàng Xīn Yes, he’s certainly no Cnot like Zhōngguōde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">értōng</span><span class="font12">! any] child of "New China."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú xiàng huà</span><span class="font12">: "to be outrageous, to be ridiculous, to be absurd" Literally this means "doesn’t resemble speech." As used today, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú xiàng huà</span><span class="font12"> may be applied not only to things which are said, but also to situations and people.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiyang zhēn bú xiàng huà, Jiù yào qián bú zuò shi, zěnme xíng!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bú xiàng huà, bǎ wūzi nòngde zhème luàn, yě bù shōushi shoushi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is outrageous! To Just want money but not work. How can that do!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is too much! He made the room such a mess and doesn’t even straighten up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige háizi yìtiān dào wan wánr, This child plays all day long and bú niàn shū, zhēn bú xiàng huà. doesn’t study. He’s really too much.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù guan</span><span class="font12">: ”no matter...” The first half of a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù guan</span><span class="font12"> sentence contains either (1) an interrogative word, e.g.,</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Bù guǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">shénme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">No matter what</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">who</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shénme shihou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">when</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">nǎr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">where</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wèishénme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">why</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zěnme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">how</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">duōshǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">how much</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">duo lèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">how tired</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">etc</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">or (2) a clause expressing alternatives, e.g.,</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Bù guǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">tā qù bu qù shi bu shi zhēnde tā shi Zhōngguo rén háishi Měiguo rén jintiǎn (háishi) míngtiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">No matter whether he goes or not whether it’s true or not whether he is Chinese or American whether it’s today or tomorrow etc.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">The last half of a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù guan</span><span class="font12"> sentence usually (not always) has dōu or sometimes </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Bù guan ní gěi duōshāo qián, wō dōu (yě) bú mài.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bù guan ní xǔyào shénme, tā nèr yídìng (dōu) yōu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">No matter how much money you offer, I’m not selling it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">No matter what you need, he is sure to have it at his place. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dōu</span><span class="font12"> is optional and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12"> is not used here.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Bù guan xià bu xià yǔ, wō dōu qù. Whether it rains or not, I’m going.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font12">: Literally ’’where,” used in rhetorical questions to make a denial. Compare this with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Náli!</span><span class="font12">, which you learned in the Biographic Information module to deny compliments.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèixiē fángzi dōu shi nǐde ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǎr a!</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tā dào nǎr qù le?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wō nǎr zhīdao!</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wō qù wen ta.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Tā</span><span class="font12"> nǎr zhidao! (stress on "tā")</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Do these houses all belong to you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Heck no!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Where did he go?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How should I know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll go ask him.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">He</span><span class="font12"> doesn’t know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Sāndiǎn zhōng nǎr néng dào!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">How could we possibly arrive by three o’clock!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">értong</span><span class="font12">: "child" This is the word used in formal contexts. It usually refers to children under approximately ten years of age.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">értong wénxué értong yīyuàn</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">children’s literature children’s hospital</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Zhèipiān </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duǎnpiān</span><span class="font12"> xiǎoshuō What is this short story about? xiěde shi shénme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiěde shi yíge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongcūn</span><span class="font12"> It’s the story of a cadre in a</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gànbud</span><span class="font12">e gùshi. rural area.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duǎnpiān</span><span class="font12">: "short," of written compositions. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō</span><span class="font12">, "short story"?<sup>1</sup>In China, the short story began to develop as a genre as early as the Tang and Song dynasties. In modern times, Chinese short story writers were greatly influenced by Western short stories.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongcūn</span><span class="font12">: This has three main uses: (1) "country, rural area"; (2) "rural," when used to modify a noun; and (3) "rural community, farm village" (counter: ge). In mainland China, this third use is no longer common because of the reorganization of rural areas into communes, with village-sized units becoming production brigades (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēngchǎn dàduì</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the Welfare module, you learned another word for "country, rural area": </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngxià</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāngxià</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongcūn</span><span class="font12"> are comparable in meaning. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāngxià </span><span class="font12">is chiefly a conversational word, however, rarely used in formal contexts. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāngxià</span><span class="font12"> may even be used in a disparaging manner; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongcūn</span><span class="font12">, being more neutral</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">in connotation, cannot.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nōngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā māma cong nongcūn lai, dàilai hǎo duō xīnxian Jídàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zài yíge nongcūn(de) yíyuàn gōngzuō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige xuéxiàode xuésheng dōu dào nongcūn cānjiā lāodòng qu le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Their home is in the country.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The air in the country is much better than in the city.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">His mother came from the country and brought lots of fresh eggs with her.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She works in a rural hospital.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The students of this school have all gone to the country to participate in labor.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">’The expressions </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèige cūnr</span><span class="font12">, "this village," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǒmen cūnr</span><span class="font12">, "our village," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐmen cūnr</span><span class="font12">, "your village," etc., are nevertheless still used in the PRC.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige nóngcūn yǒu duōshǎo What is the population of this farm</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">rénkǒu? village? (not mainland, usage)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gànbu</span><span class="font12">: Usually translated into English "by the French word "cadre," this word has two meanings in China.<a name="footnote7"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark76">7</a></sup> First, it can refer to full-time functionaries of the (usually central) Party or government. Second—this is the sense of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gànhu</span><span class="font12"> in sentence 7B—it can have the broader meaning of any person who has a leadership job. There are cadres in the army, factories, schools, communes, anywhere leadership positions exist. It is always clear who is a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gànbu</span><span class="font12"> and who is not; positions and people are well defined as cadre or not. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gànbu</span><span class="font12"> is contrasted with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qúnzhòng</span><span class="font12">, "the masses." For example, certain meetings may be attended by "cadres" but not by "the masses," and certain documents are distributed to "cadres" of a certain level but not to "the masses."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Most cadres are "not engaged in production" C</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tuōchǎn lei</span><span class="font12">, but some are "half released from production" E</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bàn tuōchǎnJ</span><span class="font12">. Very few are "not released from production" E</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù tuōchǎnJ</span><span class="font12">. In general, cadres’ salaries are higher than ordinary workers, and they have more privileges.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǎo gànbu</span><span class="font12"> is translated as "veteran cadre," that is, a cadre from before liberation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the PRC, the English word "cadre" is usually pronounced "cah-der," with the first syllable stressed.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jíjímangmangd</span><span class="font12">e zuò What are you in such a hurry to</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shénme qu a? go do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shàng xué</span><span class="font12"> qu a! I’m going to school!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jíjímangmǎng</span><span class="font12">: "in a great hurry" This comes from a repetition of each syllable of the adjectival verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jímang</span><span class="font12">, which means "hasty, hurried." Jí means "anxious" and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mang</span><span class="font12">, which you have learned as "busy," here means ^īn a rushed manner."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Many adjectival verbs may be reduplicated to make them more vivid. For example:</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Něige shi Chén Bin?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Gǎogāode neige.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Něige gǎogāode? Nǐ shi shuō hēihēi shòushòude neige?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú shi. Báibǎi pàngpàngde neige.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Which (of those people) is Chén Bin? The tall one.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Which tall one? You mean the dark, thin one?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No. The pale (light-complexioned), fat one.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bǎobǎode</span><span class="font12"> means "very full":</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ chide bǎobǎode.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m very full.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Adjectival verbs of two syllables are reduplicated in an AABB pattern: repeat the first syllable twice and then the second syllable twice.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gāoxìng becomes gāogāoxìngxìng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">píngcháng becomes píngpíngchángcháng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kèqi becomes kèkeqìqì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Adjectival verbs reduplicated this way can be used to modify nouns, as in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā Jiù shi yíge píngpíngcháng- He is Just an ordinary fellow, chángde rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">or to modify verbs, as in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women kèkeqìqìde tántan. Let's talk it over politely.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen gāogāoxìngxìngde zǒu le.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">They left happily.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">These reduplicated adjectival verbs are not made negative or used in a comparative sentence.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò shénme qu</span><span class="font12">: Literally, "you are going in order to do what?" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qù</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12"> may be used at the end of a sentence to show purpose: "go </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">in order to</span><span class="font12">..." or "come </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">in order to</span><span class="font12">..." Whether you choose </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qu</span><span class="font12"> depends, in many cases, on the direction of the action; if the direction is towards "here," use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12">, and if it is "away," use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wen </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12"> qu ba! Go ask </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">him</span><span class="font12">!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kuài máng qu ba! Go about your business!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ kàn ni lai le. I’ve come to see you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Putting </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qu</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> before or after the verb phrase gives about the same meaning. In fact, in Běijīng speech, they may be used both before </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">and</span><span class="font12"> after the verb phrase. The following three patterns are equivalent:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī qù wen tā.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī wen tā qu.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">You go ask him.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He came (has come) to get the tickets.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Nī qù wen tā qu.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">lái ná piào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ná piào lai le. lái ná piào lai le.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are more examples:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zuò shénme qu le? Shuì Jiào qu le. Hui Jiā qu le. Xī yīfu qu le. Nòng fàn qu le. Mǎi dōngxi qu le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What did he go to do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He went to go to bed.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He went to go home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He went to do some laundry.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He went to get dinner ready.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He went to do some shopping.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Sometimes there can he ambiguity about whether </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qu</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> are being used to express ’’purpose” or "direction.” For example, the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ná piào lai</span><span class="font12"> means "bring the tickets here" if </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> is a directional ending, but "come here in order to get the tickets" if </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12"> indicates purpose.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàng xué</span><span class="font12">: This phrase means either "to go to school" in the sense of "it’s eight o’clock, the children have already gone to school," or "to attend school," as in "I attended high school in Chicago." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xué</span><span class="font12"> is a general object like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shū</span><span class="font12"> in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">niàn shū</span><span class="font12">, "to study." You can replace it by a more specific object such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoxué</span><span class="font12">, "elementary school," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jíngshān Zhōngxué</span><span class="font12">, "Jíngshān Middle School."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shàng xué qu le. He has gone to school.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Suīrán tā niānji dà le, kěshi Although he’s old, he still wants to tā hái xiang shàng xué. go to school.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhěngfǔ</span><span class="font12"> shi bu shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎohù </span><span class="font12">rénmende cáichǎn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi. Zhengfǔ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shíxíng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bǎohù rénmen caichande zhèngcè.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Does the government protect people’s property?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. The government is carrying out a policy of protecting people’s property.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngfǔ</span><span class="font12">: "government" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèng</span><span class="font12"> originally meant "political affairs," and fǔ was the word for "government offices."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zài Měiguo zhèngfǔlí gōngzuò. He works in the U.S. government.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Distinguish </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngfǔ</span><span class="font12"> from </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guojiā</span><span class="font12">, "the state."* In PRC terminology, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guojiā</span><span class="font12"> is the entire organization by means of which the ruling class exercises its rule, including administrative bodies, the military, police, courts, and prisons. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèngfǔ</span><span class="font12"> refers to the administrative bodies of the state—for example, the State Council.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎohù</span><span class="font12">: "to protect" from harm or loss, or "to safeguard"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">huánjìng bǎohù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">fùnu értong bǎohù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Cong xiǎo jiù děi bǎohù yǎnjīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní kàn rénjiade chē bǎohùde duo hǎo, níde ne?!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women yǐnggāi bǎohù guojiā cáichǎn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">environmental protection</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">woman and child protection</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">One should protect one’s eyes from the time one is a child.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Look at how well maintained his car is! But yours!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We should protect state property.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Here we are not talking about </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guojiā</span><span class="font12">*s other meaning, "country, nation."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Even "before liberation, the Chinese Communists attempted to allay widespread fears that a Communist government would signal an end to private property "by proclaiming </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎohǔ rénmín cáichǎn</span><span class="font12"> as an official policy.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shíxíng</span><span class="font12">: "to carry out, to put into practice/effect, to implement" an idea, plan, policy, system, or program.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige jìhuà néng bu néng shíxíng Whether or not this plan can be im-hái shi ge wèntí. plemented is still a question.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiàge yuè women yào kāishǐ shi- Next month we are going to put a new xíng yìzhǒng xínde kǎoshì method for testing into practice,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bànfǎ.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐngdǎoxià</span><span class="font12">, Zhongguo zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìjiès</span><span class="font12">hangde dìwei yǒule hěn dàde gaibiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐngdǎo</span><span class="font12">: "to lead, to direct, to leader, leading cadre"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde lǐngdǎo nénglì hěn qiáng.°</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā nàme niánqǐng jiu lǐngdǎo name duō rén?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐmende gōngzuò zuòde bú cuò.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà dōu shi zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎode hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Under the leadership of the Communist Party, China’s position in the world has changed greatly.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèijiàn shìqing women děi wèn-wen lǐngdǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā lǐngdǎo zhèige gōngzuò, zhèijiàn shi yídìng zuòbuhǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gòngqǐngtuán lǐngdǎo Shàoxiān-duì.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">exercise leadership (over); leadership;</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He has great leadership ability.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He is in charge of so many people at such a young age?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You do your job well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s all thanks to the good leadership of the government. (Lit., "That is all because the government leads well.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We’ll have to ask our leading cadres about this.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If he directs this project, it surely won’t be done well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The Communist Youth League exercises leadership over (provides guidance for) the Young Pioneers.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">so</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xià</span><span class="font12">: "under," used only after certain nouns. The ones you have learned far in this course are </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐngdǎo</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāngzhù</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàogu</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài zhèizhǒng qíngkuàngxià, zuì In this kind of situation, it is hǎo shénme dōu bú zuò. best not to do anything.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">“</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nénglì</span><span class="font12">, "ability"; </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiáng</span><span class="font12">, "strong"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi j iè</span><span class="font12">: ’’world.”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige dìfang duì tā lái shuō To him, this place seemed like a new hǎoxiàng shi yíge xǐn shìjiè. world.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā duì dìsān shìjiè guójiāde He is interested in the political</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèngzhi qíngkuàng you xìngqu. situation in third world countries.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">To say "in the world,’’ use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìjièshàng</span><span class="font12">. This is often equivalent to English ’’in the whole world."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shìjièshàng méiyou yíge rén There is no one like him in the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiàng tā zhèiyang. whole world.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ruìshì hiǎo zài shìjièshàng hěn Swiss watches are famous throughout you ming. the world.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shìjiè</span><span class="font12"> can also he used to modify other nouns:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo shi Shìjiè Yínhángde China is a member country of the chéngyuánguō.° World Bank.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">11. A: Shínián </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12">, zhèi liǎngge In the past ten years, industry and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngshìd</span><span class="font12">e gōngshāngyè commerce in these two cities have</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yuè lái yuè fādá le. become more and more developed.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè hé zhèngfǔde lǐngdǎo This can’t be separated from the shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēnbukāid</span><span class="font12">e. government’s leadership.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shínián lái</span><span class="font12">: "for the past ten years" or "over the past ten years"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shínián lái, wǒ xuéle hěn duō Over the past ten years, I’ve learned Yíngwén. a lot of English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jǐnián lái wǒ dōu méiyou shōudao I haven’t gotten any letters from her tāde xìn le. for the past few years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lái</span><span class="font12"> is usually used with a relatively long period of time, especially months or years. There are no definite rules for how long is "long," but you would not, for example, use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12"> to say "for the last half hour" (which would be </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi bànge zhōngtōu</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The expression of time may be preceded by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi</span><span class="font12">, "these," for example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi jǐnián lái</span><span class="font12">, "for the past few years."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngshì</span><span class="font12">: "city" or "(comparatively large) town" Originally </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéng </span><span class="font12">meant a city wall and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12"> a "market." (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi</span><span class="font12"> is now also an administrative unit, as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Běijīng shi</span><span class="font12">, "Běijīng municipality.’’) "</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngyuánguō</span><span class="font12">, "member country"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You have already learned the word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéng</span><span class="font12"> for "city, town." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cheng</span><span class="font12">, which originally meant "city walls," is now mostly used in set phrases such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jin cheng</span><span class="font12">, "to go into the city, to go into town, to go downtown" (to the part within the original city walls); or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chénglǐ</span><span class="font12">, "in the city," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngwài </span><span class="font12">"outside the city" (again using the walls to differentiate the two). </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chéng </span><span class="font12">is also used to translate "town" in foreign place names, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qiáozhìchéng</span><span class="font12">, "Georgetown." The Chinese also use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo chéng</span><span class="font12"> to translate "town" when referring to foreign situations, as in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zhù zai lí Niǔ Yuē hù yuǎnde He lives in a little town near New yíge xiǎo chéngli. York.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo chéng</span><span class="font12"> is not used to speak of a town in China; instead people say "county" (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàn</span><span class="font12">) or "commune" (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngshè</span><span class="font12">) or Just "place" (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìfang</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">To translate "city," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngshì</span><span class="font12"> is the word you will use most often.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lúndūn shi shiJiè you míngde London is a world-famous metropolis,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dà chéngshì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shànghǎi shi shìjièshang zuì Shànghǎi is the largest city in the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dàde chéngshì. world.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēnhukāi</span><span class="font12">: "cannot he separated" A more English-sounding translation for sentence 11B would he, "This is directly related to the government's leadership."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The verh </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēn</span><span class="font12"> means "to separate, to divide," as in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women fēn yige píngguǒ, hǎo hu Let's split (share) an apple, okay? hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bǎ nèige píngguǒ fēn liǎngkuài. Divide the apple in two.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Píngguǒ fēn hǎo duo zhong. There are lots of different kinds</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">of apples. (Lit., "Apples are divided into many kinds.”)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The verh ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kāi</span><span class="font12">, which you have seen meaning "open" as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎkai</span><span class="font12">, here is something like English "apart."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bǎ hāizimen fēnkāi. Keep the children apart.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bǎ hóngde gēn lānde fēnkāi. Keep the red ones separate from the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hlue ones.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi liǎngzhāng zhǐ shi fēnde- These two sheets of paper can he kāide. taken apart.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuányǐn</span><span class="font12">: "reason, cause"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nà shi shénme yuányǐn?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shi shénme yuányǐn ta jīntiān méi lái?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shéi zhīdao, wèn tā zìjǐ qu ha!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo niàn Zhōngwénde yuányǐn shi yīnwei wǒ yào dào Zhongguo qu gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo ding’ zhème duō Zhōngguo hàozhǐ shi yǒu yuányīnde.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Why</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">is that?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Why</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">is it he didn’t come today?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Who</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">knows? Go ask him!</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The reason I’m studying Chinese is that I am going to go work in China.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s a reason for my subscribing to so many Chinese newspapers.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zuò zhèige jìhua yǒu méiyou shénme tèbiéde yuányǐn?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Is there some special reason why you are making this plan?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Méiyou shénme tèbiéde yuányǐn yào zhèiyangr zuò.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s no particular reason for doing it this way.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiārù</span><span class="font12">: This is the formal word for "to join." (You will recognize </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiā</span><span class="font12">, "add," from </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">canjiā</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù</span><span class="font12">, "enter," from </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù Tuan</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ding</span><span class="font12"> is the same word you learned in the Meeting module for "to reserve."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">On the balcony of Lǐ Ping’s apartment, Tom (A) and Lǐ Ping’s sister Lǐ Wen </span><span class="font2" style="font-variant:small-caps;">(ē)</span><span class="font12"> have a conversation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lǐ Wen, nǐ yíge rén zài zhèr Are you playing chess all by your-</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">xia qi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Suíbiàn wānrwanr, jǐntiǎn Bàba</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bú zài jiā, píngchāng zǒng shi wǒ he Bàba xià qí. Zenme, nǐ yě xiǎng wánr ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bù, wǒ bú tài huì xià; rúguǒ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nǐ you kǒng, wǒ xiǎng he ni liāoliao.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Wǒ yě zhěng xiǎng he ni liao</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">liao ne, qǐng zuò.’ Rúguǒ nǐ bú Jièyìde huà, wǒ xiǎng wen nǐ liǎngge wèntí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bú yào kèqi, qǐng wen ba.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Měiniǎn shǔjiàde shihou, nǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dōu líkāi jiā, yíge rén qù lùxíng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Chàbuduō shi zhèiyangr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Nàme, nǐde fùmǔ hěn you qian</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tāmen dōu zài dàxué jiāo shū,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bú shi hěn you qiánde rén, érqiě wǒ luxíngde qian dōu shi wǒ zìjǐ zhuànde. Píngchāng shàng xuéde shihou, wǒ hai zuò diǎnr shir, xiàng dǎ zì, fānyi diǎnr xiǎo wénzhāng shenmede. Zhuànle qian, shǔjiàde shihou chūqu zǒuzou, kànkan shìjiè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Zhēn bú cuò. Nǐ néng fānyi,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nàme nǐde Zhōngwén hěn hǎo le? Néng shuō yě néng kàn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Néng kàn yidiǎnr. Wo duì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōngguo wénhuà, Zhōngguo shè-huì hěn you xìngqu, hěn xiǎng yanjiū yanjiū. Suǒyǐ, rúguǒ nǐ</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">self out here, Li Wen?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Just fooling around. My father isn’t home today. Usually he and I play against each other. What’s up? Do you want to play too?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, I’m not too good at chess. But if you’ve got the time I’d like to chat with you a bit.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It just so happens I felt like talking with you myself. Have a seat. If you don’t mind, I’d like to ask you a couple of questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Certainly, go right ahead.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you leave home and go traveling by yourself every summer?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Just about.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Then your parents must be very rich, I guess?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">They both teach college, Csol they’re not very rich; besides, I earn my own travel money. During the school year I usually do some outside work like typing, translating little articles, and so on. Then when I’ve earned the money I go away to see the world during summer vacation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s great. If you’re able to translate, your Chinese must be very good. You can speak and also read?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I can read a little. I’m very interested in Chinese culture and society, and I’d like very much to study them. So, if you don’t mind,</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">°Lǐ Wén may be working out chess strategies or playing Chinese chess (which can be done alone).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">E:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">E:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">bú jièyìde huà, wo yě hěn xiǎng wèn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ</span><span class="font12"> jǐge wèntí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Qīng!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tīng Lǐ Ping shuō, nǐ zhīdao xiě dàlùde qíngkuàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo you hěn duō tóngxué he péngyou, tāmen dōu shi cong dàlù laide. Tāmen zài nàr shēnghuole èrsānshínián, dāng-rán hěn qīngchù. Wo he tamen chángcháng zài yìqǐ, yě jiù zhīdaole yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tīngshuǒ, Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ shíxíng nánnù píngděngde zhèngcè, suōyi Zhōngguo fùnǔde dìwèi tígāole hěn duō, Jiātíngde qíngkuàng yě he Jiěfàng yǐqián bù yíyàng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī shuōde duì. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎoxià, bù guǎn shi nongcūn háishi chéngshì, nu-háizi hé nánháizi yíyàng, dōu kéyi shàng xué, zhǎngdàle yě yíyàng ké^ri you gōngzuò. Jiātíng, fùnu hé értong, dōu kéyi dédao shèhuìde bǎohù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhè bú shi hěn hǎo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm, yīnggāi shi hěn hǎo, kěshi cōng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù niàn, zài zhèi shíniánlī, shèhuì-shang yǐnwèi zhèngzhide yuányǐn youle hěn duō wèntí. Wo kéyi gěi ni jiǎng yige gùshi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kuài shuōshuo ba!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī tīngzhe, ā. You yíwèi lǎo gànbu, zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò. Tā zhǐ you yíge nuér. Kěshi zài Liù Qī niánde shihour, līngdǎo shuō tā you zhèngzhi wèntí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’d like to ask </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12"> a few questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Be my guest!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I hear from Lǐ Ping that you know a bit about the situation on the mainland.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I have a lot of classmates and friends who come from the mainland. They lived there for twenty or thirty years, so naturally they know quite well what goes on there. I spend a lot of time with them, so I’ve gotten to know something about it too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I understand that the Chinese government carries out a policy of equality of men and women, so the position of women has improved a great deal, and families are in quite a different way than before liberation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s right. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, no matter whether in the countryside or the cities, girls can go to school Just as boys can, and when they grow up they can also get jobs Just the same. Families, women and children all receive society’s protection.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s great, isn’t it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yeah, it ought to be great, but in the ten years from *66 to *?6, a lot of social problems came about because of political reasons. I can tell you a story.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, please do!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen t" this. There was this old cadre who worked in Shànghǎi. She only had one daugher. But in ’67 the the leadership said she had political problems.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zāogāo.’ Na tā nǔér yě yǒu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">māfan le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Yidiǎnr dōu t>ú cuǒ. Zhèige</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nǔhāizi bù néng rù Tuan, bù néng cānjiǎ Hongwèibīng. Péngyou, tongxué dōu líkāile ta. Yǒude shihour, zài dàjiēshang, hěn shóuxǐde rén yě hǎoxiàng bú rènshi ta yíyàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà, tā zěnme bàn ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Nèige shíhou, tā juéde shēng-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">huó zhěn shi yidiǎnr xīwàng yě méiyou. Tā kāishí hèn tāde mǔqin. Tā yào líkāi ta, tā yào líkāi tāde jiā.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǒulái ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Hǒulāi, tāmen zhēnde fēnkāi le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nuér dàole nóngcǔn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèiyang, tāde qíngkuāng huì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo yidiǎnr ba?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Yidiǎnr yě méiyou. Zài nongcǔn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">suīrān tā gōngzuòde hěn hǎo, tā hāishi méiyou shénme zhèngzhi shēnghuo, lǐngdǎo hé rénmen yě méiyou yīnwei tā líkāile mǔqin jiu gāibiàn duì tāde kànfǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà, tā dàgài bú huì you shénme</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">péngyou, yě bù róngyi àishang shénme rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Shi. Tài nan le. Tā àishangle</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yíge nānhāizi, nèige nānhāizi yě ài tā, érqiě yīnwei tā, bù né^g yǒu ge bǐjiǎo hǎode gōngzuǒ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhè shízài tài bú xiàng huà le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Jiǔniān yǐhòu, lǐngdǎo nǒng-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">qǐngchǔ le, tā mǔqin méiyou wèntí. Zhèige nuhāizi jíjímāng-māng pǎohuí Shànghǎi, kěshi tā zài yě jiànbudào tāde mǔqin le. Tā mǔqin yǐjīng sǐ zài yīyuànli le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Uh-oh.’ Then her daughter was in for some trouble too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Absolutely right. This girl couldn’t join the (Communist Youth), League or the Red Guards. Her friends and classmates all left her. Sometimes when she was walking down the street, people she knew well would act as if they didn’t know her.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well then, what did she do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">At that time she felt that her life was completely hopeless. She began to hate her mother. She wanted to leave her. She wanted to leave her home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And after that?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Afterwards, they really did split up. The daughter went to the countryside.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That way her situation got a little better, I guess?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Not a bit. Although she worked very well in the countryside, she still didn’t have any political life. The leadership and the people didn’t change their opinion of her just because she left her mother, either.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well then, she probably didn’t have any friends, and it probably wasn’t easy to fall in love with anyone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. It was really hard. She fell in love with a boy, and he loved her. But because of her, he couldn’t get a better job.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s really absurd.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nine years later, the leadership got it straightened out that her mother was (politically) okay. The girl rushed back to Shanghai in a flurry, but she was never to see her mother again. She had already died in a hospital.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Yíge jiātíng jiù zhèiyang wan le! Ní zěnme huì zhīdao zhèige gùshi?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yàoshi nī zhùyi yíxiàr Qī Qī nian, Qī Bā niande Zhōngguo bào-zhī, jiu kéyi kàndao hěn duō zhèiyangde gùshi. Wo zài gěi ni jièshao yìhěn shū.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shénme shū?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngguo Yī Jiǔ Qī Qī nian dào Yī Jiu </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">Ofc</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Bā nian Duǎnpiān Xiǎoshuō</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī zhīdao, ruguo yōu rén xiǎng dōngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, Jiù yídìng yào yánjiū cōng Liù Liù nian dào Qī Liù niànde qíngkuàng. Yánjiūle yīhòu cai néng míngbai jīntiānde Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ hé Zhōngguo rén wèishenme yào gǎi-biàn zhè shínián lái zhèngzhi-shang, Jīngjishangde qíngkuàng, ràng Zhōngguo rén zhěnde dédao jiěfàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī néng bāng wo zhǎodào nèiběn shū ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wō yōu zhèiběn shū, kéyi song’ gei ni. Kàn shū hái bu gòu, yōu jīhui qù dàlù kànkan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wō yōu jīhui yídìng qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Just like that, a family was destroyed! How do you happen to know this story?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If you watched the newspapers in '77 and ’78 you could see lots of stories like that. Let me recommend a book to you, too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What book?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chinese Short Stories of 1977-</span><span class="font12">1978.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You know, if someone wants to understand Chinese society they have to study the situation from ’66 to ’76. Only after you’ve studied it can you understand why today the Chinese government and people are trying to change the political and economic conditions of the past ten years and let the Chinese people really be liberated.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Can you help me find that book?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I have it, and I can give it to you. But reading isn’t enough. If you get the chance, go visit the mainland.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If I get the chance, I certainly will.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">*</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sòng</span><span class="font12"> here means ”to give” something as a gift.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a conversation in which an evening university teacher visits the home of her student, Gāo Xiǎohuà, who also works in a Shànghǎi factory, to talk with her mother.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yèdà evening university</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">pǎolai pǎoqù to run around</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xuéhuì to learn, to master</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gōngchǎng factory</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What kind of student is Xiǎohuà?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What was Teacher Liu’s main concern in visiting Comrade Fang Bǎolán?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What were schools like during the Cultural Revolution?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Did Teacher Liu come as a representative of the university, factory, or both? How do you know?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this exercise a husband and wife in the city of Harbin in northeast China talk at home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Èr (the couple’s son, "Little No. Two,”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">so called because he is their second child)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhǐ yào as long as, provided that</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gāogàn senior cadres</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">běnrén herself, himself, oneself,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">myself, etc.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Where did Xiǎo Er go after work?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What kind of trouble does Xiǎo Èr’s father anticipate?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What does Xiǎo Èr’s mother think of his girlfriend?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">4. To whom does she refer when discussing political trouble? Why?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 4</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this exercise a student talks with another student from mainland China in their dorm in Hong Kong.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will need the following new word:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">wénxuéJiā</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">writer, literary man</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Why do the roommates decide to stay home? What do they decide to do instead?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Where did Chén Bin learn to play chess? Why do you suppose he was living there?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What was the countryside like during the Cultural Revolution?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">4. What did Chén Bin do besides play chess?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">5. After Chén Bin’s experience, what does he think of the situation in mainland China?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A young woman named Gāo Xiǎohuá works at a factory in Shànghǎi and attends the factory’s evening university. One afternoon her teacher (A) at the university pays a visit to Gāo Xiǎohuá*s mother, Fāng Bǎolán (B).</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ shi Fāng Bǎolán Tongzhì</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi. Nín guìxìng?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ xing Liu, shi Gāo Xiǎohuá</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Tongzhì zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yèdàd</span><span class="font12">e lǎoshī.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ou, shi Xiǎohuáde lǎoshī.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Kuài qǐng jìnlai zuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Are you Comrade Fāng Bǎolán?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. May I ask your name?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My name is Liú. I’m Comrade Gāo Xiǎohuá*s teacher at the evening university.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, Xiǎohuá*s teacher! Please come in and sit down.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Gāo sits down and Fāng brings some tea.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Liu Lǎoshī, Xiǎohuá zài yèdà</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zěnmeyàng a?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎohuá hěn yònggōng, xuéxide</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hěn hǎo. Kěshi wǒ zǒng juéde Xiǎohuá shēntǐ bú gòu hǎo. Měitiān dōu hǎoxiàng hěn lèi, shi bu shi shuìde bú gòu?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Yidiǎnr dōu bú cuò, shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiūxide bú gòu. Zhèi háizi měitiān huílai niàn shū dōu děi niàn dao liǎng-sāndiǎn zhōng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiànzàide niánqīng rén zhèi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yang niàn shū shi you yuányīnde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shéi shuō bú shi ne? Shínián</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">lái xuéxiàode qíngxing tài bú xiàng huà le. Nèi shihou háizi-men niànbuliǎo shū, cānjiāle Hōngwèibīng, yìtiān dào wǎn zài wàibiānr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǎolai pǎoqù</span><span class="font12">, shénme yě méi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xuéhuì</span><span class="font12">. Xiànzài cānjiāle gōngzuò, zài bú niàn shū, zěnme néng bǎ gōngzuò zuòhǎo ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Kěshi, shíniánde shū bú shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shítiān bànyuè* kéyi niànwánde.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How is Xiǎohuá doing in the evening university, Teacher Liú?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎohuá is very hardworking and does very well in her studies, but it does seem to me that her health is not good enough. She seems tired every day. Is it because she doesn’t get enough sleep?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Absolutely right. She doesn’t get enough rest. Every day the child comes home and studies until two or three o’clock.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s a (good) reason for the way young people study now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s for sure! For the past ten years conditions in the schools have been unspeakable. During that time, students couldn’t study. They joined the Red Guards and were out running around from morning till night. They didn’t learn a thing. Now that they are participating in work, if they go on without studying, how can they do their work well?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">But you can’t complete ten years of study in ten days or half a month.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’This is an idiom for "a short time.”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women zuò lǎoshǐde, zuò fùmǔde hái děi bǎohù tāmende jiànkāng. Bù neng ràng tāmen tài lèi le. Nǐmen Xiǎohuá měitiān yídìng yào zǎo diǎnr xiūxi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhēn xièxie nín. Nín huíqu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yǐhòu yě tì wǒmen xièxie </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngchǎng</span><span class="font12"> he yèdàde lǐngdǎo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bú kèqi. Zhèixiē dōu shi wǒmen</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yínggāi zuòde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ yě huì zhàogu Xiǎohuá, ràng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tā hǎohāor gōngzuò, hǎohǎor xuéxi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo, wǒ zǒu le. Zàijiàn!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zàijiàn! You kòngr lái zuò a!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Those of use who are teachers and parents still must protect their health. We can't let them get too tired. Your Xiǎohuá must go to bed earlier.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Thank you very much. When you get back, thank the leadership at the factory and the evening university.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Not at all. All this is what we should be doing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And I’ll take care of Xiǎohuá, and see that she works well and studies well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All right. I’ll be on my way. Good-bye.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Good-bye. When you have time, come over and sit a while.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In at</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">the city of Harbin in northeast China, a mother (B) and father (A) talk home.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">V <sub>w</sub> V <sub>v</sub></span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">A:</span><span class="font12"> Ei, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiao Er</span><span class="font12"> xiale ban, Jiji-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">mángmángde you dào nǎr qù le?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tā shuō, qù gēn tāde yíge tǒng-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xué xué Yǐngwén dǎ zì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xué Yǐngwén dǎ zì? Shi nán-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tóngxué háishi nùtongxué?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Jiù shi shàngcì láiguode nèige</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nutongxué.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A:<sub> w</sub>Xiǎo Er yàoshi àishang nèige</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nǔháizi jiù máfan le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You shénme máfan? Nà háizi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shi dàxuéshēng, you you lǐmào, láile hái bāng wǒ zuò fàn shenme-de. You shénme bù hǎo?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zhǐdao shénme? Tā fùqin</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">you zhèngzhi wèntí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Say, where did Xiǎo Èr go off to in such a rush after work?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He said he was going to learn English typing from a classmate.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">To learn English typing? Was it a male classmate or a female classmate?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s the female classmate who was over last time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If Xiǎo Er falls in love with that girl it’s going to be trouble.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What trouble? That girl is a college student, and well mannered. And when she came over she even helped me cook and so on. What's wrong with that?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What do you know? Her father has political problems.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bu duì ha?.’ Wǒ tīng Xiǎo Èr</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shuō, jīnniān xiàtiān tā rù Tuan le. Yàoshi tā fùqin yǒu zhèngzhi wèntíde huà, tā néng rù Tuan ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Néng, xiànzài you zhèngcè, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yào</span><span class="font12"> hāizi hǎo, jiù kéyi rù Tuan, bù guǎn tā fùmǔde wèntí you duo dà.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè jiù duì le ma, wǒ shuō</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nèi hāizi shi hǎo hāizi!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bù xíng, hāishi děi ràng tāmen</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">fēnkāi, yǐhòu māfan tài duō!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shéi méiyou māfan? </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gāogànd</span><span class="font12">e</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hāizi jiù méiyou māfan le? Lin Biāo cóngqiān yě shi dà gànhur, nǐ néng ràng nǐ érzi gěn tā nuér jiēhūn ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, hié shuō le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Hāizide shi zhēn hù hǎo hàn!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You shénme hù hǎo hànde?! Zhǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yào nèi hāizi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hěnrén</span><span class="font12"> hǎo, tāmen you hùxiāng xǐhuan, jiù xíng le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo! Tīng nīde.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">You must he wrong! I’ve heard from Xiǎo Èr that she joined the (Communist Youth) League this summer. If her father had political problems, could she join the League?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. Now there’s a policy that as long as the child is good, he or she can enter the League, no matter how great his or her parents’ problems are.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There you have it, then! I </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">said </span><span class="font12">she was a good child.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, it won’t do. We should still make them break up. There will be too much trouble later on.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Who doesn’t have trouble? Do you think the children of senior cadres don’t have any trouble? Lin Biāo was a big cadre too, but would you let your son marry his daughter?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, okay. Don’t say any more! Children’s matters are really hard to handle.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What’s hard to handle? As long as the girl herself is good, and they like each other, it will be fine.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay. We’ll do as you say.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise H</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In Hong Kong, a student (A) talks with in their dorm.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Chén Bīn, jīntiān wǎnshang bù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">chūqu ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wàimian zài xià yǔ, bù xiǎng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">chūqu le, nǐ ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ yě bù chūqu, women xià qí</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo a!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">another student from mainland China (B)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chén Bīn, aren’t you going out tonight?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s raining outside. I don’t want to go out. How about you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t want to go out either.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How about playing chess?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duì le, nǐ xià qí xiàde zhème</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo, shi zài nǎr xuéde?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nnnn . . .</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Duìbuqī, rúguo nǐ bú jièyìde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">huà, jiù jiǎng gěi wo tíngting.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méiyou shenme. Nǐ zhǐdao,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ zài nongcūn zhùguo shinian.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ zhǐdao.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ zhùde nèige dìfang zài shān-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">li, méiyou gōnggòng qìchē, gèng méiyou huǒchē. Erqiě, nèige shihou wǒ jiālide rén yě dōu cōng chéngshì bān dao xiāngxià qu le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà, nī yìnián sānbǎi liùshiwǔ-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tiān bù líkāi nèige dìfang le?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Jiù shi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ měitiān zuò shénme ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nèige dìfang you ge xiǎo tú</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shūguǎn .</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lībianr you shénme shū?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ou, chúle zhèngzhi shū yīwài,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiù shi értong gùshi, méi shénme yìsi.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà nǐ zěnme bàn?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Túshūguǎnli yě you rén xià qí,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ gēn tāmen xué, mànmànde, wǒ xià qí xiàde bú cuò le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Chúle xià qí nī hái zuò shénme?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ou, xiěguo yidiǎn duǎnpiān</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎoshuō.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Òu! Nǐ shi ge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wénxuéjiā</span><span class="font12">! You</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jǐhui gěi wo kànkan, xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Say, you play chess so w*»ll. Where did you learn it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mnnn . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Excuse me, if you don’t mind, tell me about it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s all right. You know I lived in the country for ten years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I know.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The place I lived was in the mountains. There were no buses, much less trains. Also, at that time my whole family had moved from the city to the country.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Then you didn’t leave the place 365 days a year?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">So what did you do every day?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There was a small library there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What kind of books did it have?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, apart from political books, there were only children’s stories, which weren’t very interesting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well then, what did you do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There were people who played chess in the library. I learned from them. By and by I began to play chess pretty well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What did you do besides playing chess?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, I wrote a few short stories.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, you’re a writer! When you have a chance, let me read some, okay?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiěde bù hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hai, hu yào kèqi ma! Duì le,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">you yíge wèntí, wǒ hěn zǎo jiù xiǎng wen ni.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shénme wèntí?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiànzài nǐ dàole Xianggang,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">kàndàole hù tōngde shìjiè, nǐ xiǎng shénme? Nǐ hú hèn nèi shíniánde shenghuo ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Měi yícì xiǎngdào nèi shí</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">niánde shēnghuo, wǒ dōu hěn nánshòu, kěshi nèi hú shi wǒ yíge rénde shi, shi shèhuìde wèntí. Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài zhèngfǔde zhèngcè yǒule gǎihiàn. Wǒ xí-wàng zài zhèige zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎo-xiàde Zhōngguo rén hú yào zài you nèi shíniánde qíngkuàng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ yě xǐwàng. Hǎo, women</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xià qí ha.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">They’re not very good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, don’t he polite! Oh yes, there’s a question I’ve heen wanting to ask you for a long time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Now that you’ve come to Hong Kong and seen a different world, what do you think? Aren’t you hitter about life during those ten years?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m always sad whenever I think of those ten years of life. But I am not alone in this, it’s a problem of society. I think that the government’s policy has changed. I hope that under the leadership of this government, what went on during those ten years will never happen to the Chinese people again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Me too. Okay, let’s play chess.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">UNIT T</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Social Problems</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> (Adjectival Verb)-duō le</span><span class="font12">, "much more...."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> (Verb) (Verb) kàn</span><span class="font12">, "try and (Verb)."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. How to express "not anymore," "never again."</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">U. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cong X (Verb)-qǐ</span><span class="font12">, "to start (Verb)-ing from X."</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5. How to express billions.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">6. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián...dōu...</span><span class="font12">, "even."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ yào...Jiù...</span><span class="font12">, "provided that...."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">8.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Lái</span><span class="font12"> indicating that someone will perform a specified action.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">9. The pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi...Jiù shi...</span><span class="font12">, "either.•.or...."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">10.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Shǐ</span><span class="font12">, "to cause/make/enable."</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Functional Language Contained in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Stating hypotheses about the causes of phenomena.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Stating hypotheses about the interrelationships of phenomena.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Expressing value Judgments about abstract phenomena.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Expressing different degrees of agreement and disagreement.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Nǐ juéde zuìjin shèhuìshang </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">āndìng</span><span class="font12"> yidiǎnr ma?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Dāngrán, yǒule xǐn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎlù</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fàn zuìd</span><span class="font12">e rén shǎoduō le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: Wǒ xiǎng kànkan jǐntiǎn you shénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǎnggào</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèr you yífèn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huáshèngdùn Youbào</span><span class="font12">, náqu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎozhǎo kàn </span><span class="font12">ha!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you think society has heen calmer lately?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of course. Since there have heen new laws, there are far fewer people committing crimes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’d like see what ads there are today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here’s a copy of the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Washington Post</span><span class="font12">. Take it and try to find some.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Zuìjin jǐnián </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiàoyu</span><span class="font12"> gōngzuò you hěn dàde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìnbù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, xuéxiàoli </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài yě méiyou</span><span class="font12"> shénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">luànqǐbāzāo-</span><span class="font12">de qíngkuàng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Nǐ shuō, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zōngjiàod</span><span class="font12">e </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zéren </span><span class="font12">shi shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèi hú shi yíge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">j iǎndānd</span><span class="font12">e wèntí, wǒmen děi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cong </span><span class="font12">lìshǐ tánqǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Zài dàlùde shíyì rénkǒu-</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhōng</span><span class="font12"> you duǒshǎo shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shòug</span><span class="font12">uo jiàoyude?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián</span><span class="font12"> lí chéngshì hěn yuǎnde nǒngcūn dōu you xuéxiào, shòuguo jiàoyude rén dàgài hù shǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s heen a lot of progress in work in education these past few years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, schools aren’t so messed up anymore.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What do you think the responsibility of religion is?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s not a simple question. We have to begin by talking about history.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How many of the one billion people on the mainland have received an education?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think that now even villages far from the city have schools, so there are probably a lot of people who are educated.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào</span><span class="font12"> bú cuò, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìjièxìng-</span><span class="font12"> The </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Pao</span><span class="font12"> is not bad. It has de xǐnwén tā dōu yǒu. all the world news.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì le. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào</span><span class="font12"> bú cuò, Yes, the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Pao</span><span class="font12"> is quite good. You </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng bu</span><span class="font12"> kàn. have to read it.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhǐ yào</span><span class="font12"> nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12"> hang máng women jiù </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu hànfa</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè yǒu shénme? Yinggāide ma.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèipiān wénzhāngli hú shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐ dú</span><span class="font12">, jiù shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā rén</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kàn zhèizhǒng xǐnwén, zhǐ néng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐ</span><span class="font12"> rén nánshòu. Suàn le, hú yào kàn le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">As long as you help out, we’ll he ahle to do it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is nothing. It’s only right.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Look, there’s nothing in this article hut taking drugs and killing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Reading this kind of news will only make you feel had. Forget it, don’t read it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Běnlái</span><span class="font12"> tāde Zhōngwén hú cuò, líkāi Zhōngguo jiǔle, wàngle hěn duō.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Originally, his Chinese was pretty good, hut he’s heen away from China for a long time and he’s forgotten a lot.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">10. luàn</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">11. yǒu xiào</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">to he confused, to he chaotic to he effective; to he valid</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">āndìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to "be stable/settled/quiet</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">běnlái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in the first place</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">"bù néng bu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to have to, must</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">cóng...(Verb)-qǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to start (Verb)-ing from...</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">fǎlū fan fàn zuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">law</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to violate, to offend to commit a crime</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">guǎnggào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">advert i s ement</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huáshèngdùn Youbào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Washington Post</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">j iǎndān jiàoyu jìnbù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be simple</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to educate; education to progress; progress</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">(V V) kàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">try and (V), (V) and see how it is</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">(used before a verb to express that something will be done)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lián...dōu/yě... luàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">even...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be in disorder, to be chaotic, to be in a mess; indiscriminately, recklessly, arbitrarily, any old way</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">luànqībāzāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">in a mess, in confusion, in disorder; miscellaneous, jumbled, all thrown in together</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Pao</span><span class="font12"> (a Hong Kong newspaper)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to kill (in general); to kill (specifically with a knife or knifelike instrument); to try to kill</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to cause, to enable (followed by a verb)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shìjièxìng shòu jiàoyu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">worldwide to receive an education</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">xī dú</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-xing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to take drugs</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nature, -ness, -ibility</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">you bànfa, (duì...) you xiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be able to deal with (something) to be effective; to be valid</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">zài yě bù/méi zéren zhǐ yào -zhōng zōngjiào zuǐ</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">never again responsibility if only in; among (organized) religion crime; guilt</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Nǐ Juéde zuìjǐn shèhuìshang </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ending</span><span class="font12"> yidiǎnr ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">_ „ <sub>w</sub> „ <sub>w</sub> à</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Dangran, youle xin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">falu</span><span class="font12">, fàn</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">zuìde rén shǎoduō le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you think society has "been a little calmer lately?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Of course. Since there have "been new laws, there are far fewer people committing crimes.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ending</span><span class="font12">: "to he</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">political and social</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">stable/settled/quiet," used to describe lives, countries situations. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ān</span><span class="font12"> is "peaceful" and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ding</span><span class="font12"> is "settled."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài yéye nǎinai shēnghuo anding, shénme dōu hǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo xiǎng zhè hé zhèngzhi bù ending yǒu guānxi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige guójiāde zhèngfǔ zhèi Jǐnián hěn bù āndìng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Āndìngxiàlai</span><span class="font12"> means "to situation, a place, or</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Now grandpa and grandma have a settled life; everything is fine.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think this has to do with political instability.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">These past few years this country’s government has been very unstable.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">a</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">settle down, to c</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">alm</span><span class="font12"> down," used in speaking of a person’s feelings.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài hāizi dōu you gōngzuò le, shēnghuo cái āndìngxiàlai le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Now that the children all have Jobs, our life has finally settled down.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Shèhuìshang fàn zuìde wèntí tài duō, dàjiāde shēnghuo jiu méi bànfa āndìngxiàlai.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">When there’s too much of a crime problem in society, people’s life can’t settle down.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎlu</span><span class="font12">: "law"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi yǐjíng biànchengle fǎlǔ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige wèntí you fǎlu zài, fēi-cháng qingchǔ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Yǒu fǎlu guǎn zhèjiàn shi ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒmende fǎlǔ bǎohù értóng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xiànzài niàn fǎlu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This has already become the law.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Laws exist (lit., "there are laws there") on this question. It’s very clear-cut.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is there a law dealing with this?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Our law protects children.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He is studying law now.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xin fǎlǔ</span><span class="font12">: In March, 1978, after the first session of the Fifth National People’s Congress, the Chinese government began to adopt many new laws. Beginning July 1, 1979, the Fifth National People’s Congress passed into effect twelve new legal codes, including a criminal code.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fàn</span><span class="font12">: "to violate, to offend, to transgress, to commit (wrongs, crimes, errors)" Here are some other words commonly used with the verh fàn:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">fàn zuì to commit crimes fàn fǎ to break the law</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">fàn guī to violate regulations</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige háizi méi xīwàng le, There is no more hope for this child,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">fànle you fàn, zong shi bù He violates the rules time and again,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gǎi. and never reforms.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuì</span><span class="font12">: "crime, guilt," used in phrases like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fàn zuì</span><span class="font12">, "to commit a crime," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you zuì</span><span class="font12">, "to be guilty (of a crime)."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ fànle shénme zuì, wèishénme yào chi zhème duō kǔ?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What crime have I committed? Why do I have to suffer so much?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shi bu shi zhēnde you zuì, lìshǐ huì huida wǒmende.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">History will give us an answer as to whether he is really guilty or not.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">...shǎoduō le</span><span class="font12">: "a lot less, far fewer" The adjectival verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō</span><span class="font12">, "to be many, to be much," can be used after other adjectival verbs which can be qual-fied by degree, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎoduō le</span><span class="font12">, "a lot better," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōduō le</span><span class="font12">, "a lot more." In such phrases, the first adjectival verb is used as a process verb, showing a change of state, and therefore the phrase always ends in le_.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ bǐ yǐqián shòuduō le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Qībānián yǐhòu, dào Zhōngguo</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">qùde jǐhui duōduō le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">You’re a lot thinner than before.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Since '?8, there have been a lot more opportunities to go to China.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">2.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎng kànkan jīntiān you shénme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǎnggào</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">I’d like today.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">see what ads there are</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèr you yífèn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huáshèngdùn Youbào</span><span class="font12">, náqu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎozhǎo kàn </span><span class="font12">ba!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Here’s a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Post</span><span class="font12">, ' some.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">copy of the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Washington </span><span class="font12">take it and try to find</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Youbào</span><span class="font12">: "Post," in the name of a newspaper. The syllable </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12"> means "post" or "mail," as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yōujú</span><span class="font12">, "post office." CNames of other newspapers are translated using the same pattern, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">X-bào</span><span class="font12">: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shíbào</span><span class="font12"> is "Times," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rìbào</span><span class="font12"> is "Daily," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kuàibào</span><span class="font12"> is "Express."!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náqu...</span><span class="font12">: "take away" This is a compound verb of direction. Many of the compound verbs you have seen have three syllables. But like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàolai</span><span class="font12"> in Unit 1 of this module (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàolai yìbēi chá</span><span class="font12">), </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">náqu</span><span class="font12"> has only two: the main action verb and the relative motion (away). The direction of the action (up, down, in, out, etc.) is not specified. (See the display on the next page.) °</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shc>u</span><span class="font12">, "to be thin"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Relative Motion</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Main Verb</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Direction Towards or Away</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">ná ì zěu 1 pǎo > kāi I bān J</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">r chu </span><span class="font2" style="font-variant:small-caps;">"ù </span><span class="font12">Jin</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">/ xià \ f</span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">lái</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">\ shàng / ]qù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gUO</span></p>
- <p><span class="font4">I qǐ’ J</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">°-qī- is used only with -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12">, never with -qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎozhǎo kàn</span><span class="font12">: ’’try to find” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhǎo</span><span class="font12"> is the verb ”to look for, to search.” It is reduplicated here, meaning that the action lasts an indefinite amount of time: ’’look a little bit.” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kàn</span><span class="font12"> following a reduplicated verb means ’’and see (if it works, if it’s okay, if you can do it, etc.).”</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Ní shishi kàn ba.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zuòzuo kàn, zhèige shāfā zhēn shūfu.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nī xiǎng tā kěn° Jiè wo tāde diànshì ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù zhīdào, nǐ qù wènwen kàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">• A: Wo duì nī zhèipiān wenzhāng you bù tóngde kànfǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nī shuōshuo kàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Give it a try and see (if you can do it, if he will cooperate, etc.).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sit down and try it out. This sofa is really comfortable.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you think he’d be willing to lend me his television?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t know. Go ask him and see.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I have a different point of view on (what you say in) your article.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Let’s hear what it is.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: ZuìJin jǐnián </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàoyu</span><span class="font12"> gōngzuò you hěn dàde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìnbù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi a, xuēxiàoli </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài yě meiy</span><span class="font12">ou shenme </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">luànqībāzāo </span><span class="font12">de qíngkuàng le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">There’s been a lot of progress in work in education these past few years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, schools aren’t so messed up anymore.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàoyu</span><span class="font12">: ”to educate; education” </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiào</span><span class="font12"> is the same character as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiāo</span><span class="font12">, ”to teach,” but in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiàoyu</span><span class="font12"> is pronounced with a Falling tone. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yù</span><span class="font12"> means ”to cultivate, to raise.</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàoyu</span><span class="font12"> has some different uses from English ”to educate.” It is used not only for institutional education but also for parents’ education of their children, and in the PRC for ’’education” of the people by the Communist Party. (For the first example, you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǔlì</span><span class="font12">, ”to make efforts.”)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">*kěn, ”to be willing to”</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Fùmǔ yǐnggāi jiàoyu háizi nǔlì xuexí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige háizi meiyou jiàoyuhǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒmen vào gěi háizi aide jiàoyu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiātíng jiàoyu he xuéxiào Jiàoyu yíyàng zhòngyào.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèiběn shū duì wǒ jiàoyu hěn dà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kànle zhèige diànyǐng gěile women hěn dàde jiàoyu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Parents should teach their children to study hard.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That child was poorly trained (in manners, morals, general knowledge).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We should give children a loving education. (Taiwan usage)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Education in the home is Just as important as school education. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiātíng jiàoyu</span><span class="font12"> consists of parents acting as examples in morals, character, family relations, hygiene, etc. )</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This hook has educated me a lot. (PRC usage)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Seeing this movie has taught us a great deal. (PRC usage)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Another sense of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiàoyu</span><span class="font12"> is to try through reason to convince a person to do things according to certain rules, instructions, or demands:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ děi jiàoyu jiàoyu nǐde háizi, You have to try to straighten out tā yuè lái yuè huài. your child. He is becoming more</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">and more of a scoundrel.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàoyu</span><span class="font12"> is commonly used in the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shòu Jiàoyu</span><span class="font12">, "to receive an education," which is discussed in No. 5 below.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìnbù</span><span class="font12">: "to make nrogress, to advance" or, as a noun, "progress." Literally "to put forward steps."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yīxué jìnbùde nàme kuài. Medicine is advancing so rapidly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde Yǐngwén you jìnbù le. He has made some more progress with</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">his English.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde Zhōngwen jìnbù tài màn. His Chinese is progressing too slowly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jìnbù</span><span class="font12"> is commonly used with the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12">, especially </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you hěn dàde jìnbù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zuìjin jīge yuè wǒmende xuéshěng Our students have made great progress yǒule hěn dàde jìnbù. these last few months.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You jìnbù</span><span class="font12"> is used as an adjectival verb, "to be improved."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige xuexiào hěn you jìnbù. That school is greatly improved.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In the PRC, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìnbù</span><span class="font12"> is used as an adjectival verb meaning "to be (politically) progressive," that is, suited to the needs of the times and stimulating the development of society.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài yě méiyou...le</span><span class="font12">: "not anymore..." The advert </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> and a negat ive, such as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font12">, can be used to express the idea of not doing something anymore. There are two word orders:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">méiyou ì C(yě) méiyou</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">) zài OR zài <</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bú J I(yě) bù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5» </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú zài kū le</span><span class="font12">, "doesn't cry anymore."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The second pattern is more emphatic. The word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> should be given special stress in these sentences:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ ZAI bù huilai le!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">I'm never coming back here again!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12"> is added between </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zai</span><span class="font12"> and the negative, the meaning is about the same.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ ZAI yě bù chi tang le. I'm never going to eat candy again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèitiáo lù hěn wēixiǎn, nǐ ZAI That road is very dangerous, don't</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yě bié zǒu neitiao lù le. ever take it again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">luàn</span><span class="font12">: "to be in disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic"</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèr tài luàn, dào wàimian qu tantan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi jǐnián nèige guojiā yǒu diSnr luàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shìjiè hǎo duō dìfang hěn luàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde zhuōzishang zǒng shi hěn luàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèr tài luàn, Jiào xiǎoháir chūqu wánr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Duǐbuqǐ, wǒ xiěde hěn luàn, ni kàndedǒng ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">As an adverb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">luàn</span><span class="font12"> means "arbitrarily, iy.”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Luàn Jiang!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bú yào luàn xiě.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐde dōngxi bú yào dàochù luàn fang.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">*</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàochù</span><span class="font12">, "everywhere"</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">It's too chaotic (noisy) in here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Let's go outside to talk.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That country has been a little bit chaotic the last few years.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">So many places in the world are in disorder.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">His table top is always a mess.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It's too noisy in here. Tell the children to go out and play.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I'm sorry I wrote this so messily.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Can you read it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">any old way, at random, indiscriminate-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Baloney! (southern Chinese usage)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don't write it Just any old way.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don't leave your things all over the place.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen zuótiān luān chǐ luān he.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige rén luān gǎo nánnù guānxi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bu yào luàn pǎo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">luànqībāzāo</span><span class="font12">: "to be in disorder, seven-eight-rotten" Some people have sevens." It can refer to physical or</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Duìbuqǐ, fángjiān luànqǐbāzāode, wǒ jǐntiǎn hái méiyou shíjiān shōushi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zheijiàn shìqing běnlái hěn hǎo, dànshi nèige rén bǎ ta gǎode luànqībāzāo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā gēn yíge luànqǐbāzāode nánrén chūqu le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">They ate and drank like crazy yesterday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He/she is (sexually) loose.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Quit running all over the place.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be in a mess," literally "chaotic-translated this as "at sixes and</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">moral messes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m sorry, the room is a mess. I haven’t had the time to straighten up- yet today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Everything was fine at first, but then he came along and messed it up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She went out with a disreputable (unsavory) character.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Luànqībāzāo</span><span class="font12"> is not made negative and is not used in comparative sentences.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">h. A: Nī shuō, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zōngjiàod</span><span class="font12">e </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zéren </span><span class="font12">shi shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèi bú shi yíge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎndānd</span><span class="font12">e wèntí, women děi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cóng </span><span class="font12">lìshǐ tánqǐ.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What do you think the responsibility of religion is?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s not a simple question. We have to begin by talking about history.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. h</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuō:</span><span class="font12"> Followed by a question, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī shuō</span><span class="font12"> is used to ask the listener’s</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The forms nǐ</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">shuō</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font12">ne or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nī shuō shi bu shi</span><span class="font12"> may be used at the end</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">opinion.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">of a statement to ask for confirmation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī shuō wǒ yīnggāi zěnme bàn?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ xiǎng jiātíng jiàoyu hé shè-huì jiàoyu dōu bǐ xuéxiào jiàoyu zhòngyào, nī shuō ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige guǎnggào hěn you yìsi, nī shuō shi bu shi?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">What do you think I should do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think that education in the home and in society are more important than school education. Do you agree?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s a great advertisement, don’t you think?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zéren</span><span class="font12">: "responsibility, duty" Also pronounced </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zérèn</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Rúguǒ zhèijiàn shiqing zuòde bù hǎo, wǒ you zéren.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">If this thing isn’t done well, it’s my responsibility.</span></p>
- <div style="border-bottom:solid;">
- <p><span class="font12">Lǎoshīde zéren jiù shi bāngzhu xuéshēng hǎohāor xuexí.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Jiaoyu haizi shi funúde zéren ma!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiànzài fùnu jiěfàng le, nánrén yě you zéren zuò zhàixiē shìqing.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Shìqing nòng dao xiànzài zhài-yangr, zéren bú zài wǒmen.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">The teacher’s responsibility is to help the students apply themselves to their studies.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Rearing (educating) children is the responsibility of women!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women are liberated now. Men also have the responsibility to do these things.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It is not our responsibility that the situation was made the way it is now.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cong lìshǐ tánqǐ</span><span class="font12">: ’’begin by talking about history’’ In Unit 3 of this module, you learned that the directional ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qilai</span><span class="font12">, besides indicating upward motion, could also be used to indicate beginning an action (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ jiějie zěnme duì zhengzhi wentí ràxǐnqilai le?</span><span class="font12">). The ending -qǐ in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tanqǐ</span><span class="font12"> also means ”to start,” but is used only in the fixed pattern </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">cóng X (Verb)qǐ</span><span class="font12">, "to start (Verb)-ing from X.” While the English translation for sentence UB says "begin by talking about history," the Chinese says literally, "start talking from history."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zheijiàn shi cong nǎr shuōqǐ? Where should I begin? (when about to tell a story, etc.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ bù zhǐdào cong nǎr xiěqǐ. I don’t know where to begin writing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women děi cong tour zuòqǐ. We have to start from the beginning</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">again. (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cong tour</span><span class="font12"> means "from the beginning.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">cong ling zuòqǐ to start from scratch (lit., "start</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">from zero")</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: Zài dàlùde shíyì rénkǒ</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">uzhōng </span><span class="font12">you duoshǎo shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shòug</span><span class="font12">uo jiàoyude?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián</span><span class="font12"> lí chéngshì hěn yuǎnde nongcun dōu you xuéxiào, shòuguo jiàoyude rén dàgài bù shǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">How many of the one billion people on the mainland have received an education?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think that now even villages far from the city have schools, so there are probably a lot of people who are educated.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shíyì</span><span class="font12">: "one billion," literally "ten one-hundred-millions" Here are some more examples of how to express billions in Chinese:</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">1 billion</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">1.1 billion</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">2 billion</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">10 billion</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">10.5 billion</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">1,000,000,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">1,100,000,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">2,000,000,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">10,000,000,000</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">10,500,000,000</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">shíyì shíyǐyì èrshiyì yìbǎiyì yìbǎilíngwǔyì</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài...rénkōuzhōng</span><span class="font12">: "in the population, of the population" The syllable -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhōng</span><span class="font12"> can be added, to nouns, like the locational ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐmiàn</span><span class="font12">, to give the meaning "in" or "among." It is often used with the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài zheige jìhuàzhōng women hái you liǎngge xiǎo wèntí xūyào zài tan.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">There are still a couple of little questions we have to discuss in this plan.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xuéshēngzhōng you bù shǎo shi cong nongcūn láide.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài dìsān shìjiè guójiāzhōng, bù shǎo shi Yǎzhōu he Fēizhōude guojiā.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Many of the students are from the country.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Many of the countries of the third world are countries of Asia and Africa.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, We can't very well ignore the women yě bù néng bú zhùyì a.' problems of life in society.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shòu</span><span class="font12">: "to receive" The types of things which can be "received" using the verb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shòu</span><span class="font12"> are limited. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shòu</span><span class="font12"> is usually followed by a verb being used as a noun.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige zhōukān zài Měiguo hěn shòu huānyíng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">This weekly is very well received (popular) in the United States.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(Receiver)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(Action)</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Fùnu ertong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">shòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">falúde baohu.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">(Women and children</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">receive</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">the protection of the law.)</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shòu jiàoyu</span><span class="font12">: "to receive an education" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shòuguo jiàoyu</span><span class="font12"> means "educated" (because of -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12">, which indicates having experienced something).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">She is an educated person. How could she do such a thing?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shi (yíge) shòuguo jiàoyude rén, zěnme huì zuò zhèizhōng shi?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shòuguo dàxué jiàoyu.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">He has (received) a college education.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián...dōu</span><span class="font12">: "even..." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lian</span><span class="font12"> is a prepositional verb which literally means "including," but in the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián...dōu</span><span class="font12"> pattern, "even." A </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián</span><span class="font12"> phrase always precedes the verb. Either the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font12"> is used in a sentence with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián</span><span class="font12">. Notice how </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián</span><span class="font12"> can be used with subjects, objects, and verbs:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">With subject</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Lián (Subject)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dōu/yě . . . .</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Lián Lián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎoháizi shòuguo j iào-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yude rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">dōu dong zhèijiàn shi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dōu tíngbudǒng tāde huà.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">"Even children understand this."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"Even educated people can't understand what he says."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Jintiān tiānqi bù hǎo, lián tā zhème ài wánrde rén dōu hu chūqu le, nǐ wèishenme yào qù?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ hai shuō méiyou zhèijiàn shi, hú zhǐ shi Xiānggǎng hàozhǐ, lián Běijīngde hàozhǐ dōu xiěle zhèitiáo xǐnwén.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">The weather is had today. Even he, who likes to play so much, isn't going out. Why are you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How can you say it's not true. Not only the Hong Kong papers reported this piece of news, it was even in the Beijīng papers.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">With object</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">lián (Object) dōu/yě . . . •</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">lián lián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">zìjǐde míngzi guǎnggào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">dōu bú huì xiě. dōu kàn.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"He can't even write his own name." "He even reads the ads."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā jīntiān bù shūfu, lián fàn yě bù xiǎng chī le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wō lián yíge zì dōu bú jìde le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jīntiān lián yìdiǎn fēng yě méiyou.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">He isn't feeling well today. He won't even eat.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don't even remember one word.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There isn't the least bit of wind today.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">With verb</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">lián’ (Verb) dōu/yě méi/bù (Verb)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">lián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">kàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">méi kàn wo.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">bù tīng.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(lián)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wèn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">bú wèn.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">"She didn't even look at me." "He wouldn't even listen." "He didn’t even ask."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lián</span><span class="font12"> is often optional in this pattern.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhāng Sān shi nǐde lǎo péngyou ba?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhāng Sān is an old friend of yours, isn't he?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I've never even met him. How could he be an old friend of mine?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You didn't even taste the dish. How could you know it doesn’t taste good?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all"></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wo lián Jiàn dōu méi Jiànguo ta, zěnme huì shi lǎo péngyou ne?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ lián cháng dōu méi cháng, zěnme zhīdao zhèige cài bù hǎo chī ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào</span><span class="font12"> bú cuò, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìjièxìng-</span><span class="font12"> The </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Pao</span><span class="font12"> is not bad. It has de xǐnwén tā dōu you. all the world news.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì le. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào</span><span class="font12"> bú cuò, Yes, the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Pao</span><span class="font12"> is quite good, you </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng bú</span><span class="font12"> kàn~ have to read it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào</span><span class="font12">: A Hong Kong newspaper known for reporting without an overly dominant political point of view.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐjièxǐng</span><span class="font12">: The syllable -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xing</span><span class="font12">, "character, nature, quality," can be used after a noun like the English endings -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ness</span><span class="font12">, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">ity</span><span class="font12">, or -ce, as in "onesidedness," "creativity," "importance." The resulting abstract noun can be used alone or is frequently used, followed by -de, to modify another noun.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">kěnéngxǐng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">possibility, likelihood</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zhòngyàoxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">importance</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dulìxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">independent character</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">xíguànxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">habitual</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">liúxíngxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">epidemic</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lìshǐxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">historical</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yàoxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">property of a medicine</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">youxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">oiliness</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12">: You have learned </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12"> as "he'</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">" or "she," but sentence 6A is the first</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">time in this course that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12"> has been</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">used as "it." (The word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12"> may also</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">be omitted from the sentence without changing the meaning.) You know that Chinese most often does not use any word for "it," as in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ qù ná. I’ll go get </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">it</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zài zhuōzishang. It * s on the table.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Furthermore, "it" is sometimes expressed in Chinese by repeating the entire noun phrase, for example</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ néng bāng wo zhǎodào Can you help me find that book?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèiběn shū ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ you zhèiběn shū, kéyi I have </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">it</span><span class="font12">, and I can give it to you.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">song gei ni.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Least often, "it" is expressed by the pronoun </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12">.° There is no single rule which will tell you when you can use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12">. It is often used as the object of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bā</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ bǎ ta ná dao nǎr qu le? Wǒ Where did you take it to? How come zěnme zhǎobudào? I can’t find it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hái you yíge Jiǎozi, nǐ bǎ ta There’s one more dumpling left; you chile. eat it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng bu</span><span class="font12">: "cannot not"—in other words, "cannot but; have no choice but to; must" The second </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bu</span><span class="font12"> is unstressed and usually neutral tone.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wèile Jiātíngde guānxi, wǒ bù For the sake of my family, I have no néng bu zhèiyang zuò. choice but to do this.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gēn zhèizhǒng rén zài yìqǐde When together with this sort of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shihou, bù néng bu xiǎoxīn person, one must be rather careful,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yidiǎnr.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">°One stylistic feature of modern written Chinese is that </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12"> is used for "it" much more than in true spoken Chinese. This was originally an imitation of the structure of Western languages.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhǐ yào</span><span class="font12"> nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12"> hang máng As long as you help out, we’ll he women Jiù </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǒu bànfa</span><span class="font12">. ahle to do it.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhè you shénme? Yǐnggāide This is nothing. It’s only right! ma!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ yào</span><span class="font12">: "as long as, provided that" This is used in the pattern</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ yào...Jiù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bu yào kǎolu tài duō, zhǐ yào nǐ Don’t think it over so much. If you xǐhuan Jiù hǎo le. like it, that’s all that matters.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhǐ yào wǒ Jīntiān wǎnshang yǒu kòng, Jiù kéyi hǎ zhèiběn shū kànwán.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">As long as I have time tonight, I</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">can finish reading this hook.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zhǐ yào hǎ shū niànhǎole, zhǎo gōngzuò Jiu méiyou wèntí le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">As long as you do well in your studies, you won’t have any trouble finding a Joh.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12">: In commands and suggestions, this verb merely indicates that a person will perform some action, and can usually go untranslated. When talking about one’s own intention, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái</span><span class="font12"> can be translated as "let me" or "let’s."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ lái wèn ni.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wo lái shuō liǎngjù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Women lái tántan zhèige wèntí.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèige zì xiěde duì bu dui?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wo lái kànkan.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài qǐng Wáng Anmín Tongzhì lái gěi women JiǎngJiang huà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ kuài qù máng ba! Women lái shōushi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chile fàn women zài lái zuò kāfēi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒmen yìqǐ lái ban. Wo lái ban zhèr, nǐ dào nèibianr qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Zhènhàn, qǐng nǐ lái niàn.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Let me ask you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Let me say a few words.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Let’s discuss this question.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is this character written correctly?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Let me take a look.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Now let’s ask Comrade Wáng Anmín to speak to us.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You go take care of what you have to do. We’ll straighten up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After dinner let’s make some coffee, (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font12"> means "then" here.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Let’s move this together. I’ll take it from here, and you go over there</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Zhènhàn, would you read aloud please?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐnggāide</span><span class="font12">: This is short for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo bāngzhu ni shi yīnggāide</span><span class="font12">, "it is right that I help you." Use the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐnggāide</span><span class="font12"> to respond when someone thanks you for doing a favor which you consider natural under the circumstances.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèipiān wénzhāngli bú shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐ dú</span><span class="font12">, jiù shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā rén</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kàn zhèizhōng xǐnwén, zhǐ néng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐ</span><span class="font12"> rén nánshòu. Suàn le, bú yào kàn le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Look, there’s nothing in this article but taking drugs and killing people.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Reading this kind of news will only make you feel bad. Forget it, don’t read it.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">"if it’s not...then it’s..." or "either...or..."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú shi...jiù shi...</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bú shi tā, jiù shi nǐ, chúle nǐmen yǐwài hái you shéi huì zhèiyang zuò?</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">It was either he or you. Who would do something like that besides one of you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǎo Wang’s cooking is always either too salty or too hot.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If he isn’t at home, then he’s at the office. He wouldn’t go anyplace else.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s always eating something or other. His mouth never stops going.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Lǎo Wáng zuò cài, bú shi tài xián jiù shi tài là.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bú shi zài jiā, jiù shi zài bàngōngshì, biéde dìfang tā bú huì qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bú shi chǐ zhèige, jiù shi chǐ nèige, zuǐ° méiyou tíngde shihou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐ dú</span><span class="font12">: "to take drugs" Literally "to inhale poison," but used for any method of drug taking. (For the last example you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kěkǎyǐn</span><span class="font12">, "cocaine," and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎiluòyǐn</span><span class="font12">, "heroin.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yìtiān máng dào wǎn, zěnme He’s busy all day long. He wouldn't huì qù xǐ dú? go and take drugs!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nèige háizi xǐ dú xīle hǎo Jǐ- That kid has been taking drugs for nián le, shēnt? yǐjīng huài le. years, and his health has gotten bad.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xǐ shénme dú? Kěkǎyǐn háishi What drugs does he take? Cocaine or hǎiluòyǐn? heroin?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā rén</span><span class="font12">: "to kill, to murder" or "to try (unsuccessfully) to kill/ murder" The Chinese verbs for "kill" often consist of two parts: a verb telling the action (stab, shoot, beat, etc.) and a verb telling the resulting process of dying. Here is a list of some common ones (this is only here to clarify a point of grammar—you don't have to memorize all these words):</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hàisǐ (by scheming)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhāsǐ (by stabbing)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">diànsǐ (by electric shock) dúsǐ (by poisoning)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zuǐ, "mouth"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">diàosǐ (by hanging)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">biēsǐ (by suffocation or drowning) lēisǐ (by strangling with a cord) qiāsī (by strangling with the hands) yǎsī (by crushing or running over) zhuàngsǐ (by a collision) qìsī (by making someone angry!) dǎsī (by a blow, beating, or gunshot)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">and the most general term of all</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nòngsǐ (by any means)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In classical Chinese, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā</span><span class="font12"> originally meant "to kill with a knife" or "to slaughter (an animal)." Today, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā</span><span class="font12"> is still used for "to slaughter" or "kill" animals, as in</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ huì bu hui shā Jī? Do you know how to kill</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">a chicken?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In modern Chinese, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā</span><span class="font12"> can have (1) a general meaning or (2) a specific meaning.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) The general meaning of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā</span><span class="font12"> is the same as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nòngsǐ</span><span class="font12"> or the English "to kill, to murder." This is the way </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā</span><span class="font12"> is used when the method of killing is not stated or not known.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bā nèige rén shāsǐ le. He killed that person. (method not</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">considered)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) The specific meaning of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā</span><span class="font12"> is to kill with a knife or knifelike instrument (e.g., a bayonet). In this meaning, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shā</span><span class="font12"> contrasts with all the other ways of killing listed above. When in your sentence you want to express the method of killing, you must choose an appropriate verb. It would be wrong to say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén shāsǐ le</span><span class="font12">. Instead, you should say</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén dǎsǐ He killed that man with a gun. le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shā</span><span class="font12"> takes on its specific meaning as soon as you start talking about methods, so in such sentences, you must choose your verb according to the mode of killing.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tā bǎ tā tāitai shāsǐ le. He killed his wife.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zěnme nòngsǐde? How did he kill her?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Dúsǐde. He poisoned her.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">One last point: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shā</span><span class="font12"> may express the action of only </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">trying</span><span class="font12"> to kill, without implying that the person or animal actually died.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā shā jī shāle liǎngdāo kěshi He cut the chicken twice, but didn’t méi bǎ ta shāsǐ. kill it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">‘</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiāng</span><span class="font12">, "gun"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12">: "to cause, to make"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shǐ (Object) (Verb) . . .</span></p>
- <div>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">shǐ zhēn shǐ shǐ shǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">rén wo wo tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">nanshòu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gāoxìng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">juéde you xǐwàng wàngle nèijiàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shi</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā xiǎngle bù shǎo banfǎ, yě méi shǐ tā érzi duì shàng dàxué you xìngqu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kàndao tā shǐ wo Juéde hěn gāo-xìng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">makes one sad</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"really makes me happy"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"makes me feel that there’s hope</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"made him forget that matter"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He tried lots of different things, but couldn't interest his son in (going to) college.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It made me very happy to see him.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">If there is an aspect marker, it goes with the verb following </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐ</span><span class="font12">, never with shǐ itself:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shi shénme yuányǐn shǐ tāmen What was it that caused them to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">fēnkāi le? split up?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shǐ</span><span class="font12"> sometimes means "to enable," particularly if followed by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">néng</span><span class="font12"> or other words of that meaning:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chile zhèizhōng xīnde yào, shǐ By taking this new medicine, the pa-bìngren hǎode hěn kuài. tient was able (enabled) to recover</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">very quickly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Although </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐ</span><span class="font12"> may sometimes be translated by "make," "make" may not always be translated by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐ</span><span class="font12">. When "make" means "to compel" someone to do something, it can be translated by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiào</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Xiānsheng jiào tā zài xiě Mr. Lǐ made him write it over again,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yícì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9- </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Běnlǎi</span><span class="font12"> tāde Zhōngwén bú cuò, Originally, his Chinese was pretty</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">líkāi Zhōngguo jiǔle, wàngle good, but he’s been away from</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hěn duō. China for a long time and has</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">forgotten a lot.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">běnlǎi</span><span class="font12">: "originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in the first place" This is a moveable adverb; that is, it may come before or after the subject, but always before the verb.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Běnlǎi</span><span class="font12"> has two main uses: (1) to indicate that the situation was originally one way but then it changed, and (2) to express that something has been the case since the beginning and is still the case. On the next page are examples of both meanings.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) SITUATION HAS CHANGED</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ běnlái bú qù, xiànzài qù le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ běnlái bù xǐhuan ta, kěshi xiànzài xǐhuan ta le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Běnlái shuō shi yào dào Xīngqī-wù cái néng zuòwán, dànshi wo tíngshuō tāmen yào zǎo yidiǎnr zuòwán.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Běnlái wǒ xiǎng jīntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyīng, hòulái tíngshuō kāi huì. Suàn le, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù ba.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Běnlái wǒ Jīntiān yào qù Guǎng-zhōu, kěshi tiānqì bù hǎo, dàgài děi míngtiān cái néng zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèijiàn shi běnlái shi kéyi bànde, kěshi shéi xiǎngdào huì yǒu zhèige qíngkuàng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) SITUATION WAS LIKE THIS TO START</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Originally I wasn’t going to go, but now I will.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Originally I didn’t like her, but now I do.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Originally it was said that they wouldn’t be finished until Friday, but now I hear they’re going to finish sooner.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon. Later I heard there was a meeting. Oh well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll go another time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Originally I was going to Guǎngzhōu today, but the weather is bad, so now I probably won’t be able to go until tomorrow.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It could have been done, but who expected </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">this</span><span class="font12"> to happen?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font2" style="font-variant:small-caps;">:th</span><span class="font12"> AND STILL IS</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Translations for this meaning include ”to begin with" place." In this use, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">běnlái</span><span class="font12"> is often followed by </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiù</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">and "in the first</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ běnlái Jiù bù xǐhuan ta, xiànzài hái bu xǐhuan ta.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ bié qù nèige dìfang!</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù bú qù.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ bié zài qù le.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù méi qù.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ háishi Juéde nǐ yīnggāi qù yítàng.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù yào qù.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Běnlái Jiù gāi zhèiyang bàn.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèige kāfēi zěnme zènme hēi?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kāfēi ma, běnlái Jiù shi hēide.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I never did like her, and I still don’t like her.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t go there!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I wasn’t going to go there in the first place.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t ever go there again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I never did go there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I still think you ought to go there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">am</span><span class="font12"> going. (I was intending to go even before you told me to.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We should have done this in the first place.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why is this coffee so black?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Coffee is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">supposed</span><span class="font12"> to be black!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">A clause with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">běnlái</span><span class="font12"> is often related to another with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dāngrán</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige dōngxi běnlái Jiù shi nǐ- This thing belongs to you; of course de, wǒ dāngrán yào huán gei ni! I would return it to you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Běnlái tā zài dàxué niànde shi She studied sociology in college, shèhuixué, tā dāngrán duì she- so of course she’s interested in hui wèntí you xìngqu. social problems.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on Additional Required Vocabulary</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you xiào</span><span class="font12">: "to be effective; to be valid"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige yào hěn you xiào. This medicine is very effective.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèizhāng piào hái you xiào ma? Is this ticket still valid?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lǐ Wen (E) are talking in the Li’s living room.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zài kàn shénme hàozhǐ?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Ming Bào</span><span class="font12">. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào</span><span class="font12"> hú cuò,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hěn you yìsi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Zài Měiguo yě xiàng Xiānggǎng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhèiyang, shénme luànqībāzāode xǐnwén dōu wang hàozhǐshang xiě ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Píngchāng wǒ kàn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huashèngdùn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Youbào</span><span class="font12">. Zhèige hàozhǐ hú cuò, guōnèi, guōwàide xǐnwén dōu you, dāngrán guǎnggào yě hù shǎo. Zhōngwén hàozhǐ, wǒ yě kàn, nèi shànghianr yě you nǐ shuōde nèizhong "luànqībāzāo" de xǐnwén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nimen zhèiyang shuō, wǒ hù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zěnme tōngyì. Shénme shi "luàn-qǐhāzāo"? Shèhuì shēnghuó běnlái jiù shi zhèiyang ma.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Suàn le ba.’ Jīntiān shi shā</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">rén, míngtiān shi xī dú, wǒ bú yào kàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Kàn háishi xūyào kànde, yǐnwèi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, wǒmen yě bù néng bú zhùyì a!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Xiānggǎngde shèhui wèntí zhēn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">duō! Shénme dìfangrde rén dōu you, shénmeyàngrde wèntí yě dōu you.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shèhui wèntí shi shìjièxìngde,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">bù zhǐ shi Xiānggǎng you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Ng, nàme, rénmen duì zhèixie</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wèntí jiu méiyou shénme bànfǎr ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bànfǎ hěn duō, dìfang bù tong,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">bànfǎ yě bù yíyàng. Kěshi zhèixiē bànfǎ shi bu shi you xiào jiu bù zhīdào le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What newspaper are you reading?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Pao</span><span class="font12">. It’s pretty good, very interesting.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In America is it the same as in Hong Kong: they put all kinds of crazy news in the paper?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I usually read the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Washington Post</span><span class="font12">. It’s a pretty good paper. It has domestic as well as international news. Of course there are a lot of ads, too. I read Chinese newspapers too, and they have "all kinds of crazy news ’’ in them, as you put it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t really agree with what you are saying. What is "all kinds of crazy news"? That’s exactly the way life in society </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font12">!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Forget it! Today it’s killing, tomorrow it’s drugs. I don’t want to read that.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We still need to read it, because we can’t very well ignore the problems of life in society.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems. There are people from everywhere, and all kinds of problems.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Problems in society are worldwide. Hong Kong isn’t the only place that has them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm, then is there nothing people can do about these problems?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">There are a lot of ways to deal with them. Different places have different ways of dealing with them. But whether these ways work or not is another question.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: You rén shuō zǒngjiào shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yìzhōng banfǎ, bù guǎn shénme Jiào, dōu shi Jiào rén zuò hǎo shìrde. Kěshi wō xiǎng jiàoyu hěn zhōngyào, shòu jiàoyude rén yuè duō, shèhuide wèntí yuè shǎo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Erqiě jīngji fāda yě hěn yào-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jǐn. Jīngji bù fǎdáde dìfang, rénmen fàn zuìde jīhui Jiu gèng duō.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">E: </span><span class="font12">Jiù shi ma, rén yào chī fàn,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lián fàn dōu chībubǎo, tāmen zěnme néng bú fàn zuì ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wō xiǎng méi nàme jiǎndān.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Fàn zuì hé hěn duō shi yōu guānxi, tèbié shi hé jiātíng yōu guānxi.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Nī jiǎngjiang kàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zài jīngji fādáde dìfang, xiǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jiātíng yuè lái yuè duō, érqiě fùmǔmen dōu yōu gōngzuò, dōu hěn máng, méiyou shíjiān duō guǎn háizi. You xiě niánqīngde fùmǔ yě hěn shǎo xiǎngdào zìjīde zéren, méiyou shénme jiātíng guānniàn.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Nǐde huà yōu dàolī, kěshi dà</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lùde qíngxing ne? Nīmen zěnme xiǎng?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">B:</span><span class="font12"> Shi a. Dàlù jīngji bù fādá,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">érqiě dàjiā yě dōu yōu jiātíng guānniàn. Kěshi, kànkan bàozhī, dàlùshang fàn zuìde rén yě bù shǎo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font11">A:</span><span class="font12"> Wō xiǎng zhè hé zhèngzhi bù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">āndìng yōu guānxi, tèbié shi cóng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù nián.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Some people say that religion is one way. No matter what the religion, it always teaches people to do good. But I think education is important. The more educated people there are, the fewer social problems there will be.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And also, a developed economy is important. In places where the economy isn’t well-developed, there are more opportunities for people to connnit crimes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Exactly. People have to eat. If they can’t even get enough to eat, how can you expect them not to commit crimes?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t think it’s so simple. Crime is related to many different things, especially to the family.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Would you explain what you mean?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Where the economy is developed, there are more and more small families; also, both parents have jobs and are very busy, so they don’t have time to take good care of the children. Some young parents seldom think of their own responsibilities and don’t have much of a sense of family attachment.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That makes sense. But what about the situation on the mainland? What do you two think?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yeah, the mainland’s economy isn’t developed, and furthermore everyone has a sense of attachment to the family. But read the papers: there are quite a few people committing crimes on the mainland too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think this has to do with the political instability, especially from ’66 to ’?6.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi ma, nèige shihou, shénme</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">fǎlu dōu méiyou. Lián fàn zuì hú fàn zuì dōu nòngbuqīngchu, shèhui wèntí zěnme huì shǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐde kànfǎ, wǒ hěn tongyì. Wǒ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎng, zhǐ yǒu shǐ zhèngzhi āndìng, JǐngJi, wénhuà fādá, cái néng shǐ shèhui jìnbù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Grandma Lǐ walks in.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">G: Nǐmen zài tán shénme, tánde</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhème gāoxìng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lǐ Nǎinai, women zài tán shèhui</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wèntí.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">G: Hǎo le, nǐmen tángòu le meiyou?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Chile fàn zài tán xíng hu xíng?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A, B, E: Xíng, chile fàn zài tán.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes. During that time there wasn't any law at all. If you can’t even tell the difference between committing a crime and not committing one, how can social problems be reduced?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I agree very much with your view. I think that society can only be made to progress if the political situation is stabilized and the economy and culture are made to flourish.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What are you talking about so cheerfully?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We’re talking about social problems, Grandma Lǐ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Well, have you talked enough? How about continuing the conversation after dinner?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay! We’ll talk more after dinner.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">7,</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Tape 2 Workbook</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This conversation begins when two young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the west side of Běijīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bang to be great, to be fantastic</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bú jiàn bú don’t leave until we’ve met up’,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">sàn!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Where is Xiǎo Liú working and what is he doing there?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. How does he keep up with his English?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What does the article say about education in the U.S.?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">U. What does Xiǎo Liú’s friend want him to do?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this exercise two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington, D.C.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second, time through, look helow and answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Why do they say that the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Pao</span><span class="font12"> is a good newspaper?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What is the procedure for mail-ordering a television for one’s relatives in Guangzhou?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Why would overseas Chinese want to take advantage of this procedure? (Can’t their relatives in China buy a television themselves?)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">h. To whom do the sisters want to send the television? Why?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">5. In what form will they make the payment?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise h</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this conversation a father and son in Běijīng talk about religion.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">You will need the following words</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">and. phrases:</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">xiāngxìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to believe in</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">j iàotáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">church</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zuò lǐbài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">to worship, to attend religious services</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">Nan Měi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">South America</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">tour</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
- <p><span class="font12">head, chief, boss</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">xué hao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to learn from good examples, to</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">learn to be a good person</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">gōngkè</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">homework, schoolwork, classwork</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What does the son think is so strange? Why is this on his mind?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What did the son read in the newspaper? What was his reaction?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What does his father have to say about religion? (There are four points.)</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xué hǎo</span><span class="font12"> is considered very important for teenagers in China. How does this fit into the son’s concept of religion?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Two young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the west side of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Beijing.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hēi, Xiǎo Liu! Hǎo jiū hú jiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ xiànzài zài nǎr gōngzuò ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Jiù zài zhèr, Beijing Túshūguǎn.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hei, hǎo gōngzuò! Zài túshūguǎn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zuò shénme?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Fǎnyì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Yīngwén fǎnyì?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Yǐngwén fǎnyì.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ zhēn you hànfa! Xuéle jǐ-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">niande Yīngwén zhēn you yòng le. Xiànzài zài fǎnyi shénme?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Jintiǎn fǎnyide shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huashèngdùn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yoùbàod</span><span class="font12">e yìpiǎn wénzhāng, xiěde shi guǎnyú jiàoyude wèntí.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhēn hù jiǎndǎn°! Lian hàozhǐ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dōu néng fǎnyi le. Nī you shí-jiǎn ma? Néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎng diǎnr?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǎnshang wǒ hai děi xué Yīngwén, jiù néng gēn ni liáo jīfēn zhōng.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ hái xué Yīngwén?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Yīngwén hú gòu, hù néng hù xué</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">ya!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shéi jiǎo ni?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ gēge jīnnián xiàtiǎn cong</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Měiguo huilai le, tǎ jiāo wo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hey, Xiǎo Liú! Long time no see. Where are you working now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Right here, at the Beijing Library.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hey, what a great joh! What do you do there?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Translation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">English translation?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">English translation.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re really something! Those few years you’ve spent studying English really turned out to he useful. What are you translating now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Today I’m translating an article from the </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Washington Post</span><span class="font12"> on the topic of education.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s amazing! You can even translate newspapers now. Do you have some time? Can you tell me a little about it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tonight I have to study English, so I can only chat with you for a few minutes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re still studying English?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My English isn’t good enough. I have to study!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Who teaches you?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My brother came back from the U.S. this summer. He’s teaching me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">°</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù jiǎndǎn</span><span class="font12">, "not simple/ordinary/commonplace," in other words, "amazing, phenomenal."</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhēn </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hang</span><span class="font12">’. Duì le, kuài’ shuō-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shuo nèipiān wenzhāng, wǒ tǐngshuō zài Meiguo shòuguo dàxué jiàoyude rén hěn duō.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì le, Měiguo shi dàxuéshēng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zuì duōde guójiā.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhēnde?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhēnde, dàjiā yìfāngmiàn gōngzuò,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yìfāngmiàn xuéxí, yōu bù shāo rén dōu’ wǔshisuì le, hái zài dàxué niàn shū ne.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wō xiǎng zhèi shi Měiguo Jìnbù-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">de yíge yuányǐn! Zhèipiān wénzhāng nǐ fānwánle ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Kuài fānwán le, dàgài míngtiān</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiu fānwán le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Néng bu néng gěi wo kànkan?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">—Zhōngwénde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wō wen yíxià wōmende lǐngdǎo,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dàgài méiyou shenme wèntí.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà míngtiān wǎnshang liùdian</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">bàn, wō hái zài zhèr děng ni, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú jiàn bú sàn</span><span class="font12"> a!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xíng, bú jiàn bú sàn!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s fantastic! Oh yeah, tell me about that article. I hear that there are a lot of people with a college education in the U.S.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, the U.S. is the country with the most college students (in the world).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Really?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Really. Everyone works and studies at the same time. There are quite a few people who even at the age of fifty are still studying at a university.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I think that’s also a reason why America is so progressive! Have you finished translating the article?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Almost. I’ll probably finish tomorrow.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Could you give it to me to read?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">—the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll ask our leader. There probably won’t be any problem.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Then tomorrow evening at six-thirty I’ll wait for you here. And don’t leave until we’ve met up!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, we won’t leave until we’ve met up!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kuài</span><span class="font12"> here should not be translated as "quickly" or "hurry up"; it simply conveys the eagerness of the speaker to hear about the article, something like the British, "Do tell me about that article."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">° °</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dōu</span><span class="font12"> here means "as much as, even," so </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu wǔshisuì le</span><span class="font12"> means "as old as fifty" or "even fifty years old."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">”’</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fānwán le</span><span class="font12"> means the same as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fānyiwán le</span><span class="font12">, "finished translating."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington, D.C.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Èrjiě, nǐ kàn shénme hào ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào</span><span class="font12">, wǒ xǐhuan zhèige</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hàozhǐ, hù zuǒ yě hú you.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Erqiě, shìjièxìngde xǐnwén tā</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dōu you. Zhèige hào zhēnde hú cuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ yě xǐhuan tāde guǎnggào, duì</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">women zhèixie zhù zai guǒwàide Zhōngguo rén hěn yǒu yòng.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǐ kànjian shénme guǎnggào le,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zhème yǒu xìngqu?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ lai kàn, zhèr yǒu yige</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">diànshì guǎnggào.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zěnme shuōde?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèige guǎnggào shuō, zhǐ yào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">women jì yìzhāng zhīpiào dào Xiānggǎng, Jiù kéyi gěi Jiāli rén mǎi cǎisè diànshì le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shi ma? Dàlù rén mǎi diànshì</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hù rōngyi. Women lái kànkan, kàn néng hu néng gěi yéye nǎinai mǎi ge diànshì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bànfa shi zhèiyangr: Women hǎ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">qian hé yéyede dìzhī Jì dao Xiānggǎng, Xiānggǎngde gōngsī Jì yìzhāng dānzi gěi tāmen, tāmen jiu kéyi zài Guǎngzhōude hǎihuò gōngsǐ qǔ diànshì le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Rúguǒ nèige diànshì hù hǎo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zěnme hàn?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nà shi gōngsǐde zéren, tāmen</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yídìng kéyi gěi° huàn yige hǎode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What newspaper are you reading, Sister No. Two?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ming Pao</span><span class="font12">. I like it; it's neither too left nor too right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And it has all the world news. It's really quite a good paper.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I like its advertisements too. They are very useful to us Chinese who live abroad.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What ad did you see that you're so interested in?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Come look, there's an ad for a television here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What does it say?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It says that if we just send a check to Hong Kong, we can huy a color television for our family.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh? It's not easy for people on the mainland to huy televisions. Let's look and see if we can huy a T.V. for grandpa and grandma.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This is the way it works: We send the money and grandpa's address to Hong Kong, and the company in Hong Kong sends them a receipt,’ and then they can pick up the television at a department store in Guǎngzhōu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What if the television has something wrong with it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That's the company's responsibility. I'm sure they would exchange it for a good one.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dānzi</span><span class="font12"> here refers to a </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíhuòdān</span><span class="font12">, "bill of lading," hence it may be translated loosely as "receipt." (The specific translation for "receipt" is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōujù</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāpiào</span><span class="font12">.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">°°</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gěi</span><span class="font12"> is a colloquial abbreviation for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi tamen</span><span class="font12">, "for them."</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì, women jǐntiǎn jiù bǎ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zhǐpiào jìchuqu.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">Right. Let’s send out the check today.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: M, nà bú cuò, xiànzài yéye</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nǎinai shēnghuo ǎndìng, shénme dōu hǎo, jiù shi shǎo yige diànshì. Yōule diànshì, tāmen yídìng hěn gāoxìng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Mm, that’s good. Now grandpa and</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">grandma have a settled life, and all</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">is well for them; the</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">only thing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">they</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lack is a television.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">When they</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">have</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">a television I’m sure happy.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">they’ll be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">very</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A father (B) and son (A) talk in Beijing.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bàba! Xiànzài zěnme you zenme</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">duō rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngxìn</span><span class="font12"> zǒngjiào le, zhēn qíguài!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ kànjian shénme shi le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zài lùkǒurshang nèige </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiàotāng</span><span class="font12">,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jǐntiǎn yōu hěn duō rén zài ner </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò lǐbài</span><span class="font12">, yě yōu niánqīngde rén!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wōmende fǎlū shuō Zhōngguo rén</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">kéyi yōu zǒngjiào zìyou, zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài ma!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wō jìde bàoshang shuō, zài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nan</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Měid</span><span class="font12">e yíge guojiā yōu yìzhōng shénme zōngjiào yōu hěn duō rén xiāngxìn, zhèixiē rén bǎ zìjǐde qián dōu gěile zhèige zōngjiào-de </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tour</span><span class="font12">, kěshi zhèige tour shi ge huàirén, xīdú, shā rén, shénme luānqǐbāzāode shir dōu zuò. Suóyi wō juéde zōngjiào zìyou yě bù yídìng hǎo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zōngjiào bú shi yíjiàn Jiǎndān-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">de shi. Zōngjiào hé fàn zuì méiyou yídìngde guānxi. Zōngjiào yōu tāde dúlìxìng, yōude shihou hé zhèngzhi, wénhuà yōu guānxi, yōude shihou méiyou. Děng dào nǐ zhǎngdàle yǐhòu, rúguǒ n? yōu xìngqu kéyi yánjiū yanjiu.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Dad, how come there are so many people who believe in religion now? It’s so strange!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why, what have you seen?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In that church on the corner, today there were a lot of people worshiping. There were young people there too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Our law does give the Chinese people freedom of religion. There’s nothing strange about that!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I remember it said in the newspaper that there was some religion in South America a lot of people believed in, and the people gave all their money to the head of this religion, but he was a bad person who took drugs and killed people and did all sorts of crazy things. So I don’t think that freedom of religion is necessarily good.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Religion isn’t a simple thing. It doesn’t have a definite relationship to crime. Religion has its independent character; sometimes it’s related to politics and culture, and sometimes it isn’t. When you grow up, if you’re interested, you can study it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">“</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhōng shénme zōngjiào</span><span class="font12">, "some religion" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shénme</span><span class="font12"> here acts as an indefinite pronoun modifying </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zōngjiào</span><span class="font12"> and means that the speaker does not know how to describe or specify the religion precisely.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǒ tingshuǒ shìjièshang you hěn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">duō bù tóngde zōngjiào, yě you hěn duō you yìside zōngjiào gùshi, zài zhèixiě gùshili you xiě shi ràng rén </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xué hǎo</span><span class="font12">, shi duì rén you hǎochùde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèi shi zhēnde. Yánjiū zōng-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Jiào xūyào hěn duōde zhishi, tèbié shi lìshǐ zhishi, shi hěn you yìside. Hǎo le, zhèige wèn-tí women yǐhòu zài tan. Nǐde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngkè</span><span class="font12"> zuòwánle meiyou?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hái you yidiǎnr, wǒ mǎshàng</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiù qù zuò.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo, kuài qù ba! Zuòwánle</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">gōngkè zài tan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I hear that there are many different religions in the world and that there are a lot of interesting religious stories. Some of the stories have the purpose of teaching people from good examples, so they’re good for people.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s true. To study religion, you need a lot of knowledge, especially a knowledge of history. It’s very interesting. All right, we’ll talk about this question later. Is your homework done?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I still have a little. I’ll go do it right away.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, hurry up! When you’ve finished your homework, we’ll talk some more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">UNIT 8 Directions for the Future</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">INTRODUCTION</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Action-Process compound verbs.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. The directional ending -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hui</span><span class="font12">, "hack."</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. The patterns </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(Verb) dong (Verb) xi</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǒng (Verb) xi (Verb)</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. The marker -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> after phrases with a parallel structure.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">5. The adverb </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12">, "after all," "anyway."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">6. The adverb phrase </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě bu</span><span class="font12">, "don't even," "won't even," "wouldn't even."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Functional Language Contained in This Unit</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Asking for an explanation of the causes/motives behind a situation.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. Politely asking someone to quiet down.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Expressing appreciation to someone for their hospitality.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. Taking leave of a group of people in the middle of a conversation.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Míngtiān clou yǒu shéi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎoshì </span><span class="font12">?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Deng yíxià</span><span class="font12"> wǒ gěi ni xiě yíge </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānzi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bomǔ</span><span class="font12"> shuì </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǔjiào</span><span class="font12"> ne ha?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: X, xiǎo shēng diǎnr. Bié bǎ ta </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎoxǐng</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. A: Nǐ kàn zhèicìde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēngyì </span><span class="font12">zěnmeyàng?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bù zhǐdào. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yào kàn yùnqi</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù mǎi xiě </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǒngyìpǐn</span><span class="font12"> dàihuí Meiguo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ zhèr </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhènghǎo</span><span class="font12"> yǒu jǐjiàn, nǐ dōu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàishang</span><span class="font12"> ba.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">5. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hǎoxiàng</span><span class="font12"> shi Xiǎo L? cǒng ménkǒur </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: N? </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎohāorde</span><span class="font12"> zài zhèr niàn shù ba! Bié xiǎng dōng xiǎng xīde.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Who’s taking the test tomorrow?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll write you a list in a minute.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is your mother taking a Enoontime3 nap?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sh! Keep it down. Don’t wake her up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How do you think business will go this time?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t know. It depends on luck.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I want to go buy some handicrafts to take back to America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I just happen to have some here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Take them with you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That looked like Xiǎo L? who just passed by the door.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You just tend to your studies</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Eproperly!! Don’t be thinking of this and that.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">6. A: Qùnián tade Yǐngwén hái shuō-de name </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">nántǐng</span><span class="font12">, jīnnián hǎoxiàng hǎoduǒ le. Shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zěnme hui shi?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zenme hui shi</span><span class="font12">, tā mùqin </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">téng</span><span class="font12"> ta, song ta qù Yīngguó niànle yìnián shù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Last year his English still sounded so awful, but this year it seems a lot better. What happened?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s this way: his mother dotes on him and sent him to school in England for a year.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">7. A: Tā hái qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lán </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gàn shenme</span><span class="font12">, rénjia </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12"> bù xǐhuan ta!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">What is he going to see Xiǎo Lán for? After all, she doesn’t like him.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ bié jí, wǒ lái </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">quànq</span><span class="font12">uan ta.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t get upset, I’ll try to persuade him.</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Nǐ shuō wō </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāi</span><span class="font12"> hu gai qu?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànzhe</span><span class="font12"> hàn ha, tíngshuō nèige dìfangr kuài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ zhang</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">9. A: Gāngcái wǒ qù gěi Wáng Dàifu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">sòngxíng</span><span class="font12">, tā shuō tā </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuànyi</span><span class="font12"> gěi nín kànkan.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zhèi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàzi</span><span class="font12"> hǎo le. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Děng</span><span class="font12"> tā huilai wō qù kàn ta.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A: Zhèige </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǎ</span><span class="font12"> háizi, zènme dàde shir yě hu zǎo diǎnr gàosu wo!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wō </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuánlái</span><span class="font12"> gēn nín shuōguo, nín wàng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">11. gànmá</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">12. lái</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">13. hófù</span></p></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Do you think I should go?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You do as you see fit, hut I hear that there’s about to he a war there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Just now when I went to see Dr. Wang off, he said he would he willing to see you CmedicallyD.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Now) that’s great. I’ll go see him when he gets hack.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What a stupid kid, why didn’t you tell me about this before, since it’s such an important thing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I did tell you, but you’ve forgotten.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(colloquial) why on earth, what for; to do what</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an event), to help oneself (to food, etc.), to Join in (a game, etc.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">uncle (father's elder brother); term for the father of one's friend</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">bófù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bómǔ</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">uncle (father’s elder brother); term for the father of one’s friend</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">aunt (wife of father’s elder brother); term for the mother of one’s friend</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font11">chǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">chǎoxǐng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dàishang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dānzi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dǎ zhang</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">děi kàn (or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yào kàn</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">děng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">děng yíxià</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gāi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gànmá</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gànshenme</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gōngyìpǐn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">guòqu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎohǎor</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎoxiàng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">-hui</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kànzhe</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kǎo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kǎoshì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">lai</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to be noisy; to disturb by making noise</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to wake (someone) up by being noisy</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to take along (Beijing)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">list; form</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to fight a war, to go to war</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to depend on</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">when; by the time; till</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wait a while; in a little while</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">should, ought to; to be someone’s turn to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">handicrafts</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to pass</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">well; properly; thoroughly to seem as if</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(counter for </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12">, ’’matter")</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to depend on</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems reasonable</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to take/give an exam, test, or quiz</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to take/give an exam, test, or quiz;</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">exam, test</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an event), to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game, etc.)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">nántíng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to be unpleasant to hear; to sound bad, to offend the ears; to be scandalous</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">quàn</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shǎ</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">to advise, to urge, to try to persuade</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be stupid, to be dumb, to be silly, to be naive</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">shēngyì (shēngyi) sòngxíng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">téng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">wǔj iào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yào kàn (or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">děi kàn</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yuánlái</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yuànyi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yùnqi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zěnme (yì)huí shi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zenme (yì)huí shi zhèi yíxiàzi zhème hui shi zhènghǎo(r)</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">"business, trade</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to see (someone) off, to wish (someone) a good trip; to give a going-away party</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to be (very) fond of, to be attached to, to dote on</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">noontime nap</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to depend on</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">anyway; after all (used in questions and negative statements)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">original, former; originally, formerly; (expresses finding out the true situation)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">luck</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">what's it all about</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">like this</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">after this, as a result of this</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">like this</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">it just so happens that, to happen to, as it happens; Just in time, Just right, Just enough</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit fl, Reference Notes</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">1. A: Míngtiān dōu you shéi</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎoshì</span><span class="font12">?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">l)ěn[-; yíxià</span><span class="font12"> wǒ gěi ni xiě yígo </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānzi</span><span class="font12"> .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎoshì</span><span class="font12">: "to take/give an exam, t used as a verb-object compound or as if the context makes it clear.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kǎoshì yThou tā lei le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèicì kǎoshì tā kǎode bú cuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">NT Jīntiān kǎode zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">NTde JTngJixué kǎode zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ lái kǎokao nT.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kǎowán shi yThòu (OH Kǎowánle yThòu), women qù kàn diànyTng, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Who’s taking the test tomorrow?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’ll write you a list in a minute.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">est, or quiz; test, exam" This may be noun. </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kao</span><span class="font12"> as a verb may be used alone</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She was tired after taking the test.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He did pretty well on the test this time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How did the test(s) go today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How did you do on your economics exam?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">ī.et me quiz you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">het’s go to the movies after we’re done taking the test.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">děng yíxià</span><span class="font12"> may have its literal meaning, "wait a minute, wait a while," or it may mean "in a minute, in a while."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"WAIT A MINUTE, WAIT A WHILE"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Děng yíxià, wǒ yào dǎ ge diànhuà, dǎwánle women Jiù zǒu, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">NT děng yíxià, wǒ lái bāngzhu ni.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">"TN A MTNUTE, TN A WHILE"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">NT xiān chT, děng yíxià wǒ xTwánle yTfu Jiù lái.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">NTmen xiān zǒu ba, děng yíxià wǒ zài qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Deng yíxià yǒu yíwèi xing Wángde )ai zhǎo wo, qTng ni ràng ta J ìnJ ai .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wait a second, I want to make a phone call. We’ll go as soon as I’m finished, okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wait a second, let me help you with that.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You go ahead and eat. I’ll come as soon as I’ve finished washing the clothes.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You go ahead and leave. T’il go in a will It?.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In a while a Mr. Wáng will be coming to see me. Please let him in.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">2. A: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bómǔ</span><span class="font12"> shuì </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǔjiào</span><span class="font12"> ne ba? Is your mother taking a CnoontimeJ nap?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: X, xiǎo shēng diǎnr. Bié Sh.' Keep it down. Don't</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bǎ ta </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎoxǐng</span><span class="font12"> le. wake her up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bómǔ</span><span class="font12">: "wife of father's older brother," but also a term for the mother of one’s friend. Relationships between friends are often thought of and even spoken of in terms similar to family relationships. Friends are like brothers and sisters, and therefore a friend’s parents are addressed as aunt (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bómǔ</span><span class="font12">) and uncle (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bófù</span><span class="font12">).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuì wǔjiào</span><span class="font12">: "to take a nap," literally "to sleep the afternoon sleep." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǔshuì shíjiǎn</span><span class="font12"> is "afternoon nap time," as in a school or organization.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ Jīntiān méi shíjiǎn shuì wǔjiào.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I didn’t have time to take my afternoon nap today.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Jīntiān nǐmen yǒu meiyou wǔshuì shíjiǎn?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Méiyou. Zhōngfàn yǐhòu Jiù kǎi huì.</span></p></li></ul>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Do you have an afternoon nap today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No. We have a meeting right after lunch.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Many Chinese take a rest after the midday meal. Work, school, and store schedules often make time for this, especially in hot weather.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">X: "Sh."' This is the "word" you use to signal someone to keep quiet. It is said with rounded lips—like whispering the syllable </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xū</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎoxǐng</span><span class="font12">: "to wake up by making noise" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chǎo</span><span class="font12"> can mean "to be noisy," or as in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎoxǐng</span><span class="font12">, "to disturb by being noisy." lit can also mean "to quarrel, to squabble."J </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǐng</span><span class="font12"> (Welfare module, Unit 1+) is "to wake up," a process verb. The compound </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎoxǐng</span><span class="font12"> is therefore made up of an action verb plus a process verb, with the meaning "by performing the action, to cause the pro</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">cess (change of state) to occur. You useful compound verbs:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒulèi</span><span class="font12"> le ba, zuòxia xiūxi yihuǐr.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Tā zěnme bìng le? Shi bu shi zuótiān hede tài duō?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bú shi hēde tài duō, shi chīde tài duō </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǐbìng</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuì gòu</span><span class="font12"> le ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā bǎ yǎnjing </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǔhóng</span><span class="font12"> le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">can use this pattern to make a lot of</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You must be tired (from walking). Sit down and rest a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How come he got sick? Was it that he had too much to drink yesterday?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, he didn’t have too much to drink. He got sick from eating too much.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Did you get enough sleep?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She cried her eyes red.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">3. A: Nǐ kàn zheicìde </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">shēngyì</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> How do you think business will</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zěnmeyàng? go this time?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Bu zhīdao. </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Yào kàn yùnqi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> le. I don’t know. It depends on luck.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">shēngyì</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "business, trade" Also pronounced </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">shēngyi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yào kàn</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "depends on..." By itself, </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">kàn</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> (which you know as "to look at" and "to think, to have the opinion that") has another meaning, "to depend on, to be up to, to be determined by." Often </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yào</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> or </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">děi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is added before it.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Nǐ míngtiān shi qù háishi bú qù?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Ng, děi kàn tiānqi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Wǒ jǐntiǎn kéyi zǎo diǎnr hui jiā ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: (Yào) kàn nī zuòdewán zuòbu-wán zhèixiē shi.</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Nī néng gēn women qù Jiāzhōu ma?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Jiù kàn shíjiān le, yào shi xiàtiān jiu kéyi le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Kàn nǐde le!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Are you going tomorrow or not?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Mm, that depends on the weather.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Can I go home early today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">That depends on whether you can finish these tasks.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Can you go to California with us?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">That only depends on the time. If it’s in the summer I can go.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">It’s all up to you now!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yùnqi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "luck; to be lucky" This word can be used either as a noun or as an adjectival verb. The following sentences show some of its uses as a noun:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tāde yùnqi zhēn bú cuò. He really has good luck.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nī yùnqi zhēn hǎo! You’re really lucky!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">CTo say "to be unlucky," use </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dǎoméi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> or </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">bù zǒu yùn</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">.1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù mǎi xiē </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">gōngyì-</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> I want to go buy some handicrafts </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">pǐn</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> dàihuí Měiguó. to take back to America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Wǒ zhèr </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zhènghǎo</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> yǒu jǐjiàn, I just happen to have some here.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nǐ dōu </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dàishang</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> ba. Take them with you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dàihuí</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "to bring/take back" You have seen </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">hui</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> used as a main verb meaning "to return to," in </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">hui jiā</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "to return home," and </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">hui guo</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "to return to one's country," and with the endings -</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">lai</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> and -</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">qu</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> as in </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">huílai</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "to come back." Here you see it used as a directional ending. </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Dàihuí</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> can only be</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">used if it is followed by a place name, like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Meiguo</span><span class="font12"> in sentence </span><span class="font2" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ua.</span><span class="font12"> Otherwise you should use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàihuilai</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàihuiqu</span><span class="font12">, depending on whether the direction is toward or away from the point of reference.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèixiē cài women chībuwán, kéyi dàihuiqu ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zenme yuǎnde lù, zǒubuhuíqù le ba?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zǒudehuíqù. Xiànzài cái wǔ-diǎn zhōng, zǒuhuiqu zhǐ yào yíge bàn zhōngtóu jiu gòu le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ bǎ péngyou sòngqu yǐhòu, děi bǎ chē kǎihuilai, wǒ yào yòng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhènghǎo(r)</span><span class="font12">:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">We can’t finish these dishes (of food May we take them back with us?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s such a long way. We can’t walk back, can we?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sure we can. It’s only five o’clock now. It will only take an hour and a half to walk back.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you’ve dropped your friend off, you have to drive the car back here I want to use it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font10">tt</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) "just right; just in time; just enough</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zhèishuǎng xié wǒ chuān zhènghǎo (r).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ láide zhènghǎo(r), wǎn jifēn zhōng wǒ jiu zǒu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèixiē qián zhènghǎo(r) mǎi nèige diànshì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) "to be opportune"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ zài zhèr zhènghǎo(r), bang wo yíge máng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(3) "as it happens, it just so happens"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Jīntiān zhènghǎo(r) pèngdao Lǐ Xiansheng, jiù bǎ shìqing bàn le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">These shoes of yours fit me just right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You came just in time. If you’d come a few minutes later, I would have already left.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This money is just enough to buy that T.V.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s a good thing (lit., "opportune") you’re here. You can help me out.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">I just happened to run into Mr. Lǐ today, so I took care of that matter.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ běnlái xiǎng xiàge yuè mǎi I was originally going to buy a sofa shāf ā”, jīntiān zhènghǎo(r) next month, but today I happened to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">pèngdao héshìde, jiù mǎi le. come across the right kind, so I</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">bought it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">*</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">pèngdao</span><span class="font12">, "to run into, to come across"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">**</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shāfā</span><span class="font12">, "sofa"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dàishang</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: ”to take along with one" In the Beijing dialect, the verh ending -</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">shang</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is sometimes used to mean "along with" a person. (For the first example you need to know </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">tí</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "to carry from the hand at the side of the body.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā tíshang shūhāo Jiu zǒu le. She picked up her schoolbag and left.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèige sǎn nǐ náshang ba. Take this umbrella along with you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nǐ bàoshang háizi, wǒ názhe You carry the child, and I’ll hold</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhèige. this.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Speakers who are not from Beijing would use different endings in these cases, for example -</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zhe</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> or -</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">qu</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> (depending on the meaning of the sentence).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">5. A: </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Hǎoxíàng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> shi Xiǎo Lǐ cong měnkǒur </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">hǎohāorde</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> zài zhèr niàn shū ba! Bié </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng dǒng xiǎng xǐd</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">e.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. </span><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "to pass, to go over" </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">guòqù</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> (Falling-tone </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">qù</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">), "the past"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Guòlai is "to come over."</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">That looked like Xiǎo Lǐ who Just passed by the door.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">You Just tend to your studies</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Iproperly3! Don’t be thinking of this and that.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Contrast </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> (neutral-tone </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">qu</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">) with (see Unit U of this module).</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nǐ guòqu kànkan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Menkǒu guòqu yíge rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nàr guòlai yíge rén.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Yìhuīr Jiu guòqu le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Kuài guòlai!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Guòlai zuò yihuǐr ba.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Guòlai!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Go over there and take a look.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Someone passed by the door.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Someone is coming over from there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">It will pass in Just a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Come on over here!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Come over (to my house) for a while.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(Lit., "Come over to sit awhile.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">C’mere! OR Get over here. (CAN BE IMPOLITE)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Guòqu</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is also a polite or respectful word for "to die," similar to English "to pass away." As mentioned in Unit 5» Chinese often avoid using the stark-sounding </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">hǎohāor</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "well; industriously; properly; thoroughly" In Unit 1 of this module, you learned </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">mànmānr</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> "slowly," which is a reduplication of the adjectival verb </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">màn</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> "to be slow." In Beijing conversation, the second </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">màn</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is said with the first tone, and -r is added, making </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">mànmānr</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">. In many other parts of China, it is said as </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">mànmàn</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">. Likewise, Beijing </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">hǎohāor</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is often heard as </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎohǎo</span><span class="font12"> elsewhere. Reduplication allows an adjectival verb to be used before a verb as a modifier, with or without </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font12">, for example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mànmàn(de) chi</span><span class="font12">, "to eat slowly," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎohǎo(de) ting</span><span class="font12">, "to listen well."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hǎohǎorde</span><span class="font12"> (</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎohǎode</span><span class="font12">) has more specific meanings than Just "well." It can mean "properly," "thoroughly," or "nicely," or "in perfectly good condition, with nothing the least bit wrong."</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiànzài hǎohǎorde niàn shū, yǐhòu hǎohǎorde gōngzuò.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gāngcái hai hǎohǎorde, xiànzài bù zhī zěnme hui shi you kū-qilai le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèngzhide shìqing gen xiǎohǎizi wǎnr yíyàng, liǎngtiǎn yǐqián hai hǎohǎorde, liǎngtiǎn yǐhòu Jiu dǎqilai le.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Study properly now, and do your Job properly later on.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Everything was fine Just a minute ago. Now I don’t know what happened, but she’s crying again.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Politics is like children playing. First everything’s fine, and then a couple of days later they’re fighting.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎng dong xiǎng xǐ</span><span class="font12">: "to think of this and that, to let one’s mind wander*<sup>1</sup></span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pong</span><span class="font12">, "east," and xǐ, "west," are used in the patterns </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">(Verb) dōng (Verb) xǐ</span><span class="font12"> and </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōng (Verb) xǐ~(Verb)</span><span class="font12"> to express that a person’s action has no</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">definite aim or that something is done haphazardly. More examples:</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">kàn dōng kàn xǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xué dōng xué xǐ zōu dōng zōu xǐ zhǎo dōng zhǎo xǐ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You can also say </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōng xiǎng xǐ xiǎng</span><span class="font12">, examples in sentences:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Guò mǎlùde shihou, bié zhème kàn dōng kàn xīde, duó wēixiǎn a.'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tā zong shi xué dōng xué xīde yǐjīng shínián le, hái méi cong dàxué bìyè.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ shénme dōngxi diū le, zhǎo dōng zhǎo xīde.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">looking here and there studying this and that walking all about searching here and there</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōng kàn xǐ kàn</span><span class="font12">, etc. Here are some</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t let your eyes wander when you cross the street. It’s very dangerous !</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He’s been studying this and that for ten years, and still hasn’t graduated from college.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re hunting all over the place. What did you lose?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi liSngnián wǒ yìzhí zou dōng zou xǐ, méi shíjiān gēn Jiāli rén zài yìqǐ.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">The past couple of years I’ve been traipsing all over the place, and haven’t had any time to be with my family.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">...-de</span><span class="font12">: Here you see a new use of the marker -de. After certain phrases, especially ones with a parallel structure, -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font12"> means "that way," describing a way of looking, acting, or Just a state of affairs. (For the following examples, you need these three items: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎo</span><span class="font12">, "all the time, always";</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">bù huāng bù máng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "calm, not the least injection. ’’)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nǐ gànmá lǎo zǒuchǔ zǒujìnde?!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Shíjiǎn kuài dào le, nǐ zěnme hái bù huāng bù mángde?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèi bànge duō yuè, you dǎ zhēn you chī yàode, tāde tuǐ hǎoxiàng yǐjíng hǎo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèi shi shénme xie! Yìzhī dà yìzhī xiǎode!</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bit flustered"; and </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dǎ zhēn</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "to get an</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">How come you keep walking in and out?.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">It’s almost time, how can you be so calm?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">During the past half month or so, with all the injections and medications , her leg seems to have already recovered.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What kind of shoes are these, with one bigger than the other!</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">6. A: Qùnián tāde Yǐngwén hái shuode nàme </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">nántīng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, jīn-nián hǎoxiàng hǎoduō le. Shi </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zěnme hui shi?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Last year his English still sounded so awful, but this year it seems a lot better. What happened?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Shi zènme hui shi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, tā mǔqin </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">téng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> ta, song ta qù Yīng-guō niànle yìnián shū.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">It’s this way, his mother dotes on him and sent him to school in England for a year.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">téng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "to be fond of, to be attached to, to dote on"</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèige háizi, bù guǎn nǐ zěnme téng ta, tā yě bu tīng huà.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nǎinai zhēn téng wǒ dìdi!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèi háizi zhēn kěài<a name="footnote8"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark77">8</a></sup>! Ràng rén bù néng bu téng!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā tèbié téng érzi, zǒng pà tā chībuhǎo.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">This kid! No matter how fond of him you are, he never does what you say.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Grandma is really attached to (OR dotes on) my younger brother.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">This child is adorable; you can’t help but be fond of him!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">She is especially attached to her son, and is always afraid that he won’t eat well.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zěnme hui shi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "what happened; what’s it all about; what’s the story" Also said as </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zěnme yìhuí shi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">. </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Zěnme</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> here means </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zěnmeyàng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "what kind, of what nature." </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Hui</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is a counter for </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, as in </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">You zhèihuí shi ma?</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "is there such a thing?" or "Did such a thing (really) happen?" In the phrase </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zěnme yìhuí shi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, the number </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yī</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is often dropped from </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yìhuí</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> just as it can be dropped in phrases like </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">chǐ (yí)ge píngguǒ</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "eat an apple."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèi shi zěnme hui shi? Wūli What is this, anyway? Why is this zěnme nàme zāng? room so dirty?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèi shi zěnme hui shi? Dōngxi What's going on, anyway? Things are</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">yìtiān bǐ yìtiān guì!</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">getting more and more expensive every day.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zènme hui shi</span><span class="font12">: Also </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhème hui shi</span><span class="font12">. This phrase has two main uses:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(1) Used before telling the facts or details of an event, as in sentence 6B.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(2) Said after one learns the facts or outcome of an event, e.g.,</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Yuánlái shi zhème hui shi!</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Oh, so that's the story.'</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">ào zhīdao shi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhème</span><span class="font12"> hui shi wǒ J iu bù lái le.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">If I had known </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">that</span><span class="font12"> was what it was all about, I wouldn't have come.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Iā you qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gàn shenme</span><span class="font12">, rénjia </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">you </span><span class="font12">bù xǐhuan ta!</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">What is he going to see Xiǎo Lan for? After all, she doesn't like him.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Dotes on Do</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">bié Ji, wǒ lái </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">quànquan </span><span class="font12">.a.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Don't get upset, I'll try to persuade him.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎo</span><span class="font12">: Literally, "to look for," but when the object is a person it can mean, "to call on" a person. This is the way </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎo</span><span class="font12"> is used in sentence TA, hence the translation "going to see Xiǎo Lán," rather than "going to look for Xiǎo Lan."</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Xīngqītiān tǎ zǒngshi qù zhǎo péngyou.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">On Sundays, he always goes to see his friends.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Zhèizhǒng wèntí zhǎo tǎ méi cuò!</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">When you have that kind of problem, you won't go wrong if you go to him.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Zhǎo wǒ méi yòng, wǒ bù guǎn zhè shi.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">It's useless to come to me about this matter, I'm not in charge of it.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gàn shénme</span><span class="font12">: "to do what; what for, why" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gan</span><span class="font12"> is the verb "to do." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gan shénme</span><span class="font12"> and the similar </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gànmá</span><span class="font12"> can be used (1) to ask what someone is doing; (2) like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèishénme</span><span class="font12">, except with a livelier, more conversational tone; or (3) rhetorically, to question the value or use of something.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">Nǐ gànmá ne?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">What are you doing?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">ǐ míngtiǎn gàn shénme?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">What are you doing tomorrow?</span></p>
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- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Gàn shénme lǎo gēnzhe wǒ!?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12">What are you doing always following me?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font12">, "to follow"</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Gànma mǎi zhèige? Name guì!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Ní gànma zong ting tāde?!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Hai zài zhèr gàn shénme? Kuài hui jiā ha!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèi shi xiǎo shìqing ma! Ní gànma zhème shēngqì?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèige dōngxi shi gànmáde?</span></p>
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- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Wǎnshang ní yídìng dào tā jiā qù yítàng.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Gàn shenme?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Bǎ zhèige sòngqu.</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What did you "buy this for? It’s so expensive!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">How come you always do what </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> says?!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Why are you still here? Hurry up and go home!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">This is such a small matter! Why should you get so angry?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What’s this thing for?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">You have to go to her house tonight.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What for?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">To take this to her.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Lián </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">ní</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> dou hú qù, </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">wǒ</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> gàn shenme qù?!</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">If </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> aren’t even going, why should I go?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: You have seen the adverb </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> meaning (1) ’’again,” as in </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Ní you lái </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">le, ’’You’re here again” and (2) ’’both.. .and.as in </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">You hǎo you piányi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, T^Both good and inexpensive.” In sentence TA, </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is used to stress that the speaker thinks what he is saying is a strong reason why something should he otherwise. This </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is usually used in sentences with the verb made negative, or in rhetorical questions (those to which no answer is expected).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">IN SENTENCES WITH THE VERB MADE NEGATIVE</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā you hù shǎ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Wǒ you hù zhīdào jintiǎn xià yǔ.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Ní you méi kànjianguo ta, ni zěnme zhīdao tā hù hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā you hú shi wàijiāoguān, zěnme zài dàshiguǎn gōngzuò?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">IN RHETORICAL QUESTIONS</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā you zhīdao shénme?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Shéi you néng kànde nàme yuǎn ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">He’s no dummy, after all.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">After all, I didn’t know it was going to rain today.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">You’ve never seen him, after all; how could you know he’s no good?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">He’s not a diplomat, after all; why is he working in the embassy?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What does he know, anyway? (Means, ”He doesn’t know anything.”)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Who could have seen that far ahead, after all? (Means, ”No one could have seen that far.”)</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Bùzhǎng you zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
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- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">So what if he’s a (government) minister? (Means, ’’The fact that he’s a government minister is unimpressive.”)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yàoshi tā hù néng zuò, shéi you If he can't do it, who can? (Means, néng zuò ne? "if he can't, nobody can.")</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">quàn</span><span class="font12">: "to advise" or "to try to persuade" a person. This describes the action of talking to someone in order to bring them around to a certain way of thinking. Sentence 7B might be translated simply as, "Don't get upset, I'll talk to him."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ quàn ni háishi bú yào xué wénxué, bìyè yǐhòu zhao gōngzuò nan na.'</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">My advice to you is not to study literature. It would be awfully hard to find a job after you graduate.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāde shi nǐ bú yào quàn, tā huì gěi ni zhǎo máfande.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You'd better not try to advise him about his affairs, otherwise he'll give you trouble.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">8. A: Nǐ shuō wō </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāi</span><span class="font12"> bu gai qù? Do you think I should go?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànzhe</span><span class="font12"> bàn ba, tíngshuō You do as you see fit, but I hear</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nèige dìfangr kuài </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ</span><span class="font12"> that there's about to be a war</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàng</span><span class="font12"> le. there.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gāi</span><span class="font12">: "should; ought to; to be someone's turn to (do something)" </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gāi </span><span class="font12">is an auxiliary verb very similar in meaning to </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yinggāi</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Kuài qīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ gāi shàng It's almost seven-thirty. I should bān qu le. be leaving for work.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ gāi shuō shénme ne? What should I say?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gāi</span><span class="font12"> is frequently used before the subject of a clause. In such cases it can also mean "to be (someone's) turn to (do something)."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Míngtiān gāi tā qǐng kè le. Tomorrow it's his turn to treat.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèixiē shi běnlái gāi wǒ zuòde, bìngle zhèi jǐtiān, tǒngshì-men dōu bāng máng zuòwán le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèicì gāi wǒ qǐng ni kàn dianyǐng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gāi nǐ zǒu le OR Gāi nǐ le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It should have been me who did these things in the first place, but with me being sick the past few days, my colleagues finished them all for me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This time it's my turn to treat you to a movie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Your move OR It's your turn, (in playing a game)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànzhe</span><span class="font12">: In front of another verb, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànzhe</span><span class="font12"> means "(do something) as one sees fit." The "locking" in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànzhe</span><span class="font12"> refers to looking at the situation in order to decide what one is able to do and what is best to do. The most common phrase in which </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànzhe</span><span class="font12"> appears is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kànzhe bàn</span><span class="font12">, "to do as one thinks bes</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nǐ shuō wǒ shi qù hǎo ne?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Do you think it would be best for me</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Háishi bú qù hǎo?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to go or not to go?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zěnme shuō ne? Nǐ kànzhe</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What should I say? Do what you think</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bàn ba!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">best!</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nī yào mǎi shenme yánsède</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What color shirt do you want to buy?</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">chènshǎn?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nǐ kànzhe mǎi ba.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Buy what you think best.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dǎ zhang</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: ”to fight a war, to go to war” This is a verb plus general object, like </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">niàn shū</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">. </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Zhang</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> is not used by itself (except in a construction like </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Zhèi yízhang dale hǎojǐge yuè</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, ’’This battle/war was fought for many months," in which </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zhang</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> simply precedes </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">dǎ</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> instead of following it).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">If you want to say ’’war" by itself, you have to use another word, </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zhànzhēng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, which is taught in the next module.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">9. A: Gangcái wǒ qù gěi Wang Daifu </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">sòngxíng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, tǎ shuo tǎ </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yuànyi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> gěi nín kànkan.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Zhèi </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàzi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> hǎo le. </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Děng </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">tǎ huílai wǒ qù kàn ta.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Just now when I went to see Dr. Wáng off, he said he would be willing to see you Cmedically].</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(Now) that’s great. I’ll go see him when he gets back.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">sòngxíng</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: (1) "to see off, to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn wǒ dào jīchǎng gěi Zhāng Xiansheng, Zhāng Tàitai sòngxíng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">wish (someone) a good trip"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">At two this afternoon I’m going to the airport to see Mr. and Mrs. Zhāng off.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(2) "to give a going-away party"</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Nǐ jǐntiǎn wǎnshang yǒu Are you busy tonight?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">meiyou shi?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Women jǐntiǎn wǎnshang chūqu We’re going out for dinner tonight chǐ fàn, gěi péngyou song- to have a going-away party for a xíng. friend.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">zhèi yíxiàzi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: "as a result of this" This means that something has happened which brings a new turn to the situation. It can often be translated into English simply by using the word "now." (in sentence 9B, it may be best just to omit it from the translation.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Qián lái le, zhèi yíxiàzi keyi The money has come. Now we can buy mǎi fángzi le! the house!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèi yíxiàzi zǎogǎo le, wǒde This is terrible! I don’t have</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">qián bú gòu le. enough money (e.g., to pay for the</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">things I just brought to the cashier).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">děng</span><span class="font12">: "when, by the time; till" This word, which you first learned as "to wait," can have these other meanings in a dependent clause. This use is similar to that of </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">děng dào</span><span class="font12">, which you learned in Unit 3 may be used for "when" or "by the time.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Děng wǒ dàole Běijīng wǒ cái zhīdao tā yě zài Běijīng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It wasn’t till I got to Běijīng that I found out he was there too.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">10. A:</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Zhèige </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǎ</span><span class="font12"> háizi, zenme dàde shir yě bu zǎo diǎnr gàosu wo!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What a stupid kid, why didn’t you tell me about this before, since it’s such an important thing.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuánlái</span><span class="font12"> gēn nín shuǒguo, I did tell you, but you’ve forgotten, nín wàng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǎ</span><span class="font12">: "to be stupid, to be silly, to be naive"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī zhen shǎ! Qián fàng zai yin- You’re really silly. It’s such a</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">hángli duo hǎo! Fàng zai jiāli gàn shénme?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">good idea to put your money in a bank, what are you keeping it at home for?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Shǎ háizi, bié zǒng wèn nèixiě shǎ wèntí, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You silly kid, would you quit asking such silly questions all the time?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎo</span><span class="font12">: Besides "early," </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎo</span><span class="font12"> can also mean "before, sooner," or "long ago." Here are more examples.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tāmen jīge nútongxué zǎo jiu pǎo dao hǎibiānr qu wánr le.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Hài!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">.i! Wǒ zǎo lái yìtiān jiu hǎo le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Those women students took off for the beach a long time ago.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Sigh) If only I had come a day earlier.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sometimes </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎo</span><span class="font12"> only conveys the speaker’s feeling of regret and irritation. "A long time ago" might actually be no more than a moment ago. In such cases, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎo</span><span class="font12"> can be translated by intonation alone:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Nī zěnme bù zǎo shuō! Xiànzài hái láidejí ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Wǒ zǎo zhīdào tā shi zhèige yàngzi jiu bú huì zhème shǎ le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why didn’t you say so (before)’. How can we make it in time now?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">If I had known that he was this way I wouldn’t have been so naive.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě bu</span><span class="font12">: "don’t even, won’t even, wouldn’t even" do something that one should do.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Bādiǎn bàn le, nī yě bu zǎo diǎnr It’s half past eight! Why didn’t you jiào wo, wǒ xiànzài láibují le. get me up before? Now I won’t make it in time.</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Ní yě "bu kuài diǎnr shōushi, wǒmen dōu děngjí le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā yě "bu kuài diǎnr lai, cài yījīng liáng le!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Will you hurry up and get your things ready? We’re all getting itchy (from waiting).</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What is keeping him C"Won’t he even come a little faster’’!? The food is cold already!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">yuānlāi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">: (1) "originally” In this meaning, it is usually interchange</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">able with </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">běnlái</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, which you learned in Unit T.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tā yuánlái bù chī ròu, xiànzài He didn’t used to eat meat. No he’s bù zhídào zěnme chiqilai le. started eating it for some reason.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Wǒ yuánlái méi jìhua qù Ōuzhōu, I hadn’t originally planned to go to hòulái tā yídìng yào qù, wǒ Europe. Then she insisted on going,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yě jiu gēnqu<a name="footnote9"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark78">9</a></sup> wánrle yítàng. so I went along for the fun of it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(2) Used when revealing a fact which was not previously known, especially when that fact provides an explanation or solution to a puzzling situation. .This can sometimes be translated by "it turns out that..." or by ’’So...’."</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Běnlái</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> cannot be used for this meaning.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Wǒ xiǎng shi </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> xiěde, yuánlái jiù shi </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">ní</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> xiěde!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">À! Yuánlái nī jiù shi Xu Xian-sheng? Huānyíng, tài huānyíng le!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">À, yuánlái shi zhème hui shi!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(3) </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Yuánláide</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> may be used to modify a</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Women yuánláide jìhua shi xiàge Xīngqíwǔ qù.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tāmen yuánláide fángzi zài chéngwàitou, xiànzài bān dao chéngli qu zhù le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Oh, so </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> wrote this! I thought </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> wrote it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Oh! So you’re Mr. Xú? Welcome! Welcome indeed!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Oh! So that’s what happened!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">noun, with the meaning "original":</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Our original plan was to go next Friday.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Their original house was outside the city, (but) now they’ve moved into the city.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Unit 8, Review Dialogue</span></p>
- <div style="border-bottom:solid;">
- <p><span class="font12">In Lǐ Ping and Tom’s room, Tom (A) is getting his things packed, when</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">Lǐ Ping (B) comes in.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tāngmǔ, wo tǐngshuō nǐ yào qù</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dàlù le?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shǐ a, shàngwu wǒ dào lǐngshi-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">guǎn qù kàn yige péngyou. Zhèng-hǎor you yige gongsǐ dào dàlù qu tan shēngyì. Tāmen yào yige dǎ zì dǎde kuài, you dong diǎnr Zhōngwěnde rén.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ yùnqi zhēn hú cuò. Yào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">qù duō jiǔ ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Yào kàn qíngkuàng, dàgài</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hànge yuè dào yíge yuè.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ yě dào Taiwan qù hànge yuè.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Wáng Chéng qǐng wǒ hé Xiǎo Wén dào tā jiā qu wānr.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Āhà! Zhè yíxiàr zhēn hú cuò,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wǒ qù dàlù, nǐ qù Taiwǎn, huílai yǐhòu women lai yige kǎoshì, kàn-kan shéi duì shèhui qíngkuàng yǎnjiūde hǐjiǎo hǎo.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hǎo’</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">(Lī Ping’s grandmother (C) enters</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Xiǎo Ping, Tāngmǔ, nīmen dou</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zài zhèr ne!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǎinai, nín zěnme hú shuì wǔ-</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jiào le?”</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Lǐ Nǎinai, duìhuqǐ, women hǎ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nín chǎoxīng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Tom, I hear you’re going to the mainland?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yeah! I went to the consulate this morning to visit a friend, and there Just happened to he a company going to the mainland on business. They wanted someone who could type fast and who understood a little Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’re so lucky. How long are you going for?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">We’ll have to see. Prohahly two weeks to a month.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And I’m going to Taiwan for two weeks. Wáng Chéng invited Xiǎo Wén (Lǐ Wén) and me to his house.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s great! You’re going to Taiwan and I’m going to the mainland. When we get hack we’ll have to have a little contest and see who’s done a better job of studying society.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Hi, Xiǎo Ping. Hi, Tom.*</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How come you’re not taking your nap, grandma?**</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m sorry Grandma Lī, we woke you up.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">C: Méiyou, wǒ yě gāi qǐlai le.’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tāngmǔ a, nǐ dào dàlù qu, bú xiàng zài Měiguo, zài Xianggang; yào zhīdao duō zhàogu zìjǐ. Xiǎo Ping mama chūqu gěi ni mǎi diǎnr dōngxi dàishang.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Lǐ Nǎinai, wǒ shénme dōu you,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bú yòng dài le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(Xiǎo Wén (E) comes in quietly.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">E: Wǒ nǎinai, wǒ mā dōu téng ni,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nǐ jiu dàishang ba!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Lǐ Nǎinai, wǒ hui Měiguo</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yǐqiān, hai xiǎng zài lai yícì, xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">C: Zhèi haizi, zěnme bù xíng ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhèr jiù shi nǐde jiā ya!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Nín yào wǒ gěi nín dài diǎnr</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shénme dōngxi a?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">C: Duì le, zhèr yǒu yìzhāng</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dānzi,”<a name="footnote10"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark79">10</a></sup> <a name="footnote11"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark80">11</a></sup><sup> <a name="footnote12"></a><a href="#bookmark81">12</a></sup> shi yìxiē gōngyìpǐn, qian Jiù zài zhèige xìnfēngrli, nǐ kànzhe mǎi ba!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">E: Nǎinai, zánmen jiā you name</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiě gōngyìpǐn, hái mǎi </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">tā</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> gàn shénme!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">C: Shǎ háizi, děng dao nǐ jiēhūnde</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shihou jiu yǒu yòng le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">E: Name nántīng!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">C: Nà you shénme nántīng, hǎo shir</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">ma!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">No you didn’t. It was about time I got up anyway.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Tom, when you go to the mainland, it won’t be like America or Hong Kong; you’ll have to know how to look after yourself. Xiǎo Ping’s mother went out to get you some things to take with you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">I have everything, Grandma Lǐ, I don’t need to take anything else.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">My</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> grandmother and mother are fond of you, go ahead and take the things!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Grandma Lǐ, I have to come back here once again before I go to America. Will that be okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Oh, this youngster! How could it not be all right? This is your home!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Did you want me to bring you back something?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Yes, here’s a list.<sup><a href="#bookmark79">10</a></sup> ’ It’s some handicrafts. The money is in this envelope. Buy what you can.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">We have so many handicrafts already, why do you want to buy more of them?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Silly girl! They’ll come in handy when you get married.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Ugh! That sounds awful!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">What’s so awful about that? That (marriage) is a happy event.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">E: Nimen zài zhèr, wǒ qu kànkan,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎoxiàng mama huílai le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Xiǎo Wen leaves.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nǎinai, Xiǎo Wen zhēnde yào.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jiēhūn le?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shi zhème hui shi, Xiǎo Wen</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zài Yingguo niàn shūde shihou rènshile yíge Rìběn ren, xiànzài tǎ he Xiǎo Wen zài yíge yínhǎngli zuò shi, duì Xiǎo Wen hú cuò. Kěshi . . .</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Yuǎnlǎi, wǒ he Xiǎo Wen tǎ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hàba dōu hù tóngyì. Nǐ xiǎng ma, Zhōngguo rén he Rìběn rén zěnme yě méi hànfar hiàncheng yìjiǎzi’ ya! Kěshi Xiǎo Wen hé tǎ mǎma yuànyì, wǒmen yě jiu hù néng shūo shénme le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiǎo Wen mǎma zěnme shuō ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Tǎ quànle wo hǎojǐcì. Tǎde</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">huà you dàoli. Tǎ shuō, Zhōngguo rén hé Rìběn rén shi dǎguo zhàng. Kěshi xiànzài, shìqing yǐjǐng guòqu jǐshíniǎn le, wèishenme hai yào ràng hǎizimen chǐ kǔ ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Bómǔ shuōde duì. Ei, wǒ lai</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎnggǎng zènme duō tiǎn le, zěnme hai méi kànjian ta ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">C: Tǎ hui Rìhěn kàn tā mǎma qu le,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">nèi shi ge xiàoshunde haizi. Děng nǐ cong dàlù huílaide shihou, tǎ yě gǎi huílai le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhēn you yìsi!</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Don’t get up.<a name="footnote13"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark82">13</a></sup> <a name="footnote14"></a><sup><a href="#bookmark83">14</a></sup><sup></sup> I think mom is hack, I’m going to go see.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Is Xiǎo Wén really getting married, grandma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s like this: When Xiǎo Wén was studying in England she met a Japanese guy. Now he works at the same hank as she does. He’s very nice to her, hut . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Originally, Xiǎo Wén’s father and I were both against it. After all, there’s Just no way that Chinese and Japanese can "become part of the same family. But Xiǎo Wén and her mother wanted it, so there wasn’t anything we could say about it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">What did Xiǎo Wén’s mother say about it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She tried to persuade me many times. What she said makes sense. She said that the Chinese and the Japanese did go to war, but now that it’s all been over for a few decades, why should the children still be made to suffer for it?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">She’s right about that. By the way, I’ve been here in Hong Kong for so many days now, how is it that I haven’t seen him?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">He went back to Japan to visit his mother. He’s a very filial boy. He should be back by the time you come back from the mainland.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">That’s so interesting!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">C: You yìsi "ba,! Tāngmǔ, nǐ "bù zhǐ- Oh, it’s interesting all right,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dào, rén lǎo le, guānniàn yě lǎo You don’t know, Tom, when a person</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">le, youde shíhour zhēnde yào gǎi- gets old, their ideas get old too.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">gai le. Sometimes one really has to change</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">a hit.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(Xiǎo Ping’s mother CF1 comes in carrying some things.)</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">B: Mā, nī huilai le?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">F: Huilai le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Bómǔ, wǒ shuō shénme hǎo ne?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nín shizài tài kèqi le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">F: Zhèidiǎn chide, yòngde, dōu</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dàiqu, zhèliǎngjiàn yīfu děngyixià chuānchuan kàn, héshì hu héshì.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Bomǔ, nà jiu xièxie le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">F: Nàme yidiǎndiǎn dōngxi xiè</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shenme. LÙshang hǎohǎo zhàogu zìjī, shìqing wǎnle jiu huílai, xiūxi jītiān zài hui Měiguo.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">A: Ng, wǒ yídìng huílai.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">C: Guò liǎngtiǎn, Xiǎo Ping, Xiǎo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Wén yě yào zǒu le. Xiǎo Ping mā,2 jīnr^ wǎnshang zǎm<sup>1</sup>* hú zuò fàn le. Děng huǐr Xiǎo Ping bàba huílai, yíkuàir chūqu chi wǎnfàn, gěi hǎizimen songsong xíng, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">F: Hǎode, hǎode.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Hi mom, you’re back?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Hi, yeah, I’m back.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Auntie, what can I say? This is really too polite of you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">This food and these things are for you to take with you. And these two things to wear you can try on later and see if they fit you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Well then, thanks a lot, auntie.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Why should you thank me for these odds and ends! You just look after yourself very carefully while you’re traveling, and when the job is finished come back here and rest up for a few days before you go back to America.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Okay, I’ll be sure and come back.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">In another day or two Xiǎo Ping and Xiǎo Wén will be leaving too. Mom, let’s not make dinner tonight. When Xiǎo Ping’s father gets back, we’ll all go out to dinner and have a going-away party for the kids, okay?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">All right.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this exercise a mother and son talk in their apartment in Hangzhou.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎo diǎnr shēngr a little more quietly</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo to wrap</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tan liǎn'ài to be in love, to be going together</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(having a courtship)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In this conversation a mother talks to her daughter in Běijīng about her grandparents.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Here are the new words for this conversation:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">qiánxiē nian a few years back</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">zài shuō besides, moreover</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What is Xiǎo Yun doing? Why?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What is the latest news about Xiǎo Yun’s grandfather?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. Why does the mother seem to have little regard for the company she talks about?</span></p></li></ul>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">U. According to the mother, what is the grandfather’s attitude toward work?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">5. What does the mother ask her daughter to write into the letter to grandfather?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Exercise U</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhū Lǎozǒng (an affectionate name for Zhū De,</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">a military leader of China and commander of the Eighth Route Army during the -war of resistance against Japan.)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">jūnduì army</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Questions for Exercise h</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">1. What did Wáng Lǎo Shífu do before the war of resistance against Japan? Was it a secure job?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What happened to his business during the war of resistance against Japan?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What did "Zhū Laozǒng" (Zhū De) do at that time? What did Wáng Lǎo ShTfu do for Zhū Laozǒng?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A mother (B) and her son (A) talk in their apartment in Hangzhou.</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ma, wǒ jiějie shénme shihou zǒu</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">a?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǎnshang shiyidiǎn zhōngde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">huǒchě. Nǐ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo diǎnr shēngr </span><span class="font12">shuō huà. Bié bǎ tǎ chǎoxǐng le, ràng ta zài duō shuì yihuǐr.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ao, jiějie shuì wǔjiào na, wǒ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">xiǎo diǎnr shēngr. Mā, jiějie yào dàizǒude dōngxi dou zhǔnbèi-hǎo le ma?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Chàbuduō le, jiù shi hái you</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yìxiē gōngyìpǐn méiyou nònghǎo, nǐ huílaile, zhènghǎo bangbang mang, bǎ zhèixiē dōngxi </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎoq</span><span class="font12">ilai.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Jiějie shi dào Měiguo qù niàn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shūde, dài gōngyìpǐn gàn shénme?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Zài dàxuélī niàn shū zong huì</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">you ge hǎo péngyou, wàiguo rén xǐhuan Zhōngguo gōngyìpǐn, dàishang yidiǎnr, songsong rén, bú shi hěn hǎo ma?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo, wǒ yihuǐr jiù bǎohǎo le.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Ma, when is older sister leaving?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">On the 11:00 train this evening. Speak a little more quietly. Don’t wake her, let her sleep a little while longer.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, sister is taking a (noontime) nap. I’ll speak more softly. Ma, have all the things older sister is going to take along with her been gotten ready?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Just about, there are Just a few handicrafts not yet taken care of. You’ve come back just in time to help by wrapping these things.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Sister’s going to America to go to school; what is she taking handicrafts for?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In college you’re always going to have a good friend. Foreigners like Chinese handicrafts. So isn’t it a a good idea to take some along to give people as gifts?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, I’ll have them wrapped in a minute.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Duì le, nǐ zài zhèr nòng, wǒ</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">dào chúfáng kàn yíxià, kànkan cài hǎole méiyou.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wǎnshàng hai you kèren ma?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh—you take care of this here, and I’ll go take a look in the kitchen to see if the food is done.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Are there guests coming tonight, too?</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: You. Děng yíxià Zhōu Bómǔ hé</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">tā érzi lai gěi nǐ jiějie sòng-xíng.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Mā, wǒ kàn, wǒ jiějie gēn Xiǎo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōu hǎoxiàng bú cuò ma!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Shǎ haizi! Nǐ jiějie gēn Xiǎo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Zhōu </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tan liàn’ài</span><span class="font12"> kuài yinian le, nǐ hái bù zhīdào!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, in a little while Mrs. (Auntie) Zhōu and her son are coming over to give your sister a send-off.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ma, I think older sister and Xiǎo Zhōu seem to be getting along pretty well!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You dumb kid! Your sister and Xiǎo Zhōu have been in love for almost a year now. Didn’t you know?!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ao! Yuánlái shi zenme hui</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shir! Hǎo, mā, nǐ kuài máng qu ha! Zhèi diǎnr gōngyìpǐn jiāo gěi wǒ le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ kuài hǎo, hāowánle, dào</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">chúfāng lai hǎng wo máng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xíng, wǒ yìhuǐr jiù lái.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Oh, so that’s what’s heen going on all along. Okay, mom, you go ahead with your work. Hand the handicrafts over to me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Get these wrapped quickly. When you’re done, come to the kitchen and help me.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay, I’ll he there in a minute.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">In Běijīng a mother (B) talks with her daughter (A).</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Xiǎo Yun na, zuotiān kǎoshì</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">kǎowán le, jǐntiǎn hái zài wūli máng shénme na?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Xiě jīfēng xìn, zhèixiě xìn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zǎo jiù gāi xiě le, Jǐntiǎn you yidiǎnr shíjiān, wǒ xiǎng hǎ ta-men xiěwán.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Gěi yéyede xìn xiěle méiyou?</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Yéye name téng nǐ, kuài gěi tā xiě fēng xìn ha!</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Shāngcì yéye lái xìn shuō,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tāmen gōngsī qǐng tā qù hāng máng ne. Zhèijiàn shir, nín zěnme xiǎng?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Tāmen gōngsī xiǎng gēn wàiguo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">rén zuò shēngyì, qǐng yéye qù hāng máng, zhèijiàn shir, wǒ shénme yě hú yuànyi shuō.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wèishénme ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B:</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Qiánxiē nián</span><span class="font12">, tāmen gōngsíde</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">rén shuō nǐ yéye, shuōde nàme nántīng. Xiànzài tāmen you wèntí le, you xiǎngdào nǐ yéye le.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Suàn le ha, ràng tāmen kànzhe hàn ha. Wǒ hù xiǎng quàn nǐ yéye qù hāng zhèige máng. Niánji dàle, hǎohǎorde zài jiāli xiūxixiūxi hi shénme dōu hǎo.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Xiǎo Yun, your exams were over yesterday. What are you still working on here today?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Writing a few letters. I should have written them a long time ago. I have a little time today, so I wanted to get them written.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Have you written grandfather? He's so fond of you, you really should write him a letter!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The last time grandfather wrote, he said that their company had asked him to go help out. What do you think of that?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Their company wants to do business with foreigners, so they asked your grandfather to help out. I don’t want to say anything about this.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Why?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A few years back, the people in the company were saying such awful things about your grandfather. But now, they go to him with their problems. The hell with it! Let them do what they like.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I don’t want to advise your grandfather to help them. When a person gets old, it’s best for him to stay at home and get a lot of relaxation.</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12">“This means "No comment. If I said anything about this, it wouldn’t be complimentary."</span></p>
- <div>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Mā, wǒ xiǎng yéye yídìng bù</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">tongyì nínde shuōfǎr. Guòqùde shir yǐjíng guòqu le. Xiànzài you rén qǐng ta hang mang, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shuō</span><span class="font12"> zhèixiē shir duì guojiā you hǎochù, tā yídìng huì qù zuòde.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, nǐ yéye nèige</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">rén zhǐ yào yǒu gōngzuò, hù guǎn duō nan, tā yě huì pīnmìng qù zuòde. Nǐ xiě xìnde shíhou, hié wàngle xiěshang, ràng tā hié tài lèi le, měitiān shuì ge xiǎo wǔjiào.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hǎo. Xiěshang le. Nǎinai huì</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎohāor zhàogu yéyede. Nín fàng-xīn hǎo le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ài! Hǎo le, wǒ yào chūqu mǎi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dōngxi, nǐde xìn xiěwán le méiyou? Wǒ lai gěi nǐ jì.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhèi sānfēng xìn xiěwán le,</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">děng yíxiàr, wǒ tieshang youpiào. Hǎo, xiànzài hǎo le. Nín názǒu ha.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ zǒu le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Mā, nín zǎo diǎnr huílai!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">Ma, I’m sure that grandfather wouldn’t agree with that. What’s over is over ("Past things are already past"). Now someone asks him to help out, and besides, these things are good for the country. I’m sure he’ll do it.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I know that too. Your grandfather is the kind of person who, as long there’s a joh, will knock himself out to do it, no matter how hard it is. When you write the letter, don’t forget to write that he mustn’t tire himself out too much, and to take a little noontime nap every day.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Okay. It’s written. Grandma will take good care of grandfather. Don't you worry.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">(Sigh) Okay, I’ve got to go out to huy some things. Have you finished writing your letters? I’ll mail them for you.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">These three are finished. Wait a second while I put stamps on them. Okay, they’re ready. Here they are.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m leaving.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Ma, don’t he gone long!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dialogue and Translation for Exercise h</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">In the office of a factory in Běijīng, are on the night shift:</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wáng </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǎo Shīfu</span><span class="font12">, nín xiūxi yì-</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">huǐr ha. Wǒ zài zhèr kànzhe, nín hié dānxīn, wǒ hú huì shuì jiàode.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ou, wǒ hú lèi, zánmen liǎ</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">liáoliao tiānr ha!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">an older man (B) and a younger man (A)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Old Master Wáng, you rest a while. I’ll watch things here, don’t worry. I won’t fall asleep.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I’m not tired. Let’s us two have a chat!</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Wáng Lǎo Shīfu, wǒ tīngshuō, Old Master Wáng, I’ve heard that</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">nín jiěfàng qian jiù cānjiǎ </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gé</span><span class="font12"> you joined the revolutionary ranks</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">mi ng</span><span class="font12"> le, nínde gùshi yídìng hù before liberation. You must have</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">shǎo, gěi wo jiǎngjiang ba! a lot of stories; tell me one!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">°</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎ</span><span class="font12">: A colloquial word meaning </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎngge</span><span class="font12">.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ zhǐdao, jiěfàng qian wǒ shi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">zuò xiǎo mǎimaide, nèi shihou zuò xiǎo mǎimai duo nán! Neng bu néng zhuàn yidiǎnr qián dōu yào kàn yùnqi hǎo huài.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Hòulái ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Hòulái Rìběn rén lái le, Rìběn</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">rén gēn zánmen dǎ zhàng. zhèi yí-xiàzi wǒde mǎimai . . .</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zuòbuxiàqu le.</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Bu shi, wǒde mǎimai yuè zuò</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">yuè dà le.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zěnme ne?</span></p></li>
- <li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Nǐ xuéguo lìshǐ. Nǐ zhīdao nèi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">shihou </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhu Lǎozǒng</span><span class="font12"> gēn Rìběn rén dǎle yízhàng . . .</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Zhǐdao, nèi yízhàng dǎle hǎo</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">jǐge yuè. Nèi shihou nín gàn shénme ne?</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Wǒ? Wǒ yìtiān dào wǎn názhe</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">dānzi gěi Zhū Lǎozǒngde </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">jūnduì </span><span class="font12">mǎi dōngxi ya! Shénme chide, chuānde, yào a, wǒ dōu néng mǎidào.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Ēi, zhēn you yìsi, nín zài gěi</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">wo jiǎngjiang.</span></p>
- <ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
- <p><span class="font12">B: Ou, xiànzài bù néng jiǎng le.</span></p></li></ul>
- <p><span class="font12">Zánmen gāi chūqu kànkan le. Yàoshi méiyou shénme wèntí, huílai wǒ zài gěi nǐ jiǎng.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">A: Nà zánmen zǒu ba!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You know, before liberation I was in small business. At that time, it was so hard to do small business. Whether or not you could make a little money depended on whether your luck was good or bad.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">And later?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Later the Japanese came. After the Japanese went to war with us, my business . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You couldn’t carry it on.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">No, it got bigger and bigger.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">How was that?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You’ve studied history. You know that at that time Zhū Lǎozǒng (Zhū Dé) fought with the Japanese . . .</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Yes, they fought for many months. What were you doing at that time?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Me? From morning to night T was carrying a list buying things for Zhū Cé’s army. Food, clothes, medicine, T could buy them all.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Gee, that’s fascinating, tell me more.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">I can’t now. It’s time we went out and took a look. If there aren’t any problems, I’ll tell you more after we get back.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Then let’s go!</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">VOCABULARY</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to love</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">ài shang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to fall in love with</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">āndìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to "be peaceful and stable, to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">quiet and settled</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bàba</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">father, dad, papa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7-U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">báitiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">daytime</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-ban</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(counter for class of students)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be great, to be fantastic, to be terrific</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">T.U’, 7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bang máng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to help; help</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bangzhu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to help; help; as a help to, for</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to wrap</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bǎochí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to keep, to preserve, to maintain</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bǎohù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to protect</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bèihòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">behind someone’s back</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-bèizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">all one’s life, lifetime</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">běnlái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in the first place</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">běnrén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">herself, himself, oneself, nyself, etc.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to compare</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">biàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to change, to become different</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">biànchéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to change into</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2’, 7-3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bìcǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">each other, one another, both; the same to you</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7-5’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bìngrén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">sick person, patient</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bómǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">aunt (wife of father’s elder brother);</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(term for the mother of one’s friend)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">boshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Ph.D.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7-2’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bú fàngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to worry</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bù guǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">no matter (what, whether, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5’, 7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bù huāng bù máng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">calm, not the least bit flustered</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bú Jiàn bú sàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">don’t leave until we’ve met up</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bù Jiǎndān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">not ordinary, not commonplace; remarkable</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bù néng bu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to have to, must</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bù shǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bú shi...Jiù shi...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">if it isn’t...then it’s...; either... or...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bú xiàng huà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk, acts, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">cai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">only (before an amount)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">only in that case, only under this</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">condition</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">caichan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">property</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cānjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to participate in, to take part in;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to Join; to attend</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cháng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be long</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chang gē</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to sing (songs)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be noisy; to disturb by making</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">noise</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chǎoxǐng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to wake (someone) up by being noisy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-chéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(verb ending) into</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chéngshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">city; urban</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chéngyuánguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">member country</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chǐbuxiàqù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be unable to eat</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chi kǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to suffer, to undergo hardship</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chōu yān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to smoke (tobacco)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chuáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">bed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2°, 7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">chuántong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tradition, traditional</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">conglái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">ever (up till now), always (up till</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">now)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">conglái bù/méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">never (up till now)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cóng...(Verb)-qī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to begin (Verb)-ing from...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cūnr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">village</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6°</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàduōshù(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">the great majority</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-dài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">generation; era, (historical) period</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàishang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to take along (Běijīng)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàjiě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">"older sister" (a respectful term</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1'</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">of address for a woman about one’s own age or older)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàlù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">mainland, continent</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">dang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">(political) party</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dǎnxǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be worried, to be uneasy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dānzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">list; form</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to pour, to dump</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(resultative ending used for percep-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tion by one of the senses: </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàndao</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">kàndao</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tīngdao</span><span class="font12">, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(resultative ending used to indicate</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">reaching; in </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎngdào</span><span class="font12">, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">tándào</span><span class="font12">, etc., translated as "about" or "of")</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàochù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">everywhere</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7'</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàodé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">morality, morals, ethics</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dào lājī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to take out (dump) the garbage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàolī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">principle, truth, hows and whys;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">reason, argument, sense</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dàxuéshēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">college student</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">dǎ zhàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to fight a war, to go to war</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dǎ zhen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to get an injection</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dǎ zì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to type (on a typewriter)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to get</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dédao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to receive, to get</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-de huà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">if; in case; supposing that</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">děi kàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to depend on</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">děng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">when; by the time; till</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">děng dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">wait until; when, by the time</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">děng yíxià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">wait a minute; in a little while</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-diǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">point</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">diào yǎnlèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to cry</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dìwei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">position, status</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dǒngde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to understand, to grasp, to know</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">duǎnpiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">short (stories, articles)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">dúlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be independent; independence</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">duo (duō)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">how (to what extent)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.It</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">duo hǎo!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">how great that is!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">duōshù(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">the majority (of), most (of)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><a href="#bookmark84"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">éi say! (interjection telling that the*</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">speaker just thought of something)</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark85"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">értong child (formal word)</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark86"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">érxífu(r) (-fer) daughter-in-law*</span></a></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fādá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be (highly) developed, to be flourishing, to be prosperous</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*, 7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fǎlū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">law</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to translate</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to violate, to offend, to commit; to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">have an attack (of an old disease)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fǎnduì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to oppose, to be against</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-fāngmiàn (-mi an)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">aspect, side, area, respect</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fǎngwèn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to visit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fǎnzhèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">anyway, in any case</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fàn zuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to commit a crime</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fāzhǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to develop, to expand, to grow</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">points</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to divide, to separate, to split</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fēngsú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">custom(s)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fēnkāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to separate, to split up</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fùnū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">woman; women, womankind</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fúqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">blessings, good fortune</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">gāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">will probably</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.it’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">gāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">should, ought to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.It’, 7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">gài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to build, to construct</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1+’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gāibiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to change; change(s)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1’, 7-5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gànbu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cadre</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gǎnjué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">feeling, sensation; to feel, to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">perceive</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gànmǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">what for</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">gàn shenme</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">what for</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gǎnxiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be thankful, to be grateful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gāogàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">senior cadres</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gāozhōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">senior high school</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1’, 7.2’, 7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gèguó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">various countries</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gémìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">revolution</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gēn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to follow</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">male (for animals)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Gòngchǎndǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Communist Party</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gōngchǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">factory, mill, plant, works</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gōnggong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">grandfather, grandpa (paternal)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1+’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gōngkè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">homework</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Gòngqǐngtuǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Communist Youth League</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gōngshāngyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">industry and commerce</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gōngyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">industry</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gōngyìpǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">handicrafts</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to take care of; to mind, to bother</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">about</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guǎnggào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">advertisement</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guānniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">concept, idea, notion</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guānxin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be concerned/care about</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guānyú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">as to, with regard to, concerning,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">about</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gǔhuǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">bone ashes, ashes (of a person)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guǐju</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">rules of proper behavior, social</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3°, 7.1+</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">etiquette, manners; special customs, established practice, rule (of a community or organization)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">guoJiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">country, state, nation; national</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guòqù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">the past</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1+</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guòqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to pass; to pass away, to die</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">guò rìzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to live; to get along</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1+’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gùshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">story</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">gǔshū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">ancient book</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">hai fairly, passably</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎiluòyín heroin</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎochù benefit, advantage</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎohǎor properly, carefully, thoroughly</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi... well, okay, but...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">hǎoxiàng to seem as if, to seem like</span></p>
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12">7.1+</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">7.7’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">7.1’, 7.8</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">7.3’</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <div>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">hēiyè hèn Hongwèibīng hòulái </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Huáshèngdùn Youbào</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-hui</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">huì huó</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">húshuo hùxiāng</span></p>
- </div><br clear="all">
- <p><a href="#bookmark87"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(darkness of) night, nighttime</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark88"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to hate, to loathe, to detest</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark89"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(a) Red Guard; the Red Guards</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark90"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">later, afterwards 7-2*,</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark91"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Washington Post</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"></span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark92"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(counter for </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "matter")</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark93"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">might; to he likely to; will</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark94"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to live; to become alive; to survive;</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be live/alive/living; mobile, moving</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark95"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to talk nonsense; nonsense, drivel*</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark96"><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">mutually</span></a></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to remember; to commit to memory</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-Jiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(counter for families)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">j iàndān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be simple</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to stress, to pay attention to, to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">be particular about</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">prize</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jiǎngjiu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be particular about; to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">elegant, to be tasteful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jiàotáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">church, cathedral</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiàoyu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to educate; education</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jiārù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to join</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiātíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jīdòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be agitated, to be worked up</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to borrow; to lend</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jièdao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to successfully borrow</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">J iěfàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to liberate, to emancipate; liberation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jiēhūn (jiēhūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to get married</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jièyì^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to mind, to take offense</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jíjímángmáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">in a hurry, extremely rushed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jímang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be hasty, to be hurried</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jìnbù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to progress; progress</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jìndàishǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">modern history</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">J īngshén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">energy, spirits</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jīnr</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">today (Běijīng)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jīnzhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be nervous, to be upset</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">jìzhu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to remember</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-Jù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">sentence; (counter for sentences or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">utterances, often followed by </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">huà</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "speech")</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Jūnduì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">army</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">júzi shuǐ(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">orange juice (Běijīng)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(V V) kàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">try and (v), (v) and see how it is</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">kàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to depend on</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kànbuqǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to look down on, to scorn, to despise</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.^</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kàndao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to see</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kànzhe</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems reasonable</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">kao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to take/give an exam, test, or quiz</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near, to be next to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kǎolu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to consider, to think about; consideration</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kǎoshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to take/give an exam, test, or quiz; exam, test</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">keài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be loveable, to be adorable</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kekǎyǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">cocaine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Kekǒukělè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Coca Cola</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1’, 7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kelián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be pitiful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">ken</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be willing to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to cry</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">...lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">for the past... (amount of time)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(used before a verb to express that</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">something will be done)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to do (something), to perform</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(something), to have (an event),</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to help oneself to (food, etc.),</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to join in (a game, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǎjī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">garbage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lánwěiyán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">appendicitis</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">all the time, always</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">láodòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to labor</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">láodònglì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">labor force, labor; able-bodied</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">person</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǎolao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">grandmother, grandma (maternal)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">7.b’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">láolì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">labor force; labor</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǎo shīfu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">old master</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǎoshǔ (láoshu)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">mouse or rat</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǎoxiānsheng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">old gentlemen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǎoyé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">grandfather, grandpa (maternal)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǎozǒng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(used with surname as an affectionate</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">term for a high-ranking PLA commander)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">liǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(Beijing colloquial word meaning</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎngge</span><span class="font12">, ”two”)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lián...dōu/yě...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">even...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">liáo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to chat</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">liáo tiān(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to chat</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǐmào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">manners, politeness</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">lǐngdǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to lead, to direct, to exercise lead-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">ership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">liùshi niándài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">the decade of the sixties</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">liúxia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to leave</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">liúxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">luàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be in disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic; arbitrarily, recklessly, any old way</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7-7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">luànqǐbāzāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">in a mess, in confusion, in disorder; miscellaneous, motley, all thrown in together</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">ma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(marker for obviousness of reasoning)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">mànmānr (manman) slowly; gradually, by and by; taking</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">one’s time (doing something); (tell) all about, in all details</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">méi yìsi to be uninteresting/boring; to be</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">pointless/meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of respect, cheap</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">míngbai to understand, to be clear on, to</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">comprehend; to be clear, to be intelligible</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Ming Bào Ming Pao</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> (a Hong Kong newspaper)</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">mǔ female (for animals)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7-5</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nàinai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">grandmother (paternal)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-style:italic;">7.k</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nà hai yòng shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">that goes without saying</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Nan Mei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">South America</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nánnū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">men and women, male-female</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nánshòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to feel unhappy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nántīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be unpleasant to hear; to sound</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">bad, to offend the ears; to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">scandalous</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">ne</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(used in questions asking the where</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.<sup>1</sup>**</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">abouts of someone/something)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nénglì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">ability</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">niánji (niánjì)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">age</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">niánqīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be young</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nòng (neng)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to do; to fool with; to get</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nóngcūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">country, rural area; rural</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5*, 7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nònglai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to get and bring</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nóngmín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">peasant</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7-5*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nongyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">agriculture</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nylì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to make efforts</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nushěng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">coed, woman student</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">. 7.3*</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">pà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be afraid</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7-<sup>1</sup>*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">pǎolai pǎoqù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to run around</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7-6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">pèngdao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to run into, to come across</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-piān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">(counter for sheets, articles or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">pieces of writing)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">piān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to fool, to deceive</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">pǐchá bǐng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">pizza</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">píngděng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">equality, to be equal (of people)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">pǐnmìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">with all one’s might, for all one</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one’s life, to defy death</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">pīzhǔn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to give permission, to approve;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7-5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">approval, permission, sanction</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">pópo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">grandmother, grandma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">qiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">gun</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">qiáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be strong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">qiánxiě nián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">a few years back, in recent years</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">qiāo men</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to knock at the door</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">qíguài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">qǐlai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to get up (in several senses)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-qilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">(resultative ending which indicates starting)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Qīnghǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(a province in western China)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">qíngkuàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">qíngxing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">quàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to advise, to urge, to try to persuade</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">quánjiā rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">the whole family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">ràng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to make (someone a certain way)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">person; self; body</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">rénj ia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">people; other people; someone else;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">they; he, she; I</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">rèxǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be enthusiastic and interested,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be warmhearted, to be earnest</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">rèxīnqilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to become enthusiastic and interested</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">rìzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">day; date; time</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">rù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to enter; to join (an organization)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">rù Tuán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to join the Communist Youth League</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">(</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gongqǐngtuán</span><span class="font12"> or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gongchǎnzhǔyì Qǐngniántuán</span><span class="font12">)</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to kill (means unspecified); to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">kill (specifically, with a knife</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">or knifelike instrument); to try</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to kill</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be stupid, to be dumb, to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">silly, to be naive</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shāfā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">sofa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-shang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(verb ending indicating starting</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">and continuing)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shàng xué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to go to school; to attend school</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shāngyè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">commerce, business</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Shàoxiānduì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Young Pioneers</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shèhuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">society; social</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shēngchǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to produce; production</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shēnghuó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to live; life; daily life; livelihood</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shēngyì (shēngyi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">business, trade</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shēnqīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to apply (for)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shēntǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">body; health</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.it</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to cause (followed by a verb), to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">make, to enable</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shìchāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">market</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shìjiè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">world</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shijièshang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">in the world, in the whole world</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shìjièxìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">worldwide</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shíxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to practice, to carry out, to put</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">into effect, to implement (a</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shizài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">really; to be real</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to receive</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be thin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shōuchāode</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">handwritten</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.it’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shòu Jiàoyu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to receive an education</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shōurù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">income, earnings</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shōushi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to straighten up; to get one’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.it</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">things ready</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shujià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">summer vacation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shuōbuqǐngchu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">can’t explain clearly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shuōdao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to speak of; as for</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shuōfǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">way of saying a thing; statement,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">version, argument</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">shuòshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Master’s degree</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2’, 7-5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">sǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to die</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3’, 7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Si Shū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">the Four Books (Dàxué, Zhōngyōng,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.it</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Lunyǔ</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Mengzǐ</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">sǐxiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">thought, way of thinking</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">sònghuiqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to take/escort back</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">sòngxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to see (someone off), to wish</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(someone) a good trip; to give</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">a going-away party</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><a href="#bookmark97"><span class="font12">suàn le forget it, let’s drop the matter,</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">let it go at that; come off it, come on</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark98"><span class="font12">sūnnu granddaughter (through one’s son)</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark99"><span class="font12">sūnzi grandson (through one’s son)</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark100"><span class="font12">suǒyǒude...dou all</span></a></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tán liàn’ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be in love, to be going together (courtship)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tǎoyàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to dislike, to be disgusted with</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">téng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be very fond of, to be attached to, to dote on</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to carry (from the hand at the side of the body)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to jump, to leap</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tímu (-mù)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">topic, subject; title; examination question, test problem</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">tīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to heed (advice), to obey (orders)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">tongjū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to cohabit; cohabitation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tongyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to consent, to agree</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7-5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">tour</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">head, chief, boss</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">-tuán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">group, society</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">Tuan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">(Communist Youth) League</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">tǔdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">land</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1+</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">wàigōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">grandfather, grandpa (maternal)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1+°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wàipo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">grandmother, grandma (maternal)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1+°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wàiwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">foreign language</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wǎnhuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">evening party</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">late involvement and late marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">wèile</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">in order to; for the purpose of; for</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">the sake of</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">wénhuà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">culture; schooling, education,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">literacy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wénxuéJiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">writer, literary man</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wénzhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">article, essay; prose (writing) style</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wǒde tiān na!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">my God!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">wǔjiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">noontime nap</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><a href="#bookmark101"><span class="font12">-xià under</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark102"><span class="font12">xiàndài to be modern; contemporary; modern</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">times</span></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark103"><span class="font12">xiǎng to sound, to make a sound</span></a></p>
- <p><a href="#bookmark104"><span class="font12">xiàng to be like, to resemble; like;</span></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">such as</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiǎngbuchū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">can’t think up, can’t come up with</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiangdāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">quite, pretty, considerably</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiǎngdào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to think of</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiāngxìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to believe (in); to trust, to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">be convinced (that)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">young</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiǎo diǎnr shēng(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">a little more quietly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiǎo péngyou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">little friend; kids</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7-^</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiàoshun</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be filial; filial obedience</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xiǎoshuō(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fiction, novel</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xià qí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to play chess</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-xiaqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(resultative ending which indicates</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">continuing an action)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-xiaqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">down (directional ending used for</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">eating or drinking down)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xǐ dú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to take drugs; drug taking</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xíguàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">habit, custom, usual practice; to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">accustomed to, to be used to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">heart</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-xing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">nature, -ness, -ity</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xìngkuǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">fortunately, luckily</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.U’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xìngqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">interest</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xīnli</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">in one’s heart, in one’s mind</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xīnshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">something weighing on one’s mind,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">worry</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xīnwén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">news</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Xīnwén Zhōukān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Newsweek</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xué hǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to learn from good examples, to learn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be a good person</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xuéhuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to learn, to master</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xuéqǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">semester, term (of school)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xuéshēnghuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">student association</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xué yī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to study medicine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">xùnliànbān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">training class</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6’</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yánjiū (-jiu, -jiù)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to study (in detail), to do research on; research</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yào kàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to depend on</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Yàzhōu (Yǎ-)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Asia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yèdà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">evening university</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yě gāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">really should</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.U’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">.•.yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">whether...or...; both...and..•</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yě jiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">accordingly, correspondingly, so</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yéye</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">grandfather (paternal)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’, 7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">medical science, medicine (used in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">phrases like </span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">xué yǐ</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">yǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">as soon as</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1’, 7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-yì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">hundred million</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">yìbiān(r)...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">doing...while doing...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yìbiān(r)...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yìfāngmiàn..., yì-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">on the one hand...on the other hand;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">fāngmiàn...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">for one thing..., for another thing...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yìjiāzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">one family; the whole family; the same family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8'</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">yímiàn(r)...</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">yímiàn(r)—</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">doing...while doing...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yìtiān dào wan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">all day long</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7-3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yīxué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">medical science, medicine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yīyuàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">hospital</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3'</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yìzhí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">all along, continuously, all the time (up until a certain point)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yònggōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be hardworking, to be industrious (in one’s studies)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">you</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">excellent</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5'</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yǒu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to come up to (a certain level)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2'</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">you</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">also</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">you</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">anyway; after all</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you bànfǎ, (duì...)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be able to deal with (something)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7-7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you bāngzhu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be helpful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you dàolǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to make sense</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yòuéryuán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">kindergarten</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5'</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you guǐju</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to have manners, to be proper</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">you hǎochù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be beneficial, to be good (for)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">yǒu lǐmào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be well mannered, to be polite</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">you qián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be rich</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.U</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">you xiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be effective; to be valid</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yǒu xìngqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be interested</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yǒu yánjiū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to have done research on; to know a lot about</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yǒu yòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to be useful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuánlái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">original, former; originally, formerly; it turns out that...» so...! (expresses finding out the true situation)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuànyi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuányǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">reason, cause</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuè lái yuè...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">more and more..., increasingly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yuè...yuè...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">the more...the more...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">yùnqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">luck</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">zài shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">furthermore, besides, moreover</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5°, 7.8°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">zài yě bù/méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">never again</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">a long time ago</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.3°</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">zāohūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">early marriage; child marriage; to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12">marry as a child; to marry early</span></p>
- <table border="1">
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zěnme (yì)huí shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">what’s it all about</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zènme (yì)huí shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">like this</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zéren (-rèn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">responsibility</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhěng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to grow</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhāngdà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to grow up</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhàngfu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">husband</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhànzhēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">war</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.U*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhāobudào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">can’t find, to be unable to find</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhàogu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to take care of; care</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*. 7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhèi yíxiàzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">after this, as a result of this</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhème (yì)huí shi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">like this</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Just, precisely, right</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhèngcè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">policy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7-5*. 7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhèngfǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">government</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1**, 7.6</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhènghāo(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">it Just so happens that, to happen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.8</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to, as it happens; Just in time,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Just right, Just enough</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhèngzhi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">politics; political</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhi hāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">can only, to have to, to be forced to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhishi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">knowledge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhi yào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">provided that, as long as</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6*, 7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">-zhong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Zhon</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">ggu</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">o QIngnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">China Youth</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> (a periodical)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhòng nán qing nd</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to regard males as superior</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to females</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">Zhōngxuéshēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">High School Student</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"> (a periodical)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhōukān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">weekly publication, weekly magazine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhuàn qián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to earn money, to make money</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhǔrén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">host, master</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhùxialai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to move and stay (in a place), to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">settle down</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zhǔyào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">mainly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zìyóu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">freedom; to be free</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.2</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zìyóu shìchāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">free market</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.5*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">always; inevitably, without</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">exception; after all, in any case</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zōngjiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">(organized) religion</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zōngtōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">president</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.6*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">mouth</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">crime, guilt</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zuìJin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">lately, recently; the near future,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">soon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zuò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be, to act as</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.3</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zuòbuliāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to be unable to do</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1*’</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zuò llbài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to worship, to go to church</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.7*</span></p></td></tr>
- <tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">zuòxia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">to sit down</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">7.1</span></p></td></tr>
- </table>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">283</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote1">1</a></sup><a name="bookmark70"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12"> Others: sentences with certain adverbs like </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídìng</span><span class="font12">, with potential resultative verbs, with the aspect marker -</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font12">, etc.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote2">2</a></sup><a name="bookmark71"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’According to those pandas who answered our surveys.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote3">3</a></sup><a name="bookmark72"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">~</span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">bèihòu~</span><span class="font12"> "behind the back"</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font12">, as used in the second example above, can be thought of as meaning "comes up to (a certain level)." </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gēn</span><span class="font12">, which is usually used with </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíyàng</span><span class="font12"> as in the example just cited, connotes exact comparison, so when your sentence compares concrete, measurable qualities like height or weight, it is usually better to use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">...gēn...yíyàng—</span><span class="font12">. For example, </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ gēn tā yíyàng gāo</span><span class="font12"> states explicitly that you are the same height as he, so it would be inappropriate to use </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàng</span><span class="font12"> there.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote4">4</a></sup><a name="bookmark73"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12"> </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">chuáng</span><span class="font12">, "bed"</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote5">5</a></sup><a name="bookmark74"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The term "liberation" is used with such frequency that we introduce it here despite the controversy over whether anything in fact was liberated or freed. For most people in China it is simply Jargon for referring to 19^9» and the semantic content is of little importance.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote6">6</a></sup><a name="bookmark75"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">*In English "He is dying" may look like an ongoing action, but it actually means "He is very near to passing from a living state to a dead state." The passing itself is instantaneous. So to translate "He is dying" into Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g., </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā kuài yào sǐ le</span><span class="font12">, "He is going to die soon," or </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā huobucháng le</span><span class="font12">, "He won’t live long."</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote7">7</a></sup><a name="bookmark76"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">The word </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">gànbu</span><span class="font12"> is also used in Taiwan, although not as frequently as on the mainland, to refer to people in positions of leadership in many kinds of organizations, especially government, the army, and large corporations.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote8">8</a></sup><a name="bookmark77"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;"></span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">kěài</span><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">, "to be loveable/adorable"</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote9">9</a></sup><a name="bookmark78"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’Notice that grandma says literally "You are both here." This, however, is not a statement made after looking for the two and finally finding them.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">It’s simply a common way of greeting or starting a conversation: you state the obvious.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">’’More literally, "How is it you are no longer taking your nap?" (New-situation le)</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote10">10</a></sup><a name="bookmark79"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">In other words, they did wake her up with their talking.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote11">11</a></sup><a name="bookmark80"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">Grandma is referring to living conditions—it’s not as comfortable on the mainland as in the U.S. or Hong Kong.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote12">12</a></sup><a name="bookmark81"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12" style="font-weight:bold;">This is a natural example of how one who has freely extended favors is not shy to ask a favor in return.</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote13">13</a></sup><a name="bookmark82"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">More literally, "You people are here." Notice this simple way of leaving a group. "You’re here" is the functional equivalent of "You stay here," i.e. "I’m going to leave. Please go on talking without me." Another sentence you can use when leaving a group is </span><span class="font12" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐmen tǎntan, wǒ xiǎn zǒu</span><span class="font12">, "You go on talking I’m going to leave."</span></p>
- <p><sup><a href="#footnote14">14</a></sup><a name="bookmark83"></a></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">1. Why is his sister going to America? Why is she taking handicrafts?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">2. What will happen in the evening?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">3. What news does he learn about his sister?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font11">■ i. hoes his mother seem nervous? How can vou tell?</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">This conversation takes place in the office of a factory in Beijing where an older man and a younger man are on the night shift.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">You will need the following words and phrases:</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">Lǎo Shīfu old master</span></p>
- <p><span class="font12">gémìng revolution</span></p>
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