FSI-Chinese/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook.txt

FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 08 TVL - Student Text and Workbook
Foreign Service Institute

CM 0310 S

STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach

MODULE 8: TRAVELING IN CHINA STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK

SPONSORED BY

AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS

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STANDARD CHINESE

A MODULAR APPROACH

STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK

MODULES: TRAVELING IN CHINA

DRAFT EDITION

JULY 1982

Table of Contents

Objectives for the Travel Module .................

About Module Eight .............. ..........

Unit 1 Travel Plans with Lúxíngshè

Reference List......................

Vocabulary List.....................

Reference Notes.......'..........  . . .

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook.....................

Exercise Dialogues . . . '.................

Unit 2

Education in Bětjīng

Reference List......................

Vocabulary List .....................

Reference Notes .....................

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook ................  . . . .

Exercise Dialogues..........    .

Unit 3

Unit U

Sìjìqīng People’s Commune

Reference List ......................

Vocabulary List ..................... Reference Notes
..................... Tape 1 Review Dialogue .................. Tape 2
Workbook..................... Exercise Dialogues ....................

Ancient Architectural Art

Reference List ......................

Vocabulary List ......................

Reference Notes . .....................

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook ......................

Exercise Dialogues ....................

Unit 5 Economic Construction and Natural Resources

Reference List .......................

Vocabulary List.................. . . . . Reference Notes
...................... Tape 1 Review Dialogue ................... Tape 2
Workbook ...................... Exercise Dialogues .....................

Unit 6 National Minorities

Reference List ......................

Vocabulary List .....................

Reference Notes .....................

Tape 1 Review Dialogue ..................

Tape 2 Workbook .....................

Exercise Dialogues ............... .....

Unit 7

Reference List......................

Vocabulary List .....................

Reference Notes............•.......  . .

Tape 1 Review Dialogue . .................

Tape 2 Workbook .....................

Exercise Dialogues ....................

Unit 8

Reference List......................

Vocabulary List......................

Reference -Notes . ....................

Tape 1 Review Dialogue...............  . .

Tape 2 Workbook .....................

Exercise Dialogues . . , . ................

Vocabulary List for the Module..............•.....

List of Tapes in this Module ....................

[][]

-   1. A: Wǒmen zínme chēnghu nín hlo ne?

-   B: Lfii zhèli cānguān f&ngwènde rén dǒu jiao wǒ LXo Wing.

-   2. A: Nín xiing zhèijiàn shi zénme ānpii bījiio hSo?

-   B: Wǒ xiing zuì hlo ding wǒ hé ShànghXi fángmian liinxì yíxià zài
    shuǒ.

-   3. A: Tīngshuǒ nín duì zhèi yídài-de fāngyin hen yǒu yinjiū.

-   B: NÌli! Wǒ zhī shi liSojié yìdiinr, tinbudào yǒu yinjiǔ.

-   U. A: Xiànzài Zhǒngguǒ yǒngde shíyǒu dabùfen shi zì jI shēngchinde,
    duì ba?

B: Bù, £u£nbù shi zìjī shēng-chinde.

3. A: Dabùfen béifāng rén dǒu huì shuo pǔtǒnghuì. duì bu duì?

B: Òu, bù zhī shi béifǎng rén, h?n duǒ ninfǎng rénde pǔtǒnghuì y? bú
cud.

-   6. A: MÍngtiān wǒ Jiù cǒng Shenzhen 11 ling le.

B: 6, zhème kuài! Wǒ hid yīwéi nī néng gěn wǒmen dào Sǔzhǒu qù winr
Jitiān ne!

-   7. A: Dǒngbéi. Xíbéi nī dǒu qù-guo le ba?

B: Zài DǒngbSi vǒ zhī cǎnguǎnle Dicing. Xībéi hii méi qù ne.

How should we address you?

People who come here to visit all call me Lio Wing.

What do you think would be the best way to arrange this?

I think it would be best to wait until I’ve contacted Shanghai and then
we'll see about it.

I've heard that you're an expert on the dialect of this area.

Oh no! I just know a little about it; I couldn't say I'm an expert.

China now produces most of the oil that it uses, isn't that right?

No, they produce all of it.

Most northerners can speak the standard language, can't they?

Oh, not Just northerners. A lot of southerners speak standard Chinese
pretty well, too.

Tomorrow I'm going to leave the country from Shenzhen.

Oh, so soon! I thought you could go with us to Sǔzhǒu for a few days.

You've been to Manchuria and the Northwest, haven't you?

In Manchuria I've only visited Daqing, and I haven't been to the
Northwest yet.

-   8. A: Ní xiin x3u hlo le, w8 Jiù líl.

-   B: Hlo. Hui tóu ji&n.

-   9. A: Zhèiwèi xuézhé yénjiūde shi nei fǎngmiànde wèntí?

B: Tā yánjiūde zhSyào shi yìiy&n he yǔy&nxué.

-   10. A: Zài Xinjiang Nèiméng yídài meiyou hSn duo rén shuō pútōnghuà
    ba?

B: Duì, zìi nèixiē dìfang, ahioshù mínzú ySyin zhàn zhǔyàode dìwei.

-   11. A: Nlmen xiing qùde dìqǔ quin d3u qù. le ba? Hái you shénme
    wèntí meiyou?

B: Meiyou shénme wèntí le, Luxíngshède gōngzuò giode hén hao,"w3men hen
m&nyì.

-   12. iSxíngtuán

-   13. GuXngxī 1U. Guilin

-   15. Yúnnán

-   16. Guizhou

-   17. Huébèi

-   18. Huánán

19• Huángshān

You go ahead and leave. I'll be right there.

Okay. See you in a while.

What subject does this scholar study?

She mainly studies languages and linguistics.

In the region of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia not many people speak
standard Chinese, do they?

Right. In those places the minority nationality languages occupy the
major position.

Have you been to all the regions you wanted to go to? Do you have any
more questions?

We don't have any more questions.

The China Travel Service did a very good Job and we're very pleased.

tour group

(an autonomous region, formerly spelled Kwangs!)

(a famous scenic city in GuXngxī)

(a province in southern China)

(a province, formerly spelled Kweichow)

north China

south China

(a famous scenic mountain in Ǎnhuī province)

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   | Unit 1, Vocabulary Liat           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ānpái                             | to arrange                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| běifāng bíjiìo                    | the north comparatively           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| cǎnguǎn chěnghu                   | to visit and observe to call      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| dàbùfen dài Daqing dìqū Dōngběi   | mostly                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | zone, area, belt                  |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (a city in HěilSngjiǎng province  |
|                                   | area, district,'region Manchuria  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| fSngwèn fíngyán                   | to visit and meet with dialect    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gio Gulngxī Guilin Guizhou        | to do                             |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (a province in south China) (a    |
|                                   | city in Gulngxī province)         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (a province of China)             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Huábéi Huánán Huángshān huítáu    | north of China                    |
| Jiàn                              |                                   |
|                                   | south of China (a mountain in     |
|                                   | Ānhuī province) See you later!    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| liínxi liíoji?                    | to contact                        |
|                                   |                                   |
| lí Jlng líxíngshè lúxíngtuín      | to understand                     |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to leave a country or place       |
|                                   | travel service, travel agency     |
|                                   | tour group                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| mínzú                             | ethnic group, nation              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| nánflng Nèimíng                   | the south Inner Mongolia          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| pútSnghuà                         | the common (standard) language    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| quin quánbù                       | entirely entire, whole            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| shloshù shloshù mínzú Shenzhen    | small number, few, minority       |
| shíyúu                            | minority nationality              |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (a city in GuIngdSng province)    |
|                                   | petroleum, oil                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| xlbH Xīnjiíng xuézhí              | northvest                         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (an autonomous region of China)   |
|                                   | scholar                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ylvéi Yúnnán yúy£n yìlyánxué      | to think (mistakenly), to assume  |
|                                   | (a province of China) language    |
|                                   | linguistics                       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ...zai shu5 zhìn zhùyào           | ...and then ve’ll see about it to |
|                                   | occupy, to take up                |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | main, mainly                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

Unit 1, Reference Notes

1. A: W3men zēnme chēnghu nín         How should we address you?

hlo ne?

B: Lái zhèll cānguān flngwènde People who come here to visit all rén dōu
jiao w5 Lio Wing. call me Lio Wing.

Notes on No. 1

Asking how to address someone: If you are not sure how to address
someone, it is usually acceptable to ask the person himself. Most
Chinese recognize that they have a complicated system of terms of
address, and are happy to answer such questions.

chenghu: "to address" or "form of address"

Kuài gàosu wo, w3 gāi zēnme        Quick tell me: how should I

chēnghu nīde fùmǔ ne?              address your parents?

Xiang "Xilo Wing," "Lio Zhang"     Forms of address like "Xilo Wing”

zhèizhSng chēnghu xiànzài          and "Lio Zhang" are now very

hēn llúxíng le.                     common.

. . . hlo ne?: "Would it be best to . . . ?" W&nen zēnme chēnghu nín
acts as the subject of the verb hlo. Here is a diagram:

  ------------------------------ ---------------------
  W3men zēnme chēnghu nín        hlo ne?
  (CForJ us to address you how   Cwould1 be good?) —
  ------------------------------ ---------------------

"How would it be best for us to address you?"

For sentences with a similar structure, compare 2A and 8A below. Here
sure three further examples:

Zēnme zuS hlo?                     What should I do?

Zēnme chi hlo ne?                  How should it be cooked (lit.,

"eaten")?

W8 zhēn bù zhīdào gàosu ta hlo I really don't know whether I should ne,
hllshi bú. gàosu ta hlo?        tell him or not.

Cānguān, literally, "enter-look," and flngwèn. literally,
"visit-interview, " are both sometimes translated as "to visit," but
there an important difference in their meaning: you cānguān a place
(like a museum), but you flngwèn people. Thus, cānguān is translated as
"visit and observe," and flngwèn as "visit and talk with." By extension,
you can also flngwèn a place, but this implies a formal visit to a
country or visits to factories or offices where the visitors have a
chance to talk with the responsible people and workers. In addition,
flngwèn also sometimes translates the English verb

"to interview.” Examples:

WS bù xìhuan cānguān zhèiyangde difang, w3 xiāng cānguān gòngchāng.

Duìbuql xiànsheng, zhèli shi Jǔnshì dìqǔ, bù kéyi cānguān.

Qùnián w5 zài Zhōngguó fāngwènle liāngge gànbu Jiātíng.

Zài liāngge xīngqīlī, tāmen fāngvènle liùge chéngshì.

Zhè zhěn shi yícì y3u yìside fāngwèn.

Zuótiān tāmen qù fāngvènle yíwèi y8u mingde Zhongguó xuézhā.

I don’t like to visit this kind of place. I vant to visit a factory.

I'm sorry, sir. This is a military zone; sightseeing is not permitted.

Last year in China I visited tvo cadres’ families.

They visited six cities in tvo veeks. (Implies that they talked vith
city officials.)

This vas really an interesting visit.

Yesterday they vent to interview a famous Chinese scholar.

2. A:

Nín xiāng zhèijiàn shi zānme ānpii bíjiāo hāo?

B: W3 xiāng zuì hāo dāng v8 he Shànghāi fangmian liinxì yíxià zài shu5.

What do you think would be the best vay to arrange this?

I think it would be best to vait until I’ve contacted Shanghai and then
we*11 see about it.

Notes on No. 2

The structure of sentence 2A, vhich is similar to that of 1A, can be
diagrammed this vay:

  ----------------------- -- ------------- ---------------------------------------
  Zhèijiàn shi               zānme ānpii   ; bījiāo hāo?
  (CAs forJ this matter      how arrange   J Cwould beJ compara-i tively better?
  ----------------------- -- ------------- ---------------------------------------

ǎnpíi: "to arrange," "to set up"

Tā zSngshi bā shíjiān ānp&ide hān hāo.

Ni xiān bā zhuōzi ānpaihāo, kèren kuài lii le.

Tā Sānyuè ylqiin Jiu bú zài zhèr, bèi ānpii dào biede dìfang qu le.

He always arranges his time well.

First arrange the tables; the guests will be here soon.

He had left here even before March, having been assigned to another
location.

bliiāo or bíjiào: (1) "Comparatively," "relatively," "more" is the
meaning in sentence 2A. BĪJi&o also has the following meanings:

(2) "to compare":

Yàoshi bījiào zhè li&ngge chéng-shì, w8 háishi xīhuan Hāngzhōu.

If you compare these two cities, I prefer Hángzhòu.

W3men key! biJiao yixià shei We can compare who did it better, zuòde
hāo.

(3) "fairly," "rather"

Jlntiān bījiào leng, duo chuǎn It’s rather cold today, put on some diānr
ylfú.                         clothing.

Context will often tell you whether bījiāo as an adverb implies a
comparison (in which case it should be translated "more") or does not
imply a comparison as "rather" or "fairly").

Tā shi bījiāo ài Jiāng huàde rén.

Zhèi liíngge bànfa, níige bīJiSo y5u xiào?

Dìèrge bànfa bīji&o y8u xiào.

Cóng zhèr dào chéngli qù, zuò dìtiě bīji&o kùài yidi&nr.

as comparatively, relatively, or (in which case it should be translated

He is a rather talkative person.

Of these two methods, which is more effective?

The second is more effective.

To go into the city from here, it’s somewhat faster by subway.

Shànghāi fāngmian: Literally, "the Shànghāi side," meaning the concerned
party in Shànghāi. In this sentence, the best English translation is
simply "Shànghāi." For more examples of this use of fāngmian, see the
Society module, Unit 1, Notes on No. 8.

liānxì: "to contact," "to get in touch with," or as a noun,
"connection," "tiesT” Liānxì can be between individual! people, groups,
or phenomena:

W3men yījīng ySu liāngsānniān meiySu liānxì le, bù zhī-dào tā zuìjìn
zSnmeyàng.

Zhèi liāngge wèntí méiyou shenme liānxì.

Zhèixiē niān lāi, Zhong-Mil liāngguóde liānxì yuè lāi yuè guāng le.

liānxì yíxià: Yíxià here learned in the Meeting module, pass on the
message for you." casual feeling, similar to the is not translated as "a
while"

We haven’t been in touch for two or three years. I wonder how he has
been lately.

There's no connection between these two questions.

In the past few years, ties between China and the U.S. have been getting
broader and broader.

is used the same way as in a sentence you Unit 8: W8 tì nī zhuāngào
yíxià, "I will Yíxià means "one time," and simply adds a effect of
reduplicating a verb. (Yíxià here or "a little bit.") Reduplicating the
verb

has about the same meaning: liánxì lianxi.

DEng ,   . zài shu5 literally means "Wait until . • . and then talk

about it?" Zài shu5 is~often better translated as "see about it" or
"deal with it." Deng can sometimes be translated simply as "when."

Míngtiǎn zài shuǒ.

Deng tǎ láile zài shuō.

W?5men xiín shìshi kàn zài shu5.

We’ll see about that tomorrow.

We’ll see about that when he gets here.

Let’s try it out first and then see about it.

3. A: Tīngshuō nín duì zhèi yídài-de fǎngyán hén y3u yánjiǔ.

B: Náli! W8 zhī shi liǎojiè yìdiǎnr, tánbudào y3u yánjiū.

I’ve heard that you’re an expert on the dialect of this area.

Oh no! I Just know a little about it; I couldn't say I'm an expert.

Notes on No. 3

-dài: "zone," "area," "belt" The original meaning of dài is a belt or
band, as in pidài, "leather belt," lùylndài, "recording tape," and
xiédài. "shoelaces." It is easy to see why it has also come to mean
"belt" in a geographical sense, and by extension, "zone" or "area." -Dài
is used in such words as rèdài (literally "hot-zone") "the tropics," and
dìdài. "zone," "region." It is also used in the common phrases zhèi
yídài, "this area," and yánhǎi yídài, "coastal region" (you will learn
yánhǎi in Unit 5 of this module).

Zhèi yídài wǎnshang hǎn wēixiǎn. Nl yíge rén chūqu déi xiǎoxīn diǎnr.

This area is dangerous at night. You’d better be careful if you go out
alone.

You can use names of regions in the pattern . . . yídài:

Ting nl shu5 huà, nl dàgài shi Shǎnbéi yídài rén.

From the way you speak, I'd guess you’re from the area of northern
ShǎnxI.

fǎngyán: "dialect" (Fǎng-, as in dìfǎng. "place," here means "local."
-Yán forms part of the word yìiyán, "language," which is presented in
sentence 9B.) In linguistics, the word fǎngyán is used as we use the
word "dialect." In common Chinese usage, fǎngyán also refers to the
various Chinese languages (such as Cantonese) which are not intelligible
to a speaker of Standard Chinese. See also the note on pǔtǒnghuà under
Number 5.

liǎojil: As a state verb, "to understand," "to grasp," "to comprehend,"
and as an action verb, "to find out," "to acquaint oneself with." As a
state verb, it can be used in the pattern duì . . . liǎojié (see the
fourth and fifth examples below).

As a state vert

NT bù liāojiā qíngkuàng.

You don’t understand the situation.

Tā hān liāojiā nàlide qíngkuàng.

He understands the situation there quite well.

Tāde guòqù, wō liāojiāde fēi-chèng qìngchú.

I am very familiar with his past history.

Nī duì tā hái bù liāojiā.

You still don’t understand him.

Duì Zhōngguó lìshì wō liāojiāde bú gòu.

I don't know enough about Chinese history.

As an action verb

Ni dào nàr qù yīqián zuì hāo li&oji? yíxià nàrde fēngsú.

Before you go there, you would do well to acquaint yourself with the
(local) customs.

Wō xiāng liāojiā liāojiā rén-mín shānghuōde qíngkuàng.

I would like to find out about the (daily) life

of the people.

When the word "know’’ means to understand a person, it into Chinese as
liāojiā:

must be translated

Tā àiren zuì liāojiā ta.

His wife knows him "Her husband . .

best, (or

(Rènshi tā simply means "to be acquainted with him," and zhìdao tā means
"to know of him.")

comments. speaker,

tánbudào: "cannot speak of . . ." A polite response to flattering After
tánbudào, you usually repeat the words of the first e.g.,

B:

Ni duì Māiguō wénhuà hān liāojiā.

Tinbudào liāojiā, wō zhī shi duì zhèifāngmiàn hān yōu xìngqu.

You understand American culture very well.

It’s kind of you to say so ("One cannot speak of understanding it”), but
I’m

just very interested in it.

U.

Xiànzài Zhōngguō yòngde shíyóu dàbùfen shi zìjī shēngchānde, duì ba?

China now that it

produces most of the oil uses, isn't that right?

B:

Bù, quánbù shi zìjī shēngchānde.

No, they produce all of it.

Notea on No. U

shíyōu: "petroleum,*' "oil" (literally, "rock-oil," which, incidentally,

$

is also the meaning of the English word "petroleum ) Examples: shíyōu
gōngyè. "the oil industry"; shíyōu huàxué, "petrochemistry."

dàbùfen: "the most part," "for the most part," "mostly" The stress in
this word is on the syllable dà-, and in conversation, the middle
syllable,

-bu-, is often neutral tone (you may the u sound missing).

Use dàbùfen to modify a verb or

Mēiguō rén dàbùfen d5u yōu , zìjlde chē.

Dàbùfen Mēiguō rén dōu y3u zìjīde chē.

even hear what sounds like dabfen, with a noun:

Most Americans have their own car.

duì ba?: "isn’t that correct?" "isn't that so?" You have already learned
to ask for the listener’s confirmation by using shì bu shl? or shì ma?
and duì bu dul? or duì ma? at the end of a sentence. Shì ba? and duì ba?
are also used in the same sentence position to ask for confirmation, but
because of the marker ba, they imply that the speaker is fairly sure
that his information is correct.

quánbù: "entire," "whole," "all"

Zhèixiē shū wō quánbù dōu kànguo le.

TSde qián quánbù yōng zài 13-xíngshang le.

Tā gēi wōde gōngzuè, wō hái méi quánbù zuòwán ne.

Tǎ shuōde huà quánbù méi yōng.

NT bù zhldào tide quánbù qíng-kuàng zēnme néng hi ta Jiēhǔn?

I’ve read all of these books.

His money was all used up by the trip, ("used on the trip")

I haven't finished all of the work he gave me yet.

Everything he said is nonsense (worthless, useless).

How can you marry him without knowing his whole situation?

-   5. A: Dabùfen bēifāng rén dōu         Most northerners can speak the

huì shuō pùtōnghuà. duì         standard language, can't they?

bu duì?

-   B: du, bù zhJ shi bēifǎng rén, Oh, not Just northerners. A lot hēn
    duo nánfǎng rénde          of southerners speak standard

pǔtōnghuà yé bú cud.           Chinese pretty well, too.

Notes on No. 5

Bēifǎng, "the north" of a country, and nánfǎng. "the south" of a
country: When used with reference to China, these terms usually mean the
area north of the Huáng Hé (Yellow River) and the area south of the
Chángjiāng (Yangtze River), respectively. The area between the rivers is
usually considered central China.

Béifǎng ran xīhuan chī nrlànshí,    Northerners like to eat foods made

nánflng rén xīhuan chī mlfan.      from wheat, and southerners like

to eat rice.

Tǎde Zhōngguo huà yǒu nǎnfǎng His Chinese has a southern accent, kǒuyīn.

pǔtǒnghuà: "the common speech,” the usual designation in the PRC for
what we have called in this course "Standard Chinese." PǔtSnghuà is
officially defined as consisting of the sound system of Béijīng speech,
the vocabulary and idiom of northern speech, and the grammar of
exemplary modem vernacular writings. It would be inaccurate to equate
pǔtǒnghuà with either beifang huà ("northern speech") or Beijing huà
("Béijīng speech"), because pǔtǒnghuà has absorbed many elements from
other dialects, contributing to its richness. Conversely, such things as
purely regional expressions (including those of Béijīng itself) and
non-standard pronunciations are not considered pǔtSnghuà. Before the
PRC, the term pǔtǒnghuà already existed, but referred to the
approximations of Mandarin spoken by the common people of northern
China. (In Taiwan, the term guǒyǔ. "the national language," is used for
the officially promoted standard language.)

bù zhī shi béifǎng rén: "not Just northerners" Bù zhī shi, "not only,"
can be followed by a noun, verb, or clause. Sometimes you may hear bú
Jiù shi, bú dàn shi, bù guǎng shi, or bù Jīn shi (which you will learn
in the Life in China module), with the same meaning. The shi is
necessary before a noun but may be omitted before a verb:

WSmen bàngǒngshì bù zhī (shi) In our office, there are not only yǒu
Méiguo rén, hǎl ySu Jīge Americans, but also some Chinese Zhongguo rén
bang wSmen gǒngzuò. who help us.

Tomorrow I’m going to leave the country from Shenzhen.

-   6. A: Míngtiǎn wS Jiù cǒng Shenzhen lí Jìng le.

    B: 0, zhème kuài! WS hǎi yīwéi nī néng gēn wSmen dào Sūzhǒu qù wánr
    Jitiǎn ne!

    Oh, so soon! I thought you could go with us to Sūzhǒu for a few
    days.

Notes on No. 6

Shēnzhèn, formerly known by its the border stop on the railroad from

Cantonese pronunciation, Shumchun, is Hong Kong to Guǎngzhǒu (Canton).

lí Jìng: "leave a country," literally, "leave-boundary" You can also say
ehū Jìng.

yīwéi: "to mistakenly think" Xiǎng and rènwéi, which you will learn in
the next unit, both mean "to think that . . . «" Yīwéi adds the meaning
that the subject's impression was wrong.

Nī yīwéi wǒ bù zhīdào?! WS You thought I didn't know?! I heard zǎo Jiu
tīngshuō le!                about it a long time ago!

W8 yīwéi w8 yíge rén kéyi ní-deddng, shíi zhīdào name zhùng.

I thought I could carry it by ny-self; who would have thought It was so
heavy?

W8 híi yiwél: "I thought (mistakenly)” You have learned híi as "still"
and as "also, additionally.” This híi has a different meaning and is not
translated. It emphasizes that the subject was under a wrong impression.
This meaning of hii is most clearly seen with the verb xl&ng: W8 híi
xiāng means ”1 mist kenly thought,” whereas W5 xilng does not specify
whether the judgment was right or wrong.

du, shi ni ya! W3 híi xiāng (OR yiwél) shi biérén ne!

-   A: Nī tīngshuōle ma? Tā shēng-le ge érzi.

-   B: du, wS híi bù zhīdào ne!

-   7. A: Dōngbāi, Xībll nī dǒu qù-guo le ba?

B: Zài Dōngbāi w8 zhī cānguānle Dàqìng. Xībāi híi mél qù ne.

Oh, it's you! I thought It was someone else.

Have you heard? She had a baby boy.

Oh, I didn't know! (Here, it is not a mistaken impression but the
previous lack of any information on the subject which híi emphasizes)

You've been to Manchuria and the Northwest, haven't you?

In Manchuria I've only visited Dàqìng, and I haven't been to the
Northwest yet.

Notes on No. 7

Dōngbli. Xībll: Although you learned this is in the Directions module,
it bears repeating that combined direction names ("northwest,”
"southeast,” etc.) are said in the reverse order from English:

xībll (west-north) northwest

xīnín (west-south) southwest

dSngbli (east-north) northeast

dSngnín (east-south) southeast

Dǒngbāi: "the Northeast," "Manchuria" The northeastern region of China,
consisting of the three provinces of Liíoníng, Jilin, and Hēilíngjiing,
is sometimes called Manchuria because the largest indigenous minority is
the Manchu, or Mln, nationality. Of China's 2.6 million Mln, most live
scattered throughout these three provinces and Hébll; there are also
smaller Mln populations in the cities of Blijīng, Chengdu, Xi'an, and
Hohhot. The Mln, and before them their ancestors the NÙzhén (Nuchen or
Juchen, an ancient nationality of the same region), were a major force
in Chinese history from the

Jin Dynasty, in which the N&zhēn ruled northern China for over a century
(1115-123^), to the Manchu-run Qlng Dynasty (1644-1911). After the Qlng
dynasty established its capital in BliJIng, great numbers of Màn
filtered south through Shinhli Pass in HébSi and intermixed with the Hàn
Chinese. To this century, large-scale Hàn migration to the Northeast
(hundreds of thousands every year) has caused the region’s population to
swell to 99.4 million (1976 estimate), of which only 2.4 million are of
the Min nationality. Although their ethnic origins are distinct from the
Hàn Chinese, the Mln today are virtually assimilated with the Hàn
racially, culturally, and linguistically. Most, for example, speak only
Chinese; the Mln language, which in the last dynasty was still used
alongside Chinese in official court documents, is well on its way to
extinction (some Min speakers remain in Àihul and Fùyù counties in
Hēilóngjiàng).

[]

The three provinces of the Northeast

Xlbii: "the Northwest," a region which includes Níngxià, Xinjiang,
Qlngh&i, Shànxl, and Ginsù.

qùguo le: "have gone to" Notice verb phrase with the ending -guo. Here

-   A: Nl chiguo fàn le ma?

-   B: ChlguB le.

-   A: Ta zuì xlnde dianyIng nl kànguo le ma?

-   B: Kànguo le.

that nev-situation le may follow a are some other examples:

Have you eaten yet?

Yes.

Have you seen his latest movie yet?

Yes.

Paging: An oil-producing center (recently given the statue of a city) in
the Síng-Nln Plain of southern Héllflngjiāng province. Daqing is the
nation’s leading producer of crude oil, accounting for more than one
third of the crude oil volume. China’s oil industry has only developed
since 19^$, and it was the monumental exploration and drilling at
Daqing, under extremely adverse conditions, that in large part enabled
China to meet her own oil needs by 1963. In 1961:, Mio ZédSng called on
the whole nation to learn from Dàqìng in industry (Gōngyè xué Daqing), a
slogan which continued to be heard through the Cultural Revolution.

8. A: Nl xiǎn z3u hao le, w8 jiù You go ahead and leave. I’ll be lii.
                               right there.

B: Hlo. Huí tóu jiìn.             Okay. See you in a while.

Notes on No. fl

. . . hlo le: The ending hlo le. literally "and then it will be okay,"
has a special meaning; the translation varies with the context. It is
used when the speaker (1) agrees to something, permits someone to do
something, or suggests that someone do something, or care if something
happens.

(1) WS qù hlo le.

Zhao nl shuōde ban hlo le.

Nl shuō Zhōngwén hlo le, wS tīngdedSng.

Nl níqu hlo le, wS yòngwin le.

(2) Nl bú qù hlo le, w8 bù gioxìng.

Rang ti shuS hlo le, wS bù guln!

Huí tóur .11 in: "See you later" literally, "turn one’s head," is used

Huí tóu wSmen zìl tin.

WS huí t6u jiù Hi.

(2) gives in to something, doesn’t

I’ll go. (AGREEING TO DO SOMETHING)

We’ll do it your way, then. (AGREEING TO DO SOMETHING)

Go ahead and speak Chinese. I understand. (SUGGESTING)

Go ahead and take it. I'm finished with it. (PERMITTING)

So don't go, then. But I'm not happy about it.

Let him say what he wants to; I don't care!

This is a Blijīng expression. Huí t6u, colloquially to mean "later," as
in

We'll talk it over later.

I'll be there in a minute.

Use Huí tóur jiin when you expect to see the other person shortly.

-   9. A: Zhèiwíi xuézhé yénjiǔde shi

    něifěngmiìnde vent ft

-   B: T8 yánjlūde zhǔyào shi yǔyán he yuyánxué.

What subject does this scholar study?

She mainly studies languages and linguistics.

Notes on No. 9

xuézhé: "scholar" You will find the ending -zhě in a number of words
where it means -de rén, "a person who...." In Unit U, you will learn
gōngzuò-zhé. "worker (in a certain field)." Other examples:

dúzhé          reader (dú, "read," will be presented in the next

module)

Jìzhě          reporter, Journalist (lit., "one who records things")

huòdézhé recipient of a prize, etc. (huBdé means "to obtain") zhǔyào: As
an adjective, "major/main/essential," and as an adverb, "mainly,
"essentially":

Qù XTbéi, zh^yàode mùdi shi        The main reason for going to the

xiXng liXoJié yidiínr guǎnyú Northwest is to find out about nàrde néngyè
shěngchln qíngkuàng. agricultural production there.

WSmen zhèr zhǔyàode wèntí shi méi qiin.

Nir zhìíyiLo zhinlln xiē shénme?

Néng bu néng qù, zhūyìo kin shíjiǎn.

Ti zhúyìo Jilngde shi ZhSngguo-de shíyfiu shěngchln qíngkuing.

There are times when zhSyio must be t as "mainly," for example:

Our main problem here is that we have no money.

What are the main things they exhibit there? ("What mainly do they
exhibit there?")

Whether or not we can go depends mainly on time.

He spoke mainly about China's oil production.

islated as "essentially" rather than

W8 JlntiSn líi, zhúyio shi         I came today essentially because

ylnwei w3de péngyou d5u lii le. all my friends came.

This sentence does not imply that there are any other reasons of lesser
importance.

ySy&n: "language" The counter for a language is usually -zh8ng. "kind":

Xué yìzhSng ytíyán bú shi yìtiin Learning a language isn't something
liXngtiinde shì.                   you can do overnight ("in a day

or two").

Zhōngwén shi yìzh8ng bìjilo nin xuéde yùyin.

Chinese is a rather difficult language to learn.

Tā chingchíng Jiao tamen yìxiē bù yīnggāi jiāode yùyén.

He often teaches them language (words and phrases) that shouldn't be
taught.

-Yù can be used

as the ending for the names of languages:

  ---------- ------------ ----------- ------------------
  Yīngyǔ     English      Xìbānyíyǔ   Spanish
  Hànytt     Chinese      Déyù        German
  Rìytt      Japanese     Fāyǔ        French
  Álābōytt   Arabic       Éyù         Russian
  Mānyù      Manchurian   Yìndìyù     Hindi
                          wàiyù       foreign language
  ---------- ------------ ----------- ------------------

The ending -huà (as in Zhōngguó huà) refers to just the spoken language.

-Wen can refer to (1) the written, or (2) the written plus the spoken.
-Yù does not differentiate spoken and written.

-   10. A: Zài Xìnjiāng Nèimāng yídàl méiyou hān duo rén shuǒ pùtōnghuà
    ba?

B: Duì, zài nàixiē dìfang, shāoshù mínzú yǔyán zhàn zhǔyàode dìwei.

In the region of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia not many people speak
standard Chinese, do they?

Right. In those places the minority nationality languages occupy the
major position.

Notes on No. 10

Xlnjiāng: Formerly spelled Sinkiang in English. Xinjiang, an autonomous
region (not a province) in northwest China, has the largest area of all
China's provinces and autonomous regions. Population: 12 million (1981
est.), of which about 6 million are of the Uygur nationality. For a
description of the region and its people, see Unit 6 Reference Notes.

Nèimāng: Also Nèi Mānggù. Inner Mongolia (also called Nel Monggol) is an
autonomous region in north central China, population 9 million. About
twenty percent of the population are Mongols. The capital is Hohhot (in
Chinese, Huhéháotè).

Note: The facts as represented in exchange 10 need to be qualified. It
is true that the minority nationality languages are still the most
widely used in the vast rural areas of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and
other minority nationality regions. The larger cities in these regions,
however, now have substantial Hàn Chinese populations, and in some
cities the Hàn are even in the majority.

shāoshù: "minority" or "a minority of," "a small number of" This is the
opposite of duōshù. "majority," which you learned in the Society module.

Tāmen shi shāoshù.                  They are in the minority.

ZhX ySu shloshù Min rén hái        There are only a ^mall number of

néng shuS Mànyú.                   Manchurians who can still speak

the Manchu language.

mínzú: "nationality," "a people," or "nation" in the non-governmental
sense: a people vho share common origins, history, customs, and
language. Examples: ZhSnghuá mínzú, "the Chinese nation"; Ālabú mínzú,
"the Arab nation"; mínzú dúlì, "national independence."

MèiguS shi yíge duo mínzúde        America is a nation of many ethnic

guSjiǎ.                              groups.

ShKoshù mínzú is "minority nationality," often translated as "national
minority." In the U.S., we more often speak of "ethnic minorities," but
the Chinese prefer the translation "minority nationalities."

zhàn: (1) "to occupy" a space, area, or position, (2) "to make up," "to
constitute," a proportion of an amount, or (3) "to take up" an amount of
time

Zènme h&i y3u rén zhànzhe zhèige * féngjiàn? Gǎi wSmen ydng le!

Zhèizhang zhuSzi tài zhàn difang le, bK ta bānchuqu.

Zhèige féngzi zhànde dìfang ySu duS dà?

Zài wSmen xuéxiàode xuéshěngzhǒng, shXoshù mínzú xuéshěng zhàn yí-bàn
zuSyòu.

Xianzài fÙnS zài shèhuìshang zhàn yuè líi yuè zhèngyàode dìwei le.

Zhen duìbuql, zhànle nl bù shXo shíjiin.

Why are there still people occupying this room? It's our turn to use it!

This table takes up too much space. Let’s move it out.

How much space does this building take up?

Minority nationality students make up about half of the students in our
school.

Now women are occupying a more and more important position in society.

Please excuse me for taking up so much of your time.

-   11. A: Nímen xiXng qùde dìqǔ quán dSu qù le ba? HXi ySu shénme wèntí
    meiyou?

B: Meiyou shénme wèntí le, Luxíngshède gǒngzud gXode hXn hlo,⁻wSmen hXn
manyì.

Have you been to all the regions you wanted to go to? Do you have any
more questions?

We don't have any more questions.

The China Travel Service did a very good job and we're very pleased.

Notes on No. 11

dìqǔ: "region," "district," "area"

Blljlng dlqtt

Huábli dìqù

duo shin dìqù

quin: (1) "to be complete," (2) completely"

Zhèitào shū bù quin, dìsìbln meiyíu le.

Quin shìjiè yígòng y3u duǒshlo zhSng yùyín?

Lilngsānnián méi shuǒ Zhǒngwén le, chàbuduō quin wing le.

W3 bi nèi JlJiìn yīfu quin gli tí le.

the Bèijīng area

the north China region

a mountainous district

'whole," "entire," (3) "entirely,"

This set of books is incomplete; the fourth volume is missing.

How many languages are there in the whole world?

After not speaking Chinese for tvo or three years, (I) have almost
completely forgotten it.

I gave all those articles of clothing to him.

Lttringahè: Short for Zh5nggu6 Lflxíngshè. China Travel Service (CTS),
or Zhōngguó Guójì L&xíngshè, China International-Travel Service (CITS).
These are the tvo government agencies through vhlch all travel
arrangements in China are handled. Representatives from CITS accompany
tour groups in China.

gio: "to do," "to carry on," "to field or endeavor.

Gio shénme ne?

Zhèijiàn shi wō glolai gloqù globuhlo.

gio vèisheng

(gio a task ₄ gio shingchln or endeavor) gio shèhuìzhttyì gio Sìge
Xiàndàihuà

  --------------- ----------------------
                  Tl shi gio flnyìde.
  (gio a line «   Ti shi gio vénxuéde.
  of work)        TI shi gio xìnwénde.
                  Ti shi gio nōngyède.
  --------------- ----------------------

engage in," "to work in" a certain

What are you doing? OR What are you up to?

I've tried doing this all different ways and I Just can't get it right.

to do cleanup

to engage in production to practice socialism to carry on the Four
Modernizations

He's a translator. ("He works in translation.")

He works in literature.

He's a Journalist/reporter/etc.

He works in agriculture.

Glohlo, which is especially common in political talk, means "to make a
good Job of (something)," or "to handle (something) well":

Glohlo shingchln shi vSmen zuì zhdngyàode gǒngzud.

Handling production well is our most Important Job.

Gio is used with many resultative verb endings (in the folloving two
examples gio is interchangeable with no ng, "to do"):

Shéi bl vBde chē glohuii le?       Who broke Jay bicycle/car?

Hāi, nl you glocuò le, zhèige      No, you’ve got it wrong again. This

zì bú shi "nilo," shi "wǔ."        character isn’t "nilo," it’s "vū."

Zénme glode is an idiom, used as follows:

Zénme glode?!

What went wrong?! What’s wrong?! OR Jíhat the ... ?!

OR

-   A: Tā shuō tā bù lāi le.

-   B: Zénme glode?

A: Tā bù shūfu.

Hl zénme glode?!

mln^ì: "to be pleased," "to prepositional verb duì, "toward,"

Hēn du5 rén duì Dlngde yìxiē zhèngcè bù mlnyì.

W3de huídā, nl mlnyì ma?

Tā duì nX zhème hlo, nX wèi-shénme h£i bù mlnyì?

Yíge mlnyìde huídá is an idiom for

W3 xīvāng néng géi nl yíge mlnyìde huídl.

Nov he says he isn't coming. How come?

He isn't feeling well.

„ What’s with you? OR What's the matter with you? OR What the heck are
you doing?

be satisfied" This is often used with the equivalent to English "pleased
with":

Many people are dissatisfied with some of the Party's policies.

Are you satisfied with my answer?

He's so good to you; why are you still dissatisfied?

a satisfactory answer."

I hope I can give you a satisfactory answer.

Professor James Armstrong (B) (Amùsītèlǎng Jiàoshou), the leader of an
American tour group visiting China, is talking in his room at the
Bēijīng Hotel with Chen Guiqiáng (a) of the China Travel Service
(Zhǒngguó L&xíngshè). Later they are Joined by Beth Troiano (C) (Bèisī
Tèluóānnuò). an American linguist.

A:     Āmúsītèlǎng Jiàoshou, nín háo, Hello, Professor Armstrong. How

xiūxide zēnmeyàng? Hái lèi bu lei?

B:     Hái hlo, bú tài lèi le, shuìle

yíge zhSngtóu, hǎoduǒ le. Nī zuá, nī zud. Bú yào kèqi. Duì le, w3 hái
wangle wen nī, Chen Xiǎnsheng, wB zēnme chēnghu nī hǎo ne?

-   A: Nín Jiù Jiào w3 Chin GuÚqiáng

hǎo le. Zài zBuláng gōngzuède Lio Wáng zhīdao wB. Nín y3u shi, Jiù Jiào
tā zhǎo Xilo Chin, tǎ Jiù zhīdao le.

-   B: Haha, Lǎo Wáng, Xiǎo Chin, yBu

yìsi. Duì le, nī lái, y3u shénme shi ma?

-   A: Shi zhèiyangrde. W3 lái zhǎo nī,

shi xiǎng zài hi nī tán yixia nī-mende iSxíng Jìhuà.

-   B: WSmen zài Niú Yuēde shíhou,

zhèige Jìhuà yījīng chàbuduB ǎnpái-hǎo le, shi Luxíngshè ǎnpáide.

-   A: Zuijìn l&dngde rin xiǎngdǎng

duo, wSmen zui hǎo zài tányi-tán.

-   B: Dāngrán, dingrin. Búguò, nī

zhīdao Bèisī ba?

-   A: Bèisī? WS xiǎngyixiǎng. À,

Bèisī. Tèluóānnuò Xiǎojiē?

-   B: Yìdiǎnr bú cuò, zhèng shi tǎ!

Tǎ bījiǎo liǎoji? wSmen zhèi èrshi-ge rin zuì xīwang cǎnguǎnde dìfang
shi shinme. WSmen qīng tǎ lái tintan, hǎo bu hǎo?

was your rest? Are you still tired?

Pretty good. I’m not too tired anymore. I slept for an hour and I feel a
lot better. Sit down, sit down. Make yourself at home. Oh, yes, I keep
forgetting to ask you, Mr. Chen, what shall I call you?

Just call me Chin Guóqiáng. Lio Wáng who works in the corridor knows me.
If you have any problems, Just tell him to get Xilo Chin. He'll know
who.

Haha, Lio Wáng, Xilo Chin, that's interesting. Well: Is there some
particular reason you came?

It's like this. I've come to see you to discuss your travel plans some
more with you.

When we were in Nev York, the plans were already almost all arranged. It
was the (China) Travel Service that arranged them.

There have been quite a few tourists lately. It would be best to discuss
Cthis3 some more.

Of course, of course. But, you know Beth, don't you?

Beth? Let me think. Ah, Beth. Miss Troiano?

Absolutely right, that's her! She understands more about what places our
group of twenty people most want to visit. Let's ask her to come and
discuss this, okay?

-   A: HXoJíle. Yào bu yao w8 qù           Sure. Do you want me to go
    and

qlng ta?                              ask her?

-   B: Bú bì. W8 dX ge diànhuà.            You don’t have to do that;
    I’ll

make a phone call.

(Professor Armstrong telephones Bet continue to talk while waiting for
her.)

-   A: Jiàoshou, nī Juéde Béijīng

Fàndiàn zénmeyàng? Hái kéyi zhù ba?

-   B: Bú cuò, bú cuò. Jiù shi shí-

Jiān chángle, huì Juéde kǒngqì bù hSo.

A:     Haha...

Troiano, then Chen and Armstrong

Professor, how do you like the Béijīng Hotel? Is it livable?

It's nice, very nice. It's just that after a while one feels that the
air isn't good.

Haha...

(There is a knock at the door, then Miss Troiano enters.)

-   C: W8 lái le. Zhèiwèi shi...?

Here I am. This is...?

A:     Chen Guóqiéng. Zhǒnggué LÌlxíng.-

shède.

C:     NX hXo. W3 shì Bèisī TèluSānnuò.

A:     Huānyíng nín líi Zhōnggué cān-

guǎn fàngwèn. Tīngshuǒ nín shi gio yflyánxuéde?

C:      Shì.

A:     Suóyi nínde ZhSngwén name hXo!

C:     A'. Xiànzài hXn du5 rén duì

ZhSngwén y8u xìngqu, Zhōngwén hXode rén yuè líi yuè duo le.

-   A: Shìde, shìde. HXo, xiànzài w8-

men líi tíntan líxíng jìhuàde shì. Zhèige Jìhuà zuì hlo Jíntiān,
míngtiln liàngtiàn quínbù ǎnpíi-hXo.

-   B: HXode, hXode.

-   C: W8men zhèicì líide èrshige rén,

dàbùfèn shi xuézhé, Jiàoshòu. Zài Nitt Yuè, w&nen yījíng hé Zhǒngguó
fSngmiàn liínxìguò le, wSmen duì Zhíngguóde gSngnóngyè qíngkuàng, jiàoyù
qíngkuàng dou hén y5u

Chen Guéqiíng, of the China Travel Service.

How are you? I'm Beth Troiano.

Welcome to China. I've heard that you work in linguistics?

Yes.

That's why your Chinese is so good!

Oh, a lot of people are interested in Chinese now. And there are more
and more people with good Chinese.

Yes, yes. All right, let's talk about your travel plans. It would be
best to arrange the whole thing in the next day or two.

Fine, fine.

The majority of our group of 25 who came this time are scholars and
professors. In New York, we have already been in contact with the
Chinese. We are very much interested in the Chinese industrial

xìngqu.

A:     Nìmen zhèicì zhǔyào shi zài

Shànghāi, Bèijìng zhèixiē dìfangr cānguān, fāngwèn, shi bu shi?

C:     Duì le. Hii yōu, wǒmen yǒu

hén duo rén, duì Zhǒngguóde Dǒng-bāi dìqù féicháng yǒu xìngqu, tèbié shi
Dàqìng zhèige shíyóu chéng. Bù zhīdào wǒmen shi bu shi kéyi qù
cānguān....?

-   A: Qù Dàqìng dàgài méiyou shenme

wèntí.

-   B: Wǒmen hái yào qù nèixiē yǒu

míngde dìfang, xiàng Sǔzhǒu, Hángzhǒu, Huángshān, Guilin, shen-mede.
Zhèixiē dìfang hé Zhōng-guóde lìshī, wénhuà, yǒu hen dàde guānxi. Dào
Zhōngguó lái, zhèixiē dìfang bù néng bú qù.

-   A: Dāngrán, dāngrán. Zhèixiē

dǒu yìjīng chàbuduō ānpálhāo le.

-   B: Nà hāo.

0:     Wǒ kéyi bu kéyi dào Zhǒngguóde

Xībēi qù yíxià?

A:     O'.  Qù Xlb?i...zhèi yǒu yìdiān

wèntí.

-   C: Zēnme ne? Shi bu shi yīnwei

shíjiān bú gǒu a?

-   A: Duì, shíjiān bú gǒu. Wǒ xiāng,

nímen zài Zhōngguó Jiù yǒu sìge xīngqí, Huábāi, Dōngbēi, Huánán, Xīnán,
bā shíjiān chàbuduō quán zhànwán le. Xiàcì lái Zhōngguó zài qù Xlbāi ba.
Nín kàn hāo bù hāo?

C:     Duìbùqī, wǒ gāode shi yǔyínxué!

Nèimēng, Xinjiang yídài wǒ zhěn xiāng qù.

-   B: Tā yánjiǔde zhǔyào Jiù shi

Zhǒngguóde shāoshù mínzú yǔyán.

and agricultural situation and the educational situation.

This time you are mainly visiting and touring in Bèijīng and Shànghāi,
these placqs, ins't that so?

That’s right. But also, we have many people who are especially
interested in China’s Northeast region, in particular the oil city,
Dàqìng. I don’t know whether we can visit it....?

There won’t be any problem with going to Dàqìng.

We also want to go to those famous places, like Sǔzhǒu, Hángzhǒu,
Huángshān, Guilin, etc. Those places are closely related to China's
history and culture. One musn’t miss them on a trip to China.

Of course, of course. Those have almost all been arranged.

That's fine.

Could I go to China's Northwest?

Oh! To the Northwest. That's a bit of a problem.

What's that? Is it because there isn't enough time?

Right, there isn't enough time. I think that since you only have four
weeks in China, your time will be almost entirely taken by North China,
Manchuria, South China and the southwest. Why not visit the Northwest on
your next trip to China. What do you say?

I'm sorry, but my work is linguistics'. I really want to go to Inner
Mongolia and Xīnjiāng.

Her research is mainly on the minority nationality languages.

A:     Hài! Zhen duìbuqī, wǒ hài yīwéi

nín gàode shi pǔtǒnghuà ne!

-   C: Méi guànxi, méi guǎnxi. Bú-

guò yǒu Jīhui vS híishi xiāng qù Xīběi kànkan.

A:     Duì le, Yúnnán, Guizhou, Guàng-

xī yídài yé y3u hěn duo shàoshù mínzú. Nín qù Guìlínde shíhou Jiù kéyi
zuò diānr yánjiū le!

C:     Òu! Nànfāng gēn bēifāngde yùyén

bù yíyàng. Yàoshi y3u bànfà hái-shi bang wS ānpai yixiar ba.

-   A: Tsk...Zhè shir y3u yìdiànr

máfan, ding w3 hi līngdào yínjiǔ yíxià zài shuō ba.

-   B: 0, nī zài xiàngxiàng, rúgu3

kéyi ānpíi, nà duì Bèisī shi hēn dàde bǎngzhù.

-   C: Duì le. Nín shìshi kàn.

-   A: Ng...Zhèiyàng hào bu hào?

Nīmen fàngwènle Bēijīng hé Dàqìng yīhòu, Amúsītèling Jiàoshou nīmen
shíjiúge rén háishi qù Shànghài, Sūzhǒu, Hángzhǒu, Guilin. Tèluóānnuò
Xiàojiē gēn lìngwài yíge lùxíngtuin qù Xībēi. Líkài Xībēi yīhòu, yí Jiù
shi bànge yuè yīhòu, nín zài Jīngguò Shànghài dào Guàngzhǒu.

-   B: Ng, nà wSmen hài shi yìqī cǒng

Shēnzhèn líjìng.

A:     Duì, nīmen kàn zēnmeyàng. Yēxú

zhè shi yíge bànfa. Búguò, xíng bu xíng, h£i díi w&nen yínjiūle yīhòu
cái zhīdao.

-   C: Zài wǒmende iSxíngtuánli, wǒ

hài y3u Jīge péngyou. W3 yē dēi

Oh! Pardon me! I thought your your work was in the standard language!

That’s all right, that’s all right. Nonetheless if there's a chance, I
would still like to go visit the Northwest.

Oh yes—the areas of Yúnnán, Guizhou, and Guingxī also have many minority
nationalities—you can do some research when you go to Guilin!

Oh! The languages of the north and south are-not the same. If it's
possible, I'd still rather you arranged it for me.

tan...This is a bit troublesome. Let me discuss it with the leader, and
then we’ll see about it.

Oh, you give it some more thought. If it can be arranged, that would be
a great help to Beth.

Right. See if you can.

Hmmm...How about this: After you've visited Bēijīng and Dàqìng,
Professor Armstrong and the other 19 people still go on to Shànghiì,
Sūzhǒu, Hángzhǒu and Guilin, but Miss Troiano goes to the Northwest with
another tour group. After leaving the Northwest, that is, after half a
month, then you go to Guàngzhǒu by way of Shàngh&i.

Hum, then we still leave the country together from Shenzhen.

Right. See what you think. Perhaps that might work. However, we won't
know if it's possible until we've looked into it.

I have several other friends in our tour group. I must talk it

hé tlmen tintin, xiingxiing zínmeyàngr hlo.

-   A: W3men d3u yínjiūyanjiu z&i

zuò ānpii. Btigud, w8men déi kuài diSnr.

-   B: HXode. W3men wànf&n yíhòu z&i

tin yícì. Nl xiing zénmeyàng, Bèisī? Liidejí ba?

-   C: W3 xiing kéyi. Name, jiù máfan

nín le.

A:     Méiyou shenme. W8 xīvàng néng

ānpiide héshī. Hui tóu jiàn.

C:     Xièxie nín. Hui tóu ji&n!

over with them too, and see vh&t is best.

Let’s both look into it before making arrangements. But ve should be
quick about it.

Fine. Let's talk it over again after dinner. What do you think, Beth?
Does that give you enough time?

I think so. Well then, ve'll trouble you (to take care of this).

It's nothing. I hope it can be arranged suitably. See you later.

Thank you. See you later!

[]

The regions of China

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.

All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want
to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American tourist discusses hotel reservations with
the desk clerk at the Blijīng Hotel.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

klnéng                              to be possible

kongchulai                          to become vacant

tiíozi                              a brief, informal note

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. What problem is the tourist discussing with the desk clerk?

-   2. How does the desk clerk discover the change in plans?

-   3. Describe what actions took place by filling in the spaces below:

Hotel personnel American tourist Group still occupying group
              rooms

2:00 2:30 2:U0 3:00

  -- -- --
        
        
        
        
  -- -- --

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the
literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American walks into the dining room of the
Běijlng Hotel in a hurry and calls a waiter.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

-fèn

hu3tul sānmíngzhì kSuyīn

yǔyánxuéJiā tīngdechǔ y8u míng glitiǎn

(counter for portions of food)

ham sandwich

accent

linguist

to be able to distinguish by listening

to be famous

another day

Note: The waiter in this dialogue speaks with a slight ShànghXi accent.

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. Why is the American in a hurry?

-   2. Give some examples of words that the waiter pronounces
    differently.

-   3. What subject is the American interested in?

-   U. What are the waiter's interests? Is he interested in linguistics?

-   5. Can you infer why the waiter cuts the conversation short?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.

Exercise U

In this conversation, a Washington Post correspondent talks to a worker
in front of the Dàhuá Cinema in BSiJīng.

Listen to the and listen again.

You will need chuāngkSu Jízhě xínwénpiín "Xīnwén Jilribào" -bù
gùshipiǎnr WùduS Jlnhuǎ Dill àiqíng gùshi yin diànyīng piǎnzi Questions
for Exercise U

1. How long has the reporter 2. What things does the 3. What movies and
newsreels recommend?

conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape On the second
time through, answer the questions.

the following new words and phrases:

window (e.g., ticket window)

newspaper reporter

newsreel

"News Summary"

(counter for films)

feature film

Five Golden Flowers (a film)

(a city in Yúnnán province)

love story

to show a movie

film, movie

been in Blijīng?

reporter like about Biijīng?

has he seen? Which one does the worker

U. Fran the newsreel the reporter describes* what can you gather about
how Chinese "newsreels" differ in content from American ones?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

An American tourist (A) talks with the front desk clerk (B) at the
Béijīng Hotel.

-   A: Al, duìbuql, lóushàngde fángjiǎn bú gòu le.

-   B: Bú gòu le? Zènme kěnéng ne? WSmen ānpaide háohǎorde.

A:   Shi zhěnde, wòmen zhèige cānguān-

tuán yígòng èrshisánge rén, nimen gāngcíi shuō wSmen quánbù dSu zhù zài
qllòu, yígòng ySu shísìge fáng-Jiān, duì bu dui?

B: Duìbuqī, qlng man yidiànr shuS, wò bú jìde le. Déngyidéng, wò lái
kànkan! ò, zài zhèr! Nimen shi yíge Méiguòde ittxíngtuán shi bu shi?

-   A: Shì a!

-   B: Èrshisánge rén, yígòng kǎi shísìge fángjiǎn, quán zài qllòu. Duì
    a! Méi cuò a!

-   A: Bú duì! Jiù ySu shíèrge kSng fángjiǎn, ySu liǎngge fángjiǎn hái
    ySu rén na!

-   B: Hái yòu rén? Zénme hui ne? WS hái yiwéi tǎmen jlntiǎn zǎochen
    yljīng cong Shenzhèn líjìng le ne! Zénme dào xiànzài hái zhànzhe
    wǔzi ne?

A: Bù zhldào, nín zuì hXo xiǎngxiang biéde bànfǎ, kànkan hái yòu méiyou
king fángzi.

B: Biéde kSng fángzi shi yídìng méi-ySu a! WS xiǎn liàojié yíxià
zhèi-liǎngge fángzi wèlshénme dào^xiàn-zài hái méiyou kòngchulal! Ò!
Zhèr ySu yíge tiáozi, shuō tǎmen gǎi zài xiàwù sǎndiǎn zhòng líkǎi
Béijlng. Hǎojíle! Méi wèntí le.

Say, excuse me, there aren’t enough rooms for us upstairs.

There aren’t enough? How is that possible? We made all the arrangements.

It's true. In all there are twenty-three people in our tour group. You
just said that we’re all staying on the seventh floor, in fourteen rooms
altogether, right?

I’m sorry, could you say that more slowly? I don't remember. Wait a
minute, let me have a look. Oh, here it is. You are an American tour
group, aren’t you?

That’s right!

Twenty-three people taking fourteen rooms altogether, all on the seventh
floor. That’s right! There’s no mistake!

No! There are only twelve free rooms. Two of the rooms still have people
in them!

Still have people in them? How could that be? I thought they had left
the country this morning by way of Shěnzhèn! Why are they still
occupying the rooms?

I don't know. You'd better think of some other solution, and see if
there are any other rooms free.

I'm positive there aren’t any other free rooms. First let me try and
find out why those two rooms haven't been vacated yet. Oh! There's a
note here saying that their plans have been changed and that they're
leaving Béi-jlng at three this afternoon. Great! No more problem.

-   A: Xiànzài cíi lilngdiln zhǒng,

wǒmen híi děi ding dui Jiú?

-   B: Lilngdiln tāmen Jiù děi líkāi fíngjiān, dào fěijlchāng dāi yòng
    sìshlfěn zhǒng ne! Wǒmen gio yíxiàr wèishěng, sānshifān zhǒng ba!

-   A: Nàme liàngdiln ban wǒmen Jiù y3u

fángjiān le.

-   B: Duì le. Dào canting he bēi kā-fěi, xiūxi yíxià, shíjiān Jiù dào
    le.

-   A: Hāo, xièxie nín. Hui tǒu Jiàn.

-   B: Hui tǒu Jiàn.

It’s only two o’clock now, how much longer do we have to wait?

They’ll have to leave their rooms at two: it takes forty minùtes to get
to the airport! It will be thirty minutes while we clean the rooms.

So we can have the rooms at two-thirty .

Right. Why don’t you go have a cup of coffee in the dining room and rest
a bit, and then it will be time.

Okay. Thank you. See you later.

See you later.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

An American (A) walks into the dining room of the Bāijlng Hotel in a
hurry and calls a waiter (B).

-   A: Duìbuqì, yìbēi rè kǎfěi, Jiù yào

niúnll, bú yào ting, yífèn huǒtuì sanminszhì. Yuè kuàl yuètlXŌ!

Excuse me, a cup of hot coffee, with cream only, no sugar, and a ham
sandwich. As fast as possible!

-   B: Měitiān dǒu shi "yuè kuàl yuè hāo," ni zhēn máng a!

A: Ni zhidao tāmen gěi wo ǎnpaile nàme duǒ yào flngwènde dìfang. Zhěn
shi yìtiSn yǒu sānshiliùge zhǒngtǒu cái bio.

Every day it's "as fast as possible." You're so busy!

You know, they arranged so many places for me to visit. I only wish that
there were thirty-six hours in a day.

B: Hlo, hlo. Wǒ mlshàng Jiù l£i.

(One minute later, the waiter comes

B: Hide sānmíngzhì, kāfěi, nlúnli.

-   A: Zhěn kuàl. Xièxie ni. Ài, líi-le sìtiān le, kěshi háishi bù
    zhl-dào zānme chěnghu ni, zhěn duìbuqi.

-   B: Ni Jiù Jiào wo Xilo Liú hlo le, bijilo rǒngyi Jì.

Okay. I'll be right back.

back with the lunch.)

Your sandwich, coffee, and milk.

That was really fast. Thank you. Gee, I've been here four days and I
still don't know how to address you I'm very sorry.

Just call me Xilo Liú. It's the easiest to remember.

-   A: Xiǎo Liú, ting níde kSuyín nl dàgài shi nánfǎng rén. Shi Shanghai
    rén, duì bu dui?

-   B: Nl zhěn shi yǔyánxué.1 iǎ. búdàn huì shuǒ Zhǒngguo huà, hái
    tlngde-chū nánfǎng, bèifǎng kSuyīnde bù tōng.

-   A: Náli, náli. W3 yánjiūde zhùyào

ahi pútōnghuà, duì fǎngyán méiyou shenme yánjiǔ, zhùyào shi w8 duì
Zhōngwén fēicháng y8u xìngqu. DSngbèi, Xlbèi, nánfǎng, bèifǎng, mèiyíge
dìfang, mèiyíge dìqū dōu y8u zìjíde y3yín xíguàn, zhēn shi fěichǎng y8u
yìsi.

-   B: Nl duì ZhSngwén zhèyang y8u xìngqu, zhèicì líi fǎngwèn y8u méiySu
    gēn Zhōngguóde yúyánxuéjiā tíntan?

-   A: Tin le. Zhèicì Zhōngguō fǎng-m1 an ānpai w8 gēn hǎn duō xuézhǎ
    jiànle miàn. Zhèixiē xuézhǎ zài guōwài dōu shi hǎn y8u míngde.

-   B: Nà hǎojíle. Nl kéyi y8u Jíhui duō liSoji? yidiǎn Zhōngguō
    yúyán-xuéde qíngkuàng.

-   A: Nl duì yúyán yōu xìngqu ma?

-   B: W8? W8 duì vénxué, lìshl dōu yōu yidiǎn xìngqu. Nl máng, wōmen
    xiàyícì zài tin.

-   A: Hǎo, hǎo. Gǎitiǎn zài liio. Hui tōu Jiàn, Xiǎo Liú.

-   B: Zàijiàn.

Xiǎo Liú, your accent sounds like you’re probably a southerner. You’re
from Shànghǎi, right?

You’re a real linguist. Not only can you speak Chinese, you can even
tell the difference between a northern and a southern accent.

Thank you. I mainly do research on Standard Chinese. I'm not well versed
in the dialects. The main thing is that I'm very interested in Chinese.
Manchuria, the northwest, the south, the north, every place, each
district, has its own ways of speech. It's really very interesting.

Since you have such an interest in Chinese, did you talk with some
Chinese linguists during this visit?

Yes. On this trip, the Chinese arranged for me to meet with a lot of
scholars who are very famous abroad.

That's great. You get the chance to find out more about linguistics in
China.

Are you interested in language?

Me? I have some interest in literature and history. You're busy, we'll
talk some other time.

Okay. We'll chat some other day. See you later, Xiǎo Liú.

Good-bye.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U

In front of Dàhuí Cinema in Bǎijīng, a worker (B) is cleaning the glass
cases in which posters are displayed. The Washington Post correspondent,
Richard Leblanc (A), walks over to him.

A: Nín hǎo a! Mài piàode chuǎngkōu Hello! The ticket window isn't hái
méi kái na?                       open yet?

B: Míi na! Zài gud shífén zhdng, Jiúdiǎn jiù kii le. Nín cóng nīr lǎi
ya? Pútdnghuà shuode zhème hǎo?

Not yet. It’ll open in another few minutes, at nine. Where are you from?
You speak such good Chinese.

-   A: W? shi Huǎshèngdùn Yóubàode jìzhè, zài Béijlng yījlng sǎnge yuè
    le.

-   B: Zài Bèijīng chide, zhùde dǒu mǎnyì ma?

-   A: Chide, zhùde dǒu mǎnyì, wS tèbié

xihuan Bèijīngde xiǎochl.

-   B: Duì! BéiJIngde xiǎochl shi yǒu

míngde, Dōngdǎn yídàide xiǎochī-diìn nl d5u qùguo le ba?

-   A: Dàbùfen dǒu qùguo le. Zhēn bú cud, qùle hái xiǎng qù.

-   B: Shi a, shi a! Nín jīntiǎn xiǎng kàn shénme diànyīngr a?

-   A: Xiǎng kàn liǎngge xīnvénpiǎn. Zhōngguáde xinvénpiǎn bú cud.

-   B: Nín dǒu kànguo shénme le?

-   A: W5 chǎng kàn "Xīnvén Jiǎnbào," shàngcì kànle jièshào Huǎnǎn,
    Huǎ-bǎide yíbù xīnvénpiǎn, bú cud.

-   B: Nín zuì xīhuan nǎr a?

-   A: W8 zuì xihuan Huángshǎn hé Guilin.

-   B: Ò! Nà shi hǎo dìfangr!

-   A: W8 hái kànguo yíbù Jièshào shǎo-shù mínzú shēnghuúde dianyIng.

-   B: Shi gùshlniǎnr a, hǎishi xīnwén-piǎnr a?

-   A: Xīnvénpiǎnr, shi guǎnyú Xlnjiǎng, Nèiméng nèi yídàide.

I’m a reporter from the Washington Post. I’ve been in Bèijīng three
months now.

Are you pleased with the food and living conditions here?

Yes. I especially like Béijīng's snacks.

Right. Béijīng is famous for its snacks. I suppose you've been to al 1
the "little eateries" in the Ddngdǎn area?

Most of them. They're great. You always want to go back.

Yes indeed. What movie do you vant to see today?

I vant to see two newsreels. China has good newsreels.

What ones have you seen?

I often see the "News Summaries." Last time I saw a newsreel presenting
the north and south of China. It was pretty good.

What place did you like best?

I liked Mt. Huǎng and Guilin best.

Oh, those are nice places.

I also sav a movie introducing the life of the minority nationalities.

Was it a feature film or a newsreel?

A newsreel. It was about the region of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia.

-   B: Y3u yíbù gùshipiinr Jiào Wúdug Jīnhuà. shi Dilide shloshù
    mínzú-de àiqíng gùshi. ni kànguo ma?

-   A: Mei kànguo. Dall zài nàr? Guizhou?

-   B: Bù, zài Yúnnàn, nèi dif&ngr k? hào kàn le.

-   A: Zhèige diànylng Jlnti&n yàn ma?

-   B: Jlnr "bù yin, xiàllbài yin, nín yào kàn, di ge diànhuà gēn w8men
    diànylngyuàn li&nxì yixiar, w8men kéyi gii nín liú yizhfing piào.

-   A: Zhèn xièxie nin. Ei, zhèige guinggào shi guānyú Dàqìngde ba?

-   B: Shi, nèi shi ge chū shíyóude dif&ngr. Jīntiinde "Xīnwén
    Jiln-bào”li Jiù y8u.

-   A: 0, w8 yào kàn zhèibù piǎnzi.

-   B: Hio, mài piàode k&i menr le. Nín kuàl qù ba!

-   A: Ěi, xièxie nín. Zàijiàn!

-   B: Zàijiàn!

There's a feature film called Five Golden Flowers, a love story about a
national minority in Dall. Have you seen it?

No. Where's Dàll? In Guizhou?

No, in Yúnnàn. It's a gorgeous place.

Is that movie playing today?

Not today, but next week. If you want to see it, give us a call and get
in touch, and we can save a ticket for you.

Thanks a lot. Say, is this ad about Dàqìng?

Yes. They produce oil there. It's in today's "News Summary.”

Oh, I want to see that film.

Okay, the ticket office is open now.

Go and buy your ticket.

Right. Thank you. Good-bye.

Good-bye.

-   1. A: Nímen zhèngfú rènvéi mùqián dà-, zhōng-, xiioxuede qíngkuàng
    zěnmeyàng?

B: Wōmen xiing Wénhuà Gémìng ylhòude jiàoyu shuípíng bú gòu gāo, wōmen
déi gàibiàn zhèige qíngxing.

-   2. A: Zhōngguō zhèngfú yōu Jìhuade tígǎo yíbùfen dàxuéde shuīpíng.

B: A! Zhèi jiù shi bi dàxué fēnchéng yílèi dàxué èrlèi dàxuéde yuányīn
le!

-   3. A: Xiànzài Shànghiide liàoshī shùliang gòu bu gou?

B: Bú gòu, érqiě, zhèi shi yíge púbiànde wèntí.

U. A: Bàoshang shuǒ Měiguo zhōng-xiioxuéde tiio.'Ian dōu bú cuò.

-   B: Shì. Jfbenshang méi sǎnshi-ge xuésheng yōu yíwèi jiàoshl liin zuì
    pfltōngde xuéxiào y? yōu diànshì, tushūguàn, shenmede.

-   5. A: Zhèngfú gěi pútōng xiàoxué hé zhòngdiln xiioxuéde qién yíyàng
    duō ma?

-   B: Yōu yìdilnr chabié. Wōmen díi shōuxiān zhàogu zhòngdiin xiioxué.

-   6. A: Zhōngguō liúxuéshēng xuéxíde zhòngdiln shi zìran kěxué ba?

B: Duìle, shi kěxué .lìshu.

What does your government think of your colleges, high schools, and
primary schools at present?

We think that since the Cultural Revolution educational standards have
not been high enough, and ve must change this situation.

The Chinese government is raising the standards in some universities in
a planned way.

Ah! This is the reason that universities are divided into Class I and
Class II.

At present is the number of teachers in Shànghli sufficient?

No, moreover this is a videspread problem.

It says in the papers that conditions in American secondary and primary
schools are quite good.

Yes. In general there's a teacher , for every thirty students, and even
the most ordinary schools have televisions, a library, and so on.

Does the government give the same amount of money to ordinary elementary
schools as to key elementary schools?

There is some difference. We must first give consideration to key
elementary schools.

Chinese students abroad concentrate on the natural sciences, isn't that
so?

Right, on science and technology.

-   7. A: Nlmende vfatliūahēng chǔ _guá xuéxí yfhou dSu huí dàxué Ji Io
    shril ma?

-   B: Bù. Y8u yíbùfen dèi dǎnrèn Jìshu fíngmiande lìngdlo góngzuá.

-   8. A: Jlngguò sǎnniínde nùlì, zhèige dìqūde néngyè shěng-chln
    tiAoJiàn xiǎngdǎng bú cud le.

-   B: Guānyú zhèige wèntí, nimen yJ5u méiyou cĀiliào, wSmen k? bu kéyi
    dàihuiqu kànkan?

-   9. A: Yào shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndàihuà zuì dàdevèntíshi shénmē?

-   B: Shi JlngJi. W3men dèi zài bú tài chángde shíjilnlì bl zhèngaèr
    guójiāde JlngJi gloshangqù.

-   10. A: WSmende liúxuéshēng tíchulai Jlge wèntí.

B: WS tingshuǒ le, tāmen xiing Jiākuài xuéxí sùdu. W3men yídìng klolÙ.

-   11. zhìliàng (zhiliàng, zhiliàng)

-   12. Béidà

-   13. qǔbié

1U. shèhuì kSxué

After going abroad to study, do all your graduate students go back to
the universities and teach?

No. Some of them have to take np leading posts in technical fields.

After three years of effort, conditions for agricultural production in
this area are now quite good.

Do you have any data on this subject that we could take back with us to
read?

What is the biggest problem in achieving the Four Modernizations?

It's the econony. Before too long we must push ahead the econony of the
whole country.

Our foreign exchange students have brought up a few problems.

I heard. They want to speed up the pace of their studies. We'll be sure
to consider it.

quality

Béijīng University (short for Bèijīng Dàxué)

difference, distinction

social sciences

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   | Unit 2, Vocabulary Liat           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Blidà                             | Běijīng University part, section  |
|                                   |                                   |
| -bùfen                            |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| cáiliào chabié chū guó            | material(s) difference, disparity |
|                                   | to leave one’s country            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| dānrèn                            | to take on, to assume             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| fen                               | to divide (into)                  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| géming                            | revolution; to revolt             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Jiíkuài JiàoshI Jībenshang        | to speed up                       |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | teacher basically, on the whole,  |
|                                   | by and                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Jfngguò jìshu                     | large                             |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to go through, to experience      |
|                                   | technology; technical             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| kěxué                             | science                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -lèi liúxuéshēng                  | category study-abroad students    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| mùqián                            | at present                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| n21ì                              | to make great efforts, to try     |
|                                   | hard to exert oneself             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| pubiàn pStǒng                     | universal, widespread, common     |
|                                   | regular, ordinary                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qubié                             | difference, distinction           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| rènwéi                            | to think, to consider, to hold    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| shèhul kàxué shíxiàn shSuxiln     | social sciences to realize first  |
| shulpíng shùliang Sìge Xiandàihuà | level                             |
| sùdu                              |                                   |
|                                   | number, amount the Four           |
|                                   | Modernizations speed, pace        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| tiáojiàn tíchulai tígāo           | condition to bring up to raise    |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | 35                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

yinjiùshěng yíbùfen

zhěnggè(r)

shilling (zhí-, zhi-) zhòngdiín

zirán

zirán kěxué

graduate student a part, a portion; sone

whole, entire

quality focal point, emphasis; key nature; natural natural sciences

-   1. A: Nimen zhèngfú rènyéi mùqián di-, zhSng-, xiāoxuéde qíngkuàng
    zānmeyàng?

B: WSmen xiǎng Wénhuà Geming ylhòude Jiàoyu shulpíng bú gòu gio, wSmen
dèi giibiàn zhèige qíngxing.

What does your government think of your colleges, high schools, and
primary schools at present?

We think that since the Cultural Revolution educational standards have
not been high enough _(t) and ve must change this situation.

Notes on No. 1

rènvéi: "to think (that),” ”to consider (that),” ”to believe (that)”
This is typically used for considered opinions and judgments, as opposed
to xiǎng, "to think," which can be used for mere impressions and
guesses. Also contrast yiwéi. "to think mistakenly."

Wg rènvéi tā shuōde shi duìde.

Tā rènvéi zhèijiàn shi bù yíng-gāi ring wSmen zuò.

I consider what he said correct OR I believe that what he said is right

He does not think ve should be allowed to do this.

mùqián: "the present" or at present" Although both mùqián and xiàn zài,
"now," refer to the present, xiànzài may mean "right now," whereas

mùqián must refer to a broader period

Mùqián wSmen chāngde shěngchān shulpíng hái bú gdu gāo.

Mùqián tāde Jīngjì qíngkuàng bú tài hāo.

of time.

At present our factory's production level isn't high enough.

At present his financial situation isn't too great.

dà-, zhSng-, xiāoxué: Short for dàxué, zhōngxué, xiāoxué.

gémìn£: "revolution," "revolutionary," "to revolt" In ancient China, gé
mìng, literally, "to change the mandate of heaven," referred to the
changing of dynasties, since the monarch was held to be ordained by
heaven. The pattern Gé X-de mìng, literally, "to change X's mandate of
heaven," means "to revolt against X."

Wenhuà Géw^ng or Wénhuà Dà Géming; The common terms for the Wúchān Jiējí
Wénhuà Dà Geming. "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (1966-1977)•
An even shorter abbreviation is Wéngé.

shulpíng; "level," "standard"

Rìbānde gSngyè shāngchān shulpíng zhěn gāo!

Japan's industrial production level is really high!

Americans have a very high standard of living!

Māiguo rénde shěnghué shulpíng hān gāo!

Tide Déyú shulpíng bú gùu gio.

Hi» level in German isn't high enough.

-   2. A: ZhSngguó zhàngfú y8u Jìhuade tígào yíbùfen dàxuéde shulpíng.

B: À! Zhèi jiù ahi bX dàxué fěnchéng yīlèi dàxué èrlài dàxuéde yuínyīn
le!

The Chinese government is raising the standards in some universities in
a planned way.

Ah! This is the reason that universities are divided into Class I and
Class II.

tígào: "to raise," "to improve"

Dào Zhíngguó qù, kéyi tígào duì Zhōngguéde rènshi.

Jiěfàng ylhòu, fùnttde dìwei tígào le.

ShXoshù mínzú shu5 pùtSnghuàde shulpíng tígàole bù shXo.

-bùfen: "part," "section"

Qìng bX zhà yíbùfen fànchéng ZhSngwén.

Tǎ xiéde nèibén shú, y8ude bùfen hXo, ySude bùfen bù hlo.

yíbùfen: "a part," "a portion,"

Ti shuěde huà, yíbùfen shi duìde, yíbùfen shi cuòde.

Qùde rén, yùu yíbùfen híi xiXng zài qù, ySu yíbùfen bù xiXng qù le.

By going to China, you can increase your understanding of China.

Since liberation, the status of women has improved.

The level of the minority nationalities in Standard Chinese has improved
quite a bit.

Please translate this part into Chinese.

Some sections of the book he wrote are good, and some aren't.

some

Part of what he said is right, and part is wrong.

Of the people who went, some would like to go back again, and some do
not want to.

fěn: "to divide" As you learned fěnkli. "to split up," in the Society
module, this word is not entirely new to you, but here you see it with
the ending -chéng, "into." Here's another example:

W8 bl píngguX fěnchéng sìkuài, wfimen yìrén yíkuài.

I'll divide the apple into four pieces, one piece for each of us.

-Ill: "category"

Xiànzài lit Měiguíde ZhSngguo rén dàgài kéyi fěn lilnglèi.

The Chinese who are coming to the U.S. now can be roughly divided into
tvo categories.

Zhèilèi wèntí zuì hlo hé LÍxíng-shādm rān tin.

"Hei Wúlfci," "H6ng Wúlèi,"* shi Wenhul Di Gémìng shíhoude shuōfā.

You had best talk with the Travel Service people about this sort of
question.

The "Five Black Categories* and the "Five Red Categories"* were terns
used during the time of the Cultural Revolution.

Zhèi Jiù shi...-de yuányín: "This is the reason that..." Here is another
example of this useful pattern:

Zhèi jiù shi tā méi qùde yuānyfn. This is the reason he didn’t go.

Zhèi j iù shi...-de yuanyln le: This sentence exemplifies a use of
new-situation le to emphasize the speaker's newly-reached understanding.
You can think of this le as meaning "How I get it.*"

ò, nl yīqián shuōguode Hou Xi in-   Oh, the Mr. HSu you spoke of before

sheng Jlù shi tā le.*                is him!

À! Sufiyi nl nine xiāng qù le! Oh! That's why you want so much to go!

Related uses of nev-situation le include drawing a new inference, e.g.,

Nāme, nl yídìng rènshi Chin Kezhāng le?

Then, you must know Section Chief Chǐn, I suppose?

and settling on a course of action or reaching a decision:

A: Tā zhldao wSde diinhuà ma?

B: Zhīdao.

A: Na w8 Jiù ding tāde diinhuā le.

Does he know my telephone number?

Yes.

Then I'll wait for his call.

-   3. A: Xiìnzii Shānghāide iiāoshí shùliang gdu bu goū?

B: Bú gdu, SrqiS, zhèi shi yíge púbiānde vdntí.

At present is the number of teachers in Shànghāi sufficient?

No, moreover this is a widespread problem.

Notes on No. 3 jiāoshī: "teacher," "schoolteacher" W8 shi yíge xiāoxué
Jiàoshí. I'm an elementary school teacher.

‘These terna, which area* la the first yean of the Cultural Revolution
(and are now obsolete), referred to the two ideologically
"irreconcilable camps." In effect, they were used to classify people by
their family backgrounds. The Five Black Categoriee, or "bad"
backgrounds, were landlords, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, bad
elements, sad bourgeois rightists. The Five Red ("good") Categories were
workers, poor peasants, lover-middle peasants, revolutionary arwymen,
and revolutionary cadres.

Nimen xuixiào yígòng y8u duS- How many English teachers are there shǎo
Ylngwén jiàoshī?              in your school?

shùlianft: "quantity," "number," "amount"

Nī néng bu néng shuSchú tǎmende Can you give an exact idea of shùliang
y8u duǒshǎo?              their numbers?

Cong shùliangshang kàn, zhèige From the point of view of numbers,
xuéxiàode nénshéng zhàn            the male students occupy the main

zhúyàode dìwei.                     position in the school.

púbiàn: "to be universal/widespread/common"

Zài Miiguó, yíge jdating y8u In America it is very common for sǎnliàng
qìchē shi hín pSbiàn- one family to have three cars, de shi.

Zài ZhBngguS, zuìjin sǎnshinian, rénmende wénhuà jiàoyu shuī-ping pSbiàn
tígǎole.

During the last thirty years, people's educational level in China has
seen widespread improvement.

U. A: Bàoshang shuS Mliguo zhSng-xiǎoxuéde tiéojiàn dSu bú cud.

B: Shi. JTbenshang méi sǎnshi-ge xuésheng you yíwèi Jiào-shl, lién zui
nútSngde xué-zlào yè y8u dianshi, túshū-guǎn, shenmede.

It says in the papers that conditions in American secondary and primary
schools are quite good.

Yes. In general there's a teacher for every thirty students, and even
the most ordinary schools have televisions, a library, and so on.

Notes on No. U

tiaojiàn: "conditions)," "circumstances"

Zhèrde gSngzud tiéojiàn bú cud. Working conditions here are pretty good.

XTbéide shénghuS tiéojiàn bù zinnia hlo.

Zài mùqiénde tiéojiànxià, wSmen méiyou bànfǎ zài kuài.

Hé tǎmen zud shengyì zhěn bù róngyi, tǎmen zSngshi yào jiǎng hén duS
tiéojiàn.

Tǎmen rènwéi tǎ méiy8u tiéojiàn zud zhèige gSngzud.

Living conditions are not so good in the Northwest.

Under the present circumstances, we are unable to go any faster.

It's really hard to do business with them. They are always insisting on
a lot of conditions.

They don't think he's competent to do this job.

jlbén: "basic," "fundamental," "elementary" (For the first example, you
need to know yúfǎ, "grammar," and cíhuì. "vocabulary.")

Xue liāngnlén ZhSngwén, Jfbln- After studying tvo years of Chinese, da
yùfā hi cíhuì d8u zhidao le. (one) knows the basic grammar and
vocabulary.

Zhèige dlqú gio níngyède jTbān The basic conditions for farming tiioJiin
bú gdu.                    are not good enough in this area.

JTbenshang., "basically," is often used in the PRC to mean "in the
main," "on the whole?" "by and large." (This usage is not common in
Taiwan, however.)

JTbenshang tā shi yíge hāo         On the whole, he is a good comrade,

téngzhí.

JTbenshang méiyou wèntí le.        By and large, there are no more

problems.

NT shuōde YIngwén JTbenshang For the most part, I can understand vS d5u
tTngdedSng.                  all your English.

mil..,y8u...: "There is...for every..." Examples:

Mil singe rén ySu yíge shi         There is an American for every

Mliguo rén.                         three persons. (One of every

three people is an American.)

Mil sāntiān ySu yíge rén lii. (There is) one person (who) comes every
three days.

to be ordinary/common/regular

pǔtSng:

Tāmen liāngge zhi shi pútǒng péngyou, mél shenme tèbiéde guānxi.

The two of them are Just ordinary friends; they don't have any special
relationship.

He is just an ordinary person, like you or me.

What's the difference between an ordinary passport and this?

Tā jiù ahi yíge ptttSng rén, hé ni hé vS yíyàng.

PtttSngde hùzhào hé zhèige y8u shénme qùbiéT

5. A: Zhèngfú gāi pùtffng xlāoxué hé zhdngdiān xiāoxuéde qián yíying du8
ma?

B: Y3u yìdlānr chābié. WSmen dll ahSuriān zhèagu zhdngdiān xiāoxué.

Does the government give the same amount of money to ordinary elementary
schools as to key elementary schools?

There is some difference. We must first give consideration to key
elementary schools.

Notes on No. 5

zhdngdiān: "heavy-point"—"emphasis," "focal point" or in some phrases,
"key" Also used adverbially.

Ki yánjiǔde ihdngdiXn d3u y3u néixié flngmiàn?

Nlmen yào clnguXnde zhóngdiXn shi nXiflngmiàn?

Nlmen yào zhòngdiXn flzhXnde diqǔ y8u Jīge?

W&nen yfnggXl bX zhòngdiXn fàng zai Jiàoyushàng.

Tāmende gSngzud zhòngdiXn shi gio wénhuà Jiàoyu.

What are the focal points of your research?

What is to be the focus of your visit?

How many regions do you intend to focus on developing?

We should put the emphasis on education.

The focus of their work is on culture and education.

chabié: "difference," "discrepancy," "disparity" Contrast the word qǔbié
(additional required vocabulary), "difference," "distinction." Chlbié
stresses the idea of a distance, gap, or inequality between the things
compared. Qǔbié refers to differences, determined by inspection, between
otherwise similar things.

Zhèiyang zuò he nèiyang zuò ySu shénme chabié?

Chéngshl he néngcǔn chabié hén dà.

Hl shuǒshuo zhèi liXngge shSu-yInJIde qǔbié zài nXr?

Zhèi llXngbèn zìdiXn y8u shénme qǔbié?

What is the difference between doing it this way and doing it that way?

There's a big difference between the city and the country.

Tell me what the differences are between these two radios.

What's the difference between these two dictionaries?

shSuxiln: "first," meaning before doing something else. This is a
movable adverb (can come either before or after the subject of the
sentence, but always before the verb).

RǔguS nl yào dào ZhSngguó qù, If you want to go to China, you shSuxiln
yào xué yidlXn Zhòngwén. should learn a little Chinese first.

Shòuxiln bX yào mXide dSngxi kài yìzhlng dlnsi, rénhòu zài qlng tX qù
all.

ShSuxign can also mean "first of all,¹

ShSuxiSn v3men yào téntan nlde cXnguXn fXngwèn Jìhuà.

First make a list of the things you want bought, and then ask him to go
buy then.

"in the first place":

First of all we should discuss your sightseeing plans.

In sentence 5B, shSuxiXn zhàogu, "first of all give consideration to,"
can be idiomatically translated as "give first consideration to."

6. A: Zhěnggué liúxuéshěng xuéxíde EhAngtHln ahi zìran kěxué ba?

B: Duìle, shi kěxué Jìshu.

Chinese students abroad concentrate on the natural sciences, isn’t that
so?

Right, on science and technology.

Rotes on Ko. 6

zìrén: "natural," "naturally" the physical world.

Tā hěn xlhuan dàzìrén.

Ruìshìde zìrAn huánjìng bin tebié.

Zhèige shíoshù mínzú dìqūde zìrén ti éo Jian bù bio.

Tide yàngzi hěn zìrén.

nSer líkii J11, fùnrií nAnguò shi zìrAnde.

Xuéle bú yòng, zìrén huì wing.

Bú yòng guln, zìrén huì guòqude.

kěxué: "science" KěxuéJii is a

Měiguó shi ge kěxué Jìnbùde guSjii.

Néngcǔn rén céngqién méiyiu shenme kěxué zblshi.

Dàzìrén means "nature" in the sense of

He is very fond of nature.

Switzerland’s natural environment is very different.

The natural conditions in this minority nationality region are poor.

Her appearance is very natural.

When a daughter leaves heme, it is natural for her parents to be sad.

If you don’t use something after you learn it, you’re bound to forget
it.

Don’t worry about it; it will pass by itself.

"scientist."

The U.S. is a scientifically advanced country.

In the past, people in rural areas did not have any knowledge of
science.

Kexué is also used for "to be scientific":

Zhiizhòng zuòfí hěn kěxué.         This method is very scientific.

NX nèizhòng xlXngfX bù kěxué! That’s a very unscientific idea.

Jìshu: "technique," "skill," "technology"

Ti kii chěde Jìshu bin bio.        He's a good driver.

Zbè shi wi zuòde Mépó Dòufu, nX I made this Mépú Beancurd. How do kin
wide jìshu zěnmeying?          rate my technique?

ZhSngguéde chǎyè ahěngchXn jìshu fǎshǎn dàole bìjiǎo gǎode shulpíng.

China*a tea production technology is rather highly developed.

Tǎ ahi ge Jìshu gSngren.

He is a skilled worker.

T. A:

Nímende vǎn^igshěng chǔ gu6 xuéxí yìhou d5u huí dàxué Jiǎo shù ma?

B: Bù. YSu yíbùfen déi dǎnrèn jìshu fǎngmiande llngdlo gōngzuò.

After going abroad to study, do all your graduate students go back to
the universities and teach?

No. Some of them have to take up leading posts in technical fields.

Notes on No. 7 chǔ guó: "to go abroad" Tǎ shi nǎiniǎn chù guéde?

Chù guS liúxuéde yǎnjiǔshǎng nfide duS bu du3?

In what year did he go abroad?

Are there many women among the graduate students who go abroad to study?

dǎnrèn: "to assume," "to take up" a job or post

NX zài zhèr dǎnrèn shénme gSng- What is your Job title here? zud?

Tǎ zuì J in yào qù ǑuzhSu dǎnrèn He will soon be going to Europe to
llngshì gongzud.                    do consular work.

Tǎ dǎnrènguo Méidàsī sīzhǎng. He has been the chief of the Department of
American and Oceanic Affairs.

Dǎnrèn llngdlo gdngzuò. as in sentence 7B, is an often used phrase for
"to take on leadership work," "to take up a leading poet" (that is, to
be in a job in which one is in charge of others).

B: Guǎnyú zhèige wèntí, nimen ySu méiyou céiliào. wSmen k? bu kéyi
dàihuiqu kànkan?

After three years of effort, conditions for agricultural production in
this area are now quite good.

Do you have any data on this subject that we could take back with us to
read?

Notes on No. 8

-   (1) "to pass," "to go through"

Zhèllù chi Jlngguù Dǎngdǎn ma?

Nèige difang wǎ mei qùguo, dǎnshl jíngguòguo.

Zhèi shi w8 dìyícì jīngguò zhèiyangde kǎoshì.

Does this bus go through Dǎngdǎn?

I’ve never been there, but I’ve passed through (OR passed by).

This is the first time I’ve ever taken a test like this.

-   (2) "as a result of,** "after,** "through" This is the way jlngguù
    is used in sentence 8A. (For the second example you need to know
    zhǎnzhēng. "war.")

    Jlngguè tǎolùn, wǎmen Juéding xiǎ Xīngqīsì qù yǎcǎn.

    Tǎ yǎ bù Jīngguó kǎolà Jiù he tǎ jiéhǔn le.

After discussion, we have decided to hold the picnic next Thursday

He married her without even giving it any consideration.

JīngguB hǎn cháng shiJiande        As a result of the lengthy war, this

zhǎnzhǎng, zhèige dìqū yījíng area has become unrecognizable, biàade bú
rènshi le.

-   (3) "course (of events); what has happened"

    Tǎ huílal bǎ quánbù Jīnggud gǎosule v8.

    Shìqingde JIngguò shi zǎnme-yǎngde, nl zhfdao ma?

    null: "to make great efforts," "

    Tǎ gǒngzuò hǎn nùlì.

    Ta bú dan núlì gúngzuè, rén yǎ hǎn rèxīn.

    When he returned, he told me the whole story of what happened.

    Do you know how the whole thing went?

    • try hard," "to exert oneself"

    He works very hard.

    Not only does he work very hard, but he is also a warmhearted
    person.

Contrast mill gǒngzuù, "work hard," with yùnggSng, "study hard.

cáiliǎo: (1) "material"

Zhèige fíngzide cáiliǎo kànqllái hǎoxiǎng bú cud.

(2) "data," "material"

Tǎ gǎile w8 hǎn duǎ cáiliǎo, wS santian yǎ kǎnbuwán.

Nl nádǎo xlnde xuéxí cáiliǎo le ma? Míngtiǎn yǎo shǎng xln kè le.

This house looks like it's made of pretty good material.

He gave me a lot of data (material). Even three days wouldn't be enough
time for me to finish reading it.

Have you picked up the new study materials yet? We start the new lesson
tomorrow.

(3) "makings*” "material"

Tà bú shi zud Jiàosháude céiliào.

He doesn't have the makings of a professor.

9. A: Yào shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndài huà zuì dàde⁻wèntí shi shénme?

B: Shi jlngji. WSmen díi zài bú tài chángde shíjiānll bà zhénggèr
guójiàde JIngji gZoshangqù.

What is the biggest problem in achieving the Four Modernizations?

It's the economy. Before too long ve must push ahead the economy of the
whole country.

Notes on No. 9

shíxiàn: "to realize/achieve/bring about/accompliah/come true" Besides
being used to talk about the Four Modernizations, shíxiàn is also used
for realizing a wish, an ideal, a goal, self-sufficiency, a reform,
industrialization, etc. Note that shíxiàn can be used in a causal sense
(i.e., "cause to come about"): "They realized their vish" CTāmen
shíxiànle tlmende yuànvàngJ; or in a non-causal sense (i.e., "come
about"): "Their wish came about" CTǎmende yuànwàng shíxiànle].

Zài Xlflng, shíxiàn gēngyèhuà In. the West, achieving industrialization
yljlng shi yìbZinlín qiínde        is something which was done a century

shi le.                              ago.

N&nJíng Jlbenshang shíxiànle luhuà.

NÉnJíng has basically accomplished "greenification" (making the city
green by planting trees, flowers, etc.).

xiàndài: "modern times" or "modern," "contemporary"

Xiàndài rénde xiZngfZ d3u shi Modern man's ideas are all hén kěxuéde.
                       scientific.

-huà: "-ize," "-ify" Examples:

gōngyèhuà to industrialize         lúhuà

JiZnhuà        to simplify (JiZn is mZihuà

short for jiZndàn)

Méiguúhuà     to Americanize           èhuà

to make green (by planting trees, etc.)

to beautify

to worsen (_è is a literary word for "bad")

Xīfínghuà to Westernize

xiàndàihuà: "to become modernized"; "modernized/sophisticated/modern"
Caution: This is an intransitive verb (cannot take an object).
Therefore, to say "modernize our country" you must phrase it as "make
our country become modernized":

W8men yào shi wBmende guójii xiàndàihuà.

Zhèixii xiàndàihuà yúyán bú shi miige rén d8u zhīdaode.

We must modernize our country.

Not everyone knows these modern terms.

Sìge Xiàndàihuà: "the Four Modernizations” These are the modernization
of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology.
Comprehensive development in these areas by the end of the century was
called for at the Eleventh National Party Congress in 1977, and again by
Communist Party Chairman Huà GuSfěng at the Fifth National People's
Congress in 1978. (This theme had been enunciated twice before, in 1965
and 1975, by Zhou Ēnlíi.) Since 1979, the drive for the "socialist Four
Modernizations” has been at the root of the Chinese government's
domestic policy and have also had a broad influence on its foreign
policy.

zhénggè(r): As an adjective (before a noun), "whole,” "entire,”
referring to a single item.

Zhènggè shàngwú ni d3u zuò shénme le?

What did you do the whole morning?

W8 yào mài zhènggède huStuI, bú yào bàngede.

Zhínggè Jìhuà d5u shi ti yíge rén xiXngchūliide.

I want to buy a whole ham, not a half one.

The entire plan was his idea.

As an adverb, zhènggè(r) means "completely," "in its entirety":

Zhèijù huàde yìsi ni zhènggè nòngcuò le.

Tide mótuSchi zhènggè bèi zhuànghuài le.

Zhèige fíngzi zhènggè d3u shi miltou zudde.

You completely misunderstood the meaning of that sentence.

His motorcycle was completely ruined in the collision.

This house is made completely of wood.

gàoshàngjjù: Shànggu, "to go up," may be used figuratively to say that
production "goes up" or work "moves forward." The resultative compound
gíoshàngqù. therefore, means "to cause to go up," "to cause to move
forward.” We have translated it here as "to push ahead” the economy.

10. A: WSmende llúxuéshéng tíchulai Jīge wèntí.

B: W3 tīngshuB le, timen xiing jiǎkuài xuéxí sùdu. W3men yidìng kiolÚ.

Our foreign exchange students have brought up a few problems.

I heard. They want to speed up the pace of their studies. We'll be sure
to consider it.

Notes on Ho. 10

tí: One meaning of the verb tí ie "to lift,** "to raise." In & more
abstract sense* it can mean (1) "mention," "refer to," "bring up" (a
subject). TÍ wàntí is "to ask questions."

W3 tí ge wèntí kéyi ma?            May I ask a question?

Qlng dàjiǎ tí yíjian.              Please giveus your comments,
everyone.

Bié zài tí nèijiàn shì le, hào ma?

Tí mSicì tídao zhèijiàn shì, w3 jiu shěngqì.

(2) "to raise," "to bring up," "to etc.):

Tí tide nil liingge tiíojiàn, w3 méi bànfi shíxiàn.

NX juéde vSde bànfi bù xíng, key! tíchǔ nlde bànfí.

Tí tíchǔ ràng Zhing Téngzhì zuò llngdio.

Tí tíchǔ yào dào Nínjíng qù yítàng yíhòu cíi néng xi? zhèipiín wénzhíng.

Don't mention that again, okay?

Every time he mentions that, I get angry.

put forward" (questions, comments, demands,

There's no way I can satisfy (fulfill) the conditions he put forward.

If you don't think my way (of handling it) will do, you can propose a
way of your own.

He proposed having Comrade Zhing be the leader.

He said that he had to go to Nín-jíng before he could write this
article.

jitkuàl: "to quicken," "to speed up" (one's step, a process, the pace of
doing something)

RǔguS Jiākuài zuò, síntiin jiu If ve speed up, we can finish xíng le.
                           in three days.

sùdù: (11tardily "fast-degree") "speed," "pace," "tempo"

Sinshiniín líi, Rìbln jlngjì For the past thirty years, Japan's fízhinde
sùdù hln kuài.            rate of economic development has

been very fast.

.1 i&niài... sùdù, "to quicken the pace of...," "to speed up":

WSmen yào jiakuài gSngzudde sùdù.

We must speed up our work.

Zhǒnggué yào jiíkuài shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndàihuàde sùdù.

China wants to speed up the Four Modernizations.

CThe opposite of .Uíkuàl sùdù is fàngmàn sùdù.3

Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary

zhìliàng: "quality” Also pronounced zhiliàng or zhìliàng.

Shùliàng duo, zhìliàng yě "bú They are plentiful and of good cuò.
                                quality.

In some contexts, you can use the syllable zhì/zhí/zhì to stand for
zhìliàng and the syllable liàng to stand for shùliàng:

Zhī, liàng, dǒu bú cuò.

The quality and quantity are both good.

Thia dialogue takes place in Bāijīng. Early one morning, Professor
Armstrong is out for a walk near his hotel when he runs into Lin XiXohé
of the China Travel Service.

L:   Jiàoshòu, nín zào.'

A:   Zāo, ni hāo! Zāoshangde kōngqì

bījiāo xīnxian yidiānr. W3 hén xīhuan zāoshang zài wàimian zòuyizSu.

L: Jíntiǎn tiānqi y? bú cuò, méiyou féng, chūlai zSuzou duì shèntī y3u
hāochu.

A:   Shi a! Jíntiǎnde tiānqi zhen

shūfu.

L: Jiàoshòu, nín jíntiǎn hāoxiàng hān gāoxìng ma!

A: W3 hān gāoxìng. Nī zhīdao, duó jiú le, w3 xiāng qù kànkan Bāidà,
kāshi yìzhí méiyou jfhui qù.

L: Jíntiǎn wSmen jiu kéyi qù cānguān le.

A: Shi a. W3 shi gāo jiàoyu gòngzuòde. Zài Māiguéde shihou, vS
chāngchéng xlhuan kàn xie guānyú Zhōngguó jiàoyu qíngkuàngde shǔ, kāshi,
yào zhènde yínjiúde huà, z3ng juéde cāiliào bú gòu, y3u hān duo dSngxi
bú gòu liāojiā, érqiā, yòu shihou yāude céiliào hé Zhǒngguóde qíngkuàng
chābié hān dà, suāyī . . .

L: Nín y8u shénme wèntí jiu tíchulai, yāxú wō kéyi bāng nín yidiānr māng
ne?

A: Nī dāngyidāng, wō shìshi, kàn néng bu néng shuǒqíngchu a!

L: Mei guānxi, nín mànmānr shuǒ.

Good morning, Professor!

Good morning, how are you. The morning air is a little fresher. I like
to go for a walk outside in the morning.

The weather is pretty nice today too. There’s no wind. It’s good for the
health to go out and do some walking.

Yes. The weather today is ranily pleasant.

Professor, you seem so happy today.

Yes, I am. You know, I've been wanting to go visit Bāijíng University
for such a long time, but I never had the chance to.

But we’re going today.

That's right. I’m in education. When I'm in the States I often like to
read books about education in China, but I always feel that we don't
have enough data to do actual research on it. There's a lot we don’t
understand well enough. Furthermore, some of the data is very different
from the Ctrue2 situation in China, so . . .

Ask me any questions you have, maybe I can help you with them.

Wait a second, let me try and see if I can explain it clearly.

It doesn't matter, take your time.

so

A:   Zài nimen zhèr, dàxué fen yllèi

èrlèi, zhōngxué xiāoxué y? y3u zhòngdíān zhSng- xiāoxué hé pútōng zhōng-
xiloxuéde qíTbié. Zhèiyang zuòde mùdi shi shénme ne? WS shi shuo . . .

Here, your universitiet are divided into Class I and Class II, and your
middle schools and elementary schools distinguish between key and
regular ones. What is the purpose for doing that? I mean ...

L: ftg, nl shuǒxiaqu.

A: WSde yìsi shi, yàoshi bā zhòng-diān fang zai Jlgè xuéxiào-shang, néng
bu néng pùbiàn tí-gāo Jiàoyu shulpíng ne?

L:   Zhèi shi yíge hèn hāode wèntí.

Nl zhidao, Zhōngguó ySu shíyìduō rénkBu, ySu name duo rén xūyào shòu
Jiàoyu, késhi Jiàoyude qíngkuàng bù néng rang rén mXnyì.

A: fig.

L: Tebié shi Jīngguà Wénhuà Dà Gé-mlng ylhèu, Jiàoyu fāngmian zhēn y3u
bù shío wèntí, suSyl zài mùqiánde qíngkuàng xià, wSmen déi bà zhòngdiān
fang zai yíbùfen dàxué, zhSngxué, hé xiāoxuéshang.

A:   Name, zài zhòngdiān dàxuéli,

nimen rènwéi zuì zhūyàode gōngzud you shi shénme ne?

L: ShSuxiǎn déi xiíng bànfā tígāo Jiáoshlde shulpíng. Xiànzài Jiàoshi
shùliàng bú gōu, shulpíng bù gāo.

A: ftg, zhèi shi yíge zhángyàode wèntí.

L: Shi, zhèige wèntí hé tígāo zhénggèr mínzúde Jiàoyu shulpíng ySu hén
dàde guānxi.

A: Hlo, name dìèr ne?

L:   Gāo Sìge Xiàndàihuà xūyào hén

duo shòuguo Jiàoyude rén, kèshi zhèijiàn shi bú shi zài duín

5Í

Uh-huh, ga on.

I mean, if you put the emphasis on a few schools, will you be able to
make a general improvement in the level of education?

That’s a very good question. You know, China has over a billion people
people. There are so many people who who need to get an education, but
educational conditions are not satisfactory.

Uh-huh.

Especially since the Cultural Revolution, there have been a lot of
problems in the area of education, so under the present conditions, we
must put the emphasis on a portion of our colleges, middle schools, and
elementary schools.

Then in key colleges, what do you consider to be the principal Job?

First of all we must try to raise the level of the instructors. At
present the number of instructors is insufficient and their level is
low.

Mm, that's an important problem.

Yes, it's a question that has great bearing on raising the educational
level of the whole nation.

Okay, then the second thing?

To carry on the Four Modernizations we need a lot of educated people,
but this can't be accomplished in

shíjiínli kéyi zuōhàode. Zhèi yidiàn nín digit tōngyì ba?

A: Wō dōng, v8 dōng.

L:   Suoyi, wōmen bin yixiē zhōng-

diàn xuéxiào, wèide shi JiSkuài Jiàoyu sùdu.

A: Jiākuài Jiàoyu sùdu? Nīde yìsi shi shuō, zhōngdiàn xuéxiàode tiíojiàn
bījiào hào, xuésheng, Jiàoshīde shuípíng y? bījiào gāo, zhèiyang,
xuésheng Jiu yōu Jīhui zài bījiào duànde shíjiàn-li xué bījiào duode
dōngxi.

L:    Duì le.

A: Name nīmen pài chū guōde liúxué-shěng shì bu shi dōu shi cōng
zhòngdiXn xuéxiàoli láide ne?

L: Tǎmen duōbànr shi cōng zhōngdiàn dàxué láide, tèbié shi yánj iūshēng.

A: Wō Jiànguo Jīwèi líi Méiguō niàn shūde liúxuéshěng, tamen dōu shi xué
kexué Jìshude. Tīngshuō támen xuéde fetching nùlì. Zhōngguō
liúxuéshēngde xuéxí zhōngdiàn shi kexué Jìshu, duì bu dui?

L: Nín shuōde duì, tāmen zhùyào shi xué zirán kexué. Zhèi shi wōmen
mùqián zuì dàde xūyào.

A: Tǎmen huí guō yīhōu dōu gào yánjiū gōngzuō ma?

L: Bù yídìng. Wō xiàng yōu yí dà bùfen hái dll zài dàxué danrèn
Jiàoshīde gōngzuō. Shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndàihuà líbukíi Jiàoyu ma! Jiàoshōu,
yōu shíjiān géi wō Jièshao Jieshao Méiguōde Jiàoyu qíngkuàng a!

A: HXo, nī duì nXifángmiànde qíngkuàng zuì yōu xìngqu?

a short time. You probably agree with that point, don't you?

I understand, I understand.

So we are setting up some key schools in order to speed up the
educational process.

To speed up the educational process? You mean, key schools have better
conditions, and the level of their students and teachers is higher, so
the students have the opportunity to learn more things in a shorter
time.

Right.

Then are all the students you send abroad from key schools?

They're mostly from key universities, especially the graduate students.

I've met several Chinese going to school in the United States. They were
all studying science and technology. I hear that they were very
hard-working. Chinese students abroad concentrate on science and
technology, isn't that right?

That's right, they mainly study the natural sciences. That's our
greatest need at present.

After they return home do they all do research work?

Not necessarily. I think that a large portion of them still have to take
up teaching positions in universities. Education is essential to
achieving the Four Modernizations! Professor, when you have the time,
tell me about education in America!

Sure. What aspect are you most interested in?

L:   W8 duì xiāoxué Jiàoyu, értóng

Jiàoyu suì yōu xìngqu, yínwei, vS xiXng yíge rén kāishí shòu Jiào-yude
nèiduàn shiJiàn shi fetching zhdngyàode.

A: W3 tóngyì níde kànfā, érqiě, chúle shàng xué ylwài, Jiātíng he
shèhuìde Jiàoyu y? féicháng zhòngyào. Y3ude shihou, fùmùmen-de Jiàoyu
qíngkuàng he háizimen yōu féicháng dàde guānxi.

L:   Duì. Suóyi gSohāo Jiàoyu shi

zhenggèr shèhuìde gōngzuò, wǒmen méige rén dǒu ySu zéren.

A: Ni shuōde zhěn hāo. Duì le, Jintiǎn wǒmen cānguānde Béidà, shi bu shi
Zhōngguó zuì hāode dàxué ne?

L: Běidà shi hěn yōu míngde dàxué, kěshi hěn nán shuo shi bu shi zuì
hāode. Zài Zhōngguó yōu Jíge dàxué dōu bú cud. Béidàde Jiàoyu zhiliang
Jlbenshang ràng rén minyì.

ShiJian bù zio le, nín chi zāo-fàn le meiyou?

A: Ou, vS hái méi chi zíofàn ne, wǒ mlshàng Jiù qù.

L:   Bié Jí, wǒmen děngzhe nín.

A:   Hāo, vS hěn kuài Jiu lái.

I’m most interested in primary school and child education, because I
think the period when a person begins his education is very important.

I agree with you. Furthermore, besides attending school, the education
one gets in the home and in society are also very important. Sometimes
the parents' education has a great bearing on the children ' s.

Right. So improving education is the Job of our entire society. Each of
us has the responsibility for it.

Well said. Oh yes—is Běijlng University, which we're going to visit
today, the best university in China?

B.U. is a very famous university, but it's difficult to ssy if it's the
best. There are several universities in China that are pretty good. The
quality of education.at B.U. is basically satisfactory.

It's getting late, have you had breakfast?

Oh, I haven't had breakfast yet. I'll go right away.

No hurry, we'll wait for you.

Okay, I'll be there shortly.

Exercise 1

This exercise is & review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.

All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want
to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American college student runs into a student from
China at the Dupont Circle subway station in Washington, D.C.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

suàn                                to be counted as (good, bad, etc.)

kějì                               science and technology (abbreviation

for kěxue jìshu)

huìhuà                             conversation

JiXnchěng                          abbreviation

yángé                              to be strict

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

1. Where did the American student learn Chinese? Where did the Chinese
student learn English?

2. What was language study like at B.U.? Do you think it is different
from an American university? How do you know?

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 3.                                | What is the abbreviation for      |
|                                   | science and technology? Put the   |
|                                   | following into abbreviated form.  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| k.                                | wénhuà                jiàoyu      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   |             _____________________ |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (culture)                         |
|                                   |              (education)          |
|                                   |           (the field of culture   |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | and education)                    |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | rénmín                 dàhuì      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (the people)           (general   |
|                                   | member-      (People’s Congress)  |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | ship meeting)                     |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | yuyán                  wénzì      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (spoken                (writing)  |
|                                   |              (language and        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | language)                         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   |                       literature) |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | What is the Chinese student       |
|                                   | studying?                         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 5.                                | According to the Chinese student, |
|                                   | what kinds of science are not so  |
|                                   | clearly separated in modern       |
|                                   | society?                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the
literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, a young Chinese teacher at Béijīng University
walks over to her American student who is sitting under a tree reading a
hook.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

  ------------------ --------------------------------------------------
  Lu XÙn             (a famous Chinese author of the 1920s and 1930s)
  yàoburín           otherwise
  kiln nan           difficulty
  niénling           age
  Wenhuà Dà Gémìng   Cultural Revolution
  dàxué bìyèshěng    college graduate
  ------------------ --------------------------------------------------

WénGé                             Cultural Revolution (abbreviation of

Wénhuà Dà Géming) xuéyuàn                             (academic)
institute

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. Why does the student like to read Chinese literature? What is Ms.
    Lin’s reaction?

-   2. Why are Chinese students who go abroad older than usual? What
    does the American say are other characteristics of these students?

-   3. How does Ms. Lin respond to the student's wish to talk with more
    Chinese?

-   U. Summarize this dialogue in two or three sentences. After you have
    answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at
    the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen
    to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
    you have prepared.

Exercise U

This conversation takes place at the BSiJīng University library when an
An American graduate student and a Chinese graduate student happen to
meet.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.

You will need the following new words and phrases:

  ----------- --------------------------
  cānkioshū   reference book
  xì          department (of a school)
  huódòng     activity
  làngfèi     to waste
  Jiàokěshū   textbook
  ----------- --------------------------

Questions for Exercise U

-   1. How does the American student feel about his study of Chinese?

-   2. Are post-Cultural Revolution college students in China very
    familiar with the social situation in their country? Why?

-   3. Why do the American students want to go outside the university?

U. What sentences does the American use to take leave of the Chinese?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

At the Dupont Circle subway station in Washington, D.C., an Americah
college student (A) runs into a student from China (B).

-   A: Duìbuql, nl shi céng Zhǒnggué láide liúxuéshēng ba?

-   B: Shì a! Nīde Zhōngwén zènme

hSo, qùguo Zhǒnggué ba?

-   A: Hái méiyou, yìhòu yòu jlhui wS

yídìng yào qù kànkan.

-   B: Nà nīde ZhSngwén Jiù shi zài

Huáshèngdùn xuéde?

-   A: Eng. Jīnián yīqián w3 zài Jià-

zh8u Dàxué xuéguo yìnián, lái Huáshèngdùn yīhòu you yìzhí zài xué. Késhi
Zhǒngwénde shuīpíng háishi bú gdu gǎo.

-   B: NX méiyou qùguo Zhǒngguó, ZhSngwén zènme hào le, v8 lái Méigué
    yljīng yìnián, Yīngwén shuīpíng háishi tígǎode hén man.

-   A: Zài ZhSngguáde shihour nī xuéguo Yīngwén ba?

-   B: Xuéguo, xuéguo sǎnnián ban ne!

-   A: Shi Yīnggué Yīngwén?

-   B: Shì, érqié jiàoshī y? d5u shi Zhǒngguo rén* suéyi chǔ gué yīhòu
    zuì did* wèntí shi tīng-budSng, shuffbuchǔlái. Kin shǔ bl shuō huà
    réngyiduS le.

-   A: Zài ZhSngguúde shihou, nl zài

néige dàxué niàn shǔ?

-   B: Zài Bèidà. Béidàde Yīngwén hái suàn bú cuò, búguò, wSmen.xué
    kējìde xuésheng zhòngdiXn shi kàn shǔ, fányi, bú shi huìhuà.

Excuse me, you must be a student from China, aren-'t you?

Yes! Your Chinese is so good! Have you been to China?

Not yet, but if I get the chance to I'm sure I'll go visit.

Then you learned all your Chinese here in Washington?

Mm. A few years ago I had a year of Chinese at the University of
California, and since I came to Washington, I've been studying it all
along. But iny level in Chinese still isn't high enough.

Your Chinese is this good and you've never been to China, but I've been
in the States a year already and my English level is still improving
very slowly.

You studied English when you were in China, I suppose?

Sure, I studied it for three and a half years'.

British English?

Yes, and my teachers were all Chinese, so after I left China my biggest
problem was that I couldn't understand people talking and I couldn't
speak. Reading is a lot easier than speaking.

In China, what university were you studying at?

At B.U. B.U. is pretty good for English, but for us students in science
and technology the emphasis is on reading and translating, not on
conversation.

-   A: Kějì? Shi bu shi kěxué jìshu?

-   B: Shi. Wines chángchíng yòng hěn dui jilnchěng, duìbuqí ya!

-   A: Nà méiyou shenme. Búguò w3 hái yòu yìdiSnr bù dòng.

-   B: Shénme dìfangr?

A: Nimen cháng shuo kexué fěn liàng-bùfen, yíbùfen shi shèhui kěxué,
yíbùfen shi zìrén kěxué. Nàme kěxué Jìshu shuǒde jiù shi zìrán kěxué ma?

B: Zhè bú shi nàme yán'géde, tèbié shi xiàndài shèhui, zirán kěxué hé
shèhui kěxué jiu fěnde bú nàme qīngchu le.

-   A: Zhèi w3 tóngyì. Zài fěn lèide wèntíshang, w8men yòu hěn duǒ
    shuǒfl hé nimen bú tài yíyàng.

-   B: Òu, chě l£i le, v3 yào shàng chě le. Yīhòu yīu Jlhui zài tan.

-   A: Hiode, xiàci w8men yòng Ylng-

vén tán.

-   B: Hào, xièxie ni, zàijiàn.

A:   Zàijiàn.

’’Kějì”? Is that science and technology?

Right. We use a lot of abbreviations, pardon me!

No problem. But there's still something I don't understand.

What?

You often say that science has tvo divisions. One is social science and
the other is natural science.

So does science and technology refer only to the natural sciences?

This Cdistinction! isn't so strict. Especially in modern society, the
natural sciences and the social sciences aren't so clearly separated.

I agree vith that. On questions of categorization, ve have a lot of
ideas that are different from yours.

Oh, here comes the train. I have to get on it. In the future we'll talk
some more if ve get the chance.

All right. Next time we'll talk in English.

Okay, thank you. Good-bye.

Good-bye.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

On the campus of Běijlng Language Institute, and American student (B) is
sitting under a tree reading a book. A young teacher (A) from the
Chinese department walks over to chat.

-   A: Zài niàn shénme ne?                  What are you reading?

-   B: Ò, Lin Lěoshl, nín hlo! W3 zài Oh, Miss LÍn (Teacher Lin), how
    are

kàn Lú Xùn Xiěnshengde xiloshuò. you! I'm reading some fiction by (Mr.)
Lǔ Xùn.

A: Shi nlyipiǎn na?

What piece?

B:   "Yào." W3 hén xihuan Lú Xùn

Xiànshengde xiáoshuō.

A: Wé xiáng, zài Méiguóde shihou, Zhōngguó lìshī, Zhōngguí wénxué, nl
dàgài niànde bù shlo.

B: Xue Zhōngwén, bìxū shSuxiSn xué yidiXnr lìshī hé wénxué, dōng yidiXnr
Zhōngguō wénhuà, yàobu-rán xué Zhōngwén yídìng yōu hén dàde kùnnan.
Zhōngguō liúxué-shéng yé shi zhèiyang zud ma?

A: Wōmende xuéxí tiéojiàn hái shi bú cuòde, késhi liúxuéshěng chù guō
yīqián déi duì nèige guōjiSde wénhuà zud bìyàode liéojié. Zài
zhèifíngmiàn, wSmen zudde hái hén bú gdu.

B: Wō tīngshuō Zhōngguō liúxué-shěngde niánling, dōu bú tài xilo le,
duōbànr shi Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqián bìyède.

-   A: Shi. Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqiánde dàxué bìyèshěng púbiànde zhìliàng
    bījiào gǎo. hé WénGé yīhdude dàxuéshing chfibié bù xiáo.

-   B: Nàme shùliàng ne?

-   A: Shùliàng yé bù shio.

-   B: Nàme zhèixiě bìyèshéng shi bu shi dōu dinrèn bījiào zhōngyàode
    gōngzuō ne?

A: Bù dōu yíyàng. Mùqián, Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqiánde dàxué bìyè-shěng yōu
hén duō dinrèn bījiào zhdng yàode gōngzuō. Bīfang shuō wōmen Xuéyuàn ba,
gōngzuáde bī-jilo hiode yé duōbànr shi nèige shíhourde dàxuéshěng.
Dlngrán, hái yōu gèng láode.

"Medicine.” I like Lú Xùn's fiction very much.

I guess you've probably read quite a lot of Chinese history and
literature in America.

To study the Chinese language, you have to first study a little history
and literature, and understand a little Chinese culture, otherwise
you're sure to have a hard time studying the language. Do Chinese who go
abroad to study do the same thing?

Our conditions for study are fairly good, but before a student goes
abroad, he ought to acquire the requisite understanding of the country
[he is going tol. In this area, we have as yet done far from enough-

I understand that the Chinese students going abroad aren't very young;
most of them graduated [from coliegel before the Cultural Revolution.

Yes. In general the quality of college graduates from before the
Cultural Revolution is higher. They're quite different from the
post-Cul-tural Revolution college students.

How about in terms of numbers?

Their numbers are quite large, too.

So do these graduates all take on rather important jobs?

They're not all the same. At present, there are many pre-Cultural
Revolution college graduates who have taken on rather important jobs.
For example, in our Institute, those who do their work comparatively
well are mostly college students from that time. Of course there are
older ones as well.

B: Wō bin xīhuan wōmende líosbī, y? bin xīhuan Yúyán Xuéyuàn, wō zhī shi
xīvàng yōu bījilo duōde Jīhui hé Zhōngguó xuésheng, làoshī duō tintan.

-   A: Hào, hlo, yōu shiJiàn wǒmen duō tántan. Nī kàn shǔ ba. Yìhuīr
    Jiàn.

I like our teachers very much, and the Institute, too. I just wish we
would have more opportunities to talk with the Chinese students and
teachers.

All right, we’ll talk more when we get the time. You go on reading. See
you in a while.

-   B: Lin Lǎoshī yìhuīr Jiàn.

See you in a while, Miss LÍn.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise u

An American graduate student (A) walks up the stairs in front of the
Biijīng University library. A Chinese graduate student (B), whose arms
are full of books, is trying to open the door with his foot.

-   A: Wō lái, wō lái! Déngyidéng, wō lái bang ni kāi men.

-   B: Xièxie ni.

-   A: Zhè dǒu shi nī Jiède shǔ a?

-   B: Shi a! Yōngle liāngge xīngqīde

gōngfu, hào rōngyi cái kànwán le.

A: Bú cud, liāngge xīngqī kàn zhème duō Yīngwén cǎnkāoshǔ, sùdu bú màn
na!

(They enter the door and "B" goes a table. A few minutes later, ”B^(W)
com

I’ll get it, I’ll get it. Wait a second, I’ll open the door for'you.

Thank you.

These are all books you borrowed?

Yeah! It took me long enough to finish reading them—two weeks!

Not bad! To read all these English reference books in two weeks, that's
a pretty good speed!

to return his books. "A" sits down at is over to her.)

-   A: Xiǔxi Jīfēn zhǒng zài Jìnqu kàn

shu, hāo bu hāo a?

-   B: Hāo. Nèitiān, xìli yánjiǔshěng kāi huì, dàjii dōu rènwéi nī
    tán-de hān hlo, yS dōu Juéde nīde ZhŌngwén bī gang lái Béidàde
    shihou hiode duō le.

A: Késhi wō háishi Juéde xuéxí sùdu tài màn, wǒmen dōu xīwàng néng
Jiākuài sùdu, tígào shuǒ huàde shuīpíng.

Why don't you rest a few minutes before you go in to study, okay?

Okay. The other day when the graduate students in the department held a
meeting, everyone thought that what you said was very good, and we all
felt that your Chinese is much better now than when you first came to
B.U.

But I still feel that our pace of study is tóo slow. We all wish we
could speed up the pace to improve our speaking.

B: Nèitiín nl tíchulaide guXnyú yào liXoJié Zhōngguō ehèhuìde wèntí,
xuéxiào fangmian yídìng huì kXo-lude. KSshi,wō xiXng, nīmen shuǒ
Zhōngwénde Jīhui bù shXo a! Yōu Zhōngguō 1ioshi, yōu Zhōngguō tōngxué,
érqiē nīmende Zhōngwén dōu bú cud le, nīmen wàiguo xuésheng zìjī y? kéyi
shuǒ Zhōngwén ma!

A: Wōmen zìjī zài yìqī shuǒ Yīngwén shi hēn zìránde. Érqié, xué-xiàoli
dōu shi xuésheng hé iXo-shī. Wōmen hēn xīvàng hé shè-huìshangde pútōng
rén tányitán.

B: Wōmen zhèixiē xuésheng duōbànr yē dōu shi cōng pǔtōngde Jiǎtíngli
láide ma. Tèbié shi Jīngguō Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīhòude dàxué-shēng duōbànr
dōu zài shèhuì-3hang gōngzuōguo hēn duō niXn, bījiào liXojiē shèhuìde
qíngkuàng.

A: Ò, zhè hái shi yōu qùbiéde. Shèhuìde qíngkuàng gēn dàxuélīde
qíngkuàng hēn bù yíyàng. Wōmen lái Zhōngguō niàn shǔde wàiguō
liúxuéshēng, yánjiǔshēng, dōu hēn xiing duō liXojiX Zhōngguode qíngxing,
tèbié shi xiXng liXo-Jiē nīmen shíxiàn SÌge Xiàndài-huàde qíngkuàng.

B: Dāngrán, dangrán. ZhèiyidiXn wōmen shi qīngchude. Wōmen xiXng tài
duōde shèhuì huōdōng dàgài huì làngfèi nīmen bù shaode shí-Jiān.

A: Ò! Méiyou wèntí, zài Mēiguōde dàxuéli, wōmen bú jiù shi zài xuéxiào
hé túshǔguXnli niàn shǔ, shèhuì shēnghuō shi wōmen zuì zhōngyàode
jiàokěshǔ, yē shi zuì hXode iXoshì.

B: HXode, hXode, wō yídìng he xì-li tinyitan, duō gēi nīmen ǎnpai
yidiXnr cānguān fXngwènde huōdōng.

I’m sure the school will consider the question you brought up about
wanting to learn about Chinese society. But it seems to me you have
plenty of chances to speak Chinese! There are the Chinese teachers, and
your Chinese classmates. Besides, you all speak Chinese very well now.
You foreign students can speak Chinese among yourselves!

It's natural for us to speak English together. Besides, in school it's
all students and teachers. We want very much to converse with ordinary
people in society.

Most of us students are from ordinary families, you know. In particular,
most college students after the Cultural Revolution have worked in
society many years and understand the social situation pretty well.

Oh, there's still-a difference. Society is quite different from the
situation in the university. All of us foreign college and graduate
students who come to China to study want to understand the situation
here, and especially how the accomplishment of the Four Modernizations
is progressing.

Of course, of course. We understand that. But we think that too many
social activities would probably waste a lot of your time.

Oh, that's no problem. In American universities, we don't just study in
school and in the library. Social life is our most important textbook
and our best teacher.

All right, I'll be sure to talk with the department, and set up more
visiting activities for you people.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| A:   HXode, xièxie ni. Nl kuài    | Good, thank you. Nov you go on in |
| Jìnqu                             | and study. I won’t take up any    |
|                                   | more of your time. Good-bye.      |
| niàn ahū ba! Bú zhàn aide         |                                   |
| shí-JlSn le. Zàijiàn.             |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| B:   Zàijiàn.                     | Good-bye.                         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

Uniit 3, Reference List

-   1. A: Tiaen S&L *hèige gǒngshè Jiào shame? Dlnzishang yǒu aliyon
    xilzheT

What do they call this commune? Is

it written on the list?

B: Xièzhe ne, Jiào "Sì.lìqīng.**

Yes, It's called SÌJÌqlng.

-   2. A: Zhèige gǒngshè shíwùge dàduì-de chānliàng. dǒu zhème gāo ma?

Is the output this high In all fifteen brigades of this commune?

B: ChàbuduS, zài shǎndìde lilngge dìduì, chānliàng shio yidilnr.

Almost. The two brigades in the mountains have somewhat lover outputs.

-   3. A: Bíijlng jiāoqū shSngchin yì-zhǒng yǒu míngde dàozi. Jiào
    shénme?

B: Jiio JlnreTdio. Béijīngde Jing, dSng-xì-nán-bèide de xī.

There's a famous kind of rice produced in the suburbs of Beijing-What's
It called?

It's called Jīngxldào. Jīn£ aa in BEijlng. xf as in dǒng-xl-nín-béi.

U. A:

[]

yígǒng y3u Jlge píng-

Hov many flatland regions are there in the whole country?

-   B: Mlàn.11 bījiío dàde yǒu sìge, dǒu shi shéngchln liángshide zhùyào
    dìqū.

There are four which are relatively large; all of them are major
grain-producing regions.

-   5. A: Nèige shéngchln shǔcàide dàduì zhì yǒu liùshi~hù!

B: Shi a, èrbliduǒkǒu rén mli-nián mid géi guǒjiā bù shlo-de cli na!

The brigade that produces vegetables has only sixty households !

Yes, for two hundred people, they sell a lot of vegetables to the state
every year!

-   6. A: Xiànzii, gio JlngJi Jlànshè hái shi Zhǒngguǒ remain zuì
    zhǒngyàode gǒngzud a!

Today, engaging in economic construction is still the most important
work of the Chinese people!

B: Shi, suirán zhèixiS nián fǎzhán sùdu hén kuài, késhi JlngJi hái shi
wǒmende gǒngzud zhǒngdián.

Yes, although the pace of development has been very fast the past few
years, the economy is still the main focus of our work.

-   7. A: He! Nīmende càidl shōude bù shlo a!

B: Jiù ahi ma, mèimù dì dōu shōu yíwinduō Jin na!

-   8. A: Zhèige gōngshè Jīxièhuà yīhòu, mǔch&n tígāole duō-shāo?

B: Tígāole yíbàn duō yidiān, chàbuduō bāifēnzhī wùshiyī.

-   9. A: Nī Jiù cānguānle "Sìjīqīng?" Biéde Jīge xiānj in gōngshè ne?
    Shénme shihou qù ya?

B: Guò Jitiān Jiù qù, péi JĪ-wèi nōngyè zhuānj iā yìqī qù.

-   10. A: Zhèige dìqūde nōngyè shēng-chān yōu shénme tèdiān ma?

B: WŌmen shizhe zǔzhile Jīge . zhuānyèhuàde gōngshè, tāmen-de shēngchān
bījiāo yōu tèdiān.

-   11. A: Nimen gōngshè yōu zhème duō dà tuōlājI!

B: Ng, píngjūn mèige dàduì èrshitai~wōmen hái xiāng duō mXi jītāi ne!

-   12. A: CŌng túpiànshang kàn, nimen gōngzuōde hāo xīnkù.

B: Méiyou shenme xīnkù, jiù shi zùi xuéxiào hōubianr zhong diānr cài.

13• zhuānyè

1U. Jīqì (jīqi)

Wow! You’ve harvested quite a lot from your vegetable plots!

Sure, we harvested over ten thousand catties from each mu of - land!

Since this conmune was mechanized, how much has the yield per mu been
increased?

It was raised a little more than half, about fifty one percent.

You’ve only visited SÌJÌqīng? How about the other advanced communes?
When are you going to them?

We'll be going in a few days. We're going with several specialists in
agriculture.

Is there anything distinctive about the agricultural production of this
region?

We have organized a few specialized communes on a trial basis. Their
production set-up is rather distinctive.

Your commune has so many large tractors!

Yes, every brigade has twenty on the average, and we want to buy a few
more!

From the picture it looks like you’re working very hard.

Not so hard. We’re just planting some vegetables behind the school.

special line/field/discipline machine

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   | Unit 3, Vocabulary List           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| biifln zhX                        | percent                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| càidi chXnliàng                   | vegetable plot output, yield      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| dàduì dàozi dí                    | (production) brigade rice; paddy  |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | earth, soil; land; fields         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| fízhXn                            | to develop, to expand, to grov    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gongshè guìn X Jiao Y             | cofflnunc to call X Y             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -hù                               | household, family -ize            |
|                                   |                                   |
| -huì                              |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Jiìnshì                           | to construct, build;              |
|                                   | construction, reconstruction      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| jiíoqū Jīngxfdìo Jīxièhuà         | suburbs, outskirts (a kind of     |
|                                   | rice plant) to mechanize          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -kSu                              | (counter for people)              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 1lingshi                          | grain, cereals                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| miìnji -mil mflchln               | (surface) area mu. a unit of area |
|                                   | per-mu yield                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| píngjūn píngyuán                  | average, mean plain, flatlands    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| quánguS                           | the whole country                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| remain                            | the people                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| shāndì sh5u shūcìi SÌJÌqīng       | mountainous region, hilly area to |
|                                   | harvest vegetable                 |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (& conzmune in BSiJīng suburbs)   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -tíi tèdiln tuōlājī túpiìn        | (counter for machines)            |
|                                   | distinctive trait, characteristic |
|                                   | tractor                           |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | picture, photograph               |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | 6b                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

xiānjin xínkú

zhong zhuānjiā zhuānyè zhuānyèhui zúzhi

to be advanced

to be hard work; to be toilsome, to be arduous; to work hard, to go
through hardships, to go to great trouble

to plant specialist, expert special line/field/discipline to specialize;
specialization to organize, to form

Unit 3, Reference Notes

1. A: Tinea gain zhèige gǒngshè Jiloshénme? Dānzishang yǒu méiyou
xièzhe?

B: Xièzhe ne, jiào "SÌjìqíng."

What do they call this commune? Is it written on the list?

Yes, it's called Sìjìqlng.

Notes on No. 1

guin...jilo...: Guin A jiao B means "to call AB.”

Gulngdǒng rén guin qípáo jiio Cantonese call qipaos (a kind of
"chángshln."                        dress) "chángshin.

gǒngshè: "commune" This is short for remain gǒngshè, "people's comune"
(the word remain is taught in exchange 6). Gǒng means "public." and shè
is an "organized body."

People's communes, of which there are now over 52,000 in China, are the
administrative units of the countryside. There are three levels of
commune organization: the production team, with from eleven to over one
hundred households; the production brigade, with from twenty to over one
thousand households; and the commune itself, with from six to seventeen
brigades or from fifty-six to 275 teams. A typical commune might have a
population of 22,500 people, broken down into fifteen production
brigades of three hundred families each, and each brigade would in turn
be composed of ten production teams of thirty families. (Of course, no
actual commune would be divided up so evenly.) A typical county might be
made up of thirteen communes of this size.

The people's communes were formed after a long series of changes in the
organization of the countryside, beginning with the Land Reform Movement
of 1950. This movement distributed the land to the peasants; the next
step was to begin the coordination of their efforts in production. They
did this in 1951 by forming mutual aid teams, also called work exchange
teams. The peasants still owned their own land, plows, and livestock,
but they pooled their manpower, tools, and other resources to get the
work done.

In 1953* elementary agricultural cooperatives were organized by merging
several mutual aid teams. The land, tools, and livestock became the
property of the cooperative, but the profits from the land were
distributed, not retained by the eooKune for investment. In 1956, when
advanced agricultural cooperatives were established, the distribution of
profits was abolished.

In 1958, the last step to communize China was taken. The people's
communes were formed by the merging of several advanced agricultural
cooperatives. What was formerly an advanced agricultural cooperative
became, a production brigade. The original plan for communization had
called for completion in 1967. Since no major problems were encountered,
the plan was completed nine years ahead of tine.

Today, commune members still live in individual houses. All the land,
buildings_(v) shops, clinics, large machinery, electrical power
stations, factories, and so on, belong to the commune. However, the
planning of the production and the payment of the members, which depends
on the amount of production, is done on the production team level. All
the teams have their own livestock, but they take turns borrowing large
machines such as planters or tractors from the commune. Production teams
often specialize in one type of activity, such as crop raising,
machinery repair, or animal husbandry. Production brigades handle tasks
which are beyond the capacity of a team, such as irrigation or the
purchasing of a tractor. Truly large projects like road construction or
the establishment of a large, well-equipped hospital, must be taken on
by the commune.

yōu méiyou xj?zhe: -Zhe is the marker of duration. Together with a

verb, it describes a STATE, for example:

  ----------- -----------------------------------------
  Mén         kǎizhe.
  (The door   is in the state of having been opened.)
  ----------- -----------------------------------------

"The door is open."

  ----------- -----------------------------------------
  Mén         guǎnzhe.
  (The door   is in the state of having been closed.)
  ----------- -----------------------------------------

"The door is closed."

Thus, xiézhe, in exchange 1, means literally "in the state of having
been written."

To make a verb plus -zhe negative, use méi(you) (not bù):

Men méi kǎizhe.                     The door is not open.

Mén méi guānzhe.                   The door is not closed.

Dānzishang méi xiézhe.              It isn't written on the list.

To make a question, use one of the following patterns:

Mén kǎizhe ma?

M&x y8u méiyou kǎizhe?             Is the door open?

Mén kǎizhe meiyou?

He is often added onto the end of a sentence with -zhe:

Mén kǎizhe ne ma?                   Is the door open?

Kǎizhe ne.                          Yes, it's open.

Many speakers of standard Chinese do not use this -zhe; they would
replace it hy phrasing such as Mén kāile and Dǎnzishang yōu méiyou xiè
(or xíī le méiyou). These sentences are also perfectly good Chinese.

Sìjìqìng: A ccasune in rural Biijīng. Literally, the name means
"four-seasons-green," in other words, "green all year round."

Half the population of the municipality of BèiJIng lives in rural areas,
in 272 people’s communes. The principal crops are wheat, rice, and
vegetables, including cabbage, eggplants, cucumbers, and tomatoes. There
are also orchards producing apples, pears, peaches, and persimmons.
About half the vegetables grown in Biijlng's communes supply the city's
needs completely and half are shipped elsewhere.

2. A: Zhèige gōngshè shíwúge dàduì-de chānliàng dōu zhème gāo ma?

Is the output this high in all fifteen brigades of this commune?

B: Chàbuduō, zài shǎndìde liāngge dàduì, chinliàng shào yidiānr.

Almost. The two brigades in the mountains have somewhat lower outputs.

Notes on No. 2

dàduì: "(production) brigade," short for shēngchān dàduì.

chànllàng: "output, yield," literally, "production-amount."

shāndì: "mountainous region; hilly area; hilly country," literally,
"mountain-land."

Airbā'níyà shi shǎndì guójiā. Albania is a mountainous country.

Zài shin                            Output is somewhat lower in

mountainous regions.

Nèige dìfang shi shin , kāi chè That's hilly country; it isn’t bú tài
fāngblan.                    easy to drive there.

3. A: Bíijìng JiāoQÚ shingchln yì-zhōng y8u míngde dàozi, Jiào shénme?

B: Jiào Jlngddào. BiiJIngde J Ing, dōng-xl-nán-biide xl.

There's a famous kind of rice produced in the suburbs of Billing.
’What's it called?

It's called JīngxIdào. Jīng as in BiiJIng. xf as in dōng-xl-nān-bii bīT

Notes on No. 3

jiǎoqǔ: "suburbs, outskirts"

The bound form Jiao means "suburbs," as in

ID

in BEU Ing xlJiio. "the western suburbs of BōiJIng," yuSnjiào. "the
outer suburbs." and .Ixnjiāo, "the close suburbs." (Qū, "area,
district," will be introduced separately in Unit 5 of this module?)

BliJIng jiioqū yígōng yōu          Altogether, there are 272

èrbáiqīshièrge gōngshè.            communes in the suburbs of

Bōijlng.

Sìjìqfng gongshè zài Bíijfngde The commune SÌjiqíng is in the jin
jiǎoqǔ.                         close suburbs of Bōijīng.

dàozi: "rice" in the paddy or after harvesting but before huiijng.
(After hulling, it is called ml, and when cooked it is called fàn.)

Jíngxīdào: "Capital-West Rice," a variety famous for its good taste.

Bōijingde jīng: "jīng as in BèlJíng" In conversation, you identify a
word or character by giving a common phrase in which it is used. The
pattern for doing this is

Phrase         -de Word

e.g., yí èr sin si -de si "’four’ as in ’one two three four’"

This pattern can be especially useful when you tell someone your Chinese
name. If you were called Chen Dingwén. (        ), for example, you
could

identify the characters of your first name by saying Yídìngde ding,
wénxuéde win, "Ding as in yídìng (’certainly’), and wen as in wénxue
('literature *)."

dōng-xí-nán-bōi: While in English we usually name the directions of the
compass in the order "north, south, east, west," in Chinese they are
usually named in the order

dōng xí nin bíi          or        dōng nan xí b?i

east west south north                   east south west north

U. A: Quánguō yígōng yōu jlge píng-vuan?

B: Miànji bijlio dàde yōu sìge, dōu shi shèngchin liángshide zhfiyio
dìqū.

How many flatland regions are there in the whole country?

There are four which are relatively large in area; all of them are major
grain-producing regions.

Notes on No. U

quánguō: "the whole country"

Wti Zuòrénde huà zài quánguō hōn yōu mi ng.

Quánguō chinliàng zuì gǎode dìqū shi Sichuan.

The paintings of WG Zuōrén are famous throughout the country.

The area of the country with the highest output is Sichuan.

Béijíng Ylo-líng-yào ZhSngxuéde The educational quality of Bèijīng's
Jiàoyu shiliàng quínguí dìyí. Ho* 101 Middle School is first in the
country.

second example, you need to knov

ndìn.11; "(surface) area" (For the píngf£ngg#nglí, "square kilometer.")

Zhèige gSngshède miànji du6 dà?

What is the area of this commune?

ZhSngguode miànji shi JiSbii liùshiwàn píngfàng gǒnglí.

China*s area is 9*6 million square kilometers.

mlIn.11 bijiào dàde ySu aìge: This is a useful structure with y8u:

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Miànji bijiào dàde    | ! y8u 1               | sìge.                 |
| (píngyuín)            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| (As for the ones      | 1                     | four.)                |
| Cflatlandsl           |                       |                       |
|                       | ; there               |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| with a relatively     | ₍* are                |                       |
| large area,           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

"There are four with a relatively large area."

  --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ----------
  Ti bú yuànyi qù ZhSnggufide yuányín                       zhúyào y8u         liKngge.
  (As for the reasons why he doesn't want to go to China,   there are mainly   two.)
  --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ----------

"There are mainly two reasons why he doesn't want to go to China."

  --------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
  Zuótiin mei líide (rén)                             ySu duōshào?
  (As for those Cpeople3 who didn't come yesterday,   there how many?) were
  --------------------------------------------------- -----------------------

"How many people were there who didn't come yesterday?"

  ------------------------------------------------ -------------- ---------
  Zhongwén shuSde nàme hàode Méiguo rén            méiyou         Jlge.
  (As for Americans who speak Chinese that well,   there aren't   a few.)
  ------------------------------------------------ -------------- ---------

"There aren't but a few Americans who speak Chinese that well."

llíngahi; "grain, cereals," but in Chinese terminology this can also
include other staples like beans and sweet potatoes.

5. A: Helge shěngchln shǔcàide dàduì zhi y8u liÙ8hi~hSĪ

B: Shi a, èrbàiduSkSu rén mei-nién mài g?i guéjiǎ bù shlo-de cài na!

The brigade that produces vegetables has only sixty households!

Yes, for two hundred people, they sell a lot of vegetables to the state
every year!

Hotel on Bo«- 5

hù(r)t "household, family" The original meaning of this word, was
"door." BDaw it haa become the counter for households. Besides its use
in exchange 5, -hù can also be followed by the noun rénjiǎ,
"people-home," that is, "family":

Zhèige dàduì yōu duōshao hù rénjiǎ?

Zài Mliguō, chàbuduō méihù dōu ySu diànshì.

How many households are there in this brigade?

In American, almost every family has a television.

kŌu: Literally, "mouth," this as making up a family, as in

is the counter for people considered

Hi Jiǎ yōu JìkŌu rén?

How many people are there in your

family?

mài gōi guojiǎ: "sell to the state" Every year, a production team must
give a certain percentage (usually from five to seven percent) of ita
produce and caah income in taxes to the state. In addition, they must
sell a quota of grain to the state, the quantity being established
according to the population of the team, and the area and productivity
of the land. If th* team is left with additional grain after fulfilling
their quota, they decide for themselves how much of it they will sell
for cash to the state at a higher price and how much will be put into
the team's grain reserves. The state sets quotas for grains; fruit and
vegetable supply and demand are coordinated by local government
authorities.

...bù shǎode cài na!: Ha is not a new word for you; it is Just a
contraction of ne and a. You have learned that ne is the marker of
absence of change. Here it has a special function: to show that the
speaker is trying to convince the listener of the greatness of an
amount, the great extent of

a condition, or a fact which surpasses

Tǎde shōurù bù shǎo ne!

Tǎ shuōle yào zuò dao hln win ne.

Hlo rà'naode dìfang na!

Kàn tǎ nàme niǎnqìng, híi néng qù zuà Jiàoshòu ne!

Yào cǎnguǎn nàme duō dìfang, yíge xlngqí nlr gòu? Liāngge xlngqī hǎi bú
gòu ne!

Zhème dàde rén hǎi kū na!

ordinary expectations. Examples:

His income is not small (i.e., more than you would suspect)!

She said she was going to work until very late.

What a lively place!

Isn't it something that someone as young as he can be a professor!

How could one week be long enough to visit so many places? Two weeks
wouldn't even be enough!

Imagine, such a grown-up person crying!

6. A: Xiǎnzli, gfo JlngJi Jiànshè hái shi ZhSnggutf rennin zuì
zhàngylode gōngzuò a!

B: Shì, suTrín zhèixiē niín fSzhln sùdu hSn toil, kèshi JīngJi hái shi
wùmende gōng-zuB zhèngdiǎn.

Today, engaging in economic construe⁻tion is still the most important
work of the Chinese people!

Yes, although the pace of development has been very fast the past few
years, the economy is still the main focus of our work.

Notes on No. 6

.1 iènshè: "to construct, to build up; construction" This is mostly used
in a special sense: to construct or build up a country. The Jargon
"socialist construction," "the construction of China," or "China
reconstructs" conveys an attitude toward the "mission” facing the
country: to build China from the ruins left by a semi-feudal,
semi-colonial society into a socialist power and to create the
conditions for the transition to Connunism. "Socialist construction"
includes the reform of the superstructure as well as the development of
the national economy.

W8men yào bl ZhSnggué Jiìnshè-chéng yíge xiìndiihuàde shè-huizhùyì
guéjiǎ.

We want to build China into a

a modem socialist nation.

re""*n ? "the people" You have seen* this word already in Renminbi.
"People’s currency." Distinguish between remain and renmen. Rénmen (with
the plural ending -men) refers to any and all people, without class
implications. It has approximately the same scope as dàjiā, "everyone.”
Rémnín,

on the other hand, refers to the broad excludes state and class enemies.

ZhSngguá rémnín xfving néng shénghuóde ending.

Quángué yígòng ySu wttwàn èrqiān-duō rénmín gBngshè.

masses and lower-level cadres, and

The Chinese people hope to be able live peaceful and settled lives.

There are over 52,000 people’s communes in the whole country.

fǎzhln: "to develop, to grow" In the Society module, you learned the
adjectival verb fǎdá. "to be developed." Now you see the action verb for
"to develop."

Zhèi èrshinién lái, Rìbínde qìchē gǒngyè fǎzhlnde biJiSo kuài.

Zhōngguó zhèngfù zài null fǎzhǎn gōngyè.

Tǎ yǎnjiū fǎzhǎnzhǒng guó'iāde JīngJi qíngkuàng.

Over the past twenty years, Japan’s automobile industry has developed
rather quickly.

The Chinese government is working hard to develop industry.

He studies the economic situation of developing countries.

7. A: He! Nlmende càidì shSude bù Wow! You’ve harvested quite a lot ■hlo
a!                          from your vegetable plots!

B: Jiù shi But, mlimìí dì d3u shǒu Sure, we harvested over ten thousand
yíwànduB JIn na!                catties from each mu of land!

Notes on No. 7 càidì: "vegetable plots" or "vegetable fields" (large or
small). sh3u; "to harvest"

Lio Wǎngde càidì mliniǎn shSude Lio Wing harvests a lot of fǎnqié dǒu
hln duo.                tomatoes from his vegetable

plots every year.

Shǒubudào liǎngshi, zlnme chi If we can't harvest any grain, fan ne?
                            how will we eat? (rhetorical

question said by farmers when working in the fields)

mS: A Chinese unit of area equal simply written mu (or sometimes mou).

dì: "land," "ground," or "fields

Zhèikuài dì ylqiǎn shi w8 fùqinde.

Tǎ cong dìshang zhlodàole nèizhī bl.

Shuì dìshang ba! Liǎn Jiàoshdu dSu shuì nàr ne!

Zhème zlo nimen Jiù dào dill qù gSngzud la!

shSude bù shlo: "harvested quite of the pattern Verb -de Quantity:

Nl chide tài shlo.

Guǎnyú zhèige, w8 zhidaode bù du8.

Tǎ kàn xiloshuǒ kànde bi w8 duo.

W3 bú shi Jiào nl shlo mil yi-dilnr ma? Nl milde tài duB le!

to 1/15 hectare. In English this is

This piece of land used to belong to my father.

He found that pen on the ground.

Sleep on the ground! Even professors sleep there!

You're going to work in the fields . so early!

a lot" Here are some more examples

You're eating too little.

I don't know much about this.

He reads more fiction than I.

Didn't I tell you not to buy very much? You bought too much!

8. A: Zhèige gSngshè jīxièhuà yīhòu, mfiehln tígāole duō-sh*o?

B: Tígiole yíbàn du5 yidiàn, chàbuduō bàifēnzhī wúshiyf.

Since this commune was mechanized, how much has the yield per mu been
increased?

It was raised a little more than 'half, about fifty-one percent.

Notes on No. 8

,1 Ixièhuà: "to mechanize; mechanization" Jīxiè means "machinery,"
"mechanics," or "mechanical." -Huà is the syllable which corresponds to
"-ize" (make into), which you learned in the previous unit in
xiàndàihuà. "to modernize."

Nōngyè Jīxièhuà xiànzài shi        Agricultural mechanization is now

nōngcūnde zhòngdiàn gōngzuō. the key task in rural' areas.

Nimen dàduìde Jīxièhuà shuīpíng The level of mechanization in your
xiāngding gǎo a.'                    brigade is quite high!

yíbàn duō yidiàn: "a little more than half" CThe opposite, " a little
less than half, could be said as ehàyidiànr yíbàn. yíbàn ship yidiānr.
or yíbàn bú dào yidilnr.J

bSlfēnzhí wúshiyī: "fifty-one percent"- Chinese does not have a separate
word for "percent," expressing percentages with the same pattern used
for all fractions. First, therefore, you should learn how to express
fractions. In Chinese, the tvo parts of a fraction are stated in the
reverse order from English, with the word -zhī in between. (-Zhī is a
literary word with the same use as -de: possessive or modification
marker.)

sinf.ēn zhí èr

(3 parts *8    2) "tvo parts out of three,"

i.e., "tvo thirds"

Here are a few more examples:

èrfēnzhl yī* -y- slnfěnzhī yī sìfēnzhl yī èrshifēnzhī yī

sìfēnzhl vtt       bāfēnzhī wù        shíjiúfēnzhī shíqī

Percentages (hundredths) are expressed like this:

bàifēn      zhī wúshiyī

(100 parts ’s 51) "fifty-one parts out of one hundred," i.e., "fifty-one
one hundredths" or "fifty-one percent"

Normally, of course, you would say yíbàn.

lb

"One hundred percent," therefore, is bāifēnzhl bāi:

He is one hundred percent American.

Tā shi bāifénzhì biide Méiguo rén.

9. A: HI jiù cānguānle "Sìjìqìng?" Biéde jlge xiānjìn gongshè ne? Shénme
shíhou qù ya?

B: Guò jitiān jiù qù, pel jì-wèi nǒngyè zhuānjiā yìqī qù.

You've only visited Sìjìqìng? How about the other advanced communes?
When are you going to them?

We'll be going in a few days. We're going with several specialists in
agriculture.

Notes on No. 9

biéde           "the other few" Compare:

Nl jiù cānguān gǒngshè ma?         You're only visiting communes?

Bù cānguān biéde shenme dìfang? You're not going to visit any other
kinds of places?

xiānjìn: "advanced" This is used to describe people, work units, or
methods of a high level, worthy of emulation. Individuals may be
designated as advanced workers (xiānjìn gōngzuòzhé) by their unit
leaders or elected by their fellow workers, and units such as factories
and communes may be designated as advanced by government authorities. To
qualify as advanced, a unit must have carried out all political
movements successfully, successfully put into effect each policy
directive, and completely met the quota for its product under the
national plan.

guò jitiān: "in a few days" (literally, "pass a few days")

Qìng nl guò yihuìr zii dālai.

Zài guò jìge xfngqì, tǎmen jiù yào shSu dāozi le.

Bāba mima xiān dào le. Yòu guòle yihuìr, dìdi mèimei yí lii le.

Please call back in a while. (In this case, guò yihuìr means dén.
yihuìr.)

In another few weeks, they are going to harvest the rice.

Mother and father arrived first. Then after a while, younger brother and
sister came too.

zhuānj_iā: "specialist, expert" The ending -jlā enters into many words
describing people. It has a slightly different meaning from -zhé, which
you learned in unit. 1. -Zhe is only added to verbs; -jiā can be added
to nouns as well as verbs. -Zhé means simply "a person who...," but -jia
is used for professionals or specialists in some activity. Thus, zuòjiā
is "professional writer, author," but zuòzhS is just "writer" (not
specifying whether writing is the person's career).

The ending -jiǎ is added to subjects of study, as in zhèngzhixuéjiā,

"political scientist," and JlngJixuéjiǎ, "economist." In the PRC, sone
words with the endin< -.1iǎ carry elitist overtones and are sometimes
replaced by other terms.    _

10. A: Zhèige dìqǔde nōngyè shēng-chǎn yōu shénme tèdiǎn ma?

B: Wǒmen shìzhe zúzhile jige zhuǎnyèhuàde gōngshè, tā-mende shēngchǎn
bljiío yōu tèdiǎn.

Is there anything distinctive about the agricultural production of this
region?

We have organized a few specialized communes on a trial basis. Their
production set-up is rather distinctive.

Notes on No. 10

yōu shénme tèdiǎn ma?: "does...have any distinctive points?" is here
translated more idiomatically as "is there anything distinctive
about...?"

shìzhe zōzhile...: "trying-ly organized..." i.e., "organized on a trial
basis”

Ni shìzhe nèiyang zuō xíng bu xíng.

Zhèishuǎng xié wō shìzhe chuǎn, chuǎnbushàxig.

Try doing it that way and see íf it works.

I tried to put these shoes on, but couldn't get them on.

Do not overuse shìzhe; there are other more common ways to express
English "try." Sometimes the idea of trying is implicit in the verb
itself, as in

Zhèipiǎn wénzhǎng wō kànle,        I tried to read this article,

kànbuxiàqù.                         but I couldn't.

Wō gǎile, tǎ bú yǎo.                I tried to give it to him, but

he didn't want it (wouldn't take it).

Sometimes, "try" can be expressed by reduplicating the verb:

NT chuǎnchuan.

Wō chuǎnle chuǎn, chuǎnbushàng.

Wō kǎile kāi, kǎibukǎi.

or by a reduplicated verb plus kin:

Wō méi zuōguo jiǎozi, zuòzuo kàn ba.

Try it on.

I tried to put it on, but couldn't get it on.

I tried to open it, but couldn't get it open.

I've never made jiǎozi (dumplings), but I can try.

IS

zùzhi: "to organize; organization

Zhèipiān wénzhāng zùzhide hèn hlo.

Wōmen zKzhile yíge Kbdngtuán, xiXng dào Ōuzhōu qù wánrwanr.

Zhèige zùzhi yíjlng yōu wūshiwàn rén le.

Thia article is well organized.

We organized a tour group; we want to go on a trip to Europe.

This organization already has 500,000 people.

"special line/field/discipline; specialization" in

zhuānyè:

in the PRC for one's "major" subject specialization.

Wō zài dàxué xuéde zhuānyè shi zhèngzhixué.

Shùxué zhuānyè zhēn méi yìsi, nl wèishénme hái yào xué ta?

Zhèige zhuānyè zài Zhōngguó hèn shāo yōu rén xué.

This is used college, or for one's professional

My major in college was political science.

Majoring in math is really boring; why do (did) you want to take it?

Very few people study thia specialization in China.

zhuānyèhuà; "specialized; specialization"

Gōngchāngde zhuānyèhuà yuè lái yuè pūbiàn le.

Zhuānyèhuà(de) rémnín gōngshè yōu tāde hāochù.

The specialization of factories is becoming more and more connon.

Specialized communes have their advantages.

11. A: Nimen gōngshè yōu zhème duō dà tuōlājí!

B: Kg, píngjūn mèige dàduì èrshitaiT wōmen hái xiíng duō māi jltái ne!

Your connune has so many large tractors .'

Yes, every brigade has twenty on the average, and we want to buy a few
more!

Notes on Ko. 11

tuōlājl: "tractor" This word may be a sound borrowing from the English
word "tractor," but it also makes good sense in Chinese, since the parts
mean literally, "drag-pull-machine."

píngjūn; "average" This can be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a
verb:

Zhōngguō gōngrénde píngjūn         The average salary of Chinese

shōurù bù duō.                      workers is not much.

Píngjūn yíge rén shi.re Jiāozi How could an average of ten jiāozi zènme
gòu.'                          (dumplings) per person be enough!

Píngjūnqilai wSmen mèige rén When you average it out, each of ygu.
shíkuāi qián.                  us has ten dollars.

-tái: Literally, ’’platform” (as you learned in zhàntái, "station
platform"), this 1* the counter for machines. (The word for "machine,"
jIqì. is number 1U on this reference list.)

mèige dèduì èrshitái: "twenty for each brigade" No verb is necessary
here. Compare:

Yíge rén yíkuài.                   One piece (e.g., of cake) per person.

mèige xTngqí yícì                  once every week

WSmen xuéxiìo píngjǔn wùge         In our school, there is one teacher

xuésheng yíge lāoshī.              for every five students on the

average.

hái xièng dug mH Jitái: "still want to buy a few more" English "more"
sometimes contains' the meaning of "still, additionally" (hái), so the
word "still” is not absolutely necessary in the English translation for
US. Look at other examples of the common pattern hái... dug...;

Zhèige xiāo nánháizl hái xiáng dug chi yíge píngguB, kèshi tā mama bù
gèl!

This little boy (still) wanted to have another apple, but his mother
wouldn't give it to him!

WS hái xíwàng dug xué Jlge yuè Zhgngwén.

I would like to study Chinese for another few months.

Tā hái dèi dug dèng Jitiān cái néng zgu.

He still has to wait another few days before he can leave.

12. A: C6ng túpiìnshang kàn, nimen gǒngzudde hlo xfnkù.

B: Méiyou shenme xlnkù, Jiù shi zài xuéxlèo hòùblanr zhdng diínr cèi.

From the picture it looks like you're working very hard.

Not so hard. We're Just planting some vegetables behind the school.

Notes on No. 12

túpiàn: "picture, photograph" This is usually used for photographs, as
in tupiàn zhfaHn. "photo exhibition" (but some people use it for any
kind of illustration).

xlnkù: "to be arduous, tiring, hard" (literally, "pungent-bitter")

Tā báitiān zuò shi, wínshang It's too tiring for her, working niàn shù,
tài xínkÙ le.            during the daytime and studying

at night.

NI zhème xlnkù yìo lèibìngde. You're going to get sick from fatigue by
working so hard.

zhèng: "to plant" or "to grow" things:

Zhèlkuàl dì zhdng shénme y? bu shǒu.

Zhèng liángshi shi nóngmínde shi.

Zhèige shāoshù mínzú zèi shān-shang zhòngle bù shāo qíguàide dōngxi lái
chi.

You don't harvest anything you plant on this land!

Growing-grain is the business of the peasants.

This minority nationality grows a lot of strange things on the mountain
to eat.

13. zhuānyè

special line/field/discipline (See Notes on No. 10)

14. Jíqì (Jlqi) (yltái)                machine

While walking along WángfBjìng Boulevard in Béijīng, Ms. Olsen (A), an
agricultural specialist iron the United States, and Chén Guōqiéng (B),
from the China Travel Service, stop to look at the photos and articles
displayed in the building of the Peopled Daily. They are looking at an
article about a model connsune, SÌJÌqlng.

-   A: Zhèige dìfang shì bu shi wōmen yào qù cánguānde?

-   B: Shì. Guò liǎngtiān wōmen jiù qù.

A: Wō kàn, zhèige rénmín gōngshè hǎoxiàng yōu yìdiǎnr tèbié ma, tā-mende
shěngchǎn zhùyào shi shūcài hé shulguō.

B: Nl shuōde yìdiǎnr yé bú cuò, zhèi Jiù shi yōu míngde SÌJÌqlng Rénmín
Gōngshè.

A: "SÌJÌqlng"?

B:   Duì le, "yìnián sìjì"de "sìjì,"

"qlng shin là shuì"de "qlng". Nín zài Béijìng Fàndiàn chide cài dàbùfen
dōu shi tamen shēngchǎnde.

Is this one of the places we're going to visit?

Yes. We'll be going in a couple of days.

It looks to me as if this people's commune is rather special. Their
production is mainly vegetables and fruits.

You're absolutely right. This is the famous SÌJÌqlng People's Cossnune.

"SÌJÌqlng?"

Yes. "SÌJÌ" C"Four Seasons"! as in "yinián sìjì" C"throughout the four
seasons of the year," and "qlng" C"green"! as in "qlng shān là shul"
C"green hills and green water"!. Most of the food you eat at the
Béi-Jīng Hotel is produced by them.

-   A: Ou!

-   B: Tǎmen gōngshè yōu sìwànduō m3 t3dì, dàbùfen dōu shi càidì.

-   A: Càidìde miànji zhàn báifēnzhī

duoshlo? Zhèr yōu méiyou xiézhe?

-   B: Zhèr xiǎzhe ne. Càidì zhàn liǎngwàn liǎngqiǎn m3, yíbànr duō
    yidiǎnr.

-   A: Name, hái yōu yíwàn bāqiān m3 ne? Zhòngde dōu shi shénme?

-   B: Tǎmen shuǒ yòng yíwàn mǔ dì zhòng liángshi.

Oh!

Their commune has over four hundred mu of land. Most of it is vegetable
plots.

What percentage do the vegetable plots take up? Is it written here?

Yes, it is. The vegetable plots take up 22,000 mu, a little more than
half.

And what about the other 18,000 mu? What do they grow there?

They say they use 10,000 mu to plant grain.

-   A: fig. ZhiJyào shěngchin shénme Hings hi?

-   B: Dàozi, yōu míngde Jīngxìdào! Bin lii zhèr yìhòu, tiíntiin chí!

A: Aha! Yuánlái ’’Jīngxìdào’* shi Sì-Jìqīng shēngchinde. Tīngshuō
chín-liàng hān gio ou! Muchin yōu yì-qiinduō Jin ba?

-   B: Yōu, milch in zing zài yìqiin yì-

qiin yìbii Jin zuōyōu.

-   A: Ng, zhēnde bú cuò. Nà lìngwài

biqiin mil dōu shi shuīguō?

-   B: Shi. Tāmen gōngshède shuīguō chinliàng yā hān gio.

-   A: Wō hii yōu yíge wèntí, quin gongshè yōu duōshio rénkōu, yōu
    duōshio liodònglì?

-   B: Yōu yíwàn ling bffbliduō hù, sì-

wàn sinqiinduō kōu rén, liingwàn liingqiinduō liodònglì, píngjǔn māige
liodònglì dāi guīn liingmìl dì na!

-   A: Yíge ren gain liingmìl dì hān xīnkù ma?

-   B: Zhǒng cài, shōu cài, xiànzài hii

mil bànfa kào Jíqì, quin dāi kào shōu, zānme bù xlnkil ne?

A: Ml kàn, túpiànshang yōu bù shio tuōlijī, timende Jīxièhuà shuīpíng
xiingding gio ma.

B: Zhèige gōngshè xiingding xiinjìn, yōu yìbii bishi liàng qìchē, dà
xilo tuōlijī sinbii qīshiduō til, kāshi zhèixiē qìchě zhúyàode gong-zuò
shi bi cài sèng dao chéngli qu.

-   A: Ng, wō dōng le, vS Juéde zhèige gōngshè hān yōu tèdiǎn, nī zài
    duō tintan, hāo bu hāo?

What grain do they niy produce?

Rice, the famous Capital-West rice. You’ve been eating it every day
since you came here.

Ah! So Sìjìqīng produces Capital-West rice. I hear that the yield is
very high! The per-mu yield is over one thousand catties, isn’t it?

Yes. The per-mu yield is always approximately 1,100 catties.

Mm, that's really quite good. So then are the remaining 8,000 mu all
fruits?

Yes. Their commune has a very high fruit yield, too.

I have one more question. What's the population of the whole coonsune,
and how many laborers are there?

There are 10,800 households, over U3,000 people, and over 22,000
laborers. On the average, every laborer has to take care of two mu of
land!

Is it very hard work for one person to take care of two mu?

At present they still don't have the means to adopt machines. Planting
and harvesting have to be done entirely by hand. It's hard work all
right.

But look, in these pictures there are lots of tractors. Their level of
mechanization is pretty high!

This commune is quite advanced. They have 180 automobiles, and over 370
tractors. But the main Job of these vehicles is to take the vegetables
into the city.

Mm, I see. This seems to be a very distinctive commune. Could you tell
me more about it?

-   B: Hlo a! Zhèige gōngshède mēige shēngchàn dàduì dǒu yǒu zìjīde
    shēngchàn shǒngdiàn—shēngchàn dàduì nl dǒng bu dǒng?

A: Wǒ zhidao shēngchàn dàduì, shēng-chànduì, shenmede.

B: Nà hào, vǒmen guàn tàmen zhèi-zhǒng zúzhi shēngchànde bànfà Jiào
zhuānyèhuà shēngchMn.

A: À! Mēige shēngchàn dàduì dǒu yǒu zìjīde zhuinyè. Hàojíle. Zhèi duì
fāzhàn shēngchàn yídìng yǒu hēn dàde hàochu.

B:   Shi ma! Shēngchàn fāzhànle, rēn-

mínde shēnghuǒ shulpíng cái néng tígào aa!

A:   Nàme, zhèizhSng zhuānyèhuà shēng

chàn zài quánguǒ shi bu shi hēn pffbiàn ne?

B: Bú shi, quánguǒ dàbùfen gongshè zhúyào háishi shēngchàn liángshi, zài
dà chéngshide Jin Jiāoqū cái yǒu xiàng Sìjìqìng zhèiyangrde gǒngshè.

A: Yǒu Jíhui, vǒ hái xiàng qù cān-guàn yiliàngge pùtōngde gǒngshè. Hái
yǒu píngyuán hi shāndide nǒng-yè shēngchàn qíngkuàng dàgài yē yǒu hēn
duo bù tǒng, rúguǒ yǒu Jl-hui, vǒ hēn xiàng qù liàojiē yíxià tǎmende
qǔbié.

B: Hàode. ZuìJin Jīnián Zhǒngguǒ nóngyè Jiànshè fizhànde hēn kuàl. Nín
shi zhuànjii, nínde yìjian duì vǒoende gǑngzud yídìng yǒu hēn dàde
bāngzhu, vǒ yídìng duǒ gēi nín an-pai Jlge dìfang.

A: Bú bì kèqi, nín ānpaihàole, qīng zào yidiànr gàosu vo.

Every production brigade of the commune has its ovn production
priority-do you understand "production brigade?"

I knov about productions brigades, production teams, and so forth.

Okay, veil ve call this method of organizing production of theirs
specialized production.

Ah! Each production brigade has its ovn specialty. Great. This must be
of great help in expanding production.

Sure! The people's standard of living can only be raised vhen produetion
expands.

So is this kind of specialized production very conuon throughout the
whole country?

No, most of the communes in the coúntry still mainly produce grain. It's
only in the close suburbs of big cities that one finds conmunes like
Sìjìqìng.

If I get the chance, I'd also like to visit one or tvo ordinary
communes. Also, farming production is probably very different on the
plains from that in mountainous regions. If it's possible, I'd like very
much to go look into the differences.

All right. In the past few years, China's agricultural construction has
been moving rapidly ahead. As an expert, your opinions can help us a
great deal in our vork. I'll be sure to arrange a few more visits for
you.

You needn't be polite. Please let me knov soon after you've made the
arrangements.

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.

All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want
to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American is looking over the selection in front of
a vegetable stall in Dōngdān market in Beijing and strikes up a
conversation with the salesperson.

The conversation occurs only once, you’ll probably want to rewind the
tape as you listen a second time.

Here are the new words and phrases conversation:

qíngjiāo běndi chū jú ge lìzi

si Jì yìnián sìjì

chūnjì qiǔjì si JÌ cháng là z3ng miànji

Questions for Exercise 2

After listening to it completely, and answer the questions below

you will need to understand, this

green pepper

this locality

to produce

to give an example

four seasons

in all four seasons of the year, all year round

spring season

fall season

green all year round

total area

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. Where are green peppers grown?

-   2. What is the main product of most people’s conmunes?

-   3. How does the salesperson explain the components of the word
    SÌJÌoIngt

-   U. How much of SÌJÌqlng's total area is planted to vegetables?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the
literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American who is examining several varieties of
rice in the Biijīng Agricultural Exhibition Center talks with a worker.

Listen to the conversation once straight t-H-mugh. Then* on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

plnzhíng Qi ānjIndio míngcí Ching Jiing Jiíngnin

nóngyèqǔ in ping Suing Hi Questions for ExTcise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. What is the chief characteristic of Capital-West Rice?

    variety

    Thousand-Catty Rice

    term* expression

    the Yangtze River

    the area south of the lower reaches

    of the Ching Jiang (Yangtze River)

    farming region

    shore, bank, coast

    to be flat* to be level

    the Yellow River

-   2. How are conditions in the Jiǎngnin region suitable for the
    devel-opnexxt of agriculture?

-   3. Hov does the yield of Thousand-Catty Rice compare with the
    average yield for grains?

-   U. Describe the production brigade in Shǎnxī that the American heard
    about.

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.

Exercise U

This conversation takes place during a visit by an American farm owner
to the apple orchard of NánkSu Farm in Biijīng.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.

You will need the following new words and phrases:

  ---------------------- ---------------------------
  níngchlng              farm
  nóngmín                peasant
  gǒngren                worker
  yìnián bl yiniin duo   more and more every year
  píngjǔnshù             an average number, a mean
  xiànjln                cash
  cúnkuXn                savings
  dàibiíotuán            delegation
  ---------------------- ---------------------------

Questions for Exercise U

-   1. What is the first question the American asks the worker?

-   2. Who runs Ninkíu Farm?

-   3. What are the differences between peasants and agricultural
    workers?

1». How haw the income of peasants changed? What is the major cause of
the change?

J. What is the American's comment about the success of China's efforts
to modernize agriculture?

6. (Extra) Pretend that you are going to visit a farm around Blijīng.
_(a) Hat of questions you would like to ask the workers.

After you hare answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you pronounce your answers correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

Thia dialogue takes place in front of a vegetable stall in Dōngdān
market in BUjIng. An American customer (A) is looking over the
selection.

Here he talks with the salesperson.

A:

Ài, zhèige qíngjiāo hlo dà a! IS hèn xīnxian, shi bèndì chūde ba?

Wow! These green peppers are so big! They're very fresh, too. They must
be local produce, aren't they?

B:

Shi cōng Jiioqū láide.

They come from the suburbs.

A:

Béijlng Jiāoqūde rénmín gōngshè dōu zhōng shūcài ma?

Do all the people's communes in the suburbs of BèiJIng grow vegetables?

B:

Xiànzàide rénmín gōngshè zhūyào háishi zhōng liángshi, Jiāoqūde gōngshè
yōu xie dàduì zhōng shūcài, dāngrán yō yōu zhuānyèhuàde gōngshè.

These days most people's communes still mainly produce grain. In
communes in the suburbs, some brigades grow vegetables, and, of course,
there are also specialized conasunM.

A:

Zhuānyèhuà shi shénme yìsi?

What does specialized mean?

B:

Zènme shuō ne? Wō shìzhe Jú ge lìzi ba.

How should I explain it? I'll try and give you an example.

A:

ftg, nl shuō shuo kan.

Mm, go ahead.

B: Bìfang shuǒ SÌJÌqlng zhèige gong- For instance, the commune SÌJÌqlng.
shè.

A: "SÌJÌqlng” shi shénme yìsi?

What does "SÌJÌqlng” mean?

B: Ng, "yī èr sān sì"de "si," "chūn-Jì, qiūjì"de "Jì," "qlng" Jiù shi
"īa"de yìsi.

Si C"four"] as in yi èr sān si C"one two three four"]. Jì C"season"] as
in chūnjì. qiūjì C"spring season, fall season"]. Qlng means "green."

-   A: À! Nà shi si Jì cháng 15.de yìsi.

Ah! So it means "green all year round."

-   B: Duì le, Jiù shi yīnvei nèige gōngshè yìnián sìjì dōu shi lade,
    wōmen cái guln ta Jiào SÌJÌqlng. Nà shi ge xiānjìnde gōngshè. Tā-men
    Jiù zhōng cài!

-   A: Jiù zhōng cài?.' À! Duì le, duì le, suōyl guln zhèige gōngshè
    Jiào zhuānyèhuà gōngshè.

-   B: Ou, wō shuōde "jiù zhong cài" bú shi shuō bāifēnzhī bāi a! Jiù
    shi

Right. It's precisely because the cojanune is green all year round that
we call it SÌJÌqlng. It's an advanced commune. They grow only
vegetables.

Only vegetables? Oh! Of course. That's why they call it a specialized
commune.

Oh, when I said "only vegetables,” I didn't mean one hundred percent! I

ahu3, càidìde miànji hén di, zhàn gongshi z8ng miànjide bàifēnzhf
ql-bǎshí!

-   A: Suóyi zhèige xiànjìn gdngshè zhūyàode shēngchàn shi shǔcài!

-   B: Duì le, yìdiànr d5u bú cud! Zhèige dà qlngjiào jiù shi cóng nàr
    láide. DuS mài jlge ba!

-   A: Hào, w8 mài yìjln.

mean that the area of their vegetable plots is very large. They make up
seventy or eighty percent of the commune's total area!

So the main product of this commune is vegetables!

Right, absolutely correct. These big green peppers are from there.

Buy a bunch of them!

Okay, I’ll take one catty.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

In the Bàijlng Agricultural Exhibition Center, an American (A) is
examining several varieties of rice. He talks vith a worker from the
Center (2).

A: Nlmende dàozi plnzhàng h?n duo ma!

-   B: Plnzhàng shi bù shào, chànliàng bijiào gàode shi zhèi shíjízhSng.

-   A: Tàmende chànliàng zài zhèr ySu méiyou xiàzheT

-   B: Xiàzhe ne! Nín xiànzài kàndaode shi Jīngxldào, múchàn yìqiǎn
    yìbài jin zuSydu.

-   A: Ò, zhè jiù shi Q<ǎn.1 Indàode yìzhSng le.

-   B: dg. Jlngxldàode tèdiàn jiù shi hào chi. "Qiinjīndào" zhèige
    míng-cí zuì zào shi zài Jiingnén yd ng, xīknzài Jiàngnín dàozi
    chànliàng hái shi bijiào gio yixLe.

-   A: Duì, Jiàngnén duSbànr shi píng-yuán, méiyou shénme shàndì, shui
    ydu fàngbian, nóngyè shengchàn fāzhànqilai bijiào ydu tiéojiàn.

-   B: Jiù shi ma.' Sudyl Jiāngr.án yìzhí shi w8 guó zhdngyàode
    nóngyèqū.

You have so many varieties of rice!

Yes, there are a lot of varieties. The ones with the highest yields are
these ten or so here.

Are their yields written down here?

Yes. What you're looking at now is Capital-West Rice. It has a per-mu
yield of approximately 1,100 catties.

Oh, this is one kind of Thousand-Catty Rice.

Mm. Capital-West Rice is distinguished for being good to eat. The term
Thousand-Catty Rice was first used in Jiàngnln Cthe area south of the
lover reaches of the Yangtze River!. Today the yield of rice in that
area is still comparatively high.

Of course. Jiāngnén is mostly flatlands . There are hardly any hills.
Water is convenient, too. The conditions are better for the development
of agriculture.

Exactly! That's why Jiāngnén has always been an important agricultural
region of our country.

A: Búguò, wō xiāng xiànzài Huǎng He lilac ànda nōngyè shēngchln
qíngkuàng ye "bú cud le. Tlngshuó, xiànzài liíngshi méimù píngjūn
chXnliàng dōu zài sì-vùbXijīn zuōydu le.

B:   Chàbuduō shi zhèiyang. Wō xiXng

zài gud J Iniin qíngkuàng huì gèng hXo yixiě.

-   A: Shíduōniǎn qiǎn vS tlngshuōguo

Shanxi yíge shēngchXn dàduì net chàbuduō quǎn shi shāndì, méiyou jīmú dì
shi píngde, kāshi tāmen mèiniǎn y? mai g?i guójiā bù shXo de liíngshi
ne!

-   B: Xiànzài, zhèiyangde dàduì, gōng

shè bù shXo le. Ching. Jiang. Jiāngnǎn, Huǎng Hé shang xia nXr dōu yōu
a!

A: Ng, bú cuò bú cud, Zhǒngguóde nōngyè dà yōu xīwàng!

But I think that now agricultural production is quite good on both sides
of the Yellow River. I hear that the average per-mu yield of grain is
now around four or five hundred catties.

That’s about the way it is. And I think -that in another few years the
situation will be even better.

Ten or so years ago I heard about a production brigade in Shǎnxī that
was almost all on hilly land. There were only a few mu of flat land, but
they still sold a lot of grain to the state every year!

These days, there are a lot of brigades and communes like that. They’re
everywhere—the Yangtze River, Jiāngnǎn, and the Yellow River area.

Mm, great, great. China's agriculture has a great future!

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U

An American farm owner (A) is visiting BéijIng's Nǎnkōu Farm. In the
apple orchard, he talks with a responsible person from the farm (C).

C: Wōmende píngguō zènmeyàng? Hǎi How are our apples? Not too bad,

kéyi chī ba?

A: í?g, zhěn bú cud, hān tiǎn, hèn hXo chi.

-   C: Lǎi, zài chī yige!

A: Ò, bù néng zài chī le, wǒmen Jiù liǎoliao tiǎnr ba!

C: Hlo a! Nī xiXng liǎo shenme?

A: Nimen nōngchǎngde zúzhi hé rénmín gōngshè yōu hān dàde qubié ma?

C: Yōu. NŌngchXng shi guojiā bànde. Zài nōngchǎng gōngzuòde rén bú shi
pútōngde nóngmín, shi nōngyè gōng-ren.

are they?

Mm, they're really good. Very sweet. Delicious.

Here, have another!

Oh, I can't eat any more. Let's just chat!

Sure! What would you like to talk about?

Is there a big difference between the organization of your farm and that
of a commune?

Yes. The farm is run by the state. The people who work on the farm
aren't ordinary peasants, they're agricultural workers.

A: Ò. Nàae nōngyè gōngren shi ná zhèngftt gōngzīde. Tinen hé nōng-mín
hi! yōu shénme bù yíyàngde meiyou?

C: Méiyou shenme. TSmende gōngzuō shi yíyàngde, dōu shi gio nōngyè
shéngchln.

-   A: Nōngyè gōngrende shōurù bí nōng-mín duō ba?

C: Bù yídìng. Xiànzài yōu zìyōu ahichkng, yìbSnde nōngmínde shōurù dōu
bí yíqián duōduō le.

-   B: Shì ma?

A: LÍ wōmen nōngchàng bù yuinde dì-fangr yōu yige gōngshè, yíqián,
Jì-xièhuà shuīpíng yé bù gio, dàjià xínxīnkùkū gōngzuōle yìnián, gōngshè
shōurù bù duō, Jiáli fēnde yí bù duō, shēnghuō zhēn bù rōngyi. Kèshi
xiànzài yōule zìyōu shìching tamende qíngkuàng hioduō le, chúle zhōng
liángshi yíwài, tamen y? yōule shūcài, shuīguō, shenmede, shōurù yìnián
bl yìnián duō a!

A:   Name xiànzài píngjūn méige láo-

dōnglì yìnián kéyi yōu duōshlo xiànjìn shōurù?

-   C: PÍngjūnshù wō bú tài zhīdao. WŌ

rènshi yìjlā rén, Jlili yōu dàren xiíoháizi qī-bikōu, yŌu sìge bin
láodōnglì. Cōngqián niánnián méiyou shénme xíìnlìn shōurù.

A: Zènme huì méiyou xiànjīn shōurù ne?

C: Yìnián Jiù néng fēn diinr liáng-shi, nir hái yōu shénme xiànjín a!

A: Xiànzài ne?

Oh, so agricultural workers are on government salary.. Are they
different in any other ways from peasants?

Not really. Their work is the same. They’re both in agricultural
production.

Agricultural workers have higher incomes than peasants, don't they?

Not necessarily. Now, with free markets, most peasants have a much
higher income than before.

Is that so?

Not far from our farm there's a commune. In the past, their level of
mechanization wasn't high. After everybody had toiled for a whole year,
the commune didn't have much income, so each family's allotment wasn't
much either. Life was really hard. But now, with free markets, their
situation is much better. Besides growing grain, they now also have
vegetables, fruits, and so on. Their income is more and more every year.

So how much cash income can a laborer earn per year?

I don't really know the average figure. I know one family with seven or
eight adults and children, and four and a half laborers. It used to be
that every year they didn't have any cash income.

How could it be that they didn't have any cash income?

In one year they could only get their little allotment of grain. How
could they get any cash!

How about now?

C:   Qùnián tǎmen Jiǎ fSnle bǎ-Jiùbài-

kuài qián, hái yǒu yíge háizi shàngle dàxué. NĪ kàn zànmeyàng a?

A: Ng, shi hàodeduǒ le, kàshi vèi-shenme gàibiàn zhème dà ne?

C:   Zhèi Jiù shi xiànzài zhèngfúde

jingji zhèngcè hào a! Jingji zhèngcè gàibiànle, nǒngcūnde shēng-huǒ Jiu
hào la! Xiànzài, nèige gǒngshè yǒu yíbàn duo yidiànrde hùr zài yfnhéngli
yǒu cúnkuàn. Nl kàn, nà bú shi hàodeduǒ le ma?

A: Nín shuō xiàng nèige gongshè nèi-yangde qíngxing zài quánguǒ shi bu
shi hén pttbiàn ne?

C:   Hèn pùbiàn... .Nimen zhèige nǒng-

yè zhuǎnjiǎ dàibiàotuán zǒule nàme duǑ difang, kànle nàme duō
nǒng-chàng, gǒngshè, nín Juéde zànme-yàng ne?

-   A: Wǒmen xiàng zhèijlnián Zhǒngguō nǒngyède xiàndàihuà shi gàode bú
    cuò.

-   B: Shi ma! WS gǎngcái shuōde nèige gǒngshè yà màile bù shào tuōlǎjī
    le. Tīngshuō xiànzài rnàige dàduì shívú-tái, tǎmen shuō tǎmen hái
    xiàng duō mài Jītái na!

A: Hào a! Hào a!

-   C: Duì le, wǒmen nǒngchàng dà ménkǒu yǒu hào duō túpiàn, llbian yà
    yǒu nèige gǒngshède, vǒ dài nīmen kànkan qu!

A: Hào! Zǒu!

Last year their allotment was eight or nine hundred dollars, and one of
their children started college. What do you think of that?

Mm, that is much better. But vhy has the change been so great?

That’s because nov the economic policy of the government is good. Since
the economic policy changed, life in rural areas has been good. In that
commune nov a little over half of the households have bank savings. See,
isn't that much better?

Would you say that that commune's situation is very common throughout
the country?

Yes, it's very connon....Nov that your delegation of agricultural
specialists has been to so many places and seen so many farms and
communes, what are your opinions?

We think that in the past fev years, the modernization of China's
agriculture has come along very veil.

You bet! That commune that I Just mentioned has bought a lot of
tractors. I hear that each brigade nov has fifteen tractors, and they
vent to buy even more!

Great, great!

Oh—at the front gate of our farm, there are a lot of pictures, including
some of that commune. I'll take you to see them!

Okay! Let's go!

1.

A:

Wànll

[]

zhěn y8u ma?

B: Chángchéng JīngguSle hloJige shEng, yígòng y8u yíwàn èrqiīn 11 chúng.

Is the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li really ten thousand li long?

The Great Wall goes through many provinces and is altogether twelve
thousand li long.

-   2. A: Tlngahuō. Wànll Chángchéng xiūguo hàojlcì le.

B: Shi, c6ng Qíncháo dào xiànzài yìzhí zài xiū.

-   3. A: Bādállngshangde Chángchéng hloxiang bú shi Qíncháo Jiànzhùde.

B: 5g, ni shuōde duì, shi Ming-chío chōngxln jiànzhùde.

-   4. A: Zài lìshlshang y8u zhème duō cì yòng BliJIng zuò shSudǔ.

B: Na shi ylnwei dìxíng hào.

-   5. A: ZhèizhSng dìxíng bījilo rōngyi fíngbèi blifing líide qlnlúè.

-   6. A: Nimen yōulàn Jìhuàll y8u méiyou ShTsinlíng?

    B:

W8 zhldao nimen Jiànzhù aōngxuBzhl duì Shísānlíngde dìxià gōngdiàn hln
y8u xìngqu, w8men hōutiǎn qù.

I’ve heard that the Great Wall has been repaired a great many times.

Yes, from the Qin Dynasty up until now, there have been repairs all
along.

It seems to me that the Great Wall at Bādállng wasn't built during the
Qin Dynasty.

Mm, you're right. It was rebuilt .from scratch during the Ming Dynasty.

Throughout history Bíijīng has been used as a capital so many times.

That's because the terrain is good.

This kind of terrain makes it easier to guard against invasion from the
north.

Does your sightseeing plan include the Thirteen Tombs?

I know that all of you in architecture and structural engineering are
very interested in the underground palaces at the Thirteen Tombs. We'll
go the day after tomorrow.

-   7. A: Chúle gfldài Zhōngguō Jiànzhù yìahu yiwài. nimen hái xiXng qù
    kàn shénme?

B: TIngshuS yōu Jīge jiàotáng y? kii men le. Wōmen xiang qù kànkan.

-   8. A: Wō yào dào Tiān'ānmén qù kànkan. Zuò Jllù gōnggòng qìchě hXo?

-   B: Xīngqitiān qìchě kě jì le. Nl zuì hio zōuzhe qu.

-   9. A: Wō hěn xìnshing nimen Jiěfàng ylh8u~gàide Shi Dà Jiànzhù.

-   B: Nín tài kèqi le.

-   10. A: Wōmen yljing Juédìng chile fàn yīháu qu mil dōngxi.

-   B: Háo. Cōng zhèr chuǎn^uB guXngchXng jiù yōu shāng-diàn le.

-   11. A: Gùgōng yìtiān kàndewán kanbuwán?

B: Yìtiǎn nXr kàndewán!

-   12. A: Shéi qùguo Zhōngguō, shéi jiù huì xiíngzhe ta.

-   13. cháodài

What would you like to go see in addition to ancient Chinese
architectural art?

I've heard that there are also some churches which have opened. We would
like to go see them.

I want to go see the Gate of Heavenly Peace. What bus should I take?

It's Sunday and buses are really crowded. It would be best to walk.

I really admire the Ten Great Structures you've built since liberation.

You're too polite.¹

We've already decided that after we eat we're going shopping.

Okay, from here cross through the square and there are some stores.

Can you see all of the Imperial Palace in one day?!

How could you see it all in one day?

Whoever goes to China will always think of it.

dynasty

11». The Major Chinese Dynasties

  ------ ----------- ------- ---------------------------
  Qlng   16UU-1911   Suí     581-618
  Ming   1368-16UU   Hàn     206 B.C.-A.D. 220
  Yuán   1271-1368   Qin     221 B.C.-207 B.C.
  Jin    1115-123U   Zhou    c. 11th century-256 B.C.
  Liío   916-1125    Shing   c. 16th-llth century B.C.
  Song   960-1297    Xià     c. 21st-16th century B.C.
  Ting   618-907             
  ------ ----------- ------- ---------------------------

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| BādílTng (BÍdàllng)               | (mountain northwest of Bíijlng,   |
|                                   | site of a famous section of the   |
|                                   | Great Wall)                       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -chío cháodài chángxln chuānguò   | dynasty (bound form) dynasty      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | again, anew, afresh to pass, to   |
|                                   | cross                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| dìxíng                            | topography, terrain               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| fíngbèi                           | to take precautions against       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gìi go ng di àn gōngzuòzh?        | to build (buildings); to cover    |
| gulngchàng gǔdài Gùgǒng           | palace                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | worker                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (public) square                   |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | ancient times, antiquity Former   |
|                                   | Imperial Palace                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| JI                                | to be crowded                     |
|                                   |                                   |
| Jiànzhù (-zhú, -zhu)              | to build, to construct; structure |
|                                   | church, cathedral                 |
| Jiàotáng                          |                                   |
|                                   | to decide                         |
| Juédìng                           |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| k?                                | indeed, certainly                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -11                               | li. a unit of length (1/2 km.)    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| MÍngcháo                          | (name of a dynasty, 1368-16UU)    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Suzhou                            | Europe                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Qlánmen Qíncháo qlnlūè            | (a gate in Bíijīng)               |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (name of a dynasty, 221-207 B.C.) |
|                                   | to invade; aggression             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| shèng Shísānlíng shSudū           | province                          |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | the Thirteen Tombs (Ming Tombs)   |
|                                   | capital                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Tiān’ānmén                        | the Gate of Heavenly Peace the    |
|                                   | Temple of Heaven                  |
| Tian Tin                          |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Wànll Chángchéng                  | the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| xlnshàng xiū                      | to appreciate/enjoy/admire        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to build, to construct (roads,    |
|                                   | reservoirs, etc.); to repair; to  |
|                                   | trim, prune                       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Yíhéyuán (YÌ-) yìshu yóulàn       | the Summer Palace (in Blijīng)    |
|                                   | art                               |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to sightsee, to tour, to visit    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

1. A: Wànll Chángeháng zhēn y3u

yívàn 11 cháng ma?

B: Chángchēng jīngguòle hǎojīge shěng, yígòng yBu yívàn èrqiān 11 cháng.

Is the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li really ten thousand li long?

The Great Wall goes through many provinces and is altogether twelve
thousand li long.

Notes on No. 1

11: A Chinese unit of length, equal to one-half kilometer. Lí. is often
used to measure the noun lù ("road," but here meaning simply "walking or
riding distance"):

CBng nl jiǎ dào xuēxiào yBu        How many 11 is it from your house

jīlī lù?                            to the school?

The unit of distance 11 is often used in rural areas, but rarely in the
city.

Wànll Chángchēng: You learned Chángchēng. "the Great Wall," in the
Meeting module. The descriptive term Wànll Chángchēng comes from the
fact that the wall is over twelve thousand 11 in total length
(approximately 6,700 kilometers).

yBu yívàn 11 cháng: "is ten thousand li long" Use the verb yBu (not shi)
in sentences telling or asking length, height, area, time, age, etc. In
such sentences, y3u has the special meaning "to attain, to come up to (a
certain level)."

  ------------------------------ ----- ----------- -------------------------------------------------
  CBng zhèr dào ■ huBchēzhàn !   yBu   duB yuǎn?   "How far is it from here to the train station?"
  ChàbuduB       !               yBu   yìlī 1Ù.    "It’s about one 11."
  ------------------------------ ----- ----------- -------------------------------------------------

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Nīde háizi      | yBu             | duB dà?         | "How old is     |
|                 |                 |                 | your child?"    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Tǎ              | f yBu           | sǎnsui duō.     | "He is over     |
|                 |                 |                 | three years     |
|                 |                 |                 | old."           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Hi              | : yBu           | duB gāo?        | "How tall are   |
|                 |                 |                 | you?"           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| W8              | : yBu           | yìmī bǎ.        | "I’m one meter  |
|                 |                 |                 | eighty (cm)."   |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Shànghǎide      | ! zhī           | liǎngge yuè.    | "Winter in      |
| dōngtiǎn        |                 |                 | Shànghǎi is     |
|                 | : yBu           |                 | only two months |
|                 |                 |                 | (long)."        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

The negative of such sentences uses mēiyBu:

-   A: Dào huBchēzhàn zhēn yBu vull lù ma?

-   B: MēiyBu wùlí, hen Jin.

Tǎ méiyBu vùshlsuì, tā cái sìshijí.

Is it really five 11 to the train station?

No, it isn’t. It’s very close.

He isn’t (as old as) fifty years old; he’s only forty-something.

jingguále hǎojìge shèng: goes through many provinces’* This sentence
illustrates vail that completion -le is completely different from
English past tense. Eves with completion -le, the verb still means "goes
throng^ ₁ ^(w) not "vent through." The completion of an event in the
past can result in a present state (for example, the Great Wall was
built in the past and is still standing), and so -le must sometimes be
translated into English with the

present tense. Other examples:

W3 xiànzài dSngle ta vèishénme méi gēn tǎ jiéhūn.

W<5 dǎile yǎnjìng, nī dou bú rènshi w8 le, shì ma?

Zhèibēn shǔ jièshàole Mèiguóde zhèngzhi qíngkuàng.

Nov I understand why he didn’t marry her.

You don’t recognize me with glasses on, eh? (I am wearing glasses.)

This book introduces the American political situation.

shēng: "province" Shēng takes the counter -ge. or is sometimes used
without a counter.

Zhǔngguó yfgdng yǔu èrshièrge shēng.

China has twenty-two provinces altogether.

2. A: Tīngshuǒ Wànll Chǎngchéng xiǔguo hǎojicì le.

B: Shì, cúng Qínchǎo dào xiànzài yìzhi zài xiū.

I’ve heard that the Great Wall has been repaired a great many times.

Yes, from the Qin Dynasty up until now, there have been repairs all
along.

Notes on No. 2

xiǔ: "to repair" roads, structures, cars, radios, shoes, etc. Also, "to
trim" hair, fingernails, or "to prune" trees, shrubbery, etc. Also, "to
build, to construct" reservoirs, railroads, roads, irrigation ditches,
etc.

xiǔguo hlo jìcì le: "has been repaired a great many times" The -le at
the end of the sentence adds on the meaning "so far." Here are other
examples of the pattern . . . -guo . . . -le:

Zhèige dilaying tǎ kànguo liǎng- He has seen this movie tvice, and cì
le, hǎi bù zhīdào zènme hui he still doesn’t know what it’s shì.
                               all about.

Tǎ kǎoguo liǎngcì le, dou bù He has taken the exam tvice, but xíng.
                             didn’t make it either time.

Qínchǎo: "the Qin Dynasty" (221-207 B.C.)

^ìzhí_(B)_*ài_(J)jiū: Literally, "all-along in-process-of repair," i.e.,
"it has been being repaired all along.”

3. A:

Bādálīngshangde Chángchéng hloxiang bú shi Qíncháo jiànzhùde.

B: jìg, ni shuode duì, shi Míng-cháo chúngrìn jiànzhùde.

It seems to me that Cthe section of! the Great Wall at Bādálīng wasn’t
built during the Qin Dynasty.

Mm, you’re right. It was rebuilt from scratch during the Míng Dynasty.

Notes on No. 3

Bādálīng: A mountain seventy-five kilometers northwest of Béijīng, over
which passes a section of the Great Wall dating from the Ming Dynasty
(1368-16UU). This is the usual spot to which tourists are taken to see
the Great Wall. (Some people pronounce this with different tones:
Bádàltng.)

hāoxiang: "to seem," but here meaning "it seems to me," as in

W8 hǎoxiàng zài nǎr Jiànguo        It seems to me I’ve seen this man

zhèige rén.                         somewhere before.

Ni hǎoxiàng gàosuguo vS zhèi- It seems to me you’ve told me jiàn shi.
                          this before.

jiànzhù: As a verb, "to build, to construct":

Zhèige dàlóu shi néinián           When was this building constructed?

Jiànzhùde?

As a noun, "a structure" or "architecture":

Zhèi shi Qíncháode jiànzhù.

Tǎ shi xué jiànzhùde. chóngadn: "again, afresh, anew" Zhèixli pánziwàn
xlde bù gǎnjing, qing ni chéngxīn xi yícì.

This is a structure from the Qin Dynasty.

He studied architecture.

These dishes were not washed clean; please wash them again.

Chéngxīn is often followed by zài, "again":

ZuBde bù hāode huà, chéngxīn zài If (we) don’t do it well, we’ll do zu8.
                               it all over again.

h. A: Zài lìshlshang yǒu zhème duō Throughout history Beijing has been
cì yòng Bíijlng zuō shSudū.     used as a capital so many times.

-   B: Nà shi yīnwei dìxíng hào. That’s because the terrain is good.

Notes on No. U

zài lìshlshang: "in history, down through history” Chinese often uses
-shang, "on,” where English would use ”in," especially for the meaning
"in such-and-such a field or area”: zài jíngjishang, "in economy,
economically"; zài xuéxíshang, "in (one’s) studies”; zài shěngchànshang,
”in production”; and, of course, bàozhishang, ”in the newspaper,” etc.

yòng■..zuò...: ”to use... as...”

Tā yòng tǎmen jiāde kètíng         He uses their living room as

zuò bàngōngshì.                     an office.

-   5. A: Zhèizhǒng dìxíng bijiào         This kind of terrain makes it
    easier

rōngyi fángbèi běifǎng          to guard against invasion from

láide qínlflè.                     the north.

Notes on No. 5

qínluè: As a verb, ”to invade”:

Sūlián wèishénme qinluè Āfùhàn? Why did the Soviet Union invade
Afghanistan?

As a noun, ”invasion" or "aggression”:

WSmen bìxū fángbèi Sǔliánde        We must guard against Soviet

qinluè.                             aggression.

beifang láide: "coming from the north” The word cōng, ’’from," is often
omitted from phrases such as the following:

-   A: Nèige xuéxiàode Zhǒngguo xuésheng dǒu shi Táiwān láide ma?

-   B: Bú shi, y? yǒu dàlù láide.

Cong Shànghii qù Xīběi zhùde rén hen duo, Bàijlng qùde yé yǒu.

Rén shi hǒuzi biànde.

Are the Chinese students in that school all from Taiwan?

No, there are also some from the mainland.

There are many people who have gone to live in the Northwest from
Shànghài, and there are also some who have gone there from Bàijlng.

Man came ("changed") from the monkey

-   6. A: Nīmen yōulàn Jìhuàlī yōu meiyou Shísānlíng?

B: Wō zhīdao nīmen Jiànzhù gōngzuòzhě duì Shísānlíngde dìxiì gōngdiàn
hěn yōu xìngqu, wōmen hòutiān qù.

Notes on No. 6

yōulān: ’’to sightsee,” ”to tour"

Dào Běijīngde wàiguo rén dōu xiāng qù Shísānlíng yōulān.

Dào Changchéng qùde yóulānchē měitiān sìbān.

Does your sightseeing plan include the Thirteen Tombs?

I know that all of you in architecture and structural engineering are
very interested in the underground palaces at the Thirteen Tombs. We’ll
go the day after tomorrow.

Foreigners who go to Beijing all want to go to the Thirteen Tombs to
sightsee.

There are four tour buses to the

Great Wall every day.

Shísānlíng; "the Thirteen Tombs,” also called "the Ming Tombs," because
they date from the Ming Dynasty. These are located outside of Běijīng.

gōngzuòzhě: "worker" in a particular field, e.g., Jiàoyu gōngzuòzhě,
"educational worker," xīnwén gōngzuòzhě, "Journalist," yǔyán gōngzuòzhě,
"language worker." Such terms are PRC usage, sometimes created to
replace titles with elitist connotations.

Do not confuse this with the general term for "worker," gōngren, which
will be introduced in Unit 6.

-   7. A: Chúle gǔdài Zhōngguō Jiànzhù yìshu yīwài, nīmen hái xiāng qù
    kàn shénme?

B; Tīngshuǒ yōu Jīge Jiàotáng you kāi mén le, wōmen xiāng qù kànkan.

Notes on No. 7

gǔdài: "ancient," the opposite mainly in compound words:

Běijīng shi yíge gǔchéng.

Gǔrén yōu yíjù huà, "Jiāozhě bì bài."

Zài gǔshíhòu zhèige guōjiāde wénhuà yījīng hěn fāda le.

Gǔdài is also used as a noun meaning

What would you like to go see in addition to ancient Chinese
architectural art?

I’ve heard that there are some churches which have reopened. We would
like to go see them.

of xiàndài. Gǔ-, "ancient," is used

Běijīng is an ancient city.

The ancients had a saying, "Pride goeth before the fall."

This country’s culture was already well developed in ancient times.

"ancient times, antiquity."

/D!

yìshu: "art," meaning either "the arts" or "skill" Yìshujiā is an
"artist."

WS tīngshuō nī zài zhèr xuē yìshu, nī shi xué xiàndài yìshu háishi gǔdài
yìshu?

Jiāo shū shi yìzhōng yìshu.

Jiàotáng: "church," literally,

I understand you study art here; do you study modern art or ancient art?

Teaching is an art.

religion-hall"

-   8. A: W8 yào dào Tiān’ārunén qù        I want to go see the Gate of
    Heavenly

kànkan. Zuò jīlù gōnggòng Peace. What hus should I take? qìchē hào?

-   B: Xīngqītiān qìchē kě Jī le. It’s Sunday and buses are really Nī
    zuì hào zōuzhe qù.           crowded. It would he best to walk.

Notes on No. 8

kē: Notice that kē, "indeed, certainly, really," is often accompanied by
le at the end of the sentence:

Wō xiànzài zài kàn tā zuì xīnde I'm reading his latest book nov. shū, k?
yōu yìsi le.                It's really interesting.

-   9. A: Wō hēn xīnshāng nīmen Jiēfàng I really admire the Ten Great
    Struc-yīhòu~gàide Shi Dà Jiànzhù. tures you’ve built since
    liberation.

B: Nín tài kèqi le.                 You’re too polite.

Notes on No. 9

gài: "to build," only used for buildings. (Another common use of this
word is as the verb "to cover," which was the original meaning.)

Zhèige fángzi gàile duSshXo nián le?

How old is this house/building? (lit., "How many years has it been since
this house was built?")

Shi Dà Jiànzhù; The "Ten Great Structures" in Bēijīng were designed and
built in the 1950s by the Chinese themselves. The authorities wanted to
modernize the layout of the capital and at the same time to commemorate
the revolutionary victory and its heroes. The architectural styles
include Western as well as traditional Chinese. The buildings are as
follows: Bōi-jīng Railroad Station, Museum of Art, Museum of History,
Great Hall of the People, Revolutionary Military Museum, Telegraph
Building, Nationalities Cultural Palace, Agricultural Exhibition Hall,
Workers Stadium, and the Monument to the People's Heroes.

-   10. A: Wǒmen yìjīng Juédìng chile fàn yīhòu qù mǎi dōngxi.

-   B: Hǎo. Cōng zhèr chuǎnguò guǎngchǎng Jiù yōu shǎng-diàn le.

We’ve already decided that after we eat we’re going shopping.

Okay, from here cross through the square and there are some stores.

Notes on No. 10

Juědìng: "to decide" a course of action, or a "decision”

Tāmen Juedìng yào ban dào Nlǔ Yuē qù zhù le.

Wō Juedìng míngtiān zài zuò zhèijiàn shi.

Wō Juedìng qù le.

Wō yào hé Huǎshèngdùn fǎngmian shǎngliang yíxià cai néng zuō Juedìng.

chuǎnguò: "to cross through"

CŌng zhèr chuǎnguoqu Jiù dào le.

They decided to move to New York.

I’ve decided not to do this until tomorrow.

I’ve decided to go. (Note that ~le is not attached to juédìng here even
though "decided” is a completed action. The verb which follows Juédìng
prevents this.)

I have to discuss this with Washington before I can make a decision.

We Just cross through here and then we’re there.

guǎngchǎng: "square" in a city (the literal meaning is "wide-field")

-   11. A: Gùgōng yìtiǎn kàndewǎn         Can you see all of the
    Imperial Palace

kànbuwǎn?                       in one day?

-   B: Yìtiǎn nǎr kàndewǎn!           How could you see it all in one
    day?!

Notes on No. 11

Gùgōng; The full name is Gùgōng Bōwùyuàn, "the Former Imperial Palace
Museum." This was the palace of the ruling families of the Ming and Qìng
dynasties. It is located in the center of Béijìng. In conversation it is
usually referred to simply as the Gùgōng (literally, "Former-palace").

kàndewǎn kànbuwǎn?: "can (one) finish seeing (it)?" This is the compound
verb of result kànwǎn, "finish seeing," with the syllables -de- and -bu-
inserted between the action and the result. Notice that in the question
form, the affirmative choice is given first and the negative choice
second, Just as in simple questions like qù bu qù (which means qù hǎishi
bú qù). In some varieties of Standard Chinese, the question form of
verbs like kàndewǎn

follows the pattern Action bu Action-de-Result: Kàn bu kàndeván? This
pattern is increasingly common.

Gùgōng yìtiānkàndewán kànbuwán?: Note the placement of the time
expression yìti&n. ^(W)one day,” BEFORE the verb. Expressions telling
that something is done WTrnlN a certain period of time (usually
translated as "in" a certain period) come BEFORE the verb.’ Other
examples:

Nl yìtiǎn néng huílai ma?          Can you get back in one day?

Méi wèntí, bàntiān Jiù huílai No problem. I’ll be back in half le.
                                   a day.

W5 yìhuìr yào chūqu.               I’ll be going out in a while.

Tǎ yíge zhSngtéu Jiù xuéhuì le. He learned it in Just an hour.

W3 liángge yuè qù yícì.            I go once in two months.

n&r: The word for "where" is used here to make a rhetorical question
(one to which no answer is expected) implying the negative of what it
says. Other examples:

Nár y<5u name rèngyì!                Since when is it that easy’. (It

isn’t at all so easy.)

W8 nár zhldào tǎ yíjlng Jiéhūn How was I to know that she was lei
                                 already married! (i.e., I had no

way of knowing)

12. A: Shéi qùguo Zhōngguó, shéi Jiù huì xiàngzhe ta.

Whoever goes to China will always think of it.

Notes on No. 12

shéi...shéi Jiù...: "whoever..." You can use an interrogative pronoun—
shéi, shénme, něige, zènme, náli, shénme shíhou, duōshào, etc.—in a
dependent clause and then repeat it in the main clause to get meanings
like "whoever," "whatever," "however," "wherever," "whenever," "however
much," etc. The adverb Jiù, "then," is often used in the main clause.

NX xūyào shénme, w3 Jiù gěi nl shénme.

I’ll give you whatever you need.

  --------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
  Náli duì nl zuì fàngbian wSmen Jiù zài náli Jlàn mi an.   We’ll meet wherever is most convenient for you.
  Shéi xiXng qù, shéi Jiù qù.                               Whoever wants to go, goes.
  --------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------

’Remember: Time expressions referring to POINTS in time, including ones
like "in (by the end of) two days," go BEFORE; those describing the
CONTINUATION of time go AFTER. (Review the note on placement of time
phrases in the Meeting module, Unit 1, Notes on No. 6.)

Here are some examples in which jiù is

NX ài zénmeyàng zěnmeyàng.

Nl shénme shíhou fāngbian, shénme shihou lái.

not used:

Do whatever you like.

Come whenever it’s convenient for you

Zài Táiwān, xiāngjiāo zSngshi They always have bananas in Taiwan; y3u;
yào duōshǎo, y3u duōshào. there are as many as one could want (i.e.,
there are plenty).

xiàngzhe: ”be thinking of, have on one’s mind” -Zhe on the end of an
action verb like xiàng shows the prolonging of the action over a period
of time. Compare these examples:

Bié zhànzhe, zuòxia ba!             Don’t stay standing; sit down’.

Nt tlngzhe!

Nl mànmàn chi, wS děngzhe nl.

W3 zài zhèr kānzhe ta, nl qù Jiao liàng Jiùhùchē.

Listen!

Take your time eating; I’ll wait for you.

I’ll stay here and watch him; you go call an ambulance.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

13. cháodài

dynasty

Note on No. 13

cháodài: The bound form -cháo must be preceded by a name (as in Qíncháo,
’’the Qin Dynasty”). Cháodài can be used alone, as in Zhèige gSngdiàn
shi zài neige cháodài jiànzhude?, ’’In which dynasty was this palace
constructed?”

Unit J*, Review Dialogue

An American architect, John Bernacki, is attending a Joint Sino-American
conference on architecture in Bēijīng. During the conference, he has
made the acquaintance of a certain Liú Yuèwén of the Chinese Institute
of Architecture. They had the chance to talk a bit when Liú accompanied
a delegation of American architects around the city to visit several
ancient buildings.

One evening toward the end of the conference, Bernacki is having coffee
in the dining room of the Beijing Hotel. On his table he has spread out
a tourist map of Beijing and a relief map of China, and is studying them
intently. Just then, Liú Yuèwén comes over to his table carrying a cup
of coffee.

L:   Jintiǎn cǎnguǎnle Gùgōng hái bú

gòu lèi ma? Hái zài zhèr kàn dìtú ne!

B: À! Shi ni ya? Lái lái lái, zài zhèr zuò yihuīr. Ni he shénme?

Kǎfēi?

L: Ùg, shi kǎfēi. Wō zài Déguode shihou hēchéng xíguàn le.

B:   Duì le. Wō zěnme huì wàngle ni

shi zài Déguo xuéde Jiànzhù. Hui guo zhème duō nián, méiyou zài qùguo
Ōuzhōu?

L: You qùguo yícì, nèi shi qījiǔ-nián, zhèicì bi shàngcì duo zōule Jige
dìfang.

B:   Shéi qùguo Ōuzhōu, shéi Jiù huì

xiǎngzhe ta. Jiù xiang Zhōngguó yíyàng, láiguo Zhǒngguóde rén, bù guǎn
shénme shihou, zōng hái huì xiǎngzhe ta.

L: Shi a!...Gǎngcái wō láide shí-hour, ni hǎoxiàng zài yánjiū shénme?

B: Mei shenme, wō zài xiāng, Běijīng-de dìxíng he ná Beijing zuò shōudū
yōu diǎnr guānxi.

Aren’t you tired enough after visiting the Palace Museum today? Still
here, reading maps!

Ah, it’s you? Come on and sit down here for a while. What are you
drinking? Coffee?

Yes, coffee. I got in the habit of drinking it when I was in Germany.

Oh yes; how could I forget that you studied architecture in Germany.

After so many years back in China, haven’t you gone back to Europe at
all?

I’ve been back once. That was in ’79. That time I went to a few more
places than the previous time.

Whoever goes to Europe will always think of it. It’s Just like China, no
matter when it is that a person comes here, they’ll always think of it.

Yes, indeed!...Just now when I came, you seemed to be studying
something, is that so?

Nothing much. I was thinking that the topography of Beijing has
something to do with using it as the capital.

L:   Nī shuōde duì, Beijing zài Huá-

běi Píngyuánde zuì běibiān, xīběi kào shin, dǒng, nán shi pingyuan.

B:   Zhèizhōng dìxíng rang rén ganjué

bījiāo rōngyi fángbèi běifāng láide qīnlùè.

L: Tèbié shi yōule Chángchēng yīhòu, gèng rōngyi fángbèi.

B:   Tīngshuō Chángchēng xiūguo bù

zhīdao duōshāo cì le.

L:   Cong Qíncháo dào xiànzài, Cháng-

chéng yìzhí zài xiū, women děi J ide bù guān shénme shihour wSmen dōu
děi xiěoxīn Běifāng láide qīnlūè!

B: Nī zhēn yōu yìsi. Duì le, wō xiǎng wSmen qiántiān qù kànguode nèiduàn
Chángchēng hāoxiàng bú shi Qíncháo jiànzhude?

L: Èng, shi Míngcháo chóngxīn Jiànzhude. Qíncháode Chángchēng zài
Bādálīng běibian liāngbāiduō līde dìfang. Suōyi lái Zhōngguō cān-guānde
wàiguo péngyou plngcháng kàndaode Chángchēng bú shi zuì lāode yíduàn.

B:   "Wànlī Chángchēng” zhēn yōu yíwàn

lī cháng ma?

L:   Yōu, Chángchēng Jīngguòle qīge

shěng, yígòng yōu yíwàn èrqiān lī cháng.

B: Chúle Chángchēng yīwài, wSmen Jīge Jiànzhù gōngzuòzhě duì
Shísān-língde dìxià gōngdiǎn yě hen yōu xìngqu.

L:   Tándao Zhōngguō gúdài Jiànzhù

yìshu, nī qùguo Tiāntán ma? Nīmen-de yōulān Jìhuàli you r.éiyou Tiāntán?

That’s right. Běijīng is in the northernmost part of the North China
Plain. On the northwest it is bordered by mountains; to the east and
south there are flatlands.

This kind of topography made people feel as if it were easier to guard
against invasions from the north.

Especially after the Great Wall was built, it was even easier to guard
against ^invasions!.

I understand the Great Wall has been repaired I-don’t-know how many
times.

From the Qin dynasty down to the present the Great Wall has been under
repair all along. We must remember that no matter when, we must always
beware of invasion from the north!

You're such a card. Oh yes—it seems to me that the section of the Great
Wall we went to see the day before yesterday wasn’t built during the Qin
dynasty, was it?

Mm, it was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty Great Wall is
over two hundred li north of Bādálīng. So the Great Wall that foreign
friends who come to sightsee in China usually see isn't the oldest
section.

Is the "Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li” really ten thousand li long?

Yes. The Great Wall passes through seven provinces and altogether is
12,000 li long.

Besides the Great Wall, we building workers* are also very interested in
the underground palaces of the Thirteen Tombs.

Speaking of ancient Chinese architectural art, have you been to the
Temple of Heaven? Is that on your touring schedule?

B: ò, duì le, Tiāntán! Wō.xiàng-qilai le, tīngshuǒ Tiāntán gàide hěn
tèbié. Kěshi, bù zhldào wèi-shenme, wōmende yóulán jìhuàli hāoxiàng
mélyōu.

L:   Bú yàojlnde. Wōmen he Zhōngguō

Luxíngshè tányitán, rúguō tǎmen méiyou shíjiān ānpaide hua, wōmen kéyi
zài XIngqītiān zìjī qù.

B:   XIngqītiān zìjī qù! Hao jìhua!

Nide xiānsheng, háizi, dōu kéyi lái ma?

L:   Dàgài kéyi. Wō àiren he wōde

dà érzi dōu shi gǎo jiànzhude, tā-men kéyi gěi ni hāohāor Jièshào yixià
Tiāntánde jiànzhù tèdiàn.

B: Wōmen zènme qù ne?

L:   Nl xiāng bu xiāng zōuyizōu lù a?

B:   Kéyi a! Zài shuō, wo xiāng Xīng-

qītiǎnde gōnggòng qìchě dàgài xiāngdāng ji.

L: Ùg. Wōmen cōng Běijīng Fàndiàn zōu dào Tian'ānmén, ránhòu chuān-guò
guāngchāng, bù yuān jiù shi Tiāntán le.

B: Hāo, jiù zhème juédìng le. Bú-guò, bù zhldào Tiāntán yōu duō dà?
Bàntiān kàndewán ma?

L: Tiāntán bl Yíhéyuán xi&ode duō, zhǔyàode jiànzhù jiù yōu liāngbù-fen.
Bàntiān dàgài kéyi kànwán. Zènme, XIngqitiān nl hái yōu biéde shì ma?

B:   Xīngqītiǎn xiàwu yōu rén qlng

women chī fàn. Bù hāo yìsi bú qù, kèshi xīnshāng jiànzhù yìshu, nà kè
shi yàojlnde shir, bàntiān dagài bú gòu!

Oh, yes—the Temple of Heaven. That reminds me. I’ve heard that the
Temple of Heaven is very special. But for some reason I don’t know, it
doesn’t seem to be on our tour schedule.

That doesn’t matter. We’ll talk about it with the China Travel Service,
and if they don’t have time to set it up, we can go by ourselves on
Sunday.

Go ourselves on Sunday! That’s a great plan! Can your husband and
children all come too?

Probably. My spouse and my oldest son are both in building. They can do
a proper job of showing you the special architectural characteristics of
the Temple of Heaven.

How shall we go there?

Do you want to walk a little?

That would be okay. Besides, I suppose the buses are pretty crowded on
Sundays.

Mm. From the Běijīng Hotel we walk to the Gate of Heavenly Peace, then
we cross the square, and not far from there is the Temple of Heaven.

Okay. Then that’s the decision. Only, I wonder how large the Temple of
Heaven is? Could we see it in half a day?

The Temple of Heaven is much smaller than the Summer Palace. The main
structures include only two parts.

You can probably finish seeing it in half a day. Why? Do you have other
things to do on Sunday?

Sunday afternoon we’ve been invited to dinner. It would be embarrassing
if we didn’t go, but admiring architectural art is certainly an
important thing, and half a day probably won’t be enough!

-   A: Bú yàojīnde, zhèige Xīngqītiān

w3men zāo diSnr qù. Zāo qù zāo hui, Jiù kàn bàntiān. RúguS ni hái xiXng
qù, w3men zài xiang bàn-fā yuè shiJian.

-   B: Hao, Jiù zhèiyang le. W3 J ide

zài Ōuzhōu canguān yige Jiàotáng hái děi yòng bù sh&o shíjiān ne!

L:   Hāo le, Jiù zhèiyangr. Xīngqī-

tiān zāoshang badiSn, zài lóuxià dà ménkSur Jiàn, rúguò yòu shénme
gāibiàn, w3 zài dā diànhuà gěi nī.

B:   Hāode, Jiù zhèiyang!

That’s okay, this Sunday we’ll go a little earlier. We’ll leave early
and come back early, and Just spend half a day there. If you still want
to go we’ll try to arrange a time.

Okay, that sounds good. I remember it takes quite a long time to tour a
cathedral in Europe!

All right, that’s our plan. We’ll meet at the entrance downstairs,
Sunday morning at eight. If there’s any change I’ll give you a call.

Okay, that’s fine!

[]

The Great Wall of China

Unit 1*, Tape 2 Workbook

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.

All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want
to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, Chinese friend at the Beijing Hotel.

The conversation occurs only once, you’ll probably want to rewind the
tape you listen a second time.

Here are the new words and phrases conversation:

pSolai páoqù

yìshí

Gēlúnblyà Dàxué

háishi

Zhōngshān Gongyuan

shù

-kě

-zuò

mùtou

Liáodài

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your able to give them

-   1. Why does

-   2. Why does

    answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be orally in
    class.

    the American scholar want to stop talking about New York?

    his Chinese friend think New York is a special place?

    an American scholar visiting China talks with an old

After listening to it completely, and answer the questions below as

you will need to understand this

to run back and forth for the moment Columbia University it would be
better to Sun Yatsen Park tree (counter for trees) (counter for massive
objects) wood the Liáo Period

-   3. Does the Chinese friend enjoy old things? How do you know?

-   4. How do you get from the Běijīng Hotel to Sun Yatsen Park?

-   5. Describe three attractions in Sun Yatsen Park.

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the
literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, Professor Michaels talks with Ms. Tang Làn, from
the China Travel Service, while he packs his bags in his hotel room.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

dXrSo

huàcè xūyàoliàng Jiēshdu līwù zhàopiàn ySuhSo dàibiěo

to disturb book of photographs

need, demand

to accept

gift

photograph

friendship

to represent; on behalf of

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. What does Ms. Tang Lan bring Professor Michaels?

-   2. Why does she bring this particular gift?

-   3. Why does she refuse the pen Professor Michaels offers her?

-   4. How does Professor Michaels explain his gift of the pen so that
    it will be acceptable?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.

Exercise 4

In this conversation, a young German student is touring the Great Wall
at Bādallng when she meets a Chinese who was a classmate of hers three
years before in Germany.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.

You will need the following new words and phrases:

  -------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------
  Ni háishi lǎo yàngzi       You look as a bit   if you haven’t changed
  bang                       to be great         , to be terrific
  weidà                      to be great         (e.g., a leader)
  Mùníhēi                    Munich              
  shìzhèngfu                 city hall           
  zhengqí                    to be neat,         to be tidy
  Questions for Exercise 4                       
  -------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------

-   1. Why hadn’t the German gotten in touch with her Chinese friend
    yet?

-   2. What plans of the Chinese government are bothering the German?

-   3. What example does the Chinese friend give to show that
    modernization has made improvements in Bíijīng?

-   4. What is the main reason the Chinese friend sees for building the
    hotel?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

In this conversation, an American scholar visiting China (A) talks with
an old Chinese friend of his (B) at the Beijing Hotel.

-   A: Mēicì lái Zhōngguō zōngshi yào

máfan.nī, péizhe wōmen pǎolai pǎo-qùde. Nī shénme shíhou ye dào Měiguo
qù kànkan ma! Sān-sìshí-nián le, Měiguo yījīng biànde tài duō le!

-   B: Shi a! Qù shi hen xiǎng qùde,

zhī shi yìshí hái zhǎobudào jīhui.

A:   Gēlúnbīyà Dàxué cháng qīng tāmen-

de lǎo xuésheng huíqu cānguān, yōu-lǎn. Wō shishi gěi ni ānpai yixiar.

B: Hǎode....Shuōqilai yě qíguài, Niǔ Yuē zhēn shi ge tèbiéde dìfang. Wō
zhù zai nàrde shihou bù juéde zěnme tài hǎo, kēshi xiànzài cháng
xiǎng-qi ta! Yōu hen duō lǎo liúxuéshēng cháng shuō, shéi zài Niù Yuē
zhùguo' shéi jiu hui chángcháng xiǎngzhe ta!

-   A: Ò, wōmen bù tán zhèige le. Zài tánxiaqu wō yě yào xiǎng jiā le.
    Wōmen háishi chūqu zōuzou ba!

-   B: Hǎo a! Nī xiǎng qù nǎr a?

A: Beijing shi shōudū, yídìng yōu xie yōu yìside dìfang. Gùgōng,
Yí-héyuán shenmede wō dōu qùguo le. Fùjìn hái yōu shénme biéde dìfang
bījiǎo yŌu yìsi ma?

B: Cong zhèli chūqu wǎng xl zōu, chuānguo Tian’ānmén Guǎngchǎng, zài
Tiān’ānménde xībianr yōu yíge gōng-yuánr, jiao Zhongshan Gōngyuán,
lī-mian yōu bù shǎo piàoliangde gudài jiànzhù.

A:   Shi shénme cháodàide Jiànzhù, yōu

duáshao niánde lìshī !•-'?

Every time I come to China I always trouble you to accompany us all
around the place. You should really come see America some time! It’s
changed a lot in thirty or forty years!

Yes, I’d love to go, it’s Just that for the moment I can’t find the
opportunity.

Columbia University often invites their old students back to visit and
tour. I’ll try to arrange it for you.

Okay....It’s a funny thing, but Nev York is really a special place. When
I was living there, I didn’t think much of the place, but nov I often
think of it. A lot of old students returned from abroad often say that
whoever has lived in New York will think of it often!

Let’s not talk about this any more. If we keep talking about it, I’m
going to start missing home, too. It would be better if we went outside
for a walk!

All right! Where would you like to go?

Beijing is the capital, so it naturally has some interesting places.
I’ve been to the Palace Museum and the Summer Palace. Are there any
other interesting places near here?

If you go out from here and walk to the west, then cut across Tiān’ānmén
Square, then on the west side of Tiān-ānmén there’s a park called Sun
Yatsen Park, and inside there are a lot of beautiful ancient buildings.

What dynasty are the buildings from? How old are they?

B: Zuì zàode jiànzhù shi Liáodàide, chàbuduō yōu yìqiānniánde lìshì le.
Nàr hái yōu qìkē gǔdàide dà shù, yě dōu yōu yìqiānduō nian le.

-   A:

-   B: Yōu, yōu yízuō dà diàn shi Míng-chaode shihour Jiànzhude, yòngde
    cáiliào quán shi mùtou, yě yìjīng chàbuduō yōu liǔbàiniánde lìshl.

-   A: Hào, nà wōmen xiànzài Jiù qù

zōuzou.

-   B: HÍode, zōu!

    Nèr yě yōu yōu míngde gōngdiàn ba?

The earliest buildings are from the Liao Period. They are about a
thousand years old. There are also seven ancient trees there, which are
over a thousand years old, too.

There’s a famous palace there too, isn't there?

Yes. There’s a large palace which was constructed in the Ming Dynasty,
made entirely of wood. That’s about six hundred years old, too.

All right, then let’s go for a walk right now.

Okay, let’s go!

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

An American tourist, Professor Michaels (M), is packing his bags in his

hotel room. Ms. Táng Lán (T), from the door.

China Travel Service, comes to his

T: Màikè Jiàoshòu, dàrào nl le.

M:   Mei shenme, kuài qlng zuō, wō

zhèr luànqībāzāode, zài shōushi dōngxi.

Professor Michaels, I’m disturbing you

Not at all. Please sit down. It’s a mess here, I'm packing.

T:   Shénme shíhourde fěijí ya?

M: Wǎnshangde, hái z&o ne, bù jí bù JÍ, nl zuō ma.

T: Wō lái song gěi nín yìběn yōulán huàcè.

M: Yōulàn huàcè? Jiù shi wōmen zài yōulSn Wànll Chángchéngde shihou, wō
xiàng màide nèizhōng?

T:   Jiù shi. Zhèizhōng huàcè xūyào

liàng kě dà le.

M:   Shì ma! Suzhou láide, yěizhōu

láide, shénme dìfang láide kèren dōu xiàng m&i yìběnr. Xūyàeliàng yídìng
hěn dà.

When’s your plane?

In the evening. It's still early. No rush, no rush. Come on and sit
down.

I’ve come to give you a photographic travel book.

A photographic travel book? Is it the kind I wanted to buy when we were
touring the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li?

Right. There sure is a great demand for this kind of book of
photographs.

Sure! Visitors from Europe, America, everywhere, all want to buy one. Of
course there’s a great demand.

T: Nèitiǎn zài BSdállng, nín méiyou māizháo, jintiǎn wō gei nín sònglai
le.

M:   Zhěn xièxie ni, zhème diǎnr xiǎo

shir nī hái xiǎngzhe. Duóshao q.ián na?

T:   Shi Luxíngshè song nínde. Wǒmen

huānyíng nín zài lái.

That day at BSdállng, you weren’t able to find one, so today I’m
bringing you one.

Thank you so much. Such a small thing and you still remembered it. How
much was it?

It’s a gift from the Travel Service. We welcome you to come back again.

(Michael takes a Parker pen out of the pocket of his suitcase.)

M:   Nà, zhèizhī bī song gei ni.

T: Ò, bù kéyi, wǒmen bù kéyi jiē-shòu kèrende līwù.

M*. Name song gei nimen Luxíngshè. Hái Jide nèitiǎn wǒmen zài
Shísǎn-líng ma?

T:   Dui, nèitiǎn nín hěn gāoxìng.

M:   Xlnshǎng Zhōngguó gǔdài jiànzhù

yìshu shi wō zuì gǎoxìngde shi. Nèitiǎn wǒmen zhào xiang le, nī hái jìde
ma?

T:   Jide. Nèitiǎn nín gěi wǒmen Lu-

xíngshède Jīge tóngzhì zhàole xiāng, nín hái zài zhàopiàn hòu-mian yòng
Zhōngwén xiěle "Měi-Zhōng yǒuh&o” sìge zì.

M: Duì, nàme Jintiǎn nī song huàcè lai, wŌ song gei nimen yìzhl bī
wèishénme bù kéyi ne?

T:   Hǎo. Wō dàibiǎo tóngzhìmen xiè

xie nín, huānyíng nín zài lái.

Then, take this pen as a gift.

Oh, I can’t. We’re not allowed to accept gifts from visitors.

Then I give it to your Travel Service. Do you still remember that day at
the Thirteen Tombs?

Yes. That day you were very happy.

The thing that makes me happiest is admiring the ancient architectural
art of China. That day we took pictures, do you remember?

Yes. That day, you took a picture of us comrades from the Travel
Service, and you wrote on the back of the picture ’’American-Chinese
friendship.”

Right. So then today since you’ve brought me the photographic travel
book, what’s wrong with my giving you a pen?

All right. On behalf of the other comrades, I thank you and welcome you
to come back again.

M: Wō yídìng zài lái.

I’ll be sure to.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 1*

A traveler from Germany (B) is touring the Great Wall at BSdállng when
she spots a Chinese friend (A) whom she met three years before when he
was studying in Germany.

B: Ài! Xú Gang! Hái rènshi wō ma?

-   A: Ò! Shi ni ya! Sānnián bú Jiàn, ni háishi iXo yàngzi! Lái BěiJIng
    duo Jiu le?

-   B: Ha! Kàndao ni zhěn gāoxìng! Wō

lái zhèr yíge duō xìngqī le.

Yìzhí cānguān zhèr, cānguān nàrde, mángjíle, dōu méi néng gěi ni dS yige
diànhuà. Nī hái zài Běidà ma?

-   A: Hái zài Běidà. Nìde Zhōngwén

yuè lái yuè bàng le ma!

-   B: Bàng shénme ya? Hái bu shi má-

mahuhūde! Duì le, zài zhèr kàndao ni zhèng hāo! Wō yōu yíge wèntí xiXng
wèn ne, ni yōu méiyou shí-Jiān?

-   A: Yōu! Hl yōu shénme wèntí?

-   B: Wō Jide Chángchéng Jīngguòle hāo-

Jlge shěng, yōu yíwàn èrqiānduō 11 cháng.

-   A: Duì ya!

-   B: Chángchéng shi Zhōngguó zuì wěi-dàde gǔdài Jiànzhù.

-   A: Duì ya! Chàbuduō shi zhèiyang.

-   B: HXo. Name Qíncháode shíhour wèi-shenme yào xiū zhème chángde
    Chángchéng ne?

-   A: Dāngrán shi vèile fángbèi Běi-fang láide qlnlūè le.

-   B: Nàme, hlmen xiànzài wèishenme bù hXohāorde bXohù Chángchéng,
    nimen gǔdàide chuántōng ne?

-   A: Shéi shuōde? Wǒmen bú shi yìzhí zài xiǔ ma?

-   B: Keshi tlngshuō nlmende zhèngfǔ

yljìng Juédìng zài Chángchéngde fǔjìn gài yíge xiàndàihuàde ^àn-

Hey! Xú Gang! Do you still remember me?

Well! It’s you! It’s been three years, but you still look the same! How
long has it been since you came to Běijīng?

Ha! It’s so good to see you! It’s been a week or more since I got here.
I’ve been sightseeing all over the place all along, and haven’t been
able to give you a call. Are you still at BěiJIng University?

Yes, I’m still there. Your Chinese is getting more and more fantastic!

What’s fantastic about it? It’s Just so-so, really! Oh yes—glad I’ve run
into you here; I have a question I'd like to ask. Do you have time?

Yes. What's your question?

As I remember, the Great Wall passes through many provinces and is over
12,000 li long.

. Right!

The Great Wall is China's greatest ancient structure.

Right! That's about the way it is.

Okay. And why did they want to build such a long Great Wall during the
Qin dynasty?

As a precaution against invasions from the north, of course.

Then why aren't you doing a good Job of protecting the Great Wall, of
protecting your ancient tradition?

Says who? We've been repairing it all along, you know!

But I hear that your government has decided to build a modern hotel in
the vicinity of the Great Wall. If that's

diàn. Rúguō zhēn shi nèiyangr, wō juéde yōu yìdiánr bú tai shūfu.

-   A: À! Wō xiingqilai le. Zài Mùní-hēide shihou, w&nen you yícì qù
    cānguān yíge láo Jiaotang.

-   B: Duì le. Wōmen zōuguò láo shì-

zhèngfǔ ménkōurde shihou, kàndao nàr yōu hěn duō hěn xiàndàihuàde
fàngu&nr, yě yōu zàzhì, shùbào, huàr shenmede, zhěn rang wo xīnli bù
shūfu.

A:   Hài, xiàndàihuàde shèhuì ma, zenme

néng méiyou xiàndàihuàde dōngxi ne? Bīfang shuō Běijīngde Qiánménwài ba,
cōngqián yōu hěn duō xiáo pùzi. Jiěfàng yīhòu xiuguo h&o duō cì, hái shi
bú tài háo, hōulái chóng-xīn gàile hěn duō dà shāngdiàn, Jiù zhěngqíde
duō le. Yōu shénme bù h&o ne?

B:   H&o le, h&o le, wō tóngyì le.

-   A: Shì ma! Nl kàn, zhèrde dìxíng

duō yōu yìsi, fěngjīng duō piào-liang. Lái zhèrde rén wánr yìtiān gòu
ma?

-   B: Dàgài bú gòu.

A: Jiù shi ma, yàoshi fújìn yōu yíge dà fàndiàn, nà duō fāngbian!

B: H&o le, hlo le, wō tóngyì le! Zōu, zánmen zài wing shàng zōuzou.

A: Zōu!

really the case, then I feel rather bad about it.

Ah! I remember. When we were in Munich, once we went to visit an old
church.

Right. When we walked in front of the old city hall, seeing all those
modern restaurants, and the magazines, books, newspapers, paintings, and
so on, it really made me feel very bad.

Well, that’s modern society, you know! How can it do without modern
things? Take Qiánménwài in Běijīng, for example. It used to have a lot
of little shops. After liberation, it was fixed up many times, but it
still wasn’t too good. Later a lot of new big stores were built, and it
looked much neater. What's wrong with that?

Okay, okay, I agree.

Sure! Look, the terrain is so interesting here, and the scenery is so
beautiful. Is one day enough for the people who come here?

Probably not.

Exactly. If there were a big hotel in the vicinity, how convenient it
would be!

Okay, okay, I agree! Come on, let’s walk on up!

Let's go.

-   1. A: Zhōngguō meitan zlyuán bù shào, chànliàng hen gāo.

B: Shi, xiànzài Zhōngguō méitàn chànliàng zài shìjièshang zhàn dìsānwèi.

-   2. A: Cōngqiàn Zhōngguōde shíyáu dàbùfen zài lí blanJìng bù yuànde
    dìfang.

-   B: Xiànzài yànhài yídàide shíyōu ye fāzhànqilai le.

-   3. A: Zhèige kuàngqūde .1 īnshǔ gōngyè shi shénme shíhou kāishī
    yōude?

-   B: Bāshi niāndài. Jlxiè gōngyè ye shi bāshi niándài cài yōude.

China’s coal resources are large and output is high.

Yes, China’s coal output ranks third in the world.

In the past, China’s oil was mostly in places out near the border.

Now oil in the coastal region is starting to be developed.

When did the metal industry in this mining area begin?

In the eighties. There wasn’t a machine industry until the eighties,
e’i-ther.

U. A: Zài guò shínián, dào Jiǔshi niandài chù, zhèige guōjiā dàgai hui
biànchéng yíge Jingji qiàngguō.

B: Bù xíng, qlmà dài zài guò èrshinián.

In another ten years, in the early nineties, this country will probably
become an economic power.

No, it will be at least another twenty years.

-   5. A: Zhèiwèi zài guōwài yōu míngde gōngchengshī. huí guo yihòu
    zěnmeyàng la?

B: Huí guō yihòu yìzhí gāo zhòng gōngyè fāngmiànde jìshu gōngzuò.

What happened when this engineer who was famous abroad went back to his
country?

He has been doing technical work in heavy industry since he returned to
his country.

-   6. A: Bú jiù shi Rìběn, xiànzài gèguō dōu hěn guānxǐn Zhōngguō
    yànhàide Jíngji Jiànshè.

Not only Japan, all countries are now interested in the economic
construction of China’s coast.

B: Shi. Yljīng yōu xǔduō guōjiā xiǎng he Zhōngguō yìqi zài nèi yídài
chénglì xīnde gōngsī.

Yes, there are already many countries which are thinking of establishing
new companies with China in that area.

US

-   7. A: Tīngshuō zhèige nōngyèqū yījīng yōu lìliàng fāzhān gōngyè le.

B: Jin shínián lái, zhèige dìqú-de nōngyè shēngchàn gāo de bú cuò,
shōurù bù shào, gàole yìdiànr qīng gōngyè.

-   8. A: Tīngshuō èrshinián qián yōu hěn duō niánqīng rén dàole nèige
    méiyou rénde qiōng dìfang.

B: Shi a! Kěshi xiànzài zhèngfú kéyi fàngxīn le. Nèige dìfang yījīng
suàn Jiànshède bú cuò le.

I hear that this agricultural area already has the capability to develop
its industry.

Over the past ten years, agricultural production in this area has been
good and income has been high, so some light industry was set up.

I heard that twenty years ago a lot of young people came to that poor
and unpopulated place.

Yes, but now the government need not worry anymore. That place can be
considered to have been pretty well built up.

-   9. A: Zōngde lái shuō ba, zhèige chéngshìde biànhuà shi

    hěn dàde.

Generally speaking, the changes in this city have been great.

B: Shi a, zhàn zai shì zhōngxīn-de dàlóushang kànkan, wō dōu bú rènshi
le!

Yes, standing on top of the building in the center of the city, looking
out, I don't recognize anything anymore!

-   10. A: Xǔduō Jīngji lìliàng bījiào ruòde guōjiā hěn gànxiè
    Zhōngguōde bāngzhù.

B: Wōmen yě shi yíge fāzhān-zhōngde guōjiā, kěshi wōmen hěn gāoxìng bang
qítā guōjiā gāo jīngji Jiànshè.

Many countries with relatively weak economies are grateful for China's
help.

We're still a developing country, too, but we're happy to help other
countries in economic construction.

  ----- -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
  11.   hàiwān         gulf, bay
  12.   Guàngdōng      (a province, formerly Kwangtung)
  13.   Hēilōngjiāng   (a province, formerly Heilongkiang)
  1U.   Shǎnxī         (a province, formerly Shensi, now officially spelled Shaanxi)
  15.   Sichuan        (a province, formerly Szechwan)
  16.   Tiānjīn        (a municipality, formerly Tientsin)
  ----- -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ba                                | (marker of pause or hypothesis)   |
|                                   | to help                           |
| bang biànhuà biānjìng             |                                   |
|                                   | change                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | border, frontier                  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| chénglì                           | to establish                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -chū                              | the beginning of (a time period)  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| fang xīn                          | to be unworried, to be at ease    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gSnxiè                            | to be thankful, to be grateful    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gè-                               | each, every, various, different   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gōngchéngshl                      | engineer                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Gulngdōng                         | (province in south China)         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| guānxīn                           | to be concerned about, to care    |
|                                   | about                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| hSiwān                            | bay; gulf                         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Hēilóngjiāng                      | (province in northeast China)     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Jin                               | the past..., the last...          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Jīnshú                            | metal                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| kuàngqū                           | mining region                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| lìliàng (lìliang)                 | power, force, strength            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| meitàn                            | coal                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| niándài                           | decade of a century               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qiáng                             | to be strong                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qiángguo                          | powerful nation, a power          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qlmX                              | at least                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qīng                              | to be light                       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qīng gōngyè                       | light industry                    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qióng                             | to be poor                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qíti                              | other                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -qū                               | area, region, district            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ruò                               | to be weak                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ShínxI                            | (province in north central China) |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ...(lái) shuǒ                     | ...speaking                       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Sichuan                           | (province in southwest China)     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| suàn                              | to be considered, to count as     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Tianjin                           | (municipality southeast of        |
|                                   | BěiJIng)                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -wèi                              | place, position (rank)            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

HO

xǔduó

yánhíi

zhong zhōngxīn

zīyuán

zongde lái

many, much

along the coast, coastal

to be heavy

center, heart, core, hub (natural) resources

shuō                   generally speaking, on the whole

/2/

1. A: Zhōngguō meitàn zīyuán bù sháo, chànliàng hěn gāo.

B: Shì, xiànzài Zhōngguō méitàn chànliàng zài shìjièshang zhàn dìsānwèi.

China’s coal resources are large and output is high.

Yes, China’s coal output nov ranks third in the world.

Notes on No. 1

meitàn: ’’coal’’ In daily life (for coal is still used as a fuel in many
homes in China), this is usually called simply méi. Tan by itself mpang
’’charcoal” (charcoal is also called mùtàn, literally, "wood-charcoal”).
Another word tàn, written with a different character but pronounced
exactly the same, means the element "carbon."

Zhèige dìfangde méitàn shēngch&n Coal production is doing very well
qíngkuàng bú cuò.                   in this place.

zīyuán: "resources" This is used in such phrases as zirán zīyuán.
"natural resources," and dìxià zīyuán, "underground resources.**

Rìběn yōu zīyuánde wèntí.          Japan has a problem of resources,

{refers to lack of resources)

bù sh&o: "not few," i.e., "many," "large" Remember that Chinese often
uses bù to express the opposite of adjectives:

Shíjiān bù záo le.                  It’s getting late.

Nl zhēn bù cōngmíng.                You’re really dumb.

Nèige guōjiāde JīngJi fāzh&nde That country’s economy is developing
búmàn.                           quite fast.

dìsānwèi: "third place" -Wèi is the same word you learned in Něiwèi shi
Gǎo Tongzhì?, but here it means "place" or "position" in a statistical
ranking, -Wei also means "place" in mathematics: gèwèi, "the units
place"; shiwèi, "the tens place"; bāiwèi, "the hundreds place"; etc.

Use the pattern zhàn dì-...-wèi

Zhōngguō rénkōu zhàn shìjiè dìyīwèi.

Yìndù dàozi chlnliàng zài shìjièshang zhàn dìjīwèi?

for "to rank in ... position":

China’s population ranks first in the world.

How does India’s rice production rank in the world?

2. A: CŌngqián Zhōngguōde shíyōu dlbùfen zài lí biānjìng bù yuǎnde
dìfang.

B: Xiànzài yánhǎi yídàide shíyōu ye fāzhǎnqilai le.

Notes on No. 2

biānjìng: ’’(national) border"

Zài biānjìng dìqǔ shēnghuó, gōng-zuòde rén, yídìng yào tebié xiaoxīn.

Zhèige chéngshì lí biānjìng hěn Jin.

zài lí biānjìng bù yuande dìfang: main verb of the sentence is zài, "was
goes with -de and describes dìfang. H

In the past, China’s oil was mostly in places near the border.

Now oil in the coastal region is starting to be developed, too.

People who live and work in the border areas must be especially careful.

This city is very near the border.

"was in places near the border" The in." The phrase lí biānjìng bù yuǎn
re is a diagram of the structure:

Zhōngguōde shíyōu zài

lí biānjìng bù yuin -de dìfang.

China’s oil

was in not far from the border places.

yánhǎi: "along the coast," "coastal" (Yán, which you will learn in Unit
7, means "along.")

Zhèizhōng dōngxi shi yánhǎi        This kind of thing is found only

dìqǔ cái yōude.                     in the coastal regions.

Nèijlge yánhǎi chéngshì Jiàn- Those few coastal cities have been shède
hěn kuài.                     built up very quickly.

Yánhǎi yídài is a very common way of saying "coastal region." You should
also memorize the expressions yánhǎi gèshěng*, "the (various) coastal
provinces," and yánhǎi zìyuán, "coastal resources."

3. A: Zhèige kuàngqūde jìnshǔ gōngyè shi shénme shíhou kāishi yōude?

B: Bāshi niándài. Jíxiè gōngyè yě shi bāshi niándài cái yōude.

Notes on No. 3

kuàngqū: "mining area/region"

When did the metal industry in this mining area begin?

In the eighties. There wasn’t a machine industry until the eighties
either.

Kuàng is the word for "mine," as in

*0n the word gè-« "various," see the Notes on No. 6.

6>3

méikuàng, "coal mine." -Qū means "area," "region," as in dìqù, "region,"

Jiāoqū, "suburbs," and shìqū, "urban area."

Zhèige jìhua shi guǎnyu kuàng- This plan has to do with the qū
Jiànshède.                       development of mining regions.

Jìnshú: "metal," literally, "metal-category"

Zhèi shi Jīnshúde ma?              Is this (made of) metal?

Xiànzài wǒmen zuò zhèizhong        Now we no longer make this kind of

dōngxi bú yòng jinshú, dōu         thing out of metal, we make it out

yòng zhi le.                         of paper.

niándài: This has two meanings: (1) (as used in 3B) "a decade of a
century," e.g., èrshi niándài, "the twenties"; (2) "period," "era"

Zhèige gùshi xiěde shi shénme What period is this story about? niándàide
shi?

Zhèipíng Jiú shi shénme nián- What vintage is this wine/liquor? dàide?

jlxiè: "machine," "machinery," "mechanical"

Wǒmen zhèlide shēngchán zhuyào kào Jlxiè.

Moqt of our production here is by machine.

Jlxiè is also pronounced JlJiè.

Jīqì, "machine," which you learned in Unit 3, is different from Jlxiè.
Jīqì refers to individual machines; jlxiè is machines in
general—machinery. Jiqì virtually- always translates as "machine(s)."
Jlxiè is basically "machinery,^(H) but may translate as "machine" in
certain phrases, like Jlxiè gōngrén, "machine worker," Jlxiè gōngyè,
"machine industry," etc.

U. A: Zài guò shinián, dào Jiúshi niándài chǔ, zhèige guōjiǎ dàgai huì
biànchéng yíge JlngJi qiángguō.

B: Bù xíng, qimX děi zài guò èrshinian.

In another ten years, in the early nineties, this country will probably
become an economic power.

No, it will be at least another twenty years.

Notes on No. U

zài guò shínián: "in another ten years," "after another ten years have
passed" Here are some more examples of the use of (zài) guò (Amount of
Time):

Zài guò Jīnián wō Jiù xíguàn I’ll get used to life here in

zhèrde shēnghuó le.                 another few years.

Guò jītiān tā Jiù yào qù Yìdàlì In a few days, he will be going zuō
līngshì le.                     to Italy to be consul.

-chū: "at the beginning of" a time period

Míngniánchū wō qù Shanghai.

Yuèchū zài shuō ba!

At the beginning of next year I’m going to Shanghai.

We’ll see about it at the beginning of (next) month!

Zhèige yuè chū tiānqi kāishī nuānhuo le.

Wénhuà Dà Geun ng chū wōmen shéi dōu hái bù zhldào shi zenme hui shì.

The weather started to get warmer at the beginning of this month.

At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, none of us knew what it was
all about yet.

qiángguō: "strong-country," i.e., qīmā: (1) "at least"

Tā xué Zhōngwén qīmā yōu wǔnián le, dànshi hái shuōde bù hāo.

Měitiān wānshang wō qīmā yào kàn li&ngge zhōngtóu shū cái néng shuì
Jiào.

Zhèige rén zhēn néng pāo, měitiān qīmā pāo shier yīnglī.

(2) "minimum, lowest (required to be

Zhèige rén! Lián qīmāde līmào dōu bù dōng!

Nī lián zhè qīmāde dàolī dōu bù dōng?!

"a (world) power"

He has been studying Chinese for at least five years, but he still
doesn't speak well.

Every evening I have to read at least two hours before I can go to
sleep.

This guy can really run. Every day he runs at least twelve miles.

acceptable), most basic, rudimentary"

This guy! He doesn’t even understand the most basic manners!

You don’t even understand this basic principle (of conduct, life,
etc.)?!

Similar expressions include qīmāde tiáojiàn, "the most basic
conditions"; qīmāde hu^njìng, "the most basic environment(al
conditions)"; qīmāde zhīshi, "the most rudimentary knowledge"; qīmāde
shuīpíng, "the minimum level."

5. A: Zhèivèi zài guúwài yòu míngde gōngchéngshì, hui guo yīhòu
zěnmeyàng la?

B: Hui guó yīhòu yìzhí gǎo zhong gōngyè fāngmiànde Jìshu gongzuò.

What happened when this engineer who was famous abroad went back to his
country?

He has been doing technical work in heavy industry since he returned to
his country.

Notes on No. 5

zěnmeyàng la?: "what happened (to him)" La is Just a contraction of le
and a. Here are more examples of the extremely useful word zěnmeyàng,
"how is...," "what happened (to)...," or "do what":

Ránhòu ne? Ránhòu zěnmeyàng?

Éi, hāo JInián mei kànjian Xiāo WÚ le, tā zěnmeyàng le?

Yíge ren bù néng xiāng zěnmeyàng Jiu zěnmeyàng.

Ni yàoshi bú gàosu ta, tā huì duì ni zěnmeyàng ma?

Tā bú huì zěnmeyàng.

-   A: Nt dāsuan zěnmeyàng?

-   B: Ni xiāng wò yīnggāi zěnmeyàng?

A: W2 bù zhīdào, ni yào zěnmeyàng Jiu zěnmeyàng.

zhong: "to be heavy," in several

Zhèige Jīqì yòu duú zhòng?

Gōngkè tài zhòng, zhěn lèi.

Bú yào bā huà shuōde tài zhòng le.

Tā- shòule zhòng shāng, xiànzài zài yīyuànli.

And then? Then what happened?

Say, I haven’t seen Xiāo Wú for many years. What ever became of her?

A person cannot Just do anything they feel like doing.

If you don’t tell him, will he try to do anything to you?

He.won’t do anything.

What are you going to do?

What do you think I should do?

I don’t know. Do whatever you want to do.

senses:

How heavy is this machine?

I have too much homework; I’m really tired.

Don’t put it too strongly.

He was badly injured and is now in the hospital.

Zhòngliàng means "weight" (compare chānliàng, zhiliàng, shùliàng).

The opposite of zhòng is qīng, "to be light," which is introduced in No.
7, below.

-   6. A: Bú Jiù shi' Rìběn, xiànzài gèguō dōu hěn guǎnxīn Zhōngguō
    yánh&ide Jingji Jiànshè.

B: Shi. Yijīng yōu xǔduō guōjiā xiàng he Zhōngguō yìqī zài nèi yídài
chěnglì xīnde gongsī.

Not only Japan, all countries are now interested in the economic
construction of China’s coast.

Yes, there are already many countries which are thinking of establishing
new companies with China in that area.

Notes on No. 6

gèguō: "various countries" Gè-, " fier like zhèi-, "this," or nèi-,
^īhat. some nouns. Here are some examples:

WSmen zài quánguǒ gèdì cānguān youlǎnle yíge yueì

Xiànzài gèrén zuō gèrénde, sì-diǎn zai kāi huí.

Gèwèi rúguō yōu shénme wèntí, qīng xiànzài tíchulai.

Tǎmen yòng gèzhSng xiàndàihuàde Jlqì •

each and every, various," is a speci-" You can prefix it to counters and
to

We visited and toured all over the country for one month. (Gèdì is "each
place," "various places.")

For now, everyone can do what they want. We will have the meeting at
four. (Gèrén is "everybody.")

If you all have any questions, please bring them up now. (Gèwèi is a
polite form of address for a group of people, e.g., an audience. -Wèi is
the polite counter' for people.)

They use all kinds of modem machines. (GèzhSng is "various kinds.")

When a gè- phrase is followed in the sentence by dōu, "all," it takes on
the meaning "every," "all." Thus gèguō in sentence ŌA is translated as
"all countries."

guǎnxīn; "to be concerned about," "to care about," "to be interested in"
the welfare of something.

Zhèrde iSoshī hěn guǎnxīn xué- The teachers here are very concerned
sheng.                              about (care about) the students.

Tǎ hěn guǎnxīn kuàngqūde Jiànshè, He cares a great deal about the
building sǎnge yuèli láikànguo hǎo Jī- up of the mining region; he came
to cì.                                  see it many times in three
months.

xǔduō: "many," "a great deal (of)," "lots (of)" This is a synonym of hěn
duō, and used in the same ways.

chenglì: "to establish," "to found," "to set up"

Měiguō Diànhuà Diànbào Gōngsī In what year was AT&T established? shi
nainián chénglìde?

U7

-   7. ■ A: Tīngshuǒ zhèige nōngyèqū yījīng yōu lìliàng fāzhàn gōngyè
    le.

B: Jin shínián lái, zhèige dìqū-de nōngyè shēngchàn gāode bú cuò, shōurù
bù shāo, gāole yìdiānr qlng gōngyè.

I hear that this agricultural area already has the capability to develop
its industry.

Over the past ten years, agricultural production in this area has been
good and income has been high, so some light industry was set up.

Notes on No. 7

-qù: ’’area,” "region,” "district" This word, which you have already
seen in dìqū, "area," "region," and in kuàngqū, "mining region," can
combine with many other words, for example gōngyèqū, "industrial
region," nōngyèqū, "agricultural region" or "fanning region," shāngyèqū,
"business district (of a city)," fēngjīngqū, "scenic spot," shānqū,
"mountainous district."

lìliàng: "power, "force," "strength" In 7A, this is translated
idiomatically as "capability." Another example would be JingJi lìliàng.
"economic capability." Here are more examples (for the third one, you
need to

know tuánj ié, "unity"):

Wōmende lìliàng bú gòu, méiyou bànfā bāngzhu ni.

Dà zìde shihou, bù néng yòng tài dà lìliàng.

Tuánjié Jiù shi lìliàng.

Our power is insufficient;, there is no way we can help you.

When typing, one should not hit too hard.

Unity is strength.

Shénme lìliàng yě bù néng bā wōmen fēnkāi.

Jin...lái: "during the last..."

Jin sāntiān lái, XiSo Huá hāo-xiàng xīnli hěn bù gāoxìng.

Jin Jīnián lái, tā biànhuà hěn dà.

Jin bāinián láide Zhōngguō lìshī hěn yōu yìsi.

qlng: "to be light" in weight

Xiāngzi bú zhòng, hěn qlng.

Qlng gōngyè gōngren méiyou zhòng gōngyè gōngrende shōurù duō.

No force can separate us.

For the last three days, Xi&o Huá has seemed very unhappy.

In recent years, she has changed a great deal.

Chinese history of the past hundred years is very interesting.

The suitcase isn’t heavy; it’s light

Light industrial workers do not have as high wages as heavy industrial
workers.

-   8. A: Tìngshuō èrshinián qián ySu hSn duō niánqīng rén dàole nèige
    méiyou rénde qiong dìfang.

B: Shi a! Késhi xiànzài zhèngfǔ kéyi fàngxìn le. Nèige dìfang yījìng
suàn Jiànshède bú cuò le.

I heard that twenty years ago a lot of young people came to that poor
and unpopulated place.

Yes, but now the government need not worry anymore. That place can be
considered to have been pretty well built up.

Notes on No. 6

èrshinián qián: Qián is a short form of yīqián. You can often substitute
qiàn for yīqián when it comes at the end of a time phrase. Both words
are commonly used in conversation and writing. More examples:

Wō lái Měiguo qián, shénme yě méi zhǔnbèi.

Yíge yuè qián, zhèige dàlóu hái méi gàiwán, xiànzài yījìng zhù rén le.

qiong: "to be poor"

Qiōng bú shi wèntí, làn cái shi* wèntí.

Before I came to America, I didn’t prepare anything.

A month ago, this building wasn't even finished yet, and now there are
already people living in it.

Being poor isn't a problem; it’s being lazy that’s a problem.

fàngxìn: "to be unworried," "to be at ease," "to put one’s mind at ease"
(literally, "put down the heart")

Nī bàn shi, wō fàngxìn.

With you in charge (literally, "Cifl you handle affairs"), I am at ease,
(reportedly said by Máo Zédōng to Huà Guófēng before Máo died in 1976)

Nī fàngxìn háo le, wō huì xiXng Don’t you worry. I’ll think of a way.
bànfade.

Nī yíge rén qù, wō bú fàngxìn. I’ll worry if you go alone.

suàn: "to be counted as," "to be considered as," "can be regarded as"
This verb is used much more often than these English translations would
seem to indicate. To really get the feel of what suàn means, you have to
look at it in context. Here are some examples (the translations attempt
to be idiomatic):

-   A: Hángzhōu suàn bu suan gōngyè Would you say that Hangzhou is an
    chéngshì?                      industrial city?

-   B: Bú suàn, suàn youlàn chéngshì. No, it's a tourist city.

Zènme duō cài, sār.shikuài qián bú suàn guì.

Thirty dollars isn't expensive for so much food.

Nl děi zìjī huì shuō nl xi&ngde dōngxi cái suàn huì shuō Zhōngwén.

-   A: Tai xlèxie le!

-   B: Nà suàn shénme! Péngyōu ma!

You have to be able to say what you want to say before you can be
considered to speak Chinese.

Thank you so much!

It’s nothing (literally, "What can that be considered’’)! We’re friends,
after all!

Fāzhǎn hljiao kuàide yào suàn méitàn gōngyè hé Jīxiè gōngyè.

Tiānjīn suīrán bú suàn zuì yōu míngde chéngshì, dànshi měi-nián yě yōu
bù sh&o rén qù cānguān.

Shuō zhèizhōng huà hái suàn shi wàijiāoguān!

Zhèi yě suàn Běijīng kXoyā ma? bú duì ma!

Zài zhèi jīge xuéshenglī, tā hái suàn shi h&o de ne, kěshi dōu bú tài
h&o.

One would have to say the coal industry and the machine industry are the
most rapidly developing industries.

Although one would not call Tiānjīn a very famous city, quite a few
people go there to visit every year.

What kind of diplomat talks like that! (literally, ”{In view of the fact
that he) says such things, can he still be considered a diplomat?!)

They call this Peking duck? The flavor is all wrong!

Of these students, I suppose he’s the best, but none of them is very
good.

-   9. A: Zōngde lái shuō ba, zhèige chéngshìde biànhuà shi

    hěn dàde.

Generally speaking, the changes in this city have been great.

B: Shì a, zhàn zai shì zhōngxīn-de dàlōushang kànkan, wō dōu bú rènshi
le!

Yes, standing on top of the building in the center of the city, looking
out, I don’t recognize anything anymore!

Notes on No. 9

zōngde lái shuō: "generally speaking,’’ "on the whole’’

Zōngde lái shuō, wōmen xuéxiào xuéshěngde shuīpíng dōu shi hěn gāode.

Zōngde lái shuō, nīmende gōngzuò g&ode bú cuò.

Generally speaking, our school’s students are of a very high caliber.

On the whole, you did a good job.

A similar phrase using the pattern ...lái shuō is yìbān lái shuō, which
means

"generally speaking," "ordinarily":

Yìbān lái shuō, wō neige yuè qù kàn ta yícì.

Yìbān lái shuō, Huáshèngdùnde chūntiān hěn shūfu.

Yìbān lái shuō, Zhōngguō rén zōngshi hěn kèqi.

Generally speaking I go see him once a month.

Generally speaking, spring in Washington is very comfortable.

Generally speaking, Chinese people are always polite.

ba: This is a new use of ba for you. It is used in colloquial speech to
mark a pause in the sentence, setting off the topic which precedes it
(in this case, zōngde lái shuō).

Zhèige rén ba, bú shi zuò wài-Jiāoguānde cáiliào.

This guy—he isn’t foreign service officer material.

biànhuà: "change(s)" This is only used as a noun.

Shínián bú Jiàn, tā biànhuà hāo He hadn’t seen her in ten years, and dà.
                                she had changed a great deal.

shi: "city," "municipality" Used mostly in reference- to the official
city level of government, e.g., Dàqìng shi, "the city of Dàqìng,"
Běijīng shi, "Běijīng municipality," shi bànde, "city-run," yánhǎi
gèshěng, shi, "the coastal provinces and cities." Shi is also used in a
few set phrases like shi zhōngxīn, "center of the city," "downtown."

zhōngxīn: "center," "heart," "core," "hub"

Běijīng shi Zhōngguōde zhèngzhi, wénhuà zhōngxīn.

Guāngzhōu shi yíge shāngyè zhōngxīn.

Wōmen hái méiyou tándao wèntíde zhōngxīn.

Běijīng is the political and cultural center of China.

Guāngzhōu is a commercial center

We haven’t yet touched on the core of the question.

Zhōngxīn can also be used before a noun to modify it. It then translates
as "central**:

Zhèixiē niánde zhōngxīn gōngzuò The central task now and in the shi gāo
jīngji Jiànshè.             coming years is to engage in

economic construction.

-   10. A: Xǔduō JlngJi lìliàng bījiāo ruòde guójiā hān gānxiè
    Zhǒngguóde bāngzhtL

Many countries with relatively weak economies are grateful for China's
help.

B: Wǒmen yl shi yíge fāzhān zhōngde guójiā, kěshi wō-men hān gāoxìng
bang qítā guójiā gāo JlngJi Jiànshe

We’re still a developing country,' too, but we’re happy to help other
countries in economic construction.

Notes on No. 10

ruò: "to be weak" (people or countries)

gānxiè: "to be grateful (for)"

Zhōngguó zhèngfǔ hen gānxiè        The Chinese government is very

wàiguó zhuānjiā duì Zhōngguó- grateful for the help foreign de bāngzhu.
                        experts give to China.

Tā feicháng gānxiè péngyoumen duì tāde guānxln.

Feicháng gānxiè.

bang: (1) "to help, to assist"

Bié JÍ, wS lái bāng ni.

He is very grateful for his friends’ concern.

Thank you so much, (formal)

This is a less formal synonym of bāngzhu.

Take it easy, I'll help you.

(2) "for (someone)," "as a help to (someone)"

Nī qù bāng wo ná xìn, hāo ma? Would you go get the mail for me, please?

Bāng wō ná yíxià hāo ma?           Would you please hold this for me

a second?

In most cases, the context will clarify whether bāng is meant as "to
help someone do something" or as "to do something for someone," but
ambiguity may arise:

Tā bāng wō zuò fan.

She helps me cook.

OR She cooks for me.

Using yìqī, "together," can remove the ambiguity: Tā bāng wō yìqī zuò
fan can only mean "She helps me cook," meaning that the two people make
dinner together; it could not possibly mean "She cooks for me."

qítā: "other," "else," "the rest"

Zhèixiē shū wō Jiù kànle liāng- I’ve only read two of these books, běn,
qítā hái méi kàn.              I haven’t read the others yet.

Nī qù Shànghíi, qítā rén ne? You’re going to Shànghāi; what about the
others?

Nī hái xiàng qù shénme qítāde dìfang, wSmen zài zuò ānpái.

Chúle zhèige shi zhǔyào wèntí, qíti dōu mei guānxi.

Wǒ zhī Juéde bù hao yìsi, qítà méiyou shénme.

If you want to go to any other places, we’11 make more arrangements.

Besides this, which is the main issue, the rest doesn’t matter.

I just feel embarrassed, nothing else,.

In the waiting room of Beijīng Railroad Station, an American engineer,
Mr. Sirnma (a), is standing in front of the railroad map of China,
trying to locate a city. Zhū Wényà (B) of the China Travel Service
enters the room with a train schedule in her hand.

B:   Sàmūsī Xiānsheng, nín yàode shí-

Jiānbiāo.

-   A: Ò, xièxie, xièxie. Yōu Zhōngguō zì, yōu pīnyīn, hāojíle, nīmende
    gōngzuō sùdu bī yīqián kuàiduō le.

-   B: LÚxíngshède gōngzuō yě děi xiàn-

dàihuà ma! Duì le, wō gāngcái Jìn-laide shihou, nín hāoxiàng zài zhāo
shénme. Wō yěxu kéyi bang nín zhāoyizhāo?

-   A: NĪ kàn, Daqing bú shi zài Hēi-lōngjiāng ma? Wō zěnme zhSole
    bàntiān méi zhāodào ne?

-   B: Ò, nín zài biānjìngshang zhāo

dāngrán zhāobudào le, Dàqìng zài Hēilōngjiāngde zhōngxīn, zài zhèr ne!

-   A: Òu! Zài zhèr. Zài liùshi nián-dài, qīshi niàndài, zhèr shi yíge
    bījiāo tèbiéde JīngJi dìqū.

-   B: Nín shuōde duì. Zhèige dìfang Jīngguòle chàbuduō èrshiniánde
    Jiànshè, fāzhānchéngle yíge yōu qīshiwàn rénkōude gōngyè chéngshì.
    Bāshi niándài chū yōu chénglìle Dàqìng Shì Rénmín Zhèngfū.

-   A: Zài shì zhèngfūde līngdāoxià,

Dàqìngde Jiànshè sùdu dàgài gèng kuài le. Zuìjìn qítǎde gōngyè yōu
méiyou shénme xīnde fāzhān?

-   B: Fāzhān bījiào kuàide yào suàn méitàn gōngyè hé Jīxiè gōngyè le.

-   A: Méitàn shēngchān zài Zhōngguóde zhòng gōngyèli zhàn hen
    zhōngyàode dìwei, Dōngběi yìzhí shi méitàn

Mr. Simms, the schedule you asked for.

Thank you, thank you. It has Chinese characters and Pinyin, that’s
great. You people are much faster on the Job than you used to be.

The Travel Service has to modernize its work too, after all! Oh yes—
Just now when I came in, you seemed to be looking for something. Perhaps
I could help you?

Look. Isn't Dàqìng in Hěilōngjiāng? How come I've been looking for it
for so long and haven't found it?

Oh',- of course you won't find it if you look near the border. Dàqìng is
in the center of Hěilōngjiāng. Here it is!

Oh, here it is. In the sixties and seventies this was a rather special
economic region.

That's right. It went through about twenty years of construction to
develop into an industrial city of 700,000. Then in the early eighties
they established the People's Government of the City of Dàqìng.

Under the leadership of the city government, Dàqìng is probably being
built even faster. Has there also been growth in other industries
recently?

The coal industry and the machine industry would have to be counted
among the more rapidly developing.

Coal production has a very important place in China's heavy industry.
Manchuria has always had a very high

chānliàng hěn gāode diqǔ.

-   B: Duì, Dōngběi méitàn zīyuǎn bù shāo, shi zhòngyàode kuàngqǔ.
    Sà-mSsī Xiānsheng, nín yìzhí hěn guǎnxīn wōmende jīngji Jiànshè a!

-   A: Shi a, vo shi gōngchéngshī, wō

yìzhí fēichǎng zhùyì Zhōngguō jīngji Jiànshède biànhuà, wō xīwàng
Zhōngguō kuài yidiānr Jiànshèchéng yíge gōngyèhuàde guōjiā.

-   B: Xièxie nín. Xiànzài yōu hěn duō

vàiguo péngyou guǎnxīn wōmende Jiànshè, wōmen shi fēichǎng gānxiè-de.
Zhōngguō hǎi shi yíge hěn qiōngde guōjiā, xūyào shìjiè gèguō
zhuǎnjiāmende bāngzhù.

A: Nín tài kèqi le, nīmen gèfāng-miànde fāzhān sùdu hǎi shi xiāng-dāng
kuàide. Érqiě, zhòngdiān fā-zhānde dìqǔ yě bù shào, wō xiǎng, nīmen yào
zhòngdiān fāzhānde gōng-yèqǔ qīmā yōu shíge.

B: Shi, yōu shíge.

A: Chúle Běijīng, Tiānjīn, Shànghāi, Dàqìng yīwài, Nèiměng, Shānxī,
Sichuan, zhèixiē dìfang zài zuìjìn shíniǎnli dōu hui yōu hěn dàde
biànhuà, duì bu dui?

B:   Nín biě wangle, wōmende yǎnhāi

yídài, zuìjìn Jīniǎn Jìnbu hěn kuài o! Tèbiē shi Guāngdōng.

-   A: Guāngdōngde qīng gōngyè yizhí

shi bú huàide.

-   B: Zuìjìn, nàrde shíyōu gōngyè yě gāode xiāngdāng bú cuō, nín méiyou
    tīngshuō ma?

-   A: Tīngshuō le. Wō zěnme hui vàng

le Zhōngguō hāiwānde shíyōu ne? Hǎi yōu, Yúnnǎnde tèdiān shi shénme ne?

coal output.

Yes, Manchuria has very large coal reserves. It’s an important-mining
region. You've always been concerned about our economic construction,
Mr.

A ■< Turns ’

Yes. I'm an engineer, and I've always paid attention to the changes in
China's economic construction. I hope China will be built into an
industrialized country very soon.

Thank you. A lot of foreign friends are concerned about our construction
now, and we're very grateful for it. China is still a poor country. We
need help from experts of every country in the world.

You're too polite. You’re still developing quite rapidly in all areas.
And furthermore, you have quite a few key development regions. I believe
there are at least ten industrial regions on which you are focusing
development.

Yes, there are ten.

Besides Běijīng, Tiānjīn, Shànghāi, and Dàqìng, Inner Mongolia, Shānxī
and Sichuan will all experience great changes in the next ten years,
don't you think?

Don't forget that our coastal regions have made rapid progress in the
last ten years, especially Guāngdōng.

Guāngdōng's light industry has always been pretty good.

Recently, their petroleum industry has been doing rather well, haven't
you heard?

Oh, of course. How could I forget China's gulf oil? And what is the
distinguishing feature of Yúnnǎn?

-   B: Shi Jīnshǔ gōngyè.

A:   Nī kànkan, Zhǒngguóde qíngkuàng

bú cuò ma! Nánfangde Jīnshǔ gōngyè fāzhānde gèng kuàl le.

-   A: Zhèi shi zhēnde. Suīrán wǒmen

xiànzàide Jìshu lìliang hái hen ruò, kěshi wǒmen yídìng děi null Jiǎkuài
fāzhānde sùdu.

A: Mei wèntí, Jīshínián yīhòude Zhōngguó yídìng kéyi biàncheng yíge
JlngJi qiángguó.

-   B: Xièxie nín, búguò yěxǔ xuyào gèng cháng yidiānrde shíjiān.

A: Zhèi bù yídìng, yexǔ bú yào tài chángde shíjiān. Bīfang shuǒ shí-yóu
ba! Yī Jiù wu ling niàn, nl-mende shíyóu chānliàng zài shìjiè-shang zhàn
dìèrshiJiǔwèi, xiànzài ne, xiànzài shi dìbāwèi la!

B: Shíyóu gōngyè tèbié yidiānr, pu-biànde lái shuǒ, wǒmen hái yǒu bù
shāo wèntí, zài xǔduō fāngmian wǒmen hái dāi xué.

-   A: Bú yào kèqi, bù guān shi shénme Jìshu wèntí, rúguǒ shi wǒ kéyi
    bāng mángde Jiù qīng gàosu wo.

-   B: Tài xièxie nín le. Shàngcì nín bú shi shuǒ xiāng duō cānguān Jīge
    gōngyèqū ma?

-   A: Shi a, yǒu méiyou kānéng?

-   B: Yǒu, līngdāo zhèng zai ānpái.

Nín fàngxìn ba!

-   A: Tài xièxie nimen le.

The metal industry.

Look, China’s situation is pretty The metal industry of the south is
developing even more quickly.

That’s true. Although our technical capability is still weak, we must
work hard to speed our development.

That's no problem. In a few decades I’m sure China will become an
economic power.

Thank you, but perhaps it will take more time than that.

Not necessarily, maybe it won’t be too long. Oil, for example. In 1950
you were twenty-ninth in the world in oil production, and now—now you’re
in eighth place!-

Th’e oil industry is a little special. Generally speaking, we.still have
a lot of problems. We still have to learn in a lot of areas.

Don't be polite. No matter what the technical problem, if it’s something
I can help with, please let me know.

Thank you so much. Remember you said last time that you would like to
visit more industrial regions?

Right. Does it look possible?

Yes, ny superiors are arranging it right now. Don’t worry!

Thank you so much.

-   B: Shíjiān bù zāo le, wǒmen zhǔnbèi It’s almost time. Let’s get
    ready shàng chě ba!                       to board the train.

A: Hāo, zǒu!                            All right, let’s go!

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.

All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want
to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several tim^p.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, a Chinese engineer meets an American guest in the
First Heavy-Duty Machine Factory in Fùlāěrjī, Hěilōngjiāng.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

rang nín Jiu deng le              I’ve kept you waiting

zSnggōngchéngshī                  chief engineer

j4ànli                              to establish

Sūlián                            Soviet Union

huā

to spend, to expend

ch&ng                             factory

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your answers to these questions -in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. What does Mr. Sun write about?

-   2. When was the factory founded?

-   3. How much money did the government spend on the factory?

U. When did Mr. Sun work there?

5. What prediction does Mr. Sun make about the factory?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the
literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American visitor talks to a young Chinese
technician in his Běijīng Hotel room.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguá          the People’s Republic of China

guomín JlngJi                      national economy

gēnzhe                              along with, in the wake of

Jiù ná Sichuan lái shuo            take Sichuan, for example

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. Why did the American visitor want to talk to the Chinese
    technician?

-   2. How have light and heavy industry changed since 19^9?

-   3. What is the policy with regard to agricultural modernization?

U. What economic problem did Sichuan face in the seventies? Why?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.

Exercise U

This dialogue takes place in Shanghai's Industrial Exhibition Hall. An
American talks to an exhibit guide about light and textile industry.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.

You will need the following new words and phrases:

fingxhl gōngyè

textile industry

nílōng

nylon

huàxiān

synthetic fiber

nèidì

interior region (of a country)

Jiangsu

(coastal province, formerly spelled Kiangsu)

Questions for Exercise U

-   1. What does the the exhibit guide say about the development of the
    textile industry?

-   2. Where did China's light industry begin?

-   3. What industry has developed in Jiāngsū province?

U. What does the exhibit guide say will occur in the next few years?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.

tZ9

Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2

In the foreign visitors’ reception room of the First Heavy-Duty Machine
Factory in Fùlāěrjl, Heilongjiang, an American guest (A) is sitting on
the sofa, leafing through a copy of the magazine China Reconstructs. A
Chinese engineer (B) walks in, carrying a briefcase under his arm.

B:   Duìbuql, duìbuql, rang nín jiu

děng le.

A: Méi shenme, wō lèile bú dào shí-fēn zhōng. Nī Jiù shi Sun
Zōng-gōngchéngshl ba?

B: Wō Jiù shì.

-   A: Sun Xiansheng, hěn zSo yīqián wo

Jiu kànguo nínde wénzhāng, nín duì Jixiè gōngyède yáxxjiū zài guōwài shi
hěn yōu míngde. Jlntiān néng kàndao nín, kàndao nlmende chěng, wō hěn
gāoxìng.

-   B: Xièxie nín. Zhèige chāng shi wūshi niándài chū Jiànlìde.

-   A: Nà shi Xīn Zhōngguō chénglì yīhòu bù Jiūde shì.

-   B: Shìde, shi zài dìyīge wǔnián Jìhuàzhōng Jiànlìde.

-   A: Shi Sūlián bang nimen Jiànshède ma?

-   B: Bú shi, wánquán shi Zhōngguō rénmín zìjī Jiànshède. Nèige shihou
    zhèngfū yōngle liùge yì lái Jiànshè zhèige chāng.

-   A: Liùge yì?

-   B: Liù yì Rénmíribì. Nèige shihou, wōmen hěn qiōng, Hěilōngjiāng you
    shi yíge biǎnjiáng dìqū, wōmen zhēn shi lián qímāde Jìshu tiáo-Jiàn
    dōu méiyōu. Kěshi zhèige chāng Jiù zài Dāngde līngdǎo hé dàjiāde
    nūlì xià, fǎzhānqilai le.

I’m sorry, I’m sorry, I’ve kept you waiting.

That’s all right, I’ve been here less than ten minutes. You must be
Chief Engineer Sun?

That’s right.

Mr. Sun, I read your writings a long time ago. Your research in the
machine industry is very famous abroad. I’m very happy to be able to
meet you today and see the factory.

Thank you. This factory of ours was founded in the early fifties.

Then it wasn’t too long after New China was established.

Yes. It was set up during the first five-year plan.

Did the Soviet Union help you construct it?

No, it was constructed completely by the Chinese people themselves. At
that time the government spent six hundred million to construct this
factory.

Six hundred million?

Six hundred million People’s Currency. At that time we were very poor,
and Hěilōngjiāng being a border region on top of that, we didn’t even
have the minimum technical conditions. But under the leadership of the
Party and with the efforts of everyone, we are developing.

-   A: Tīngshuō zài wùshi niandài he liùshi niándài zhèige chǎng zài
    Zhǒngguóde zhòng gōngyèli zhàn hen zhòngyàode dìwei. Nèige shihou,
    nín zài zhèige chǎng ma?

-   B: Zài. Cōng zhèige chǎng chénglìde

nèi yitiǎn yìzhí dào Yī Jiu liù liù nián, wò dōu zài zhèige chǎng.

-   A: Yīhòu nín líkǎi le?

-   B: Shìde. Yìzhí dào Yī Jiu. qī qī

niǎn vS cǎi huilai.

-   A: Tīngshuō nèige shihou zhèige

chǎngde mafan bù shǎo.

-   B: Heilongjiang suīrǎn bú suàn mafan

zuì duōde dìqū, dànshi Yī Jiù qī qī niǎnde shihou zhèige chǎngde
shēng-chǎn chàbuduō shi cōng ling kāishī.

-   A: Nà yào hua hen dàde lìliang.

-   B: Yidiānr ye bú cuò. Wǒmen huǎle

hen dàde lìliang Jiànshè kuàngqǔ, he zhèige chǎng. Zài qítǎde wèntí
shang wǒmen yě yòngle bù shǎode lìliang.

-   A: Shénmeyàngde wèntí ne?

-   B: Dàjiǎde shěnghuō wèntí, bīfǎng shuǒ chī fàn wèntí, zhù fángzide
    wèntí shenmede.

-   A: Xiànzài zěnmeyàng le?

-   B: ZSngde lái shuǒ xiànzài dōu gǎo-

de bú cud le. Wō xiang zài guò shíniǎn, dào JiSshi niandài, wǒmen zhèige
chǎng huì zài quǎnguō gōngyè shēngchǎnzhōng zhàn gèng zhòngyàode dìwei.

-   A: Hǎojíle.

-   B: Xiànzài wō Jiù péi nín qù cǎn-guǎn ba, wǒmen yìtiǎn zōu yìbiǎn
    tán, hǎo bu hǎo?

-   A: Hǎo!

I understand that in the fifties and sixties this factory held an
important place in China’s heavy industry. Were you here at that' time?

Yes. I was at this factory from the day it was established up until
1966.

And then you left?

Right. I didn’t come back until 1977.

I hear that at that time this factory had a lot of trouble.

Hēilōngjiāng wasn’t one of the regions with the most trouble, but in
1977 this factory had to start production Just about from scratch.

That must have taken a great effort.

Absolutely. We put a lot of effort into building up mining areas and
this factory. We also expended a lot of effort on other problems.

What kinds of problems?

Problems of everyday living, for example eating, housing, and so on.

And how are things now?

Generally speaking, things are pretty good now. I think in another ten
years, by the nineties, our factory will occupy an even more important
position in the nation's industrial production.

That's great.

Why don't I show you around now. We can talk as we go, all right?

All right.

B: Qīng.

After you.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

An American visitor (A) is reading in his room at the Beijing Hotel when
a young Chinese technician (B) who has been accompanying the American's
tour group knocks at the door.

-   B: Kéyi jìnlai ma?

-   A: Qīng Jin, kuài qīng jìnlai zuò.

-   B: Nín zhāo wo yōu shi?

A:   Yìdiānr xiāo shi, wō xiang he

ni tantan. Wō kànle nimen zhèi-piān wenzhang, tímu shi "Zhōnghuá Rénmín
Gònghéguōde Sánshíniàn.^(h) WŌ xiàng Jīngguòle zhèi sānshinián-de
Jiànshè, Zhōngguō jīngji shulpíng yōule hén dàde tígāo, biàn-hua zhēnshi
bù xiāo.

B: Biànhuà shi bù xiāo, kěshi mùqián wōmende jīngji liliàng hái shi bī
xǔduō xiānjìn guōjiā ruòde duō, hái yōu hěn duō gōngzuò yào zuò.

A:   Wénzhāngli shuō, cōng shěngchān-

shang kàn, Yī Jiǔ si Jiu niánde qīng zhòng gōngyè zài guōmín Jīng-Jili
zhī zhàn bXifěnzhī sānshi, xiànzài yījīng zhàn báifěnzhī qī-shiwǔ.
Zhèiyang fāzhānxiàqù, nōng-yè, qīng gōngyè, zhòng gōngyède guānxi
zěnmeyàng ne?

B: Zhèiyidiān, wōmen hěn fàngxīn. Xiànzài, gSohěo Sìge Xiàndàihuà shi
quánguǒ rénmínde zhōngxīn gōngzuò. Zài Sìge Xiàndàihuàli, nōngyè
xiàndàihuà shi dìyījiàn dà shi.

-   A: Zhèige zhèngcè shi duide. Jin

Jīnián lái nōngyè yōule fāzhān, qīng gōngyè, zhòng gōngyè cái néng
gěnzhe fāzhān. Nōngyè xiàndàihuà

May I come in?

Come in, please come in and sit down.

Was there something in particular you wanted to see me about?

Just a small matter I wanted to talk with you about. I've read that
article of yours called "Thirty Years of the People's Republic of
China." I think that after the last thirty years of construction,
China's economic level has risen a great deal. The changes have been
pretty big.

The changes are big, but at present our economic power is still much
weaker than many advanced countries. We still have a lot of work to do.

In the article it says that from the point of view of production, in
19^9 light and heavy industry only occupied thirty percent in the
national economy but now they occupy seventy-five percent. If things
keep developing this way, what will happen to the relationship between
agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry?

We're not at all worried about that. Right now, doing a good Job of the
Four Modernizations is the central task of the people of the whole
country. In the Four Modernizations, agricultural modernization is the
first big Job.

That policy is right. It has only been because there has been
development in agriculture in the last few years that light and heavy
industry

Ml

slii yíge JīngJi qiángguó zuì qīmS-de tiáojiàn.

-   B: Shì a! Jiù ná Sìchuān lái shuō,

zīyuán name duō, kěshi zài qīshi niándài, gōngyè shēngchān Jiù shi
shàngbuqù, hái bu shi yīnwei nóng-yè shēngchān yōu wèntí.

-   A: Shì ma. Sìchuān rénkōu zài quán-

guó zhàn dìyīwèi, chī fàn wèntí shi ge dà wèntí.

-   B: Jin Jīnián, Sìchuān qíngkuàng

biànhua hěn dà. Nín zhèicì yōu Jīhui qù Sìchuān ma?

-   A: Yōu, nín ne, nín yōu méiyou shi-Jiān qù?

-   B: Līngdāo hái méi shuō, búguò wō

xiāng dàgài yōu Jīhui, cóngqián wō zài Sìchuān gōngzuòguo liāngnián,
yěxǔ wō kéyi gěi nīmen Jièshào Jieshao.

B: Nà tài gānxiè le. Guānyú wō gāngcái kànde nèipiān wénzhāng, wō Juéde
hěn yōu yìsi, búguò chángcbáng yŌu xiāode wèntí, děi máfan nīmen.

B: Mei wèntí, wō hěn gāoxìng hé nín duō tántan.

have been able to develop along with it. Agricultural modernization is
the minimum requirement for an economic power.

That’s right. Take Sìchuān, for example. It’s so full of resources, yet
in-the seventies, industrial production Just couldn’t go up: again, it
was on account of problems with agricultural production.

Sure. The population of Sìchuān is in first place in the whole country.
The food problem is a big one.

In recent years there have been big changes in the situation in Sìchuān.
Will you have the chance to go to Sìchuān thia trip?

Yes, and you? Do you have the time to go?

The leadership hasn’t said yet, but I think I’ll probably have the
chance. I once worked in Sìchuān for two years. Maybe I could fill you
in on it.

We’d be so grateful if you could. About that article I Just read: I find
it very interesting, but I often have little questions I have to bother
you with.

That’s no problem. It’s my pleasure to talk with you.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U

This conversation takes place in the Shànghāi Industrial Exhibition

Hall. An American (A) visiting the Hall of Light Industry and Textile
Industry talks with one of the exhibit guides (B).

B:   Nín hái yōu shénme wèntí ma?         Do you have any more
questions?

-   A: Yōu yíge xiào wèntí. Shànghāide     I have one small question.
    When did

jīqì fángzhī gōngyè shi shénme Shànghāi’s machine textile industry
shihou kāishīde?                     first come into being?

-   B: Hěn zāo yīqián Jiù yōule.             It started a long time ago.

-   A: Nàme, zhème duō nián lái, zài

jìshu fāngmiànde fāzhān shi bu shi hěn kuài ne?

-   B: WS xiXng chuántōng fāngzhī gōngyè fāzhānde bú màn, kěshi nílóng,
    huàxiān yílèide, fāzhānde bú gòu kuài.

A:   Wō tingshuō, Zhǒngguóde qīng

gōngyè guòqù dōu zài yánhāi, xiàng Tiānjīn, Shànghāi, Guāngdōng yídài.
Xiànzài nèidìde qíngxíng shi bu shi biànhua yě hen dà le ne?

A: Shide, gèdì qíngkuàng bù tong, búguò yōu yíge qíngkuàng shi gèdì dōu
yōude.

-   A: Shénme qíngkuàng?

-   B: Cóngqián shi nōngyèqūde dìfang, xiànzài yōu hen duō dōu
    fāzhān-qilai le, yōule qīng gōngyè, yōude hái yōule zhòng gōngyè.

-   A: Shi a! Jiāngsū yě shi yíyàng ma,

dàde Jīnshǔ gōngyè yě fāzhǎnqilai le.

-   B: Zài guò Jīnián hāiwān shiyou

gōngyè dà fāzhān, Shànghāi, Tiānjīn, Guāngdōng, Guāngxī yídài Jiù gèng
rènao le.

-   A: Zhēnde, dào nèige shihou, Shànghāi Jiu gèng piàoliang le. Wō
    yídìng yào zài lái cānguān.

-   B: Hāo a! Huānyíng nín zài lái!

Well, over all these years, has the technological development been very
rapid?

I’d say the traditional textile industry has developed rather rapidly,
but such things as nylon and synthetic fibers haven’t developed fast
enough.

I understand that China’s light industry used to be all on the coast,
for example in the region of Tiānjīn, Shànghāi, and Guāngdōng. Has the
situation in the interior also changed a great deal now?

Yes. The situation differs from place to place, but there’s one thing
that’s the same everywhere.

What’s that?

A lot of places that used to be agricultural regions have now started to
develop, and have light industry, or even heavy industry.

Yes! Jiāngsū is the same. A large metal industry has developed there.

In another few years the gulf oil industry will develop greatly. Then
Shànghāi, Tiānjīn, Guangdong, and Guāngxī will be even busier.

Really, when that time comes, Shànghāi will be even prettier. I have to
come back to visit it again.

Fine! You’ll be most welcome!

Xinjiang

[]

1.

2.

3.

A:

B:

A:

B:

A:

Hànytt hén fttzá, xuéqilai dàgài hén nǎn?!

Fàngxīn ba! Wō xiǎngxìn nl kéyi xuéde hén hǎo.

Zhōngdōngde Yīsīlǎnjiào he Xlnjiāngde Yīsīlánjiào shi bu shi hén bù
yíyàng?

Zhèi shi yíge xiǎngdǎng fuzǎde wèntí, wSmen kéyi tǎolùn tǎolùn.

Xinjiang hé nèidì shi shénme shíhou tōngyīde?

B: Ng...dìyīcì tōngyī chàbuduō shi gōngyuǎn qiǎn liùshí-niǎnde shíhou.

U. A: Jiéfàng Zhànzhēngde shíhou, Jiéfàngjūn jiéfàngle Xinjiang, shi bu
shi?

-   B: Xinjiang shi hépíng jiéfàng-de, Jiéfàngjǔn shi sìjiǔ-niǎn dào
    Xinjiang qùde.

-   5. A: Wǔge zìzhìqǔde shēnghuó qíngkuàng hé nèidì chà hén duō ma?

B: Ng, zhǔyào shi jiǎotōng bù fǎngbiàn. Biéde shēnghuó fǎngmian me, yé
chà yidiǎnr.

-   6. A: Tǎmen shi dào Shànghǎi qù chù chai ma?

B: Bù, bú shi fang jià le ma? Yōude gànbude jiǎ zài Shànghài, tǎmen huí
jiǎ qù kànkan.

Chinese is very complicated-. It must be very difficult to study?’.

Don’t worry! I’m convinced you can learn it very well.

Is the Islam of the Middle East very different from the Islam of
Xīnjiǎng?

This is a very difficult question. We can discuss it.

When was Xinjiǎng united with the interior?

Uh...the first time they were unified was in about 60 B.C.

During the War of Liberation, the PLA liberated Xīnjiǎng, right?

Xīnjiǎng was peacefully liberated. The PLA went to Xīnjiǎng in 191*9.’

Are living conditions in the five autonomous regions very different from
those in the interior?

Well, it’s mainly that transportation is difficult. As for other aspects
of daily life, they’re somewhat below standard too.

Did they go to Shànghǎi on business?

No. We’re on vacation now, remember? Some of the cadres’ families are in
Shànghǎi, so they went home to visit.

*The tapes for this unit incorrectly give the date as 1950. The PLA
entered Xīnjiǎng in October 191*9, and the whole province was
"liberated" by April 1950.

MS

-   7. A: Tz! Zhèitiáo dìtSn zhěn méi.* Shi Wéiwúěr dìtàn ma?

B: Shi. Jiù shi zài nī zuōtiān cānguānde nèige gōngchàng zuò de.

Ah! This carpet is just beautiful! Is it a Uygur carpet?

Yes. It was made in the factory you visited yesterday.

-   8. A: NĪ kàn, tiān gang liàng, Wéiwúěr nōngmín Jiu kāishl gōngzuò
    le.

B: Gèzú rénmín dōu zài dà gāo shèhuizhǔyì ma!

Look, it Just got light and the Uygur peasants have already started to
work.

Sure, the people of all nationalities are going all out with socialism!

-   9. A: Tīngshuō Jīwèi gōngren Jiao gěi zhèngfǔ Jīběn hen lǎode shǔ,
    nimen kànguo le ma?

B: Kànguo le. Dōu shi guānyú zhōngzú wèntí, lìshī wèntlde, hen yōu yìsi.

-   10. A: Zhèige dìqúde xùmuyè nàme fǎdà!

B: Suōyi wǒmen zài zhèr bànle hāojīge dìt&nch&ng.

-   11. A: Nīmende wénzì nàme nán! Gào wénhuà Jiáoliú duō bù rōngyi.

B: Shéi shuǒde, wōmende wénzì bú shi zài g&i ma? Yuè g&i yuè Ji&ndán ma!

I hear that some workers handed a few very old books over to the
government. Have you seen them?

Yes. They’re about racial and historical problems. They’re very
interesting.

Thi*s- region’s livestock farming is so well developed!

That’s why we’ve set up a lot of carpet factories here.

Your system of writing is so hard! It makes cultural exchange so
difficult!

Says who! Aren’t we changing our writing? The more we change it the
simpler it is.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on tape)

-   12. biānJiang

    border area; borderland; frontier; frontier region

    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | biānjiāng                         | border area; borderland;          |
    |                                   | drontier; frontier region         |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | chà                               | to differ; to be inferior, to be  |
    |                                   | poor, to be not up to standard    |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | chàng chū chai                    | factory, plant                    |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | to go away on business            |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | fang Jià fùzá (fǔzá)              | to have vacation to be            |
    |                                   | complicated                       |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | gànbu gōngchàng gōngren gongyuan  | cadre                             |
    | gōngyuánhòu gōngyuánqián          |                                   |
    |                                   | factory, mill, plant, works       |
    |                                   | worker                            |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | the common era; Á.D.              |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | A.D.                              |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | B.C.                              |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Hànyǔ hépíng                      | the Chinese language peace; to be |
    |                                   | peaceful                          |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Jiāo                              | to hand over, to give religion,   |
    |                                   | church (bound form) to exchange;  |
    | -Jiao Jiāoliú Jiāotōng Jiěfàngjūn | exchange                          |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | traffic; transportation; travel   |
    |                                   | (People’s) Liberation Army,       |
    |                                   | P.L.A.                            |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | liàng                             | to be light, to be bright         |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | me (ma) měi                       | (pause marker) to be beautiful    |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | nèidì nóngmín                     | interior (of a country) peasant   |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | shāmò                             | desert                            |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | tSolùn tian liàng tSngyī Tz!      | to discuss daybreak, dawn; to     |
    |                                   | become light to unite, to unify   |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | Tsk (clicking sound with several  |
    |                                   | different uses: disappointment,   |
    |                                   | admiration, hesitation, etc.)     |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Weiwúěr wénzì xiāngxín            | the Uygur (Uighur) nationality    |
    |                                   | writing, script                   |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | to believe (in); to trust, to be  |
    |                                   | convinced (that)                  |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | xùnruyè                           | livestock farming, animal         |
    |                                   | husbandry                         |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Yīsīlánjiào                       | the Islamic religion, Islam       |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | 147                               |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | zhànzhēng                         | war                               |
    |                                   |                                   |
    | Zhejiang (Zhejiang)               | (province in eastern China,       |
    |                                   | formerly spelled Chekiang)        |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Zhongdong zhSngzú -zhuyì zìzhìqū  | the Middle East                   |
    | -zú                               |                                   |
    |                                   | race                              |
    |                                   |                                   |
    |                                   | -ism, principle (bound form)      |
    |                                   | autonomous region nationality     |
    |                                   | (bound form)                      |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

1. A: Hànyu hén fùzá, xuéqilai dàgài hén nan?!

B: Fàngxìn ba! Wǒ xlāngxìn ni kéyi xuéde hen hāo.

Chinese is very complicated. It must be very difficult to study?!

Don’t worry! I’m convinced you can'learn it very well.

Notes on No. 1

Hànyǔ: ’’Chinese language" This

Shuǒ Zhōngguó huà bú tài nán, keshi yào xuéh&o Hànyú Jiu biJiào nán le.

Wǒ lilngdiln zhǒng yǒu Hànyǔ kè.

fúzá: "to be complicated, to be

Nà shi yíge fuzáde wèntí.

xlāngxìn: (1) "to believe in, t

Tā xlāngxìn yíge hān qíguàide zōngjlào.

Wǒ bù xlāngxìn.'

Yiqián rénmen bù xlāngxìn zhèi-zhǒng shuōfS, xiànzài xiāng-xìn le.

(2) (as used In IB) "to be convinced,

Wǒ xlāngxìn tā yídìng zuòde hāo.

s is more formal than Zhǒngwén.

It isn't too hard to speak Chinese, but if you want to master the
Chinese language, it is more difficult.

I have Chinese class at two.

*e complex" Also pronounced fùzá.

That's a complicated question.

to have faith in"

He believes in a very strange religion.

I don’t believe it!

People didn't used to believe in this explanation, but now they do.

., to be certain, to trust that..."

I’m certain that he will do a good Job.

2. A:

ZhSngdǒngde Ylsllánjiào hé Xlnjlāngde Ylsllánjiào shi bu shi hen bù
yíyàng?

B: Zhèi shi yíge xiāngdāng fttzáde wèntí, wǒmen kéyi t&olùn t&olùn.

Is the Islam of the Middle East very different from the Islam of
Xinjiang?

This is a very difficult question. We can discuss it.

Notes on No. 2

Zhǒngdǒng: "the Middle East"

W9

ZhǒngdSng dìqū yōu hàn duō guōjii. dōu dúlì le.

The Middle East region has many countries vhich have become independent.

Yíallánjiàa: "Islam” -Jiao, "religion," goes on the end of words for.
different religions. The following examples are for comparison, not for
memorisation:

Tiānzhūjiào

Catholicism

("heaven-lord-religion") XīnJ iào ("New-religion") Yōutàijiào Fōjiào
DàoJiào

Protestantism

Judaism Buddhism Taoism (the popular religion, not

the philosophy)

Xlnjiàng: The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, formerly known as
Sinkiang or Chinese Turkestan, is China's westernmost area. The largest
of the country's autonomous regions and provinces, Xinjiang makes up one
sixth of China's total area. In this vast land of great natural beauty
and sharp geographical contrasts, plentiful resources make conditions
ideal for the development of industry, agriculture, and livestock
farming.

Xinjiang has held an important place in China's politics and economy
since ancient times. In the days before the large-scale navigation of
the seas, Xinjiang was crossed by the famous "Silk Road," by which
economic and cultural ties were maintained between China and other Asian
and European countries. During the Western Hàn period over two thousand
years ago, incursions by the Xiōngnú (Hsiungnu) led the Chinese central
government to a policy of occupying the oasis cities of southern
Xinjiang as garrison posts. Xinjiang has been intimately connected with
China ever since that time, although their relations have often been
turbulent. The Qlng dynasty made a province of Xinjiang (the name means
"the New Dominion") in 188b. From the Chinese revolution in 1911 until
19^9, Xinjiang remained under authoritarian Chinese control at the same
time that local nationalist forces were also at work. Communist Chinese
forces "liberated" Xinjiang from late 19^9 until the spring of 1950.
Xinjiang became an autonomous region on October 1, 1955.

Xinjiang is surrounded by mountains: the Altay in the north; the Kunlun
in the south and vest; and the Tianshan Range, over 200 kilometers wide,
which cuts across the center from east to west. Between these mountain
ranges cure basins of varying sizes. Southern Xinjiang has the Tarim
Basin and northern Xinjiang the Deungarian Basin. In addition there are
smaller basins such as the RagH and Turf an Basins. All cure well-suited
to agriculture and livestock farming. Xīnjiing fine-wool sheep and Yllí
horses are famous throughout China. Despite a harsh seven-month winter,
the north has its herdsmen who put their horses and sheep to graze on
the wide grasslands for the brief summer. In the arid south, too,
livestock herding is a major occupation. In agricultural areas, the dry
climate makes irrigation indispensable; a full ninety percent of
Xinjiang's farmland is irrigated. The areas around Turpan and Um* are
famous for their "karez" (kànrjing) irrigation, a system for conveying
water from sources under mountain slopes to farmland by means of
man-made underground channel a. Crops include winter and spring wheat,
cotton,

iSŌ

com, rice and. silkworms. But Xīnjiǎng is most celebrated for its
fruits— cantaloupe, melons (hǎmìguǎ) from Shànshàn and seedless grapes
from Turpan are available-in season in Bǎijīng's markets. The Tiānshān
and Altay Mountains, covered with evergreen forests, are rich in
wildlife and in precious herbs which go-into the making of Chinese
medicines. Xīnjiǎng has important deposits of petroleum (especially at
Karamay CKèlǎmǎyīl), coal, iron, gold, Jade, and uranium (in the Altay
Mountains). The main industries are petroleum, metallurgy, coal,
electric power, chemicals, construction materials, textiles, and sugar
refining.

About half the population of Xīnjiǎng is of the Uygur (Uighur)
nationality (see the note on Wéiwúǎr. "Uygur,” under number 7), and over
forty percent are Hàn Chinese. The rest of the population belongs to one
of these ethnic groups: Kazak (Kazakh), Hui (Chinese Moslem), Mongol,
Kergez (Kirghiz), Xibo (Sibo), Tajik (Tadzhik), Uzbek, Manchu, Daur
(Tahur), and Tartar (Tatar). There are also several hundred Russians. In
the north of Xīnjiǎng there is a Hàn majority, and in the south, a Uygur
majority. The capital Ōrūmqi (Wúlúmùqí), with a population of 800,000
(1980, est.), is the region's center for industry, commerce, and
transportation. Xīnjiǎng University in (Jrūmqi has departments of
Chinese, government, history, foreign languages, math, physics,
chemistry, biology, and geography. Kashgar (Chinese Kǎshi). ancient
gateway of the silk trade, is still a commercial and craft center.
Kuldja (Chinese Yīníng) is a commercial center which produces leather
and tobacco, and also has metallurgical and textile industry. Other
cities of note are Kuytun (Chinese Kuítún). Hotan (Hétìǎn). Shíhézi, and
Yarkand (Shǎchē).

tǎolùn: A verb, ”to discuss,” or a noun, ’’discussion.”

Rénmen chǎngchǎng tǎolùn shì-Jièshang yìxiē ySu yìside wèntí, kǎshi shéi
yǎ bù zhī-dào zhèizhSng tǎolùn ySu shénme yòng.

Nèige rén bú ài shuō huà, cSnglǎi bù cǎnjiǎ tǎolùn.

Tǎolùnhuì ("discussion-meeting”) is a

People often discuss some very inter esting questions about the world,
but no one knows of what use this kind of discussion is.

That person doesn't like to talk. He never takes part in discussion.

symposium.”

3. A: Xīnjiǎng hǎ nèidì shi shǎnme shíhou tōngyīde?

B*. Ng...dìyīcì tSngyī chàbuduǒ shi gǒngyuǎn qiǎn liùshí-niánde shíhou.

When was Xīnjiǎng united with the interior?

Uh...the first time they were unified was in about 60 B.C.

Notes on No. 3

nèidì: ”the intericr" of a country; modifying a noun, nèidì can be
translated as "inland." e.g., nèidì chéngshì, "inland city.”

From the point of view of Xīnjiǎng, a border region, nèidì refers to
China proper; but from the point of view of Bǎijīr.g, Shànghǎi, or
Guǎngzhōu,

I SI

nèidì refers to inland regions such as Sichuan.

Zhōngguó dàbùfen nèidì chéng- In most inland cities of China, shìde
gōngyè meiyou yánhài         industry is not as developed as

chengshìde nàme fādá.              in the coastal cities.

tōngyl: As a process verb, ’’to become united’’:

Yuènán xiànzài tōngyī le.          Vietnam has nov been united.

As an action verb, ”to unite, to unify, to integrate”:

Qin Shīhuáng tōngyīle Zhōngguó. Qin Shīhuáng united China.*

gōngyuán and gōngyuán qián: ”A.D.” and ”B.C.” Literally, gōngyuán is
’’commonera”⁻and gōngyuán qián "before the common era.’’

gōngyuán qián èrbàièrshièmián     222 B.C.

gōngyuán sìb&isānshiliùnián       A.D. U36

gōngyuán chū                       the beginning of the Christian era

U. A: Jiáfàng Zhànzhěngde shihou, Jièfàngjūn jilfàngle Xinjiang, shi bu
shi?

B: Xinjiang shi hépíng Jiěfàng-de, Jiáfàngjūn shi sìjiú-nián dào
Xinjiang qùde.

Dur.ing the War of Liberation, the FLA liberated Xinjiang, right?

Xinjiang was peacefully liberated The FLA went to Xinjiang in 19^9.

Notes on No. U

Jiěfàngjūn: "the Liberation Army," short for Zhōngguó Renmin JièfàngJūn,
the Chinese People's Liberation Army, which in English is usually called
the FLA.

hepíng: "peace" (For the first example, you need to know yg, a formal
word for "and.")

Zhànzhēng ytt Heping shi yìběn War and Peace is a very good novel. h?n
hlode xiáoshuō.

Shìjiè hépíngde wèntí shi gèguó World peace is a question of concern
rénmín guānxlnde wèntí.            to the people of all nations.

In some idioms, hépíng can be used to modify a noun or a verb. Hépíng
Jiéfàng "peacefully liberate," is an example.

’in 221 B.C.

5. A: Wuge zìzhìaūde shěnghuō qíngkuàng he nèidì chà hSa duō ma?

B:- Ngj zhūyào shi Jiāotōng bù fāngbiàn. Biéde shěnghuō fāngmian me, yě
chà yidiānr.

Notes on No. 5

zìzhìqū: "autonomous region"

Zhōngguō dàlù yōu wǔge zìzhìqū.

Zìzhìqūde rénmín dàbùfen shi shěoshù mínzú.

chà: (1) (as used in 5A) "to

Beijīng shíjiān gēn Nlǔ Yuē shíjiān chà shísānge zhōngtōu.

(2) (as used in 5B) "to be inferior, to

Wōde Hànytt fāyīn bī tāde fāyīn chà yidiǎn.

Zhìliàng chà yidián, bú shi wōmende zérèn.

Nèige dìfangde qíngkuàng bl zhèr chàde duo.

Wōmende gōngzuō hái chàde yuán ne.

(3) "to lack"

Bú gòtt, hái chà sānge.

Are living conditions in the five autonomous regions very different from
those in the interior?

Well, it’s mainly that transportation is difficult. As for other aspects
of daily life, they’re somewhat below standard too.

The Chinese mainland has five autonomous regions.²

The people of the autonomous regions are mostly minority nationalities.

differ," as in

Běijīng time and New York time differ by thirteen hours.

be poor, to be not up to standard":

My Chinese pronunciation is a little worse than his.

It’s not our responsibility that the quality is inferior.

Conditions in that place are much worse than here.

Our work is a long way from what it should be.

There aren’t enough. There are still three too few.

the the the the the

Inner Mongolia (or Nel Monggol) AR

Níngxià Hui AR

Xinjiang Uygur AR

Guángxī Zhuàng AR Tibet AR

jiǎotǒng: "traffic,” "transportation"

Zhèlide jilotǒng bù ānquan, qìchē tii duǒ, kiide tài kuài.

Qing nl zhǎo yíge jiǎotǒng jīngchá lái.

The traffic here isn’t safe. There are too many cars, and they go too
fast.

Please go get a traffic officer.

zhūyào shi...: "it’s mainly that...," or "it’s mainly because..."

Zhuyào shi Zhōngguōde līngdǎo      It’s mainly because China's leaders

rén bù dǒng Jīngji, gōngyè         do not understand economics that

fāzhān cái nàme man.                industrial development has been

so slov.

(also pronounced ma): "as for," "...well,, pause and sets off the topic
of a sentence, is hesitating about exactly what to comment

me marks a speaker

Tā zài wénxué fǎngmiàn me... kéyi shuo hén bú cuò, kǎshi shùxué fǎngmiàn
kǎ zhěn chà.

Zhōngguōde zhòng gongyè Jiànshè me...zhèi jīnián hái suàn kéyi le.

RúguS tā bú yuànyì me, nà Jiù suàn le.

. This colloquial word It is often used when the on the topic.

In the area of literature...he can be said to be quite good, but he's
really poor in mathematics.

As for China's heavy industrial construction...it has not been too bad
the past few years.

If he’s unwilling, well, then let the matter drop.

6. A: Tǎmen shi dào Shànghǎi qù chū chǎi ma?

B: Bù, bú shi fàng Jià le ma? Yōude gànbude Jiǎ zài Shànghǎi, tǎmen huí
jiǎ qù kànkan.

Did they go to Shànghǎi on business?

No. We're on vacation now, remember? Some of the cadres' families are in
Shànghǎi, so they went home to visit.

Notes on No. 6

chù chǎi: "to go/be away on official business" (For this example, you
need to know Sū-Háng. an abbreviation for Sūzhǒu and Hángzhǒu.)

Dàjiā dǒu xīhuan chù chǎi qù Sǔ-Háng yídài, kéyi duo yixie jīhui yǒulǎn.

Everyone likes to go on business to the Sǔzhǒu-Hángzhōu region,
(because) one can have more opportunities to do sightseeing.

fàng jià: "to let out for vacation" or "to have vacation, to be on
vacation" Here are examples of the first meaning:

Nimen xuéxiào nǎitiān fàng jià? What day does your school let out for
vacation?

Fing jià le, ni zānme hái qù shàng bǎn?

Vacation has started; why are you still going to work?

Here are examples referring to the state of being on vacation:

Zhèige llbài wSmen zài fang jià This week we are on vacation, ne.

Fàng jiàde shihou wSmen cái néng We can only he together when we are zài
yìqī.                           on vacation.

The length of time the vacation lasts is expressed by a time phrase
modifying the object jià:

Qùnián wSmen fàngle sǎnge 11- Last year we had three weeks of bàide jià,
jīnnián zhi fàng        vacation, but this year we only

liāngge llbài.                      have two weeks.

Shíyuè yīhào, xuéxiào fàng         Schools have one day of vacation

yìtiǎn jià.                         on October 1.

bú shi...ma?: This has both a literal and a rhetorical use. In 6B you
see the rhetorical use.

(1) Literal use: "isn’t...?, don’t...?," etc.

(2) Rhetorical use: "you know, you will recall, remember" Use this to
remind the listener of a fact you know he is aware of (although he may
have forgotten it).

Contrast the literal and rhetorical use

LITERAL:     Ni bú shi ySu yíge mèimei

zài Shànghǎi ma?

RHETORICAL: WS bú shi ySu yíge mèimei zài Shànghǎi ma?

Further examples:

(LITERAL)

Ni bú shi shuǒ yào qù ma? Zānme ySu bú qù le ne?

(RHETORICAL)

WS bú shi yijìng xiewánle ma? Wèishénme hái ràng wo xie?

of this pattern:

Don’t you have a younger sister

in Shànghǎi? (CHECKING INFORMATION)

You’ll recall that I have a younger

sister in Shànghǎi. (REMINDING)

Didn’t you say you were going to go? How come you aren’t going now?

I’ve finished writing it, you know. Why do you still want me to write?

W8 bú shi gēn nl shuǒguo ma? W8 xiàvú yào kāi huì, méi shíjiān.

Haven’t I told you? I have a meeting this afternoon and don’t have time.

Xiale diàntl, wàng you z3u, bú shi y8u ge canting ma? WSmen jiù zài nàr
Jiàn mi an, h&o bu h&o?

When you get off the elevator and go to the right, there’s a restaurant,
you know? We’ll meet there, okay?

Bú shi ma? may also be put onto the end of a sentence:

Wímen fàng jià le, bú shi ma?

We’re on vacation, remember?

7. A: Tz! Zhèitiío dìt&n zhēn méi! Shi Wéiwúēr dìt&n ma?

B: Shì. Jiù shi zài nl zuótiān cānguānde nèige g5ngch&ng zuùde.

Ah! This carpet is Just beautiful! Is it a Uygur carpet?

Yes. It was made in the factory you visited yesterday.

Notes on No. 7

Tz!: This sound is just like the clicking of the tongue sometimes
written in English as ”Tsk.” As in English, it can.be used to express
disappointment or chiding, but in Chinese it can also be used to express
admiration, as when describing a beautiful house, a dish of food, or a
smartly dressed person.

méi: "to be beautiful”

Xià dà xué le, nl kàn wàibian It has snowed a lot. Look at how du6 m?i.
                           beautiful it is outside.

Zhàopiànshang tā zhēn méi.         She looks beautiful in the
photograph.

Wéiwú&r: The Uygur, or Uighur, a Turkic people who, with a population of
six million, constitute one of China's largest national minorities.
Their early history, like that of other peoples of central Asia, is
unrecorded. Some scholars have hypothesized that their origins were
Indo-European rather than Turkic. At any rate, they emerge into the
light of history in the T&ng dynasty. At that time, they were a nomadic
people well known to the Chinese; in fact, they helped the T&ng
overthrow a hostile Turkic empire in Mongolia in 7UU. The Uygurs, in
turn, established an empire in the area, but this lasted only until 8U0,
when the wild Kergez sacked their capital and killed their khan. A
portion of their population then migrated westward to the oases of the
Tarim Basin. There, they mixed with the local Turkic population, and
although the Uygur racial strain dominated, they adopted the Turkic
language and no longer called themselves Uygurs. Gradually, their
occupation shifted from nomadic herding to farming. The resulting
stability allowed a great development in their literature and arts,
especially song and dance. In the tenth century, closer contact with
merchants, travelers, and settlers from the Middle East stimulated their
conversion to Islam, a process which took several centuries to complete.

Modern times have witnessed the emergence of Uygur nationalism,
reflected in their official readoption of the historical name "Uygur"
earlier in this century. Uygur leaders have often resisted control by
outside powers, and even attempted to establish an independent republic
in the region. Under Chinese authority today, the Uygurs, who remain for
the most part a farming people living and marrying within the village
unit, have a limited degree of regional autonomy and are guaranteed
cultural freedom and linguistic rights by the PRC Constitution.

8. A: Nl kin, tian gang liàng, Wéiwúēr nōngmín jiu kàisht gōngzuò le.

B: Gèzú rénmín dōu zài dà g&o shèhuizhuyì ma!

Look, it just got light and the Uygur peasants have already started to
work.

Sure, the people of all nationalities are going all out with socialism!

Notes on No. 8

liàng: "to be bright, to be light" or "to be shiny"

Zhèige dēng bú liàng le.           This light won't go' on.

Nlde xīn chēzi zhēn liàng a! Your new car is really shiny!

Tian liàng means "to get light out" or "daybreak, dawn":

Tian liàng yihòu, jiēshang jiu After it got light out, the streets
rè'naoqilai le.                     started to liven up.

Tian liàng yiqián néng dào ma? Can we get there before dawn?

gang..♦jiù.♦.: "just (hardly)...and already..."

Tá gang dàxué bìyè Jiù dào XTbēi qù le.

Zhèige háizi gang lái Méiguō sānge yuè, jiù hui shuō bù shlo Yíngwén le.

Zhèige xuéqī gang kāishī, wōmen Jiù Juéde hàoxiàng guòle hén cháng
shíjiān le.

He went to the Northwest when he had just graduated from college.

It has been barely three months since this child name to the U.S., and
already she can speak a lot of English.

The semester had barely started when ve felt as if a long time had
already passed.

nōngmín: "peasant," as contrasted with non-ideological terms like
nōngfū, "farmer," or nōngyè gōngren, "agricultural worker."

Zhōngguōde nōngmín zhàn quánguǒ rénkōude b&ifěnzhī bǎshí.

China's peasants make up 80 percent of the population of the whole
country.

-zú: "nationality," as in Weiwúàrzú, "the Uygur nationality," Hànzú,
"the Han nationality," Ménggǔzú, "the Monggol (Mongolian) nationality."

-zhǔyì: "doctrine" or "-ism," as in Gǒngchànzhǔyì, "Communism";

hépíngzhfrn. "pacifism"; mínzúzhǔyì, "nationalism"; Déīrwénzhǔyì,
"Darwinism."

dà gio shèhuizhǔyì: "go all out with socialism; engage in socialism in a
big way" The adjectival verb dà, "to be large," is used here as an
adverb. CAdverbs modify verbs or other adverbs.1 When so used, it means
"in a big way" or "go all out with (doing something)":

Jiēhūnde shihou y? bú yào dà chī dà he.

"Dà Bàn Nōngyè."

Even when one gets married, one shouldn’t put on a great feast

"Make Great Efforts to Develop Agriculture." (slogan)

9. A: Tīngshuō jlwèi gōngren jiao g?i zhèngfǔ Jthen hàn llode shǔ, nimen
kànguo le ma?

B: Kànguo le. Dǒu shi guānyú zhǒngzú wèntí, lìshī wèntíde, hàn yǒu yìsi.

I hear that some workers handed a few very old books over to the
government. Have you seen them?

Yes. They’re about racial and historical problems. They’re very
interesting.

Notes on No. 9

gongren: This is the general term for "worker" in the sense of a
wageearning laborer. (Gǒngzuǒzhé, which you learned in Unit U, does not
imply manual labor; it simply means someone who works in a particular
field, such as education or archeology.) Examples: shíyōu gōngren, "oil
worker"; nōngyè gōngren, "agricultural worker," for example, a
wage-earning worker on a state farm; tiàlǔ gōngren, "railroad worker."

jiao: "to hand over, to give" Jiao qián is "to pay" (a fee or bill,
especially one which is due regularly).

Wǒ hái méi Jiào zhèige yuède I haven’t paid this month’s rent féngzū.
                            yet.

Jiào gài wǒmen ba! Nī fàngxīn Leave it to us! Don’t worry about hlo le!
                            it! (Here jiào refers to turning

over a task to someone.)

zhǒngzú: "race" or "racial" Examples’ are Huángzhǒngrén, "people of the
yellow (Oriental) race," Hěizhǒngrén, "people of the black race," and
Báizhǒng-rén, "people of the white race?’

10. A: Zhèige diqūde xùmuyè nàme This region’s livestock farming fidá!
                           is so well developedI

B: Sufiyi w&nen zài zhèr bànle That’s why we’ve set up a lot of blojlge
dìtānchāng.            carpet factories here.

Notes on No. 10

Su6yi . . . : Notice that when stressed at the beginning of a sentence,
suéyi is translated as ’’That’s why . . . ."

chAng and gSngchāng: GSngchāng (introduced in No. 7 above) is the
generic term for a factory or plant. If you were talking about the
installations in an area and wanted to say that there were schools,
factories, and hospitals, you would use gSngchāng. Chāng. on the other
hand, is only used in specific contexts. If you are talking about a
specific factory, you can say chXnglī for "in the factory." A worker can
say wSmen chāng for "our fac-toryT” You can also use chāng in certain
compound nouns which specify what the factory makes, as in dìtānchāng.

11. A: Nlmende wénzì name nén!

Gio wénhuà jiāoliú du6 bù rúngyi.

B: Shéi shuōde, wSmende wénzì bú shi zài gāi ma? Yuè gāi yuè jiíndān ma!

Your system of writing is so hard! It makes cultural exchange so
difficult!

Says who! Aren’t we changing our writing? The more we change it the
simpler it is.

Notes on No. 11

wénzì: "writing," "written language," "script," "system of writing" For
example, a member of China’s Committee for Reform of the Written
Language would be a wénzì gSngzuSzhé. "written language worker."

Jiāoliú: "to exchange" or "an exchange," "interchange" This is only used
to refer to a back-and-forth flow of culture, technology, experience,
thought, and so forth. "To exchange" one thing for another is huàn Cor
.1 iāohuàn in formal contexts such as the exchange of views or of
prisoners!.

shéi shuSde: "Says who!" This is strictly informal and could be taken as
impolite if used in an inappropriate context.

zài gāi: "in the process of changing"

bú shi . . . ma?: This is another example of the rhetorical use of this
pattern (see the Notes on No. 6): "We’re changing our writing, aren’t
we?!"

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

12. biānjiing

border area; borderland; frontier; frontier region

biānjiāng: "frontier region, border region" This refers to the area
inside the border. Biǎn.1 iè refers more specifically to the border or
boundary itself.

!(>O

In a soft berth car on the express train from Beijīng to Orúmqi
(Wūlǔ-mùqí) in the Xīnjiǎng Uygur Autonomous Region, an American
ethnologist, Gail Griffith (G), is standing in the corridor looking out
the window at the passing scenery. Lí Ming (L), a cadre in the Ministry
of Foreign Trade, steps out of the neighboring compartment, a glass of
tea in his hand.

L:   Zǎoshang hǎo!

G:   Zǎoshang hǎo! Nín guìxìng?

L:   Wō xing LÍ, zài Beijīng wō Jiàn-

guo nín.

G:   Zài Bǎijīng? Shénme dìfangr?

L:   Qīyuè sìhào wǎnshang, zài Měigué

Dàshiguǎn.

G: À! Qīyuè sihào, nèitiān yōu nàme duō rén, wō bú jìde le. Nín zài nǎr
gōngzuò a?

L:   Wàimàobù. Nèitiān, Wàimàobùde

gànbu qùle bù shǎo, nín bú hui Jide le. Wō hǎoxiàng Jìde nín shi gǎo
yúyánxuéde.

G: Bù zhī shi yǔyánxué, wō hái yán-Jiū mínzú wèntí, zhōngzú wèntí.

L:   O’. Dào Xīnjiǎng qù yánjiū mínzú

wèntí ma?

G:   Bù, wō shi xiǎng duō liǎojiě

yidiǎnr Wéiwúer wénhuà hé Zhōng-dōng wénhuàde guǎnxi.

L: Ò! Zhèi kǎ shi yíge fǔzáde wèntí, wō bú shi lìshī xuéjiā, guǎnyú
zhèige ne, wō zhīdaode bú tài duō.

G:   Nīmen zōng bī wōmen zhīdaode duō,

Jiù qīng nín JiǎngJiang ba.

L: Wō zhīdao cōngqián Wéiwúer rén yòngde wénzì shi Zhōngdóngde, yìzhí
dào xiànzài, zài Xīnjiǎng Wéiwúer Zìzhìqūde xuéxiàoli háishi Jiao
Wéiwúěrwén.

Good morning!

Good morning! May I ask your name?

My name is LÍ. I met you in Beijīng.

In Běijīng? Where?

On the evening of July fourth, at the American Embassy.

Ah! July fourth. There were so many people that day, I don’t remember.
Where do you work?

The Ministry of Foreign Trade. That day, a lot of cadres from the
Ministry of Foreign Trade went; you wouldn’t remember. I seem to
remember that you are in linguistics.

Not only linguistics. I also study national and racial issues.

Oh! Are you going to Xīnjiǎng to do research on nationalities?

No. I want to get a better understanding of the relationship between
Uygur culture and Chinese culture.

Oh! That’s certainly a complex question. I’m not a historian. On that
topic...I don’t know very much.

But you know more than we do, in any case, so please tell me about it.

I know that the writing which the Uygurs used to use was Middle Eastern.
Even now, they still teach the Uygur language in the schools in the
Xīn-Jiāng Uygur Autonomous Region.

G: Name yōu duōshāo Wéiwúěr rén d3ng Hànyǔ net

L: Dàgài bú die. bāifēnzhl èrshí.

G: Ng, ben yōu yìsi, nàme zhèngfǔ zài zìzhìqūde zhèngcè he nèidì hen bù
tóng ma?

L: Wéiwúěr rén dabùfen xiāngxìn Yī-sīlán jiào. Zhōngguó yě shi zōng-jiào
zìyóude guojiā, suōyl zài zhèngcèshang huì yōu yìxiě hé nèidì bù tóngde
bànfā.

G: Ng, wǒmen zài hui dào wénzì wèntí shang hāo bu hāo?

L: Hāo a!

Then how many Uygurs understand Chinese?

Probably fewer than twenty percent.

Hm, very interesting. Then is the government’s policy in the autonomous
region very different from in the interior?

Most Uygurs believe in Islam. China is a country with freedom of
religion, too. So in the area of policy, some ways of doing things are
different from in the interior.

Mm. Could we go back to the question of the writing?

Sure!

G:   Tīngshuō xiànzài Wéiwúěrwén yōule

xīn wénzì le.

L: Yōu, xīn wénzì shi Yī jiu qī wu ' nián kāishi yōngde. Zhèizhǒng xīn
wénzì xiěqilai bījiào róngyi, cóng nèidì lái Xinjiangde rén xuéqilai yě
róngyide duō.

G: Yōule xīn wénzì yīhèu Wéiwúěrzǔ rén juéde zěnmeyàng? Tāmen hěn
gāoxìng ma?

L: Zhōngguó shi yíge duō mínzúde shèhuizhuyì dà jiātíng, Wéiwúěr rénmín
yě shi yào tōngyīde ma! Yōule xīn wénzì, Hànzú hé shāoshù mínzúde wénhuà
jiāoliú yě róngyì-duō le ma!

I understand that the Uygur language now has a new orthography.

Yes, the new orthography began to be used in 1975. It’s easier to write,
and for people who come to Xīnjiāng from the interior, it’s much easier
to learn.

What do the Uygur people think now that they have the new orthography?
Are they very happy?

China is a socialist family of many nations. The Uygurs want to be
unified, too! With the new orthography, cultural exchange between the
Hans and the minority nationalities has also become much easier!

G: Ni shuōde yōu dàolī. Duì le, nī kě bu kéyi gàbsu wō Xīnjiāng
rén-kōude qíngkuàng?

You are right. Oh yes-can you tell me about the population of Xīnjiāng?

L: Xiànzài Xīnjiāng yōu JiǔbSiwàn rén zuōyōu, yīhōu huì gèng duō.

Xīnjiāng now has approximately nine million people, and there will be
even more in the future.

G: Shāoshù mínzú y3u duōshāo ne?        How many of that number are
minority

nationalities?

L:   Chàbuduō q lb Si duō wàn, érciě zhèi

Somewhere over seven million. And

qībāiduō wan rénlī yōu shísānge mínzú<

G: òu. . Xinjiang shāoshù mínzú gēn Hànzúde Jiāoliú yōu duō Jiù le?

L: Xinjiang diqū he nèidìde JingJi Jiāoliú yījīng yōu Jīqiānniánde lìshī
le, yong wénzì xiěxiàláide JīngJi wénhuà Jiāoliú shi cong gōngyuán qián
liùbāi nian zuō-yòu kāishīde. Gōngyuán qián liù-shí nian Jīngguò Jīcì
zhànzhēng yīhòu Xīnjiāng hé nèidi tōngyī le, wénhuà, yìshude Jiāoliú ye
Jiu yuè lái yuè duō le.

G:   Wō tīngshuǒ Jiěfàng yīhòu yōu

hěn duō rén ban dao Xīnjiāng lái zhù le.

L: XI Jiu wǔ ling nián, Xīnjiāng hé-píng Jiěfàng. Jiěfàngjūn dàole zhèli
yīhòu Jiù hé zhèige dìfangde nōngmín yìqī gSo JīngJi Jiànshè.

XI Jiu liù èr nián yīhòu měinián dōu yōu hěn duō niánqīng rén dào zhèli
lái, nèi shihou biānjlāngde shēnghuó bī nèidi chàde duō, xiànzài
Jiànshède bú cuò le.

G:   Nàme zhèixiē Jiànshè biānjlāngde

niánqīng rén dōu shi cōng nār láide ne?

L:   Duōbànr shi Tianjin, Běijīng,

Shànghāi, Zhéjiāngde qīngnián.

G: Tǎmen hái kéyi hui dà chéngshì ma?

L: Xiànsàl Jiāotōng fāngbiàn, fàng-Jiàde shihou tǎmen kéyi hui lāojiā
kànkan. Duobànrde niánqīng rén zài zhèli Jiēle hūn, yōule háizi tǎmen
yījīng shi Xīnjiāng rén le!

G: Tǎmen zài zhèli zuò shénme? Jiù gāo nōngyè ma?

among these seven million people there are thirteen nationalities.

Oh. How long has there been interchange between the minority
nationalities of Xīnjiāng and the Han people?

Economic interchange between the Xīnjiāng region and the interior has
been going on for several thousand years. Economic and cultural
interchange which was put down in writing began around 600 B.C. In ŌO
B.C., after several wars, Xīnjiāng was united with the interior, and
there began to be more and more cultural and artistic interchange.

I understand that many people have moved to Xīnjiāng since liberation.

In 1950, Xīnjiāng was peacefully liberated. After the PLA arrived here,
they carried on economic construction with the peasants. Since 19Ō2,
every year, a lot of young people have come here. Back then, life in the
border region was much worse than in the interior; but now, construction
has been pretty well carried out.

And where have all these young people who are carrying on the
construction of the borderlands come from?

Most of them are youth from Tiānjīn, Běijīng, Shànghāi, and Zhéjiāng.

Can they still go back to the big cities?

Now, transportation is convenient, so when they have vacation, they can
go back to visit their original home. Most of the.young people have
married here and have children; they have already become Xīnjiāng
natives!

What do they do here? Just farming?

L; Ò! BÙ dǒu shi gio nōngyè. Yě yōude ahi gōngren, yě yōude gào wénhuà
jiàoyu gōngzuò, hái yōude gio xùmuyè.

G: Duì le, suīrán Xīnjiǎng yōu hěn dàde ahǎmò, kěshi xùmuyè hái shi hěn
fǎdáde.

L:   NĪ Jiànguo Xīnjiǎngde dìtǎn

meiyou?

G:   Zài zhànlànhuìshang Jiànguo. Tz!

Zhen mei! Duō měide dìtin!

L:   Měinián Xīnjiǎng dìqǔ Jiǎo gěi

guójiǎ bù shào dìtin. Tǎmende shēngchàn qíngkuàng bú cuò, shù-liang bù
shio, zhìliàng yě hěn gāo, wàiguo pengyou hěn xīhuan mil.

G: À! Wō zhīdao le, nì shi dào Xīnjiǎng qu chūchǎide ba!

L: Duì le. Qù he Jìge dìtinching tǎolùn míngniǎnde shēngchàn Jìhuà.

G: Zhèixiē dìtànchàng kě bu kéyi cānguān na?

L:   Zěnme bù kéyi? Huǎnyíng huān-

yíng! Nín hé LÙxíngshè tányitán, tǎmen hui ǎnpaide.

G:   Duìbuqì, nīde biio xiànzài Jìdiàn

le? Wōde biio hàoxiàng kuài le ma.

L:   ZhōngwS shfàrdiàa.

G: Wō zěnme Juěde tiǎn liàngle bù Jiù a.

L: Nín bié wàng le, zhèrde shíjiǎn hé Běijīng chà sìge zhōngtóu ne!

G: Zěnme chà sìge zhǒngtǒu?

Ohj not all of then. Some are workers, some do cultural and educational
work, and some do livestock farming.

Oh, yes; although Xīnjiǎng has a big desert, livestock farming is still
very well developed.

Have you ever seen Xīnjiǎng carpets?

At an exhibition. Gee! They’re really beautiful! Such beautiful carpets!

Every year the Xīnjiǎng region hands over quite a few carpets to the
state. They are doing well in production; they produce quite a number of
carpets, and the quality is also very high. Foreign friends love to buy
them.

Ah! Now I know: I bet you’re going to Xīnjiǎng on business!

Right. I'm going to discuss next year's production plan with a few
carpet factories.

Can one visit these carpet factories?

Of course! You are very welcome to visit! Talk to the Travel Service
about it, and they’ll make the arrangements.

Excuse me—what time do you have? My watch seems to be fast.

Twelve noon.

How come I feel as if it's only been light out for a little while?

Don't forget, there's a four-hour time difference between here and
Běijīng!

How is that?

L:   Zài Béijīng qīdiān zhòng tian Jiu

liàng le, zài zhèr BéiJIng shíjiān shíyīdiān tian cài liàng ne!

G:   Duìle, duìle...óu, quānguó dōu

tōngyīde yòng BōiJIng shíjiān ma? Zhèi hé Mōiguó bù yíyàng, Meiguo yōu
sìge shíjiān ne....

Xiànzài wǒmen yījìng zài huōchē-ahang guòle qlshige zhōngtóu le! Shénme
shihour kéyi dào Wūlumùqí ya?

L:   Hèi yōu bāge zhōngtóu ne. HSo

le, zhànlèi le ba, wō gǎi huíqu xiūxi yìhuīr le. Hui tour Jiàn!

G:   Hui tóur Jiàn, Lí Xiānsheng.

In BōiJIng it gets light at seven o'clock. Here, it doesn't get light
until eleven o'clock BōiJIng time!

I see, I see...hm, Beijing time is used throughout the country? That's
different from America. America has four times....

Now we've already spent seventy hours on the train! What time will we
get to Orumqi?

We still have another eight hours. Well, you must be tired of standing
up. I should go back and rest a bit. See you later!

See you later, Mr. Lí.

[]

Railroad routes from Beijing to Ūrūmqi

[]

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.

All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want
to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise in Bíijīng and talks with a Uygur student.

The conversation occurs only once, you’ll probably want' to rewind the
tape you listen a second time.

Here are the new words and phrases conversation:

xuéyuàn Túěrqí Ālābó Lading zìmu slxiing xìn Jiao zuò lībài

qlngzhēnsi

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare able to give

-   1. Are

-   2.

-   3.

    an American visits the Central Nationalities Institute

    After listening to it completely, and answer the questions below as

    you will need to understand this

    academy, institute

    Turkey, Turkish

    Arab, Arabic

    Latin (Roman) alphabet

    thought, ideas

    to believe in a religion

    to worship; to attend a religious service

    mosque

    you will be

    in Xīnjiāng?

    like?

    your answers to these questions in Chinese so that them orally in
    class.

    the minority nationality languages used in schools

    What does the Uygur student say his native language is Do more
    Uygurs understand Chinese or Russian?

U. What is the Uygur student’s religious background?

5. How that she is in Beijing, is the Uygur student able to attend
religious services?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the
literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American tourist talks with a China Travel
Service worker on the train from Beijing to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

  ----------------- -------------------------------------------------
  Jíníng (Jìníng)   (city in Inner Mongolia)
  san bù            to go for a walk
  huǎngtu gāoyuan   loess plateau (see map at the end of this unit)
  mínzú zhīJiàn     between nationalities
  Xīfǎng            the West
  yāoqiú            to require
  gXishàn           to improve
  Dàtfing           (city in Shǎnxī province)
  chēxling          car (of a train)
  ----------------- -------------------------------------------------

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. In history, was the Jíníng region a peaceful one?

-   2. What is the China Travel Service worker’s attitude toward the
    national minorities of China?

-   3. How might you respond to questions about racial difficulties in
    the U.S.? (Use several sentences from the dialogue, or prepare
    answers in your own words.)

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you practice saying the answers
you have prepared.

Exercise U

This is a conversation between an American tourist and a young Chinese
woman who meet at the Museum of Chinese History in Běijīng.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.

You will need the following new words and phrases:

  ------------ --------------------------------------------------
  níkai        to take away, to move (something) out of the way
  gǔdàishl     ancient history
  huángdì      emperor
  Qīnghli      (name of a province)
  dang         to act as, to be
  hánshSubǎn   correspondence course
  kloshàng     to pass (an examination)
  zìxué        to study by oneself
  ànshí        on time
  zudyè        homework
  chénggǒng    to succeed
  ------------ --------------------------------------------------

Questions for Exercise U

-   1. Why is the young woman taking down notes?

-   2. How are living conditions in QīnghXi?

-   3. What does the young woman do for a living in-QīnghXi?

U. What other kinds of work has she done before?

5. Why does she want to re to college?

After you have answered, these questions yourself, you may want to take
a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

An American (A) visits the Central talks with a Uygur student (U).

U: Nín hǎo! Huānyíng nín lái wSmen xueyuàn cānguān.

A:   Nīde Hànyǔ hěn hāo ma, shi zài

Běijīng xuéde ma?

U:   Zhǔyào shi zài Běijīng xuéde,

kěshi bú shi zài Běijīng kāishī xuéde.

A: Ò, zài Xīnjiǎng Wéiwúěr Zìzhìqūde xuéxiàoli yě Jiao Hànyǔ, shi bu
shi?

U:   Zài zìzhìqūde zhong- xiāoxuéli

chúle Hànzú xuéxiào yīwài dōu Jiāo shloshù mínzú wénzì, tebié shi
Wéiwúěr wénzì.

A: Wéiwúěr wénzì hé Zhōngdōngde wénzì ySu shénme guānxi ma?

U: Yōu, Wéiwúěryǔ hé Túěrqíyu bī-Jiāo Jin, lǎo Wéiwúěrwén Jībenshang shi
Ālǎbōwén. xīn wénzì yòngde shi Lādīng zìmǔ.

A: Nàme xiàng "Gōngchěndlng," "Shè-huizhǔyì" zhèixiě zì zěnme ban ne?

U: Zhèixiě zìde fāyīn duōbàn xiàng Hànyu, huozhě xiàng èyǔ.

A: Duìbuqī, Wéiwúěr rén dōng Hànyǔde duō ne, háishi dSng Éyǔde duō ne?

U: Yìbānde lái shuō, hái shi dōng Éwénde rén duō.

A: Duì le—nī gāngcái bú shi shuō nīde Hànyǔ bú shi zài Běijīng kāishī
xuéde ma?

U: Wōmen lái Běijīng niàn dàxuéde shāoshù mínzú xuéshēng dōu kéyi zài
zìzhìqūde Hànzú xuéxiàoli xiān xué yìnián Hànyǔ. Zài xué Hànyǔ

Nationalities Institute in Běijīng and

Hello! Welcome to the Institute.

Your Chinese is very good! Did you learn it in Běijīng?

Mainly, but I wasn’t in Běijīng when I started learning it.

Oh. They teach Chinese in schools in the Xīnjiǎng Uygur Autonomous
Region, do they?

Except for the Hàn nationality schools, secondary and primary schools in
the autonomous region teach the minority nationality languages,
especially the Uygur language.

Is the Uygur language related to the languages of the Middle East?

Yes. Uygur is rather close to Turkish. The old Uygur writing system was
basically an Arabic writing system. The new writing system uses the
Roman alphabet.

Well, how do they handle words like "the Communist Party” and
’’socialism"?

The pronunciation of words like that is mostly like Chinese, or like
Russian

I’m sorry: Do more Uygurs understand Chinese or Russian?

Generally speaking, there are still more who understand Russian.

Oh—you Just said that you didn’t begin studying Chinese in Běijīng,
right?

All of us minority students who come to Běijīng to attend college can
take a year of Chinese language beforehand in a Hàn nationality school
in

yiqián, wō lián.yíge Hànzì dou bù zhìdào.

A:   Hànyú shi hěn fǔzáde, xuéqilai

dàgài hěn nán.

U:   Bù jǔéde zěnme tài nán, xuéle

yìnián ylhòu wǒmen he nàrde Hànzú gōngren, gànbu, yòng Hànyu táolùn
wèntí, jiāoliú slxlāng dōu meiyou shenme wèntí le.

A:   Tz! Nà zhěn bú cuò. Duì le—

wō hái yōu zuìhòu yige xiǎo wèntí. Nimen xìn jiào ma?

U: Wōmende fùmǔ, zufùmú dōu xlāngxìn Ylsllánjiào.

A:   Nimen zìjī ne?

U:   Wǒmen zìjl me, yōude xìn, yōude

bú tài xìn, wō hái shi xiangxìnde.

A:   Zài BěijIng yě kéyi zuò llbài ma-?.

U:   Keyi. Zhèr yōu hen dàde qlng-

zhēnsì, wō měige xingqī dōu qù.

-   A: Tài xièxie ni le, gěi wo jièshào-le zhème duō yōu yìside
    qíngkuàng.

U: Hěn gāoxìng nín lái cānguān. Zàijiàn.

A:   Zàijiàn.

the autonomous region. Before I started studying Chinese, I didn’t even
know one Chinese character.

Chinese is very complicated. It must be very hard to study.

I don’t find it terribly difficult. After one year, we didn’t have any
problem having discussions and communicating ideas in Chinese with the
Chinese workers and cadres there.

Gee, that’s really great. Oh yes— I have one last small question. Do you
profess a religion?

Our parents and grandparents believe in Islam.

What about you yourselves?

We ourselves...well, some of us believe, and some of us don't really
believe. I still believe.

Can you worship in BěiJIng?

Yes. There’s a big mosque here.

I go every week.

Thank you so much for telling me about so many interesting things.

It was nice to have you here. Good-bye.

Good-bye.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

On the train from Běijīng to Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, an American tourist
(A) talks with a China Travel Service worker (B).

-   B: Tiān gāng liàng nín jiù qllai le? Bù duō shuì yihuīr?

-   A: Bù xiāng shuì le. Xiàmian yízhàn shi nār le?

-   B: Jíníng, zhèi shi yíge dà zhàn,

huōchē zài zhèr ting èrshifēn

You're up so soon after dawn? Don't you want to get some more sleep?

I don't feel like sleeping. What's the next stop?

Jíníng. It's a big stop. The train will stop there for twenty minutes.

zhōng. Wōmen kéyi dào zhàntái-ahang qu sànsan bù.

-   A: Jìníng’ yfdài ahi yíge zhōngyàode dìqū.

-   B: Cōng dìxíngahang kàn, Jíníng bēi-

biānr shi dà shāmō, náhbiānr shi huárurtǔ gāoyuán. Gōngyuán qiánhōu zài
zhèige dìqū bù zhldào yōuguo duōsbSo cì zhànzhēng.

A:   Xiànzài hépíng le, biānjiāng he

nèidi bú huì yōu zhànzhēng le.

B: Nín shuōde duì, Zhōngguō shi yíge duō mínzúde, tōngyīde shèhuizhǔyì
dà Jiātíng, mínzú zhījlānde zhànzhēng dōu yijīng ahi lìshī le. Tīngshuǒ,
zài Xīfāng. zhōngzú wèntí, mínzú wèntí hái ahi hēn máfande wèntí a?
Shloshù mínzúde shēnghuō he dìwei hái hēn chà?

A: Wō xiāng zài yìbāinián yīqiánde shihou, zhōngzú wèntí shi yíge
bī-Jiāo dàde wèntí, xiànzài qíngkuàng yījīng yōule hān dàde gāibiàn.

B:   Shì ma?

A: Wōmende zhèngfù yāoqiú zhèngfū gōngzuō rēnyuán del yōu yídìng
shù-liangde shāoshù mínzú. Zài wōmende xuéxiàoli duì shloshù mínzú yē
yōu tebiede bāngzhu.

B: Nàme nī xiXng zài Jiàoyu shuī-píng, gōngzuō Jīhui, shēnghuō shuī-píng
fāngmian ahāoahù mínzúde qíngkuàng dōu gāishàn le?

-   A: Wō xiāng mínzú wèntí, zhōngzú wèntí yōu lìshīde yuányīn, yē yōu
    zhèngzhi, JīngJi, wenhuà gèfǎng-

We can go out for a walk on the platform.

The Jíníng area is an importantregion.

As far as terrain is concerned, to the north of Jíníng is a big desert,
and to the south is the loess plateau. Before and during the Christian
era there have been I-don't-know how many wars in this region.

But now it’s at peace. The border regions and the interior won’t have
any more wars.

That's right. China is a unified socialist family made up of many
nationalities. War between these groups is already a thing of the past.
I hear that in the West, racial and ethnic problems are still very
troublesome, and that the living conditions and status of minorities are
still very inferior.

I think that the race problem was bigger a hundred years ago. The
situation has already changed quite a lot.

Is that so?

Our government requires that their employees include a certain number of
minority individuals. In our schools minorities are also given special
help.

Then as far as levels of education, Job opportunities, and standard of
living are concerned, do you think that the minority situation has
improved in all these areas?

I think that ethnic and racial problems have historical causes, as well
as political, economic, and cultural

’Speaker A on the tape says Jiníng. which is another pronunciation. The
dictionary pronunciation is Jíníng.

miànde yuányīn, xǔduō guōjiā dōu hái yōu zhèizhōng wèntí. Zài Měi-guō,
wōmende zhèngfǔ hé rénmín dōu zài nǔlì tígāo shXoshù mínzúde dì-wei.
ShXoshù mínzúde qíngkuàng yídìng hui yuè lái yuè hāo.

-   B: Hāojíle. Wōmen dōu xìwàng gè

mínzúde shēnghuō yuè guò yuè hāo. Jíníng zhàn dào le, wōmen xiàqu kànkan
ba!

-   A: HXode. Zhèr yījīng shi Nèi Měng-

gǔ le, bl Datong lěngde duō, wō qù chuān Jiàn maoyī Jiù lai.

-   B: HXode, wō zài chēxiāng ménkōu děng ni.

ones. Many countries still have this kind of problem. In America, our
government and people are making an effort to raise the status of our
minorities. The situation is sure to get better and better for them.

Great. We all hope that life will improve for all peoples. We’ve arrived
at Jíníng station. Let’s get off and have a look around.

All right. This is already Inner Mongolia, and it’s much colder than
Dàtōng. I’m going to go put on a sweater and I’ll be right back.

Okay. I’ll wait for you at the door of this car.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U

At an exhibition on general Chinese history in Beijing’s Museum of
Chinese History, a young woman (B) is sitting on a bench taking some
notes. When an American tourist (A) walks by, the young woman gets up to
let him have her seat.

-   A: Nī zài xiě dōngxi, kuài qīng zuò-

xia, bú yào kèqi.

-   B: Wō lái bX zhèi jīběn shū nákāi,

nín zuòxia xiūxixiuxi.

-   A: Zhèiběnr Zhōngguō Gǔdàishī shi

nīde ma?

-   B: Shi wōde. Zhèiběn shǔli guānyú

yíwèi Tángcháo huángdìde gùshi he zhèige zhXnlXnhuìshang shuōde bú tài
yíyàng, suōyi wō bX ta xiěxia-lai dàihuiqu kànkan.

-   A: NĪ shi Běifáng rén ma?

-   B: Wō iXoJiā zài Zhéjiāng, xiànzài

zài QīnghXi gōngzuò, zhèicì shi lái Běijīng chǔcháide.

-   A: QīnghXide xùmuyè her. fādá ba?

You’re writing, please sit down. Don’t be polite.

I’ll move these books away and you can sit down and rest.

Is this History of Ancient China yours?

Yes, it is. There are some differences between the version of a story
about a Táng dynasty emperor in this book and the version given in the
exhibit, so I’m writing it down to take home and read.

Are you from the north?

Originally I’m from Zhéjiāng, but now I work in QīnghXi. This time I’m
in Běijīng on business.

QīnghXi’s livestock farming is very developed, isn’t it?

-   B: xùmuyède qíngkuàng bú cud, bú-gud méiyou Nèiměng, Xīnjiāng nàme
    hāo.

-   A: Rénmínde shěnghuō shuīpíng zěn

meyàng?

-   B: Chīde chà yidiānr, zhǔyào shi

Jiāotōng bù fāngbian, biéde shēng-huo fāngmian me, yě meiyou nèidì hāo.

Livestock farming is doing well, but the situation isn’t as good as in
Inner Mongolia and Xīnjiāng.

How is the people’s standard of living?

The food is rather poor, but the main thing Is that transportation is
difficult. As for other aspects of life, well, they aren't as good as in
the interior either.

  ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  k:   Nī zài Qīnghāi gōngzud, zuò shénme ne?                                                         What is your work in Qīnghāi?
  B:   Dāngguo nongmín, yě dāngguo Jiě-fàngjūn, xiànzài zài yíge Jiànzhù cáiliàochāng dāng gōngren.   I’ve been a peasant and I’ve been in the P.L.A. Now I’m a worker in a construction materials factory.
  A:   Ng, nī zudguo bù shāode shìqing.                                                               Mm, you’ve done a lot of things.
  B:   Xiànzài bù shāo niánqīng rén dōu shi zhèiyangrde. Kāshi wō zuì yōu xìngqude hài shi lìshī.     These days a lot of young people are like that. But I’m still most interested in history.
  A:   NĪ yào shàng dàxué niàn lìshī ma?                                                              Do you want to go to college to study history?
  B:   Yào. Duì le, nín kàn Zhōngwén bào ma?                                                          Yes, I do. Oh, do you read the Chinese newspapers?
  A:   Kàn.                                                                                           Yes.
  B:   Zhèi liāngtiānde Rénmín Rìbào nín kànguo ma?                                                   Have you been reading the People * s Daily the last couple of days?
  A:   Kànguo le. Bàoshang shuō hěn duō dàxué yào bàn hánshòubān le.                                  Yes. It said in the paper that a lot of colleges are going to start correspondence courses.
  B:   Duì le, suōyi wō zài zhèr zhǔn-bèi kāoshì.                                                     Right, so I’m preparing to take the exams here.
  ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   A: Zhèizhōng dàxué zānme niàn ne?

-   B: Kāoshàngle yīhdu, xuéxiào Jì gei

wǒmen shǔ he biéde xuéxí cáiliào, wǒmen zìjī zìxué, ànshí bā zuòyè hé
kāoshì Jiào gei xuéxiào. Gong-chǎng fàng Jiàde shihou wo kéyi hui lāojiā
qu kàn fùmǔ, hai kéyi qù dà-

How do you go about attending these colleges?

After we pass the exam, the school sends us the books and other study
materials, and we study on our own, turning in our homework and tests
when required. When I have vacation from the factory, I can go back to
my home-

xué xiàng lǎoahī qīngjiào.

-   A: Nà bú cuò ma, zhèiyang niàn shǔ

yě kéyi y8u dàxué bìyède shuīpíng ma?

-   B: Kéyi. Zhóngguó gǔdàishī shi hěn

y3u yìside, w3 yídìng yào hǎohǎor niàn.

-   A: Hǎo, zhù nī chénggòng’.

-   B: Xièxie ni!

town to visit my parents, and I can also go to the college to ask for
help from the teachers.

That’s pretty good. By going to school like that can you reach the level
of a college graduate?

Yes, you can. Ancient Chinese history is very interesting. I’m
determined to study hard.

Good, I wish you success.

Thank you!

[]

Loess is a fine-grained, chalky soil between silt and clay, actually a
deposit of windblown sand. China's loess deposits are the most extensive
in the world; they cover most of Shánxī and Shánxi provinces, and the
better part of Gànsù, and extend into Hébéi and Hénán as well. Because
it holds moisture well, loess makes good farming ground when irrigated.
Loess is buff to gray in color (the Chinese word for loess, huángtǔ,
means literally, 'yellow soil") and it is loess that gives the Yellow
River its distinctive yellowish appearance.

-   1. A: Cōng gongshè dào chéngli hái zhēn yuàn, shèyuánmen J in chéng
    mài dōngxi yōu diānr bú tài fāngbian ba?

B: Nín méi kànjian, yanzhe gōnglù bànle hāojīge xiāo shángdiàn, mài
dōngxi hái suàn fangbian.

It’s such a long way from the commune into town, isn’t it kind of
inconvenient for the commune members to go into town to shop?

Didn’t you see, a lot of little stores have been set up along the
highway.

It’s fairly convenient to shop there.

-   2. A: Tiělùshang fāshēng shénme wèntí le ma? Wèishénme zhèibān
    tèkuài bl mànchē hái man?

-   B: Nín bié JInzhang. wō yě méi xiàngdào yōu zhèige qíngkuàng, wō
    xiànzài jiù qù wènwenqīngchu.

-   3. A: Zài máng wō yě děi huíqu yí-tàng, gang màihàode liāng-yàng
    dōngxi, quán wàng zài shāngdiànli le!

B: Háishi máfan dàoyōu huíqu zhào yítang ba! Nín bié qù le.

U. A: Shíjiān tài jin, yōude dìfang wŌ jiu bú qù le, bīfang shuō
yòuéryuán ba! Yīhòu zài qù cānguān ba!

-   B: Hāo. Wōmen xuàn Jīge yào-jīnde dìfang cānguān hāo le.

Has some problem come up on the railroad? Why is this express even
slower than a slow train?

Don’t get nervous. I didn’t expect this either. I’ll go try to find out
about it right now.

No matter how busy I am I have to go back there. I left both the things
I just bought in the store!

It would be better to trouble the guide to go back and look for them.
Don’t you go.

I’m too pressed for time, so there are some places I’m not going. The
kindergarten, for example—I’ll visit there another time.

All right. Let’s choose a few important places to visit.

-   5. A: Cong chànliàngshang kàn, Chángjiàng yīnánde nōngyè shēngchàn
    qíngkuàng zhēn bú cuò.

B: Chángjiāng yīnán bú yòr.g shuō le, jiù shi Changjiang yīběi shēngchàn
qíngkuàng yě gān-shanglái la!

From the point of view of yield, the agricultural production situation
south of the Yangtze River is really good.

For the area south of the Yangtze that goes without saying, but even
north of the Yangtze the level of production is catching up*.

-   6. A: Shōudū Gāngtiā GongsIde gōngren dōu zài zhèige shítáng chi fan
    ma?

B: Òu, wōmen gōngsī yōu hāojīwàn zhígōng. jiāshǔ, yōu bù shSo de dà
shítáng ne!

-   7. A: Shàngcì wō cānguān qìchě zhì-zàochāngde shihou hāoxiàng zài
    nār Jiànguo ta, tā shi nàrde zhígōng ba?

B: Nín gāocuō le, tā shi women Luxíngshède gōngzuō rényuán.

-   8. A: Nimen chāng yíbànr yìshàngde gōngren sùshè dōu shi xīnde urn.!

B: Nel JIniin, sùshè bèi gāode luànqībāzāo, zhl hāo gài xinde le.

-   9. A: Líi! Bā zhèi Jīge Jiāozi dou xiāomiè le!

B: "Xiāomiè" jiāozi? Wō dào méi tīngguo zhèige shuōfār!

-   10. A: Wō fāxiàn nlmende gōngzuō jìnxíngde bú cuò ma! Bù xūyào
    shíjiān le ba?

-   B: Nt shuōde dào rōngyi! Nt zhldao wōmen yōngle duōshāo yèyú
    shíjiān!

-   11. A: Chāng llngdāo hàozhāo quán-chāng gōngren zhèige yuè duō
    shēngchān sìbāibù qìchě.

B: Bú cud a! Nà zhèige yuède chānliàng chàbuduō děngyu shàngge yuède
yíbèi bàn la*.

Do all the workers in the Capital Iron and Steel Company eat in this
dining hall?

Oh, our company has tens of thousands of staff and workers and their
families . There are lots of large dining halls!

It seems to me I saw him someplace the time I visited the automobile
plant. Isn't he a staff member or worker there?

You're mistaken. He's one of our Travel Service personnel.

At your factory, over half of your workers' living quarters are new!

During those few years, the living quarters were wrecked up, we had no
choice but to build new ones.

Come on. Polish off Cliterally, "exterminate"!! these dumplings!

"Polish off" dumplings? I've never heard that expression before'.

I find that your work is proceeding very well. I don't suppose you need
any more time.

That's easy for you to say. You don't know how much of our time after
hours we used!

The leadership of our factory made an appeal to the workers of the whole
factory to produce four hundred more cars this month.

That’s great! Then this month's output is about equal to one and a half
times last month's!

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   | Unit 7, Vocabulary List           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| àn                                | according to                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -bèi bèi                          | time, -fold                       |
|                                   |                                   |
| -bù                               | (passive marker)                  |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (counter for automobiles,         |
|                                   | machines, etc.)                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Changjiang                        | Yangtze River                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| dào dàoyou děngyú                 | yet, on the contrary, neverthless |
|                                   | (tour) guide                      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to equal, to be equal to          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| fāshēng fāxiàn                    | to happen, to occur to discover   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gangtie gànshàng(lái) gàocuá      | iron and steel                    |
| gōnglù                            |                                   |
|                                   | to catch up                       |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to do wrong; to be wrong          |
|                                   | (mistaken) highway                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| háishi                            | it would be better to to call, to |
|                                   | appeal                            |
| hàozhāo (hàozhào)                 |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| J iāshǔ                           | family members, (family)          |
|                                   | dependents                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Jin                               | to be tight                       |
|                                   |                                   |
| Jinxing jlnzhāng J iùshi...ye...  | to carry on, to conduct; to be to |
|                                   | be nervous, to be tense even      |
|                                   | (if)...                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| kuài yào                          | will soon                         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qǐngchu (-chu)                    | to be clear, to be distinct       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| rényuán                           | personnel, staff                  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| shèyuán shítáng sùshè             | commune member mess hall, dining  |
|                                   | room living quarters; dormitory   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| tielù                             | railroad                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| xiǎomiè                           | to eliminate, to abolish, to      |
|                                   | exterminate, to wipe out          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| xuàn                              | to choose                         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -yàng yànzhe                      | kind (bound form) along(side)     |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | n&                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

yèyú yí-

yíshàng yíxià yòuéryuán

zhígōng

zhìzào zhìzàochǎng

spare time, after hours, amateur

(used, before direction words to

mark direction with reference to a point)

above, over (an amount)

under (an amount)

kindergarten

staff and workers; worker or

staff member to manufacture manufacturing plant, factory

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Cōng gǒngshè dào chéngli hái zhen yuln, shèyuánmen jin chéng mài
dōngxi yōu diánr bú tài ffingbian ba?

B: Nín méi kànjian, yánzhe gōnglù bànle hXojīge xiSo shfingdiàn, mài
dōngxi hái suàn fSngbian.

It’s such a long way from the commune into town, isn’t it kind of
inconvenient for the commune members to go into town to shop?

Didn’t you see, a lot of little stores have been set up along the
highway.

It’s fairly convenient to shop there.

Notes on No. 1

hái zhēn yuàn: Hái, ’’still,” in this sentence may go untranslated; it
expresses surprise at how far it is into town. In this meaning, hái is
often used before zhēn, ”really.”

Nl hái zhēn bú pà ling, zhème You really don’t mind ("aren’t afraid
lēngde tiin chuln zhème shio! of’’) the cold; you wear so little in such
cold weather!

Shèyuán, "commune member," includes working members and their
non-working family members. The ending -yuán is used in. various
compound words to mean ’’member":

DKngyuán                           Party member

Tuányuán                           (Communist Youth) League member

huìyuán OR chéngyuán             member

yōu diinr bú tài f&ngbian: "a little inconvenient, kind of inconvenient"
You are familiar with the phrasing yōu di&nr bù fāngbian. Here you see
that use bú tài instead of just bù.

Yánzhe, "along, alongside," is used for longer distances than pángbiān,
"side?’

Qìchē yánzhe zhèitiáo lù kǎile hēn Jitt cái kànjian yíge rén.

Yánzhe fángzi sìbiinr zhōngle h&oduō hui.

BUT:

Fángzi pángbiin zhōngle h&oduō huà.

The car drove along this road a

long time before they saw a person.

A lot of flowers were planted along the four sides of the house (i.e.,
all around the house).

A lot of flowers were planted alongside the house (on the side or
sides).

gōnglù: "public-road," i.e., "highway" "Expressway" is g&osù gōnglù,
"high-speed public-road." (As of this writing, mainland China has no
expressways; Taiwan has one, which goes from the north to the south of
the island.) .

hái suàn: "can still be considered to be...” This is an idiom for
”fairly." Compare the use of hái for "fairly" which you learned in the
Society module, for example, Hái hio, "Fairly good."

Tā hái suàn wèntí sh&ode xué- He can be considered a student with shēng,
biéde rén wèntí gèng duō. relatively few problems; the others have even
more problems.

Nà hái suàn xiāo shì.

2. A:

Tiělùshang fāshēng shénme wèntí le ma? Wèishénme zhèibān tèkuài bl
mànchē hái man?

That's no big thing ("a small matter").

Has some problem come up on the railroad? Why is this express even
slower than a slow train?

B: Nín bié ^Inzhāng, wō y? méi xiingdào yōu zhèige qíngkuàng, wō xiànzài
Jiù qù wènvenqIngchú.

Don't get nervous. I didn’t expect this either. I’ll go try to find out
about it right now.

Notes on No. 2

tiélù: "railroad," literally, "iron-road"

Xlbéide tiélù bù duō, érqii yōu There aren’t many railroads in the bù
shio shi gang xiūde.            Northwest, and many of them were

just built.

Wō yōu yíge gēge zài tiélùshang I have an older brother who works on
gōngzuō.                            the railroad.

fishing: "to happen," "to occur" The event which happens often follows
fishéng in the sentence (just as in sentences with yōu, "there is," the
thing that exists often follows yōu):

Bù zhīdào fishéngle shénme shì-qing, láile zhème duō rén.

Zhèi JItiin fishéngle hiojljiàn qíguàide shì.

Nèi shihou fishěngde shì, wō dōu bù zènme qīngchú le.

Shéi dōu bú jìde zhèijiàn shì shi shénme shihou fāsb.ēngde le.

bi mànchē hái màn: "even slower as even.

I wonder what has happened that so many people have come here.

The last few days, a lot of strange things have been happening.

The things that happened then aren’t very clear in my mind anymore.

No one remembers when that event took place anymore.

tan a slow train" Here, hái is used

Zuétiǎn ling, jīnti"r. bī zuétiǎn It was cold yesterday, (but) today is
hái ling.                           even colder than yesterday.

ibt

.1 Tn zhang: "to be nervous," "to be tense"

Zài zhèli kāi chě zhěn Jīnzhǎng, It’s really nerve-racking to drive bù
zhídào shénme shihou huì        here. You don’t knov vhen you-might

zhuàngdao rén.                      run into someone.

wènwenqīngchù: "to inquire until clear," i.e., "to try to find out the
true situation."Notice that you can reduplicate a verb (here, yen) even
vhen the verb is followed by a resultative ending (here, qlngchǔ). Other
examples: Qíng nī bā shìqing shuǒshuoqlngchìí, "Please explain this more
clearly"; Bā zhuōzi cǎcagǎnjing, "Wipe the table clean."

3. A: Zài míng w8 yě děi huíqu yítàng, gang mǎihSode liǎng-yàng dōngxi,
quán vàng zài shāngdiànli le!

No matter how busy I am I have to go back there. I left both the things
I Just bought in the store!

B: Háishi máfan dǎoyōu huíqu zhāo yítàng ba! Nín bié qù le.

It would be better to trouble the guide to go back and look for them.
Don’t you go.

Notes on No. 3

zài máng...yě...: "no matter how busy..." The zài in this pattern
(meaning literally, ^(H)more, additionally") must be given extra-heavy
stress: ZÀI máng w8 ye děi huíqu. Yě here means "still, even so."

Zhōngwén ZAI nán w8 yě yào xué. No matter how hard Chinese is, I’m still
going to study it.

-tàng: This counter for trips need not be translated here. Used with
verbs like lái, qù, huílai, huíqu, etc., -tàng simply counts the number
of times someone goes someplace. Other examples:

Tǎ shàngge xīngqī dào Shànghǎi qùle yítàng.

Last week he made a trip to Shànghǎi.

W8 Jintiǎn yījìng wǎng tǎ nàr pǎole liǎngtàng le.

I’ve already made two trips to his place today.

-yàng: "kind, sort" You have learned the word -zh8ng, "kind, sort,
type." These words are slightly different in usage; sometimes -yàng
should not be translated literally as "kind," but Just left out of the
translation (see the third, fourth, and fifth examples).

Zhèi jlyàng dōngxi w8 dou méi kànjianguo, hěn qíguài.

Ni kàndechǔlái zhèi liǎr.ryàng dōngxi yōu shénme bù yíyàng ma?

I’ve never seen these kinds of things. They’re very strange.

Can you tell what’s different about these two kinds of things?

fBL

Wōmen Jīntiān wānshàng yōu Jīyàng cài?

Tǎ dào shāngdiàn qùle Jīcì y? méi māihui yíyàng dōngxi lai.

Wō zhèr hái yōu liángyàng shuī-guō...yíge píngguō yíge Júzi.

háishi; "it would be better to — word which you first learned as meaning

Wō bù shufu, háishi sháo chī diānr ba.

Háishi Ouyáng Láoshī yíge rén qù, nīmen dōu liú zài zhèr ba.

Also used in the pattern háishi . . .

Háishi nī qù háo.

Hew many dishes are we having tonight Cfor dinner]?

He went to the store several times, but didn’t come back with a single
thing.

I still have two fruits here...one apple and one tangerine/orange.

This is another meaning for the "still."

I'm not feeling well. I'd better not eat too much.

It would be better if Teacher Ouyang went alone; the rest of you just
stay here.

It would be better if you went.

-   A: Shíjiān tài jīn, yōude dìfang wō Jiu bú qù le, bīfang shuō
    yòuéryuán ba! Yīhòu zài qù cānguān ba!

I'm too pressed for time, so there are some places I’m not going. The
kindergarten, for example— I’ll visit there another time.

-   B: Hāo. Wōmen xuān Jīge yào-Jīnde dìfang cānguān hāo le.

All right. Let’s choose a few important places to visit.

Notes on No. U

jīn: "to be tight," in both literal and figurative senses.

Zhèishuāng xié tài jīn.            These shoes are too tight.

BX mén guānjīn.                     Shut the door tight.

Wōde shíjiān ānpaide h?n Jīn. I have a very tight schedule.

bīfang shuō...ba: Ba can be used at the end of a bīfang shuō phrase.

Compare the use of bā~ shown in unit 5.

yòuéryuán: "kindergarten," literally, "young-child-garden" In Taiwan,
the word youzhìyuán is used instead.

xuàn: "to choose," "to select"; "to elect"

Tǎmen xuàn wō zuò dàibiàode shíhou, wō bin bù hào yìsī.

Tā zài shángdiànli zōule bàntián yě méi xuàndào tǎ xīhuande dōngxi.

When they elected me as representative, I was very embarrassed.

She walked around the store for a long time but didn’t find anything she
liked.. (XuSn is often used for "selecting"—buying—items at a store.)

5. A: Cong chànliàngshang kàn, Chángjiàng yīnánde nōngyè shengchàn
qíngkuàng zhēn bú cuō.

B: Chángjiàng yīnán bú yòng shuō le, jiù shi Chángjiàng yīběi shēngchàn
qíngkuàng yě gàn-shanglái la!

From the point of view of yield, the agricultural production situation
south of the Yangtze River is really good.

For the area south of the Yangtze that goes without saying, but even
north of the Yangtze the level of production is catching up!

Notes on No. 5

cōng chànliàngshang kàn: "from the point of view of yield" Other
examples of this pattern: cōng shùliangshang kàn, "from the point of
view of numbers/quantity"; cōng fàzhàn jīngjishang kàn, "from the point
of view of developing the economy?*’

Chángjiàng: "Long-River," the Yangtze, nov called the Changjiang in PRC
publications. China’s longest river (6,300 kilometers), the Changjiang
is an important artery of water transportation, passing through the
cities of Chōngqìng, Wtthàn, Nánjīng, and Shànghài.

...yīnán: to the south of...

Júzi zhòng zai Chángjiàng yīnán shi tlánde, dàole Chángjiàng yīběi Jiù
chéngle kttde le.

jiù shi...yě,..: (1) "even...";

(1) Jiù shi wō yě zhīdao.

Jiù shi xuézhě yě bù dōng zhèige wèntí.

Zhèige dà píngguō shi wō tèbié xuànchulai gěi nīde.

Yīběi is to the north of.

Tangerines grown south of the Changjiang are sweet, but north of the
Changjiang, they become bitter.

(2) "even if ... "

Even _! know that.

Even scholars do not understand this problem.

I picked this big apple out especially for you.

*dàibiào. "representative, delegate" (TVL, Unit 8)

/8U

(2) Tā shuō jiùshi nī qù zuò yě zuòbuhāo.

He said that even if you did it, you wouldn’t do it right.

Nī jiùshi mālle *8 yě hù chī. Even if you bought it I wouldn’t eat it.

bú yòng shu5 X, jiù shi Y yě...: This three-part pattern means "For X,
that goes without saying, but even Y is...." Sometimes in English we
mention the parts X and Y in the reverse order: "Even Y is . . . , not
to mention X."

Nèige dìfang zhěn hSowánr, bú That place is really fun. Even yòng shuǒ
xiāoháir, Jiù shi        grown-ups have a great time there,

dàren yě zài nar wānrde hěn        not to mention children,

gāoxìng.

For bú yòng shuò, you can often substitute bú yào shuò. For Jiù shi, you
can substitute 11án. For yě, you can substitute dōu.

When the clause after X* has bù or as "much less":

Bú yòng shuō zhōngxuéshēng, Jiù shi yānjiùshēng yě kànbudōng zhèiplān
wénzhāng.

Wō bú yòng shuō xiě, liín ting yě láibují.

Bú yào shuō qù kàn diànylng, wō liān chi fànde shíjiān dōu méiyou.

méi, you can translate bú yòng shuō

Even graduate students cannot understand this article, much less high
school students.

I couldn’t even keep up listening to it, much less write it down.

I don’t even have time to eat, much less go to the movies.

gSnshanglai: "to catch up" by hurrying (gān means to hurry")

Tā sulrín bìngle hàojītiān, kěshi xuéxí hfiishi gSnshanglai le.

Wō yōu diSnr shi, nimen xiān zōu ba! Děng yihuīr wō jiu gSnshanglai.

Although he has been sick for quite a few days, he has caught up with
his schoolwork.

I have something I have to do. You go on ahead. I’ll catch up with you
in a minute.

6. A: Shōudū Gāngtiě gōngsīde gōngren dōu zài zhèige shítāng chī fàn ma?

B: Òu, wǒmen gongsI yōu hāojīwàn zhígōng. Jiāshú, yōu bù shāode dà
shítāng ne!

Do all the workers in the Capital Iron and Steel Company eat in this
dining hall?

Oh, our company has tens of thousands of staff and workers and their
families. There are lots of large dining halls!

t&5

Notes on No. 6

gāngtiě: Literally, "steel-iron," "but usually translated as "iron and
steel^(W) (The usual order of paired words in Chinese and English is
often? the same, but sometimes differs. Other examples are baba mama,
"mom and dad"; yéye nXinai. "grandma and grandpa.")

"dining hall," "cafeteria," "mess hall"

shitang:

zhígōng: "staff and workers";

Zhèige chingde zhígōng dàbùfen shi nflde.

Zhèige zhígōng xuéxiào yōu bù sh&o hèn hXode làoshī, tàmen dōu duì
zhígōng Jiàoyu hen rèxín.

Zhígōng shítáng chángcháng mài ling fan.

"staff member or worker"

The staff and workers of this factory are mostly women.

This staff and worker school has a lot of good teachers who are very
interested and enthusiastic toward staff and worker education.

Staff and worker dining halls often sell cold food.

Jiāshtt: "family members," "(family) dependents"

Gànbude Jiàshù chángchXng shòudao The families of cadres often tèbiéde
zhàogu.                     receive special care.

Dàqìngde gōngren JiSshù hěn duō Many families of workers at Dàqìng dōu
shi nōngmín.                    are peasants.

NOTE: Although in context ,'iāshù may be translated as iy,^(n) as in the
sentence above, it is different from Jiātíng. Jlātíng refers to the
family unit, the household. Jiāshù refers collectively to the family
members other than the head of household.

yōu bù shàode dàshítfing ne!: On this use of ne, see Unit 3 Reference
Notes, Notes on No. 5.

7. A: Shàngcì wō cinguln qìchě zhì-zàochXngde shíhou hXoxiàng zài nlr
Jlànguo ta, tfi shi nàrde zhígōng ba?

B: Nín gàocuò le, tà shi wōmen LŌxíngshède gōngzuò rényuan.

It seems to me I saw him someplace the time I visited the automobile
plant. Isn't he a staff member or worker there?

You’re mistaken. He’s one of our Travel Service personnel.

Notes on No. 7

zhìzào: "to manufacture," as in Zhōngguō zhìzào, "Made in China."

zhìzàochàng, "plant," "fa.••.cry"

/Sé

zài nār Jiànguo ta: "have seen him somewhere" N&r, like other question
words used in statements, becomes an indefinite pronoun here:
"somewhere."

Wō jìde wŌ zài nār chīguo zhèige I remember having this dish 'somewhere
cài.                                 before.

gāocuò: "to get (something) wrong" or "to do (something) wrong"

Bié gāocuò le, zhèige zì hén fúzá ne!

0, wō gāocuò le, tā bú shi wō yào zhāode nèige nùháizi.

Tā bā zhèige wèntí gāocuò le, méiyou nàme fūzá.

Don't get it wrong; this character is very complicated!

Oh, I'm mistaken. She isn't the young woman I'm looking for.

He has misunderstood this problem. It's not that complicated.

Compare other verbs that have the resultative ending ending -cuò:

Nl niàncuò le ba, zhèige zì hāoxiàng bú niàn lúè, niàn liè.

Xiāoxln, bú yào zōucuò.

rényuán: "personnel," "staff" personnel," '"staff member."

Zhèli suōyōude gōngzuò rényuán dōu shàngguo dàxué.

Wōmen xiànzài xūyào hén duō dōng Ylngyúde kējì rényuán.

You've read it wrong, haven't you? I don't think this character is read
lúè; it's read liè.

Careful, don't go the wrong way.

Often used in gōngzuò rényuán. "working

All the personnel here have attended college.

We now need a lot of scientific and technical personnel who understand
English.

8. A: Nimen cháng yfbànr yìshàngde gōngren sùshè dōu shi xlnde ma!

B: Nèi Jtnián, sùshè bèi gāode luànqìbāzāo, zhi hāo gài xlnde le.

At your factory, over half of your workers' living quarters are new!

During those few years, the living quarters were wrecked up, we had no
choice but to build new ones.

Notes on No. 8

yíbàn ytshàng: "over half" Ytshàng and yixià are used after quantities
to mean, respectively, "over" and "under" an amount.

Zhèrde yánjiúshēng, sānshisuì Not many of the graduate students here
ylxiàde bú tài due.                 are under thirty.

íB!

Zài Béijīng, wùcéng lōu yīshàng-de dàléu cái yōu diàntī.

Báifēn zhī báshíwù yīshàngde Zhōngguō rénkōu shi nōngmín.

In Béijīng, only buildings over five stories high have elevators.

Over eighty-five percent of the population of China is made up of
peasants.

sùshè: ’’living quarters’’; ’’dormitory” This can either refer to the
kind of quarters we think of as dormitories, with many people living and
sleeping in each large room, or it can mean housing provided by an
institution for its workers, with each family living in separate
quarters.

Zhèi dìfangr shi gSngtiSchàngde    This place is the workers’ quarters

gōngren sùshè.                      of the iron and steel plant.

Wàijiǎobùde sùshè bī biéde bùde The Foreign Ministry living quarters
sùshè dōu piàoliang.               are better-looking than those of

any other ministry.

nèi Jīnián: ’’those few years” This is currently a way of referring to
the period of the Cultural Revolution.

bèi: This is a prepositional verb which indicates the DOER of the
action, similar to the English "by" in passive sentences (like ’’John
was hit by Bill”). In sentences with bèi. the subject of the sentence is
the receiver of the action and the object of bèi is the doer of the
action:

Wōde zìdiSn bèi rén Jièzōu le. My dictionary was borrowed by someone.

Nèi Jīnián, zhōnggè shèhui bèi     Those few years, the whole society

Jīge rén glode luànqībǎzāo,        was messed up by a few people;

zhěn méi bànfS shuō.                it is really sad.

Unlike most prepositional verbs, bèi can be used without an object, as
in sentence 8B. Here is another example:

Wōde xīn qìchē bèi zhuàng le. My new car was hit.

9. A: Lái! Bl zhèi Jīge Jiàozi dōu xiāomiè le!

B: "Xiāomiè" Jláozl? Wō dào méi tīngguo zhèige shuōfir!

Come on. Polish off Cliterally, "exterminate”! these dumplings!

"Polish off" dumplings? I’ve never heard that expression before!

Notes on No. 9

Lái!: Notice that lái does not necessarily mean "come here," but can
also mean "come on" and do some action.

Lái, zánmen gān yibēi!              Come on, let’s empty a glass

together!

Lái ba, wǑmen shàng kè ba, bù shuō biéde le.

Lái lái lái, wǒ lái gài nīmen jièshào w8 gēn nīmen shuōguode Liàng
Jiàoshòu.

Come on, let’s get on with class and stop talking about other things.

Now everyone, let me introduce Professor Liàng, whom I’ve told you about
before.

xiāomiè: "to exterminate/eliminate/wipe out/stamp out" bad things such
as landlords, the enemy, illness, poverty, illiteracy, rats, flies, etc.
In sentence 9, it is used humorously.

bā...xiāomiè le!: You long ago learned le, the marker of completion.
Here, le indicates that the action of the verb gets rid of something in
one fell swoop. Here are other examples for comparison:

Bā zhèige zhuōzi màile ba,         Sell this table. It’s of no use

méi yòng le.                        anymore.

Bā diànshì guānle, w5 bú           Turn off the T.V. I don’t want to

kàn le.                             watch any more.

Bā yīfu tuōle ba, zhèr tài rè. Take off your coat; it’s too hot here.

This use of le is especially frequent with the adverb dōu, "all":

Dou màile ba!                       Why not buy all of them!

Dǒu hēle ba!                        Drink the whole thing!

dào: "yet, nevertheless, on the contrary" This is a very common adverb
with one basic idea to it—the idea of contrasting one element with
another. Depending on the context, the translation into English will
differ. Here are examples of the main contexts in which you will
encounter dào:

-   (1) One particular element in the sentence is contrasted with
    something previously mentioned, about to be mentioned, or
    understood. (The contrasted elements are underlined in the following
    examples.)

    -   A: Nī xiàng hé diān shénme?

    -   B: WS bù xiàng hé shénme, wS dào xiàng chī dlàn shénme.

    Xià yùde shihou nī bú dài sàn, .līntián bú xià yù nī dào dài sàn!

What would you like to drink?

I don’t feel like having anything to drink. I would like something to
eat, though.

On rainy days you don’t take an umbrella with you, but today, when it
isn’t raining, you do take one with you!

-   (2) The whole situation expressed by the sentence contrasts with
    another particular set of circumstances previously mentioned, about
    to be mentioned, or understood.

Bānshang zuì hàode xuéshēng zhèi- The best student in the class did the
cì dào kàode zuì bù hāo.           worst on the exam this time.

-   A: Jīnnián dōngtiān zhěn ling!

-   B: Sheng bìngde rén dào shío le.

-   A: Zhè féngxl nàme xiāo, you nàme guì.

-   B: Kěshi nī shàng bin duǒ fāng-bian!

A: Nà dào shi.

Wǒ dàoshi xiāng bāng máng, Jiù shi méi shíjiān.

It’s really cold this winter!

Fewer people have been getting sick, though.

This house/apartment is so small, and so expensive.

But it’s so convenient for you to go to work.

Well, that’s true.

I did want to help, it’s Just that I didn’t have the time.

Shìqing dàoshi guòqu le, hān cháng shíjiān yě wàngbuliāo.

It was over with, but we couldn’t

forget about it for a long time.

Nà dào méi guānxi, zhi yào tā bú Jièyi Jiù suàn le.

That doesn’t matter. As long as he

doesn’t mind, then let it go at that.

-   (3) The whole sentence contrasts with expectations. In these cases,
    dào sometimes implies satisfaction with the state of affairs,
    sometimes dissatisfaction, and sometimes is neutral. In addition, it
    sometimes has an ironic meaning, as in the last three examples
    below.

    Yǒu zhèiyangde shi! Wǒ dào bù zhldào!

    Āiyà! WǑ dào bā zhèijiàn shì wàng le!

    Sānshíkuài? Nà dào bú guì.

    Rúguǒ zhěn shi zhèiyang, dào híi yǒu xīwàng.

    Hng, nī dào zhěn Jiíng chī a!

    Hng! Nī dào shuǒde hlotīng!

    Nī zuò zuo kan.

    Tā shuǒ wS bù gāi zhème zuò, wǒ dào xiāng zhīdao tā shi wS zānme
    zuò!

    Is that so! Why, I didn’t know!

    Oh no! I forgot about that!

    Thirty dollars? That’s not so expensive. (Dào implies ”1 would have
    expected it to be more.**)

    If that’s really true, then there * s still hope after all.

    Well! Quite the gourmet aren’t you! (Jiāng»to be meticulous about)

    Hmph! You make it sound easy! Let's see you do it!

    He says I shouldn’t have done this, but I’d like to know what he
    would have done if he were me!

    10. A: W3 fǎxiàn nlmende gōngzuò jìnxfng'de "bú cuò ma! Bù xǔyào
    shíjiān le ba?

    B: Nl shuōde dào rōngyi! Nl zhldao wōmen yòngle duǒshāo yèyú
    shíjiān!

    I find that your work is proceeding very well. I don’t suppose you
    need any more time.

    That’s easy for you to say. You don't know how much of our time
    after hours we used!

    Notes on No. 10 fǎxiàn: "to discover,” ”to find Wō dàole yōujú cái
    fǎxiàn wàng dài xìn le.

    Hǎn duo ylxué dà fǎxiàn dou fǎ-shēng zài gongyè géming yihòu.

    out"; "discovery"

    I didn't discover I had forgotten to bring the letters with me until
    I was at the post office.

    Many great medical discoveries were made after the industrial
    revolution

The phrase Wō fǎxiàn . . . is often used to preface an observation made
about a person, or a fact that has just come to one's attention:

Wō fǎxiàn nl hǎn néng chi!         I see you have quite a big appetite!

jìnxíng: "to carry on," "to conduct," "to proceed"

Zhèlide tāolùn jìnxíngde bú cuò, The discussion here is proceeding well;
wèntí kuài shānglianghāo le. the problem has almost been resolved.

yèyú: "spare-time," "after hours," "amateur" NOTE: "Spare time" as a
noun must be translated as yèyú shíjiān.

Yèyú shíjiān wō xīhuǎn kàn         I like to read fiction in my spare

xiāoshuō.                           time.

Tā shi yèyú yùyānxuéjiā.           He is an amateur linguist.

11. A: Chāng llngdāo hàozhāo quán-chǎng gōngren zhèige yuè duō shengchān
slbǎibù qìchǎ.

B: Bú cuò a! Nà zhèige yuède chānliàng chàbuduō dǎngyú shàngge yuède
yíbèi ban la!

The leadership of our factory made an appeal to the workers of the whole
factory to produce four hundred more cars this month.

That's great! Then this month's output is about equal to one and a half
times last month's!

Notes on No. 11

Hàozhāo or hàozhàc -eans to issue an official appeal to engage in some
activity:

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Zhèngfù hàozhāo niǎnqīng rén nttlí xuéxí kēxué zhīshi.                                The government calls on young people to work hard to acquire scientific knowledge.
  Yīnggǎi hàozhāo dàjiā xiàng tǎ xuéxí.                                                 We should call on everyone to learn from her.
  Chūntiǎn lai le, you hàozhāo zhòng shù le.                                            Spring is here; they're issuing calls to plant trees again.
  LĪngdǎode hàozhāo zōng shi yì kāishī hén duo rén ting, hòulǎi Jiù méi rén zhùyī le.   Appeals from the leaders are always followed by many people in the beginning, then later people stop paying attention to them.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-bù: This is aa extremely common and useful counter. It is used for
cars, buses, machines, movies, and long books.

  -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
  Zhèi shi yíbù Jiǎng huàxué zhànzhěngde dianyIng.   This is a movie about chemical warfare.
  -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------

déngyti: "to be equal to"

  ---------------------- ---------------------------
  èr Jiā èr déngyú st.   Two plus two equals four.
  ---------------------- ---------------------------

Dèngyú is more often used in a non-mathematical sense:

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Tǎ zhèiyang zuò, dōngyú bǎ nī zuòde quin dōu gǎi le.   By doing this, he is in effect changing everything you have done. (Literally, "For him to do this is equal to changing all you have done.")
  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-bèi: "times," "-fold," as in

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| sānbèi shíbèi yibǎibèi            | three times/threefold             |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | ten times/tenfold                 |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | one hundred times/hundredfold     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

Amounts vith -bèi can be used in two different patterns, and the type of
pattern used influences the meaning, as follows:

EQUIVALENCE PAMHW (A ■ x times y)

-   —expresses equivalence between tvo amounts

-   —uses the verb shi. yōu. or dèngyú

Examples:        Liù shi èrde sānbèi.        Six is three times tvo.

TSde shū yōu vide sìbèi. He has four times as many books as I.

Jīnniǎnde shōurù dèngyú qùniánde liǎngbèi.

This year's income is twice last year's.

COMPARISON PATTERN (A is x times more than y)

—expresses comparison between two amounts

—uses bl, "compared to,” "than'’

—the number before -bèi must be translated into English as one more than
the Chinese number

EXAMPLES:

Liù bl èr duō liSngbèi.

Tide shū bl wōde duō sānbèi.

Six is three times as much as two.

He has four times as many books as I.

  --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
  Jlnniánde shōurù bl qùnián duō yíbèi.   This year’s income is twice last year's.
  --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------

As you see, if you use li&ngbèi, "two times," in a comparison sentence,
the meaning comes out to "the base amount plus two times the base
amount," i.e., three times the base amount. Likewise, if you use yíbèi,
"one time," the meaning is "the base amount plus one time the base
amount," or in other words, twice the base amount.

This conversation takes place on one of the China Travel Service tom:
buses. The bus is on its way to the Capital Iron and Steel Company in
Liaoning province. Jane Colihan (A), an American economist, talks with
Ling Li (B) of the China Travel Service.

B: K&lāhàn Nushì, nín háishi gěnhui-lai le!

-   A: Shíjiān zài Jin, wō yě děi gǎn-huilai cānguān Shōudū Gāngtiě
    gōng-sī a!

-   B: Wō xiāng, nimen zhèicì dào Dōng-běi cānguān, yào qùde dìfang nàme
    duō, shíjiān yídìng hěn jlnzhāng, dàgài zhèi liāngtiān hái huíbulái.
    Mei xiāngdào, ānpaide hái bú cud.

-   A: Ng, Dōngběi fāngmian gāode hěn

hāo, wōmen cānguānde dìfang Jiāo-tōng dōu hěn fāngbian. Yánzhe tiělù,
gōnglù, yízhàn yízhàn cān-guānguòqu, zhème duō rénde cānguān-tuán,
shénme wèntí dōu méiyou fā-shēng, dàjiā dōu hěn mānyì, zhēn shi gāode bú
cuò.

-   B: Nín tài kèqi le.

-   A: Bú shi kèqi, zhèi shi zhēnde. Duì le, zhèicì iSxíng, wō hái
    fā-xiànle yíjiàn hěn yōu yìside shir.

-   B: Shénme shir a?

-   A: Péi wōmen cānguānde yíwèi n3 gōngzuò rényuán, cōngqián zài yíge
    rénmín gōngshè zuò shèyuán, hòulái hái zài yíge gōngchāng zuò
    gōngren, liāngnián yiqián kāishi zài Luxíng-shè gōngzuò, tā zhēn shi
    yíwèi hāo dāoyōu.

-   B: Tā shì bu shi Hěilōngjiāng rén?

Ms. Colihan, you made it back after all!

No matter how pressed I was for time, I had to get back in time to visit
the Capital Iron and Steel Company!

I thought there were so many places you wanted to go on this trip to
Manchuria that you would be very rushed and wouldn’t be able to get back
by today or tomorrow. I’m surprised it was so well arranged.

Yeah. The people in Manchuria did quite a good job. Every place we
visited, transportation was convenient. Visiting each stop along the
railroad and highway, with a tour group of that size, no problems came
up, and everyone was very pleased. It was really well handled.

It’s so nice of you to say that.

I’m not Just saying it, it’s the truth! Oh yes, I found out something
very interesting during the trip.

What?

A woman on the staff that accompanied us on the trip used to be a
commune member, then became a worker in a factory, and then started to
work in the (China) Travel Service two years ago. She’s really a great
guide.

Is she a native of Hěilōngjiāng?

A: Bú shi, tā bú shi Heilongjiang rén, kāshi tā duì nàrde qíngkuàng húi
zhěn shúxi. Lìshī, wénhuà, gōngyè, nōngyè, shénme tā dōu zhǐ-dao. Ting
tā tánqilai zhěn yǒu yìsi.

B: Wǒ zhìdao tā shi shéi le, tā cǒng-qiān shi qìchē zhìzàochāngde
gōngren, xiànzài shi Luxíngshède xiān-jìn gōngzuòzhě. Tā Jiào Jin
Xiāo-méi.

-   A: Duì le, duì le. Ni zhè yì shuō

wō dào xiāngqilai le, yǒu yìtiǎn wǒmen zuòde nèibù qìchē huàile, dàjiā
dōu hěn dānxìn, wǒmen xiāng wǒmen yídìng gāhbushàng cānguān le. Kāshi
nèiwèi xiānjin gǒngzuǒ-zhě hé jige rén zài qìchē xiàbianr mángle yìhuīr,
bú dào shífēn zhǒng ba, chē Jiu xiūhāo le!

-   B: Suóyi nèitiǎn nimen hāishi àn yōulān Jìhuà, yào qùde dìfang dōu
    qù le?

-   A: Shi a. WǑ yǒu shihour Jiù xiāng,

zhèiwèi Jin Xiāoméi zhēn shi xiáng-dāng cōngmingde rén, tā zānme bú qù
shàng dàxué ne? Shi bu shi Wénhuà Dà Gémìngde shihou yǒu shénme shì-qing
gāocuǒ le?

-   B: Ò, méi shenme shìqing. Xiànzài bù guān zài nār gōngzuò dōu yǒu
    hěn duō JIhui niàn shǔ.

-   A: 6, shi ma?

-   B: Shi a, bifang shuō, wǒmen Jln-

tiān yào cānguānde zhèige gāngtiě gongsI ba, llngdāo hàozhāo zhígōng zài
yèyú shíjiān xuéxí jìshu.

-   A: Yǒu hěn duō rén cānjiā ma?

-   B: Yǒu. Jīnniān zài yèdàxué xuān kède zhígōng děngyú Wénhuà Dà
    Gé-mìng ylqiánde liàng- sānbèi.

No, she's not a native of Hēilǒng-jiāng, but she really knows the place
well. History, culture, industry, agriculture, you name it. She's very
interesting to listen to.

I know who she is. She used to be a worker in an automobile
manufacturing plant, and now she's one of the Travel Service's advanced
workers. Her name is Jǐn Xiāoméi.

Right, right. That reminds me, one day our bus broke down, and everyone
was very worried. We didn’t think we could possibly make it in time for
our tour. But that advanced worker worked under the bus for a while with
some other people, and in less than ten minutes the bus was fixed!

So that day, you still made it to all the places you were supposed to
go, according to your tour schedule?

Yes. Sometimes I think to myself, this Jin Xiāoméi is really quite a
smart person, why doesn't she go to college? Did she do something wrong
during the Cultural Revolution?

Oh, no. Now, no matter where you work, you have a lot of opportunities
to study.

Oh, really?

Sure. For example, the iron and steel company that we're going to visit
today: the leaders appeal to the workers and staff to study technology
in their spare time.

Are there a lot of people taking part?

Yes. The number of staff and workers taking nit., "selecting"! classes
at evening universities this year

is equal to two or three times the number before the Cultural
Revolution.

-   A: Qíngkuàng hēn hlo a! Nàme Wénhuà Dà Gémìngde shihou ne? Yōu
    méiyou yèdàxué a?

-   B: Nèi shihou, zhěnggèr guōjiā dou

bèi gǎode luànqībāzāo le, hái yōu shénme yèdàxué a!

-   A: Xiànzài hào le.

-   B: Xiànzài hàoduō le, gōngsī yōu

shitang, yōu yòuéryuán, niánqīng gōngren bú yōng shuō le, Jiù shi yōu
háizide zhígōng yě yōu tiáo-Jiàn shàng dàxué la!

-   A: Zenme, gōngsīde zhígōng dōu zhù

zài gōngsī sùshèli ma?

-   B: Shōudū Gangtie Gōngsī bī yíge xiào chéng hái dà, bàifēn zhī
    qī-bāshí yīshàngde zhígōng hé Jiāshǔ dōu zhù zai gōngsīde sùshèli,
    shàng, xià ban fàngbian, shēnghuō fangbian.

-   A: Nà hào, nà zhēn kéyi yōu shíjiān

niàn yìdiánr shǔ le.

-   B: Suōyi cōngmingde, nūlì xuéxíde

niánqīngrén yídìng yōu bànfá niàn shūde.

-   A: Duì. Ng, wō hái yōu yíge wèntí.

-   B: Shénme wèntí?

A: Wō háoxiàng zài bàoshang háishi zài nár kànjianguo yìpiǎn wénzhāng,
shuō Chángjiāng fūjìn, ò, Changjiang yínán yě yōu yíge xiàr.dài-huàde
gāngtiě gōngsī, bi Shōudū Gangtie Gōngsī hái dà.

-   B: Shì a.

-   A: Chángjiāng yínán shi zhòr.<yàode

That’s good! And what about during the Cultural Revolution? Were there
evening universities then?

Back then, the whole country was messed up. Evening universities?
Hardly!

Now it’s better.

Much better. The company has dining halls and kindergartens. Not only
young workers, even staff and workers with children are able to take
(evening) university courses.

What? The staff and workers of the company all live in company housing?

The Capital Iron and Steel Company is even bigger than a town. More than
seventy or eighty percent of the staff and workers and their families
live in company housing. It makes it more convenient to go to work and
to get home from work, and makes daily life more convenient.

That’s good. Then they really have time to study.

So the smart young people who work hard are assured of the chance to go
to school.

Right. Uh, I have another question.

What?

I remember seeing an article, I think in the newspaper or somewhere,
that said that in the Yangtze River area, no, to the south of the
Yangtze, there is another modern iron and steel company that’s even
larger than the Capital Iron and Steel Company.

Right.

The area to the south of the Yangtze

nōngyèqū, cōng fāzhàn jīngjishang kin, hàoxiàng yōu yìdiànr bú tài
héshì.

B: Duì, gōngyè wūràn duì nōngyè fāzhàn méiyou hàochu, wōmen zài xiàng
bànfà. Shōudū gangtie gōng-sī yě yōu wūrànde wèntí, nl zhidao, zhòng
gōngyè duì shōudū lái shuō kě bú tài héshì.

A: Nàme nide yìsi shi, Beijīng bù zhǔnbèi zài fāzhàn zhòng gōngyè le.

-   B: Duì, zhèi yidiàn, zhèngfǔde jué-

dìng shi hěn qīngchude, wōmen děi bà Běijīng Jiànshèchéng yíge yōu
wénhuà, shēnghuō fāngbian, jīngji fādá, yòu fěicháng gānjingde chéngshì.

-   A: Hào, wō xiàng wō xiànzài bījiào

qīngchu le.

-   B: Ei, Kàlàhàn Nushì, wō zhèr hái yōu liàngyàng shulguō, wōmen bà ta
    xiāomiè le ba!

A:   ’’Xiāomiè" le? Hào, hào. Wō dào

shi dìyīcì tlngjian zhèige shuōfàr.

B: Kuài yào dào le, shulguō bù qīng ne, cānguǎnde shihou názhe ta duō
lèi ya, háishl xiànzài bà ta chile hào.

A: Hào, nà jiu xièxie le.

is an important agricultural area, from the point of view of economic
development it doesn’t seem to be too appropriate.

Right. Industrial pollution isn’t good for agricultural development.
We’re working on it. The Capital Iron and Steel Company also has a
pollution problem. Heavy industry isn’t very appropriate for a capital
city, you know.

Then you mean that Běijīng isn’t planning to develop their heavy
industry any further?

Right. On this point, the government’s decision is very clear. We should
build Běijīng into a cultural city, convenient to live in, economically
developed—and very clean.

Okay, I think I understand better now.

Oh, Ms. Colihan, I still have a couple of fruits here, let’s polish them
off!

’’Polish them off?" Ohhh. That’s the first time I’ve ever heard that
expression.

We’re almost there. The fruit is kind of heavy. It would be a bother to
carry it around while we tour. It would be better to eat it now.

All right, then thank you.

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.

All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want
to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

Ih this exercise, an American visiting the Beijing Wristwatch Factory
talks with the responsible person of the workers’ family living
quarters.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

-dong                              (counter for buildings)

yèdàxue                            evening university

-men                                (counter for school courses)

yàoburfin                            otherwise

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. What is the factory’s family housing like?

-   2. What problem do the staff, workers, and technical personnel who
    live in the cities have?

-   3. What activity may workers participate in? How many workers do
    this T

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
English functional equivalents :'?r the Chinese sentences rather than
the literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American tourist visiting a train engine
factory-in the north of China stops in at the kitchen of the factory’s
dining hall and talks vith the chef.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

dà shīfu                            chef

chang                               to taste

lìngwài                             other

dongbù                            the eastern part of a country

Wúxī                               (city in Jiāngsū province)

Jiangnǎn                           the area south of the lover

reaches of the Yangtze River

bú shi tiènde Jiù shi lade         if it isn’t sweet, then it’s hot

nóngchāng                          farm

yúchāng                            fishery

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. Was the chef expecting a visitor? How can you tell?

-   2. Where is the chef from? (Give both the city.and where it is
    situated.)

-   3. What kinds of food do people from that area like?

-   U. Where does the chef get his vegetables?

5. What happened to the factory’s food supply during the Cultural
Revolution? What appeal did the factory’s leadership make in 1977, and
what was the result?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.

Exercise U

In this exercise, you will hear a conversation "between an American
student and a young man in Beijīng.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.

You will need the following new words and phrases:

zhāi huār

■;o pick flowers

Huángzhuāng

(name of a commune)

z3ng shōurù

total income

fSnzhèng

anyway

tuī

to push

wàihuì

foreign exchange

gāozhòng

senior high school

-duò

(counter for flowers)

Questions for Exercise U

-   1. Where does the young man live?

-   2. How is his production brigade doing? How does he know about these
    things?

-   3. What does his father like to do?

U. What are the young man’s plans for the future?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

An American visiting the Běijīng Wristwatch Factory talks with the
responsible person of the workers’ family living quarters.

-   A: Nīmen chāngde jiāshù sùshè dōu

hěn gānjing, yě dōu hěn xīn ma!

-   B: Wōmen chāngde sùshè hái suàn bú cuō, chāng līngdǎo shuō hái yào
    zài gài jīdòng xīn sùshè ne!

-   A: Sùshè hái bú gòu ma?

-   B: Bú gòu, wōmen chang lí chéngli

zhēn yuān, zhù zai chénglide zhígōng shàng xià ban hái zhēn shi yōu
diānr bù fàngbian.

A:   Xiànzài hái yōu hěn duō gōngren

zhù zai chéngli ma?

B: Yōu, hái yōu bù shāo jìshu rén-yuán yě zhù zai chéngli. Tèbié shi
nèixiē bú zài yíge chang gōngzuòde shuāngzhígōng, shàng xià ban jī
gōnggòng qìchě, bī shàng ban hái lèi, shíjiān chángle zenme xíng ne?
Suōyī wōmen zài máng yě děi kuài yidiānr duō gài jīdòng zhígōng sùshè.

-   A: Ràng tǎmen dōu ban dào chéngwài

lái zhù?

-   B: Bù, tamen kéyi zhù zai sùshèli, měige Xīngqīliù hui jiā jiu xíng
    le. Zhèiyangr, Xīngqīyī dào Xīng-qīwùde yèyú shíjiān tǎmen jiu kéyi
    zài wōmen chāngde yèdàxué xuān kè, nà duō hāo!

-   A: Xiànzài zài yèdàxué niàn shūde

gōngren duō ma?

-   B: Bù shāo, chàbuduō yōu yíbàn yī-

shàngde qīngnián gōngren dōu xuān yìmén, liíngmén kè. Tīng lāoshī-men
shuō, xiànzài xuéshēngde shuīpíng dōu kuài yào gānshang Wénhuà Dà Gémìng
yīqiánde xuéshēng lai

Your factory’s family housing is all very clean and very new!

Our factory’s housing is pretty good. The factory’s leadership says that
a few more buildings are going to be built, too.

Isn’t there enough housing yet?

No. Our factory is very far from the city. It’s really pretty
inconvenient for the staff and workers who live in the city to get to
and from work.

Are there still a lot of workers living in town?

Yes, and there are also a lot of technical personnel living in town.
Especially for those working couples who don’t work in the same factory,
wrestling with the buses before and after work is even more tiring than
work itself. How can you expect them to keep that up very long? So no
matter how busy we are, we have to put up a few new buildings for staff
and workers.

And have them all move from the town out here?

No, they can stay in the dormitories here, but go home every Saturday.
That way, from Monday to Friday, they can take courses after work at our
factory’s evening university, which would be great.

Are there a lot of workers taking classes at the evening university now?

Quite a few. Roughly over half of our young workers take one or two
courses. According to the teachers, the students’ level has practically
caught up with the pre-Cultural Revolution level.

A: Kěxl wōde shíjiān ānpaide tài JIn, yàoburán wō hái zhēn xiāng zài
yedàxue tīngting kè ne.

B: Nín méi shíjiān ting kè, qù hé yè dàxuéde lāoshl tántan yě hāo

TpM _(f)

A:   Ng, kéyi ting tāmen Jièshào Jiě—

shào qíngkuàng.

B:   Zōu, women dào bàngōngshl qu,

qing dāoyōu tóngzhì xiànzài Jiù péi nimen qù yítàng.

A:   Hāo, zSu.

It's too bad that I have such a tight schedule, otherwise I’d really
like to sit in on some evening university classes.

If you don’t have time to sit in on any classes, why not go talk with
some of the evening university’s teachers?

Mm, I could get some information about the university from them.

Let’s go to the office and ask the guide to accompany us right now.

Okay, let’s go.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

An American tourist (A) visiting a train engine factory in the north of
China stops in at the kitchen of the factory dining hall and talks with
the chef (B).

A: Dà shlfu, mángzhe na?

B: Bù máng, bù máng, Jìnlai zuò, wō gěi nimen chāole liāngge xiāo cài,
qing nimen chángchang.

A:   Wǒmen zài lìngwài yige shítáng

chīguo fàn le, chide hāo bāo.

B: Zài bāo yě děi chángchang, zhèi shi tángcùde, wō zhīdao nimen xīhuan
chī.

A: Wǒ Jide wō zài nār chīguo, duì le, shi zài Huáshèngdùnde yíge
Zhōngguó fànguānrli, měicì qù wō dǒu qīng tamen zuò zhèige.

B: Xīhuan chī Jiu bā ta dōu chile ba! Nī gāngcái shuōde nèige fàn-guānr
shi Shànghǎi fànguānr ma?

-   A: Shi. Hòulái wō líkāi dōngbù Jiu zài yě méi chīguo nàme hāochlde
    cài le.

-   B: Lái, bā ta dōu xiāomièle, wān-shang wō zài gěi nimen zuò biéde.

You must be very busy, chef.

No, no, come in and sit down. I made a couple of little stir-fried
dishes for you. Please try them.

We’ve already eaten in another dining hall. We’re very full.

No matter how full you are you must try them. This one is sweet and
sour, I know you people like that.

I remember having this somewhere. Oh yes, it was in a Chinese restaurant
in Washington. Whenever I went there I used to ask them to make this.

If you like it, then eat it all! Is the restaurant you Just mentioned a
Shànghǎi-style restaurant?

Yes. Later I left the east and never had such delicious food again.

Come on, polish it off. Tonight I’ll make you some other things.

A: Xièxie nín, dà shīfu. Nín bú shi zhèrde rén ba?

B: Bú shi, wō shi Wúxī rén.

-   A: Zài Chang Jiang yīběi?

-   B: òu, nl gāocuò le, Chángjiàng

yinán!

A:   Wō fáxiàn Jiāngnán rén xihuan

tiánde hé làde.

Thank you. Chef, you’re not from this area, are you?

No, I’m from Wúxī.

North of the Yangtze River?

Oh, you’ve got it wrong, south of the Yangtze!

I notice that people from Jiāngnán Cthe area south of the lower reaches
of the Yangtze] like sweet foods and hot foods.

'B:   Zhèi dào shi duìde. WSmen Jiāng

nán rén zuò cài bú shi tiánde Jiù shi làde.

-   A: Nīmen shítáng měitiān yòng zhème

duō cài, dōu shi cōng fújìn gǒngshè màide ma?

-   B: Náli?.’ Wénhuà Dà Gémìng yīqián

wōmen zhèige zhìzàochàng hé biéde dà cháng yíyàng, dōu yōu zìjīde
nōngchàng. càidì shenmede. Dà shítángde cài bú yòng shuō le, Jiù shi
yòuéryuán háizimen chide shuī-guō shenmede yé dōu shi zìjī zhòngde.

A:   Hòulái ne?

B: Hòulái, Wénhuà Dà Gémìng le, nōngchàng, càidì dōu bèi gàode
luànqībāzāo, chide dōngxi zhēn Jīnzhǎng, yú a, ròude bú yòng shuō le,
lián cài dōu bú gòu chī le.

That’s true enough. When we people from Jiāngnán cook, if it isn’t sweet
then it’s hot.

You use so much food here in your dining hall, do you buy it all from
the neighboring communes?

Oh, no! Before the Cultural Revolution our factory had its own farm,
vegetable plots, and so on, as other large factories did. Of course, we
grew the food used in the large dining halls, but we even grew all the
fruits and things the children in the kindergartens ate.

And then?

Then it was the Cultural Revolution, and the farm and vegetable plots
were ruined. Food was in very short supply. Fish and meats were of
course tight, but there weren’t even enough vegetables .

A:   Xiànzài hlo le.

Now it’s better.

B: Yī Jiú qī qī nián, cháng līngdào In 1977, the factory leadership
hàozhāo quánchàng gōngren gaohāo appealed to all the factory’s workers
shěnghuō, nōngchàng a, yúch&ng a, to improve daily living conditions,
you bànqilai le, qíngxing Jiu hào-   We started the farm and the fishery

duō le. Nī kàn, zènme duō cài,      again, and things were much better.

*The reason for the phrasing of this sentence is that the food used in
the large dining halls (that is, where the workers eat) is of relatively
low quality, while the fruits and foods for the kindergarten children
are of a fancier grade. The chef thus means, "We didn’t Just grow low
quality foods, we even grew fancy things.’’

chàbuduō dōu shi zìjī shēngchānde, you piányi you xīnxian, duō hāo!

-   A: Shíjiān bù zāo le, an jìhua wōmen

hái dei qù cānguān yìliāngge dìfang ne!

-   B: Hāo, hui tour jiàn.

A:   Hui tōur jiàn.

See all these vegetables, we produced almost all of them ourselves.
They’re inexpensive, and fresh, too. What could be better.

It’s getting late, and according to our schedule we’re supposed to visit
another couple of places’.

All right. See you later.

See you later.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U

An American student in China (A) is walking from Beijing University into
town one weekend. (Not many people would do this, because it is a
two-hour walk.) Near the People’s University (Rénmín Dàxué) on H&idiàn
Lù, she stoops down to pick a flower on the side of the road. A boy
holding a hoe calls out to her.

B: Wèi! Bié zhāi bié zhāi! Zhè huār bù néng suíbiàn zhāi ya!

-   A: Duìbuql. Zhèixiē huār dōu shi nimen zhòngde ma?

-   B: Shì, yánzhe zhèitiáo gōnglù yìzhí

dào dòngwuyuan, lùbiānrshangde huār dōu shi wōmen zhòngde.

-   A: Nī shi Rénmín Dàxuéde gōngren?

-   B: Bú shi, wō shi Huángzhuāng Dàduìde shèyuán.

-   A: Nī Jiālide rén dōu zài Huángzhuāng ma?

-   B: Zài Huángzhuāng jiù yōu wō fùmu gēn wō.

A: Nl yōu xiōngdì jiēmèi ma?

B: Yōu, wō yōu yíge gēge zài tielù-shang gōngzuò, shi huōchē sijì. Yōu
yíge gēge zài Shōudū Gāngtie Gōngsī gōngzuò, tīngshuǒ tǎmen zhìzàode
dōngxi yōu bù shāo hái chū guo ne!

Hey! Don’t pick those! ■ Don’t pick those! Those flowers aren’t for
picking!

I’m sorry. Did you plant these flowers?

Yes. We planted all the flowers along the side of the highway all the
way to the zoo.

Are you a worker from the People’s University?

No, I’m a commune member from Huángzhuāng Production Brigade.

Is your whole family in Huángzhuāng?

In Huángzhuāng there are only my parents and myself.

Do you have brothers and sisters?

Yes, I have an older brother who works on the railroad. He’s an
engineer. And I have an older brother who works at the Capital Iron and
Steel Company. I understand that a lot of the things they manufacture go
abroad.

-   A: Nimen dàduìde shēngchān jìnxíng-

de zěnmeyàng a?

-   B: Wō ting wō fùqin shuō, cóng chān-liàngshang kàn, wǒmen dàduìde
    qíngkuàng bú cuò. Jlnnián wǒmen dàduì-de zōng shōurù děngyú Wénhuà
    Dà Gé-mìng shínián shōurùde yíbèi!

A:   He! Zhèi shi zhěnde?!

B: Wō mā yě nàme shuō, Wénhuà Dà Gémìng nèi shihou wō hái xiāo, dà-duìli
fāshēngde shir, wō dōu bù zěnme qīngchu. Wō Jiù J ide nèi shihou
tiāntián kāi huì, ni shuō dàrenmen máng ba, hāoxiàng yě bù zěnme máng,
f&nzhèng shi kàn tamen zōngshi bú tài gāoxìng.

A:   Xiànzài ni Jiāli rén dōu gāoxìng

ba?

B: Gāoxìng, tèbié shi wō mā, yí dào Xīngqītiān Jiu tulshang yíbù xiāo
chě, shàng zìyōu shichǎng le. Tā chang gēn wō shuō, háishi zhèihuìr-de
zhèngcè hāo a!

-   A: Ni zìjī zěnmeyàng a? Yōu shénme dāsuan meiyou a?

-   B: Yōu, wō fùqin zhòng huārde Jìshu

kě gāo la! Tā zhòngle yíbèizi huār. Tā gěn wō shuō zánmen zhèr shi
fēngjlngqū, zánmen bā huār zhònghāole, néng gěi guójiā zhuàn wàihuì ya!

-   A: Ni Jinnián shíji le?

-   B: Shísì le. Wō fùqin hái zhāolai yìběn shǔ, shi guānyú zhòng
    huārde, wō Jintiǎn wàng zai Jiāli le, xià-cì ni Jīngguò zhèr wō zài
    gěi ni kàn. Wō fùqin shuō nà shi kěxué zhòng huār, ràng wo hǎohāor
    xué.

-   A: Ni xiāng bu xiāng shàng dàxué?

How is your brigade's production going?

My father says that from the point of view of yield, our brigade is
doing well. This year the total income of the brigade is equal to one
time the income over the ten years of the Cultural Revolution!

Wow! Is that true?!

My mother says the same thing. I was still young during the Cultural
Revolution, and I don't know very well what went on in our brigade. I
Just remember that during that time there were meetings every day. But
were the grown-ups really busy?—not really. In any case, they never
looked very happy.

But now everybody in your family is happy, aren't they?

Yes. Especially my mother. Every Sunday she goes to the free market,
pushing a little cart'. She often says to me that the Cgovernment'sJ
policy is much better now.

What about yourself? Do you have any plans?

Yes, ny father is a real expert at growing flowers. He's been growing
flowers all his life. He told me that this is a scenic area, and if we
planted flowers, we could bring in a lot of foreign exchange for the
state.

How old are you this year? Cpre-suming him to be a teenager]

Fourteen. My father even got a book on flower growing. I left it at home
today, but the next time you pass by here I'll show it to you. My father
says that it's scientific flower growing and told me to study it hard.

Do you want to go to college?

-   B: Xiíng shàng! Hòuniàn w3 Jiù gāo-zh5ng hìyè le, w8 kào Nongyè
    Dàxué, Jiù xué zhòng huār.

Yes! The year after next I graduate from high school and I'm going to
take the exam for Agricultural University. I'm going to study flower
growing.

-   A: Hào! Zàijiàn!                         Great! So long!

-   B: Zàijiàn! Bié Jí, wo gěi ni zhǎi

liǎngduS huǎr.

So long! Hold on, let me pick

you a couple of flowers.

A:   Xièxie ni.                             Thanks.

2Dk

-   1. A: Zài Guàngzhōu Jiāoyìhuìshang jiù zuò chūkōude TnXimai ma?

B: Bú jiù shi chùkōu, yě yōu hěn duō ren zài nar tán jìnkōu màoyi.

-   2. A: Zhèi Jīge jīngji tèqū yuè lái yuè fánrōng le.

B: Shi a! Jìnchūkōu màoyi, jiǎ-gong gōngyè yuè gāo yuè duō le.

Do they only do export business at the Guángzhōu Trade Fair?

Not just export business. Many people also do import trade there.

These special economic zones are getting more and more prosperous.

Yes! Import-export trade and the processing industry are on the upswing.

3.

A: Guángj iǎohuìshangde dōngxi jiaqian "zenmeyàng?

B: Jiàqian dōu hái bú cuò, vàiguó shāngren hěn shào yōu kōng-shōu
huíqude.

How are the prices at the Gu&ngzhōu Trade Fair?

The prices are pretty good. It’s very seldom that a foreign businessman
goes home empty-handed.

-   4. A: Jīngji tèqǔde Zhōngguō gōngren shōurù bījiào gāo, nà hui bu
    hui chūxiàn yíge xīnde jiējj ne?

Since the income of Chinese workers in the special economic zones is
higher, is it possible a new class will appear?

B:

Méiyou nàme yánzhòng! Gèjí zhèngfù hui àn zhèngcè bande.

It’s not that serious! Every level of the government will go according
to policy.

-   5. A: Zhōngguō zhèngfǔ shi bu shi xiànzhi xiǎofèipīnde j ìnkōu?

B: Dāihuīr wō gěi nín ná yífènr cáiliào, nín yí kàn jiù qīngchu le.

Does the Chinese government restrict consumer-good imports?

I’ll bring you some materials in a while. As soon as you read them
you’ll know the answer.

-   6. A: Zài yíge gōngchángli, gōngzuò xiàolfl gāode gōngren cái néng
    tígāo gōngzī, duì ba?

B: Duì a! Duō lao duō dé ma!

In a factory only workers with high efficiency can get a pay raise,
right?

Right! More pay for more work, you know!

-   7. A: Lio Zhang, Jīntiān kāi shénme huānsònghuì?

B: Hulnsòn^ Ōuzhōude lush! dàibiīotuán.

-   8. A: Yōule Zhōng-Měi hli^ùn tiáo^uē yīhòu, yánhli yfdài jiù gèng
    rènao le.

B: Shì a, kànqilai yīhòude shí-nián, zhèi Jīge dà hǎiglng huì yòu dà
guìmōde fāzhān.

-   9. A: Nl tīngdao xiāoxi le meiyou? Jintiān wlnshang yòu hěn
    zhòngyàode rén lái.

-   B: JIntiānde wlnhuì yídìng hěn yōu yìsi, qiānwàn bié win le

Lio Zhang, what’s the farewell meeting for today?

We’re sending off the European delegation of lawyers.

Since the Sino-American sea transportation treaty, the coastal region
has become even busier.

Yes. It looks as if these large ports will experience tremendous growth
in the next decade.

Have you heard the news? Some very important people are coming tonight.

Tonight’s party is sure to be interesting. You mustn't be late!

-   10. A: Wō yào cānguān Jiàoxué shèbèi. I want to see the educational
    equipment.

-   B: Jiàoxué shèbèi d5u jízhòng zài zhèige dàtíngli le, huānyíng
    cānguān.

The educational equipment is. all together in this large hall. You're
welcome to see it.

-   11. A: Zhōng-Měi lilngguō wèile zài gèfāngmiàn jinxing hézuò
    dinghlole bù shlo jìhuà.

-   B: í?g. Gang yùn dao Fújiànde zhèixiē shèbèi Jiù shi nèixiē Jìhuàde
    yíbùfen.

China and America have made a lot of plans to cooperate in various
fields.

Mm. The equipment which was Just shipped to Fújiàn is a part of those
plans.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   | Unit 8, Vocabulary List           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| chūkǒu chūxiàn                    | to export to appear               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| dàibiaotuán dāi huīr dating ding  | delegation, mission in a while,   |
|                                   | later (large) hall                |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to draw up (a plan); to agree on; |
|                                   | to conclude (a treaty)            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| duō iSo duō dé                    | more pay for more work            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| fènrōng                           | to be flourishing, to be          |
|                                   | prosperous , to be booming        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Fūjiàn                            | (a province in south China)       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gōngzT                            | wages                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| GuXngJiāohuì                      | Guàngzhōu (Canton) Trade Fair     |
|                                   | scale, scope, dimensions          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| h&igSng he zuò huānsòng           | harbor, seaport                   |
| huānsònghuì                       |                                   |
|                                   | to cooperate; cooperation to see  |
|                                   | off, to send’ off                 |
|                                   | farewell/send-off meeting         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | or party                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -Jí Jiāgōng J iāoyìhuì Jiàqian    | level, rank, grade, stage, degree |
| JiēJi Jìnchūkǒu JlngJi tèqū       | to process, to finish (a product) |
| Jìnkǒu Jízhǒng                    | trade fair                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | price                             |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (social) class                    |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | import-export                     |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | special economic zone (SEZ)       |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to import                         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | to concentrate, to centralize     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| kōngshǒu                          | empty-handed                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| làshī                             | lawyer, attorney                  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| màoyi                             | trade                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| qiānvàn                           | without fail, be sure to          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| shāngren shèbèi                   | businessman/businesswoman;        |
|                                   | merchant equipment,.facilities,   |
|                                   | instal                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | lation                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| tiáoyuē                           | treaty                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| wánhuì                            | evening party; evening of         |
|                                   | entertainment                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

xiānzhi

xiāofèipln xiàolù xiāoxi

to restrict, to limit; restriction, limitation

consumer goods efficiency news

  ------------- ----------------------------
  yanzhòng      to be serious, to be grave
  yī...Jiù...   as soon as
  yùn           to transport, to ship
  ------------- ----------------------------

REFERENCE NOTES

-   1. A: Zài Guāngzhōu Jiāoyìhuìshang Do they only do export business
    at the jiù zuō chùkŌude mSimal ma? GuSngzhōu Trade Fair?

B: Bú Jiù shi chùkōu, yě yōu hěn Not Just export business. Many people
duō rén zài nar tán Jìnkōu also do import trade there.

màoyi.

Notes on Ne. 1

Ji&oyìhuì: "trade fair" Jiāoyì means "business, trade, transaction," and
hui is the same word you knov from kāi hui, "to have a meeting." The
full name of the GuSngzhōu Trade Fair is Zhōngguō Chùkōu Shāngpln
Jlāoyìhuì, the Chinese Export Commodities Fair (CECF).Since the first
CECF in 957, every spring and autumn GuSngzhōu is inundated with
businessmen and people of all walks of life connected with trade—more
than 25,000 at each Fair. Chinese agricultural and industrial products
are displayed in the Fairground buildings and open areas, located on
HSizhū GuSngchSng (Haizhu Square) between the railroad station and the
Dōngfāng Bīnguán (Dongfang Hotel). The Fair is held from April 15 to May
15 and from October 15 to November 15.

As the name implies, the CECF’s main purpose is to assist China's state
trading corporations in exporting goods, but some large import contracts
are signed there each year as well.

Chùkōu, "to export" and jìnkōu, "to import":

RÌběn meinián chùkōu hěn duō Japan exports a lot of cars every qìchē.
                              year.

Wō zhēn bù dōng wèishénme Zhōng- I really don’t understand why the guō
chūkōude dōngxi zōng shi       things China exports are always

bl guōnèi màide hào.               better than those it sells domes

tically.

màoyi: "trade," as in guōnèi màoyi, "domestic trade"; màoyi zhōngxīn,
"trade center"; màoyi fēng, "trade wind."

ZhèiliMngge guōjiā zuìjìn jlnián cái kSishl jinxing màoyi.

It is only in the past few years that these two countries have started
have trade (with each other).

Tán is used in the sense of "negotiate" in such phrases as tán màoyi,
"do trade (negotiating)," tar, shēngyì, "do business," etc.

-   2. A: Zhèi jlge JingJi tèqǔ yuè lái yuè fénrong le.

B: Shì a.! Jìnchūkōu màoyi, jiá-gōng gōngyè yuè gio yuè duō le.

These special economic regions are getting more and more prosperous.

Yes! Import-export trade and the processing industry are on the upswing.

Notes on No. 2

jīngji tèqǔ: Literally, "economic special-district," translated as
"special economic zones," and abbreviated as SEZ. SEZs are designated
areas similar to the export processing zones (EPZs) which have been
extremely successful in places such as Taiwan. China established SEZs to
bring in the foreign capital needed to create jobs and modernize the
national economy. In these zones, foreign investors’ assets, profits,
and other rights and interests are legally protected, and their
operations enjoy tax and duty exemptions. Proposed investment projects
are examined and approved by the Provincial Arim-lnìat.ration of the
SEZ, which also draws up its own development plans and organizes their
implementation. The SEZs compete with each other for foreign Investment
As of 1981» Guángdōng province had three SEZs—Shēnzhèn, ZhūhXi (near
Macao), and Shàntōu—and other SEZs had been established in Fújiàn
province and HXinán Island. A wide variety of enterprises have already
been set up.

fénrōng; "to be flourishing/prosperous/booming"

Rìbénde shàngyè h?n fénrōng. Japan’s commerce is flourishing.

Shfnián ylhōu, zhèige dìfang huì Ten years from now, this place will
biànde gèng fánrŌng le.            become even more prosperous.

Cōng zhèige zhSnlánhuìshangde From the things in this exhibition,
dōngxi, nl kéyi kàndao fin-        you can see the flourishing

rōngde Mélguō wénhuà.              American culture.

Fánrōng can also mean "to make something prosper":

Bàn Jiàoyìhuìde mùdi Jiù shi yào The purpose of holding trade fairs
fánrōng JingJi.                     is to promote economic prosperity.

.Hāgōng: (1) "to finish" a product, i.e., to work on a half-finished or
finished article to make it more perfect or finer; (2) "to process" a
raw material into a finished product.

-   3. A: Gulngj iàohuìshangde dōngxi jiaqian zénmeyàng?

B: Jiàqian dōu hái bú cuò, wàiguó shlngren bin shāo yōu kǒngshōu
huíqude.

Hov are the prices at the Guàngzhōu Trade Fair?

The prices are pretty good. . It’s very seldom that a foreign
businessman goes home empty-handed.

Notes on No. 3

GuàngJi&ohuì: This is an abbreviation of GuSngzhōu Jiāoyìhuì.

jiaqian: "price"

Zhèige píngguō shénme Jiàqian?     How much are these apples?

Timende dōngxi hén hSo, Jiàqian    Their things are very good, and the

yé bú cuò.                          prices are pretty good, too.

Jiàng Jiàqian means "to bargain, to haggle":

Zài Zhǒngguóde shāngdiànli, bù You cannot bargain in stores in China,
kéyi Jiàng Jiàqian, dànshi         but you can in the free markets,

zài zìyōu shìch&ngshang kéyi.

kǒngshōu: "empty-handed" Kong- means "to be empty," as in

Zhèige xiāngzl shi kǒngde.         This case is empty.

Kǒngshōu is used, adverbially:

Wō bù hào yìsi kǒngshōu dào        I would be embarrassed to go to

tà Jià qu.                          his house empty-handed.

U. A: JlngJi tèqǔde Zhōngguó gōngren shōurù bíjiào gāo, nà huì bu huì
chūxiàn yíge xìnde JigJi ne?

Since the income of Chinese workers in the special economic regions is
higher, is it possible a new class will appear?

B:

Méiyou nàme yánzhòng! Gèjí zhèngfǔ hui àn zhengcè bànde.

It*8 not that serious! Every level of the government will go according
to policy.

Notes on No. U

chuxiàn: "to appear" As with fǎshěng, "to happen," which you learned in
the previous unit, chūxiàn is often followed in the sentence by the
thing that appears, whereas in English the thing usually precedes
"appear" ("Will a new class appear?").

Zhèige wèntí zài gang chúxiànde shíhou, méiyou rén fàxiàn, xiànzài
zhidao yijīng tài win le.

Tàiyang chūxiàn zài dSngfàngde shíhou, Jiù shi xlnde yìtiǎn kàishl le.

Zhèige shíhou, qiánmian chǔxiàn yìtiáo dà hé, shi w8 méi xiàhgdàode.

When this problem first appeared, no one discovered it. Now that we’ve
found out about it, it’s too late.

When the sun appears in the east, it means that a new day is beginning.
Ctàiyang, ’’sun”3

At this moment, a large river appeared up ahead, something I had not
expected.

Jiēji; ”(social) class” In the PRC, this word enters into many special
phrases such as JiēJi Jiàoyu, "class education” (which consists of
recounting the difficult past to schoolchildren and younger workers).

Shìjièshang méiyou yíge méiyou JiēJide shèhuì.

yénzhòng; "to be serious, to be

Zhèige qíngkuàng xiāngdāng yánzhòng.

Zhōngguó y8u yánzhongde rénkSu wèntí.

Zhèige wèntí bú shi yánzhòng dào yídìng yào qing lìngdào lái Juédìng.

Nl hái méi kànchū zhèige wèntíde yánzhòngxìng.

-Jí: "level, rank, stage, grade

Zhèi yijí līngdào hái bù néng Juédìng zēnme ban, nl dēi zh&o shàngjí
līngdào.

Gànbu yígùng y8u èrshiliù Jí, shíjí yíshàngde kéyi kàn yìzhSng pútSng
rén kànbudàode bàozhl.

Nl zhè xié zhēn gāojí!

There is no society in the world which is without classes.

grave”

This situation is quite serious.

China has a serious population problem.

This problem is not so serious that we have to ask our leader to decide
it.

You still haven’t discerned the seriousness of this problem.

degree"

This level leader cannot decide what to do. You must go to an
upper-level leader.

Altogether, there are twenty-six grades of cadres. Those above grade ten
may read a newspaper that ordinary people cannot read. (The Cānkào
Zīliào, "Reference Mat erlals")

These shoes of yours are really classy!

5. A: ZhSngguó zhèngffl shì bu shi xiànzhi xiSofèipínde Jìnk8u?

-   B: Dàihuír w8 gèi nín ná yífènr cáiliào, nín yí kàn Jiù qīngchu le.

Does the Chinese government restrict consumer-good imports?

I’ll bring you some materials in a while. As soon as you read them
you'll know the answer.

Notes on No. 5

xiànzhi: "to restrict, to limit"

W8 àiren xiànzhi w3 mèige yuè chōu qíkuài qiánde yān.

Welle xiànzhi rénmínde zìyóu, zhèngfù dingle bù shào gulju.

Zài gSosù gōnglùshang, b£ qìchē-de sùdu xiànzhi zài wùshiwǔ-yīnglī yíxià
shi bijiào héshìde.

Y8u bù shSo xiànzhi zhen rang rén gàobudSng wèishénme yào zhème zuò.

Yīnwèi shíjiánde xiànzhi, w8 méi néng zuòdao w8 kéyi zuòde nàme hào.

or restriction, limitation"

My spouse limits me to smoking seven dollars' worth of cigarettes a
month.

The government has set up a lot of. miles to restrict the people's
freedom.

It is rather appropriate to limit the speed of cars on the expressway to
fifty-five miles an hour.

There are many restrictions that leave one at a loss as to why one has
to do it that way.

Because of time restrictions, I was not able to do as well as I could
have.

to be restricted" (liter

Xiànzhi is often used in the phrase shòu xiànzhi, ailly, "to receive
restriction"):

Zài nèige guójiā, wàiguo rén ifixíng shòudao hàn dà xiànzhi.

xiSofèi: "to consume"

Zhèige gSngchMng yìtiSn xiSofèi

duíshào meitàn?

Yiqián BSiJīng Jiù shi yíge xiSofèi chéngshì, shénme yě bù shēngchSn.

Xlàofèizhé is a "consumer."

in that country, foreigners are very restricted when they travel.

How much coal does this factory consume a day?

Bèijīng used to be Just a consumer city; it didn't produce a thing.

dSihuír: A Běijīng expression of "in (after) a while":

DSlhuír w8 song ni huiqu.

equivalent to děng yihuīr in the sense

In a little while, I'll take you back.

W3 xiànzài xiān qù y3u diānr shi, dāihuīr Jiù lái.

Let me first go and take care of something I have to do; I’ll be back in
a minute.

yf.. .Jiù...: "as soon as...” You already know that Jiù means ’’then” in
the sense of immediately thereafter, e.g.,

Tā shuǒwán Jiù z8u le.

He left right after he finished speaking.

When using the adverb yī, ”as soon as,” Jiù is often used in the
folloving clause.

Tǎ yí dào, wímen Jiù kéyi z8u le.

Tiān yí liàng, tā Jiù qīlai kāi-shī gōngzuS.

W3 yí kàn Jiù míngbai le.

TS yì ting zhèiJù huà Jiù Jí le.

W8 yì fāxiàn hùzhào dlū le, mā-shàng Jiù dào līngshìguān qù

TS zānme yí qù Jiù shi bàntiǎn?

We can leave as soon as he gets here.

As soon as it gets light out, he gets up and starts to work.

I understood as soon as I looked at it (OR read it).

He got anxious (upset) as soon as he heard this sentence.

As soon as I discovered that I had lost my passport, I immediately went
to the consulate.

What’s taking him so long?

Sometimes yī,. .Jiù... is used in the sense of ”every time,” or
"whenever” (i.e., once certain conditions come about, something is sure
to happen):

W8 duì zhèrde lù hái bù shú, yì bú zhùyì Jiù huì zāucuò.

Píngcháng tā hān máng, kāshi yí dào Xlngqītiin, tā Jiù yào kāi chě chūqu
vánr.

W?5 yì hā Jill Jiù téu yūn.

Tā māicì yì y8u wèntí Jiù xiāng-dào wB, méi wèntíde shihou conglál bú
Jìzhe wB.

I’m still not very familiar with the roads here. I go the wrong way
whenever I’m not paying attention.

Usually he is very busy, but when Sunday comes he always goes out in his
car to have fun.

I get dizzy whenever I drink.

He thinks of me whenever he has a problem, but never remembers me when
he doesn’t have any problems.

YI is sometimes used without Jiù in a following clause, as in

Wā gāng yì ting hāoxiàng bú duì, When I first heard it, it didn’t sound
hèulál yì xiāng, duì le.           right, but then after I thought about

it, CI realized! it was right.

6. A: Zài yíge gōngchǎngli, gōngzuò xiàolÒ gǎode gōngren cái n4ng tígǎo
gōngzī. dui ba?

B: Duì a! DuS láo duō de ma!

In a factory only workers with high efficiency can get a pay raise,
right?

Right! More pay for more work, you know!-

Notes on No. 6

xiao15: "efficiency"

Tāde xuéxí xiàolū hén gāo, yì-tián néng kàn bù shāo shū, hái néng jìzhu
bù shāo.

%

Welle tígǎo shíjián xiàolū, wSmen bìxū Jízhong lìliàng.

He is very efficient in his studies. He can read a lot in one day and
can remember a great deal too.

We must pool our forces in order to increase our efficiency. (Shijiǎn
xiàolÙ just means efficiency within a certain period of time.)

cái; You have seen cái meaning "only when, not until" (Ta míngtiǎn cái
dào, "He isn’t coming until tomorrow") and meaning "only in that case,
not unless" (Zhèlyang Zhōngguō wénhuà cái néng bǎochíxiàqù, "Only in
this way can Chinese culture be preserved^). In sentence èk_(t) the
necessary condition is gōngzuò xiàolū gāo. Since cái is an "adverb, it
must always precede the verb (here, néng), whereas in English, "only"
precedes whatever it refers to (here, the noun phrase "workers with high
efficiency").

-   7. A: Lǎo ZhSng, jīntiǎn kǎi shénme Lǎo ZhSng, what's the farewell
    meeting huǎnsònghuì?                     for today?

-   B: Huǎnsòng Ǒuzhōude 15shl         We're sending off the European

dàibiaotuán.                     delegation of lawyers.

Notes on No. 7

huǎnsòng: Literally, "joyously send off," this give someone a send-off."
The ordinary word is just

dàibiǎo: "to represent, to stand for

WSmen bù néng dōu qù. Nī dàibiǎo, hǎo bu hǎo?

Nī dàibiǎo shéi?

Tǎ dàibiǎo tS gongsI qù cSnjiS nèige JlSoyìhuì.

As a prepositional verb the name of";

dàibiǎo can be translated as

2*7

is a formal word for "to sòng.

or a "representative, delegate"

We can’t all go. Why don’t you stand in, okay?

Whom do you represent?

He vent to the trade fair representing his company.

on behalf of" or "in

W8 dàlbiáo LSxíngshède tóngzhì xièxie ni.

I thank you on behalf of the comrades at the China Travel Service.

-   8. A: Y8ule Zhíng-Méi h&iyùn tiáoyuē yíhèu, yánhSi yídài Jiù gèng
    rènao le.

B: Shi a, kànqilai ylhòude shí-nián, zhèi Jīge dà hSigáng huì y8u dà
guímóde fázhXn.

Since the Sino-American sea transportation treaty, the coastal region
has become even busier.

Yes. It looks as if these large ports will experience tremendous growth
in the next decade.

Notes on No. 8

háiyùn tiáoyuē: "sea transportation treaty" The word tiáoyuē. "treaty,"
"pact," is used loosely here, for it was technically an "agreement"
(xiédìng) which was signed between the U.S. and China on September 17,
1980. The maritime transport agreement stipulates that the U.S. open all
its ports to China and China open specified ports to the U.S. (some
Chinese ports do not have sufficient facilities). One third of the
commercial shipping is to be handled by Chinese or American vessels.

"scope, scale"

Zhèige gSngchángde guìmo bù xiāo, Jiù shi jìshu lìliang tài rud le.

ZhSngguí dà guīmíde gài gōngyù dàléu, zhèijinián háishi dìyícì.

The scope of this factory is quite large, it's Just that its technical
capability is too weak.

It is only in the past few years that China has started to build
high-rise apartment buildings on a large scale.

-   9. A: Ni tīngdao xiāoxi le meiyou? Have you heard the news? Some
    very Jintiǎn wānshang y8u hān        important people are coming
    tonight,

zhdngyàode rén lái.

-   B: JIntiānde wínhuì yídìng hèn Tonight's party is sure to be
    inter-y8u yìsl, qiānwàn bié wān le. esting. You mustn't be late!

Notes on No. 9

xiāoxi: "news" This has a few meanings: (1) "news" between people—
"tidings"; (2) "news" reported in a newspaper, news periodical, or
newscast (this meaning is shared in common with xlnwén); (3)
"information" in the sense of "intelligence," "news" about someone or
something (e.g., "Is this information reliable?").

Y8u shénme xiaoxi?                 What information is there?

Wō gàosu nī ge hāo xiāoxi!

Hén chāng shíjiān méiyou tāde xiāoxi le.

qjSnvàn; "under any circumstances

Qiānwàn yào xiāoxīn, tiān hēi le, lù bu hāo zōu.

Nī dàole yīhòu qiānwàn lái ge diànhuà.

Qiānwàn bú yào wàngji bā nèibēn shū dàilai, wō míngtiān yào yong.

ZhèiJian shì, qianwàn bù néng ràng ta zhīdao.

Let me give you some good news!

We haven’t heard from him

(OR about him) for a long time.

; by no means; be sure”

Be sure to be careful. It’s dark out, so it’s difficult to travel.

When you arrive, be sure to call.

Make sure you don’t forget to bring that book; I need it for tomorrow.

He must absolutèly not find out about this.

-   10. A: Wō yào cānguān Jiàoxué shèbèi.

-   B: Jiàoxué shèbèi dōu jízhōng zài zhèige dàtīngli le, huānyíng
    cānguān.

I want to see the educational equipment.

The educational equipment is all together in this large hall. You’re
welcome to see it.

Notes on No. 10

shèbèi: "equipment; facilities; installation”

Yōude chāng suīrán shèbèi hān hāo, dànshi shēngchān háishi gāobuhāo.

Cōng Déguō jìnkōude zhèixiē shèbèi dàbùfen shi yīxué fāng-miànde.

In some factories, although the equipment is very good, production is
still poor.

Most of this equipment imported from Germany is for use in medicine.

Zhèige gōngyùde shèbèi bī zhè The facilities in this apartment fújìnde
biéde gōngyù dōu hāo. building are better than those of any other in the
area.

jízhōng: "to concentrate; to centralize; to put together”

Bā lìliàng Jízhōng zài xué Zhōng- It won’t do to concentrate all your
wénshang shi bù xíngde, yīnwei     effort on studying Chinese, because

hái yōu xìíduō biéde shì yào zuō.   you have many other things to do.

Zhèipiān wénzhāng Jízhōngle jīge   This article assembles the opinions

rénde kànfā, suōyi kànqilai        of several people, so it is very

hēn yōu yìsi.                       interesting to read.

Zil rénkòu jízhōngde dà chéngshì zhù hén yòu yìsi.

Wínhuishang xūyàode dòngxi dòu yào jízhSng fànghěode.

Zhèixiě dongxi fàng zài zhèli Jízhòng xie bù hěo ma?

It is very interesting to live in a big city with a concentrated
population.

The things that will be needed at‘ the evening party should all be put
together in one place.

Wouldn’t it be better to put those things here, all together in one
place?

-   11. A: Zhòng-Měi liěngguò wèile zài gèfǎngmiàn jinxing hézuò
    dìngháole bù shào jìhuà.

-   B: íìg. Gàng yùn dao Fújiànde zhèixiě shàbèi jiù shi nèixiě jìhuàde
    yíbùfen.

China and America have made a lot of plans to cooperate in various
fields.

Mm. The equipment which was just shipped to Fújiàn is a part of those
plans.

Notes on No. 11

Zhòng-Měi liěngguò; "China and America, the two countries" This is a
formal way of saying Zhòngguò he Méiguò.

hézuò: "together-do," i.e., "to cooperate"

Wòmen děi hézuò zhèijiàn shi cái néng bànde hlo.

Tá bú yào gen wò hézuò.

Xiànzài Zhòngguò hé wàiguo shǎng-rende hézuò yuè lái yuè duò le.

We must work together on this if we are to do it well.

He doesn’t want to cooperate with me.

China is having more and more coopera' tion with foreign merchants.

Hé- can also

Zhèiběn flhù shi wòmen héxiěde.

ding: "to agree on; to draw up

Zánmen ding ge xuéxí jihuà ba! Zhèiyang xiàqu, shénme yě xué-budào.

YÌbSiduònián qián, Qīngcháo zhèngfú hé wàiguò dingle bù shěo duì
Zhòngguò hěn bù hěode tiáoyuě.

be used before other one-syllable verbs

for example,

We wrote this book together.

(a plan); to conclude (a treaty)"

Let’s put together a study plan! We won’t learn a thing if we keep on
like this.

More than a century ago, the Qīng Dynasty government concluded many
treaties with foreign countries that were very bad for China.

yùn: "to carry, to transport"

TS qù Zhōngguōde shihou bā tāde qìchě y? yùnqu le.

Zhèixiē dōngxi fēicháng zhòng, yùnqilai "bù fānghian.

Zhème duō dōngxi, haiyùn bi kōngyùn piènyide duō.

When he went to China, he shipped his car over too.

These things are extremely heavy, and are difficult to transport.

With -so many things, it would be much cheaper to ship them by sea than
by air.

Near the Guǎngzhōu Export Commodities Trade Fair, Miss Sarah Pearson (A)
an AmAri can lawyer, spots Chen Guóqiáng (B), of the China Travel
Service.

Chen is carrying a shopping bag.

-   A: Éi, Xiǎo Chen, mǎi dōngxi qu

la?

-   B: Shi a, lái Guangzhou, bù néng

kongshōu huíqu, wō gěi wō àiren mǎile yíjiàn chènshān.

-   A: He! Hǎo gāojíde chènshān! Jià

qian yě bú cud. Dāi huǐr wō yě qù mǎi liǎngjiàn. Zhèizhōng chènshān shi
Guǎngzhōu shēngchǎnde ma?

-   B: Bú shi, shi Sǔzhǒu shēngchǎnde.

-   A: Wǒmen zài Sūzhōude shihou méi Jiànguo! Kànqilai Zhǒngguóde hǎo
    dōngxi dǒu Jízhǒng dào Guǎngzhōu lai le!

-   B: Guǎngjiāohuìshangde Jīqi ya,

xiāofèipīn la, dōu shi cóng quán-guó yùnláide, zhǎnlǎn yíhòu Jiù zài
Guǎngzhōu mài, suóyi zhèr shāngdiànli màide dōngxi you duō you hǎo.

-   A: Xiǎo Chen, wō xiāng gēn ni dǎ-

ting yíxiàr ne, Guǎngzhōu fǔjìnde Jiāgōng gōngyè xiànzài fāzhānde
zěnmeyàng le?

-   B: Jin nián lái, fāzhānde bú màn. Zhǔyào shi zhèixiē gōngchǎng yōu
    wàiguó gongsI cānjiā, suóyi tamende shēngchǎn hěn yōu tèdiǎn.

-   A: Wō Jíntiǎn zài bàozhíshang kàn

dao yíge xiāoxi, shuō zài Jīge dìfang chénglìle ’’jīngji tèqǔ.’’

-   B: Shi. Zài Guǎngdōng, Fújiàn,

Shànghǎi, dōu yijìng yōu zhèiyang-de tèqū. Yīhòu dàgài hái huì gèng duō.

Hey, Xiǎo Chén, have you been out shopping?

Yes. When one comes to Guǎngzhōu, one can’t go back empty-handed. I
bought a shirt for my wife.

Well! What a classy shirt! The price is also pretty good. Later, I’ll go
buy a couple, too. Is this kind of shirt produced in Guǎngzhōu?

No, it’s produced in Sǔzhǒu.

We didn’t see any when we were in Sǔzhǒu! Apparently, all of China’s
good things come together in Guǎngzhōu!

The machines and consumer items at the Guǎngzhōu Trade Fair are shipped
here from all over the country, and after being exhibited, are sold
right here in Guǎngzhōu, so the stores here sell a lot of different
items, and of good quality.

Xiǎo Chén, I wanted to find out from you how the processing industry in
the vicinity of Guǎngzhōu is developing?

In recent years, it has been developing rather quickly. The main thing
is that there are some foreign companies participating in these
factories , so their production is very distinctive.

I saw a story in the paper today that said that ’’special economic
zones” have been established in several places.

Yes. There are already special zones like this in Guǎngdōng, Fújiàn, and
Shànghǎi. In the future, there will probably be even more of them.

-   A: Yōu méiyou tèbiéde f&lù guān zhèixiē dìqūde JīngJi qíngkuàng?

-   B: Yōu. Wōmen yōu Zhōngwénde, yě yōu Yīngvénde, nī xūyào ma?

-   A: Xūyào aJ

-   B: 0, duì le, nī shi lùshī a!

Dāngrán xūyào le. Wō m&shàng Jiù qù zhāo. Nī yào Zhōngwénde háishi
Yīngvénde?

-   A: Wō dōu yào.

-   B: H&o, Luxíngshè, fàndiànli dōu

yōu, deng yíxiàr huíqu vō gěi ni ná. Ò! Duì le, kěnéng Jiāoyìhuì-li ye
yōu, vō qù gei ni vènven.

-   A: Hāo ba! Wōmen yìqī qù, yìbiān zōu yìbiān liáoliao.

-   B: H&o!...NĪ dàgài tīngshuǒ le,

xiànzài Jìnchúkōude xiànzhi bī-JiSo shāo le, vōmen yōu he xúduō guōjiá
dingle màoyi tiáoyuē, kāi-shī g&o JīngJi hézuò. Suóyi zuì-Jìn zhèixiē
niánde Jiāoyìhuì tèbié rènao.

-   A: Zhèi yidiǎn vō ye zhùyidào le,

xiànzài yì zōujìn Jiāoyìhuì dà-tīng, yānjing Jiu bú gōu yōng le, zhēn
shi yuè bàn yuè hāo le, vō hái tīngshuǒ xiànzài biéde dìfang ye yōu xilo
guīmǒde Jiāoyìhuì le, hěn duo vàiguo dàibiāotuán qù cānjiā, shì ma?

-   B: Shì. Tèbié shi yōule ZhōngMei hāiyùn tiáoyuē yīhòu, Jīge dà
    hāi-gāng gèng fánróng le. Zài zhèixiē h&ig&ng, hái yōu Běijīng,
    xiànzài dōu yōu xi&o guīmǒde Jiāoyìhuì, yōu xuduō vàiguo shāngren
    zài nar zuò mXimai.

-   A: Duì, duì, duì. Wo tīngshuǒ le. Suoyi vō xiāng yīhòu yánh&i yídài
    huì yōu hěn dàde fāzhǎn.

Are there special lavs governing the situations in these special
economic zones?

Yes. We have the Chinese and the English (versions). Do you need it?

Yes!

Oh, right: you’re a lavyer! Of course you need it. I’ll go get it right
avay. Do you vant the Chinese or the English?

Both.

Okay. The Travel Service and the hotel both have it. Later, vhen ve go
back, I’ll get it for you. Oh, right—maybe they also have it at the
trade fair. I’ll go ask them for you.

All right! Let’s go together, and chat on the vay.

Okay!...You’ve probably heard that nov there are fever restrictions on
imports and exports, and ve have also concluded trade treaties vith many
countries, and are starting to engage in economic cooperation. So the
trade fair has been particularly lively the past fev years.

I’ve noticed that myself. Nov, as soon as you valk into the hall of the
trade fair, your eyes can’t take everything in. It’s really getting
better and better. And I hear that nov there are small-scale trade fairs
in other places, vhich a lot of foreign delegations attend. Is that so?

Yes. Especially since the Sino-American sea transportation treaty, the
larger ports have become even more prosperous. In these ports and in
Běijīng, there are nov small-scale trade fairs vhere many foreign
merchants do business.

Oh, yes. I’ve heard that. So I think the coastal region vill develop
greatly in the future.

-   B: Wō ye zènme xiǎng.

-   A: Wō hái yōu yíge wèntí, zài jīngji tèqūli gōngzuòde gōngren,
    gōng-zī shi bu shi gāo yidiānr ne?

-   B: Wō xiǎng gāo yidiānr.

-   A: Nà bú shi hui chūxiàn yíge xǐnde

JiēJi ma?

-   B: Mei nàme yánzhòng!

-   A: Wèishenme?

-   B: Yìbānde lái shuō, yōu wàiguo

gōngsī cānjiāde gōngchāng, suīrán gōngzī gāo yidiSnr, kěshi gōngzuò
xiàolū yě bījiāo gāo a. "Duō láo duō de" shi shèhuizhūyìde jíngji
zhèngcè ma!

-   A: "Duō láo duō de"! Zhèige zhèng

cè bú cuò.

-   B: Ò, duì le, nī bie wàngle, Jīn-tiān wānshang wōmen zài fàndiànli
    yōu yíge wānhuì.

-   A: Wānhuì? Duìbuqī, wō bú Jìde le.

-   B: Zuótiān gěi nl sòngqude qīng-

tiě. Nī wàng le?

-   A: Ò, duì le, shi huānsònghuì!

-   B: Shi, shi Zhōngguō Luxíngshe

bànde. Shi huǎnsòng, yě shi huān-yíng.

-   A: Huānyíng?

-   B: Huānyíng nīmen zài lái ya!

-   A: Dāngrán, wōmen yídìng hui zài lái.

-   B: Nī qiānwàn bié wàngle. Wānshang

qīdiān ban!

A: Hāo, wō yídìng lái!

I think so, too.

I have another question: Do the. workers in special economic zones have
higher wages?

I believe so.

Then might not a new class arise?

It's not that serious!

Why?

Generally speaking, in factories that have the participation of foreign
companies, although the wages are higher, the efficiency is also higher.
"More pay for more work" is the economic policy of socialism, you see!

"More pay for more work"!’ That’s a good policy.

Oh, right—don't forget that we have a party in the restaurant tonight.

Party? Excuse me, but I don't remember.

The invitation was sent over to you yesterday. Have you forgotten?

Oh, yes: it's a farewell party!

Yes. It's being given by the China Travel Service. It's to send you off,
but also to welcome you.

Welcome?

To welcome you to come again!

Of course. We'll be sure to come again.

You mustn't forget. Seven-thirty in the evening!

^(r)kay, I’ll be sure to come!

Exercise 1

This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit.
The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you
to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your
answer.

All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may

want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.

Exercise 2

In this exercise, an American reporter talks with the director of the
Gu&ngzhōu Trade Fair at a press conference.

The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
as you listen a second time.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

-Jiè                                session

wàishāng                           foreign businessman

yāoqiú                              request, demand

Jiànyì                              suggestion, proposal

píngzi                             bottle

rēng                                to throw away

bāozhuāng                          packaging

Questions for Exercise 2

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. What is the American reporter’s suggestion? What two reasons does
    he give?

-   2. Have the Chinese been able to follow this suggestion? Why?

-   3. How does the reporter suggest the Chinese might raise their
    bottling efficiency?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you nay want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the dialogue to help you practice saying your answers.

Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the
literal meaning of the Chinese.

Exercise 3

In this conversation, an American reporter talks to a leading cadre from
an industrial commercial organization.

Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
time through, look below and answer the questions.

Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
conversation:

zìcóng                              ever since

cuòvu                              to be mistaken, to be wrong

zhījiān                            between

wàishāng                           foreign businessman

fǎngxiàng                          direction

chángqī                            long term

Questions for Exercise 3

Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
able to give them orally in class.

-   1. What interesting things does the American say have come about in
    special economic zones like Fúzhōu? How does he think the situation
    might develop?

-   2. What does the Chinese say was one mistake of the Cultural
    Revolution?

-   3. What does he say is the relationship between socialism and the
    policy of "more pay for more work’’?

-   U. What does he ask the American to tell his friends about China’s
    directionT

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
you have prepared.

Exercise U

Thia exercise is a conversation between two employees at the Guǎngzhōu
Trade Fair.

Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.

You will need the following new words and phrases:

  ------------ -------------------------
  bǎi zhuōzi   to set a table
  wàishāng     foreign businessman
  zīben        capital
  bǎozhèng     to assure, to guarantee
  kān          to be willing
  ------------ -------------------------

Questions for Exercise U

  ------------------------- -----------
  1. Who is being given a   send-off?
  ------------------------- -----------

-   2. Why does the woman say China needs lawyers?

-   3. Why is the farewell meeting not going to be an ordinary one?

U. What kind of work do these two workers do at the Trade Fair?

After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a
look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
correctly.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2

At a press conference in the GuSngzhou Trade Fair, an American reporter
(A) talks with the director of the Trade Fair (B).

-   B:   Gèwèi hái yōu shénme wèntí ma?

-   A: Yōu yíge hén xiàode wèntí, wō

xiàng zuìjìn JĪJiè Jiǎoyìhuì kàn-qilai dōu gàode hén bú cuò, wàiguō
shāngren hén shào yōu kóngshōu huí-qude, búguò yōu xiō qíngxing nīmen
néng bu néng gàide kuài yidianr ne?

-   B: Dāngrán, wàishāngnen tíchūlaide yāoqiú wōmen zōngshi yào kSolùde.
    Bàn Guàngjiāohuìde mùdi Jiù shi yào fánrōng jìnchūkōu ma!

B: Wō zhī yōu yíge Jiànyì. Nīmende píjiū píngzi kō bu kéyi gài xiào
yidiànr ne? Wōmen hōn xīhuan Zhōngguō chūkōude píjiū, kěshi hōn bù
xīhuan nèixiō xiàng Jiàngyóu-píng yíyàngde dà píngzi. Yùnqi-lai bù
fāngbian. èrqiō Xīngqīliù, Xīngqītiān wōmen xīhuan chūqu 15-xíng, xiào
ping pi Jiù hōwán Jiù rēng, duōme fangbian.

B: Xièxie ni. Zhèige Jiànyì tide hōn hào. Shàngcì Xiànggàng màoyi
dàibiàotuán lái zhèlide shíhou yījīng tíchulai le. Dāi huīr wōmen Jiu
kéyi qīng gèwèi kàn yíxiàr wōmende xiào ping piJiu, bú guò zhèi-zhōng pi
Jiu mùqián hái bù néng dà guīmō shēngchàn, wōmende shèbei hái yōu hōn
duō xiànzhi.

A:   Yōxū. zài zhèifāngmian wōmen Mōi-

guō gōngsī kéyi hé Zhōngguō fǎng-mian hézuò, tígāo bǎozhuángde xiàolū.

Do you have any more questions?

One small question. The last few trade fairs have all looked very
successful. Foreign businessmen have rarely gone home empty-handed. But
couldn’t you change certain things a little faster?

Of course, we always consider suggestions from foreign businessmen. The
purpose of holding the Guàngzhōu zhōu Trade Fair is to make foreign
trade prosper!

I Just have one suggestion. Could you make your beer bottles smaller? We
like the beer that China exports, but we don’t like those big bottles
that look like soy sauce bottles. They’re difficult to ship. Besides, on
weekends we like to go out on trips. It’s so convenient to have small
bottles which you can throw out when you’re finished.

Thank you. That’s a very good suggestion. It was already made by a trade
delegation from Hong Kong when they came here. Later, we can show you
our smaller-bottle beer, but at present this kind of beer cannot yet be
produced on a large scale. Our equipment still has many limitations.

Perhaps some of our American companies might be able to cooperate with
China in this area and raise your bottling efficiency.

B: Zhèige wèntí bījiào fūzá, women dei yánjiū yanjiu, wō xīwàng bù Jiù,
wōmen Jiù kéyi gōi nī yíge mànyìde huídá.

-   A: Xièxie ni.

This is a rather complicated question which we will have to look into.

I hope that we will be able to give you a satisfactory answer before
long.

Thank you.

-   B: Hái yōu shénme biéde wèntí ma?

-   A: Xiànzài méiyōu le.

-   B: Hāo, nàme wōmende zhāodàihuì Jiù

kāi dào zhèli, wō yào xièxie gèwèi xìnwénjiè péngyoude bāngzhu he
Jiànyì, xièxie dàjiā.

Any more questions?

No.

All right, then we’ll end the press conference here. I’d like to thank
all of you friends from the press for your help and suggestions, and
thank all of you.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3

An American reporter (A) and a leading cadre (B) frpm an industrial
commercial organization talk.

-   A: Liú Xiānsheng, nín hāo, hāo Jiu

bú Jiàn.

-   B: Hāo Jiǔ bú Jiàn. Hěn máng ba?

-   A: Méiyou nàme máng, Jiù shi lèi yidiānr.

-   B: ZuìJ in you dào nār qù le?

-   A: Fújiàn. Fúzhōu fūjìn yōu yíge hān dàde JlngJi tèqū, wo zài nàr
    zhùle Jītiān, Juéde hěn you yìsi.

-   B: Shi a. ZÌcōng hé nimen dingle hāiyùn tiáoyuē yīhòu, Jīge dà
    hāi-gāng dōu shi yuè gāo yuè fánrōng le.

-   A: Bú Jiù shi zhèixiē, Fúzhōu hái chūxiànle yìxiē hěn you yìside
    shi.

-   B: Nī shuōshuo kàn ne?

-   A: Zài JlngJi tèqū gōngzuōde Zhōng-

guō gōngren, tamende shōurù bījiāo duō, tāmen bījiāo rōngyi mǎidào
zhiliàng bījiāo hāode xiáofèipīn. Nín xiāng zěnmeyàng? Zài JīngJi tèqū
huì bu hui chūxiàn xīnde Jiē-Jí, zài zhèngzhishang huì bu hui chūxiàn
xinde qíngkuàng?

Hello, Mr. Liú, I haven’t seen you in a long time.

Yes, it’s been a long time. Have you been busy?

Not so busy, I’m Just tired.

Where have you been to again lately?

Fújiàn. Near Fúzhōu there’s a very large special economic zone where I
stayed a few days. I found it very interesting.

Yes. Ever since we concluded the sea transport treaty with you, our big
ports have been getting more and more prosperous.

Not only that, but some very interesting things have come about in
Fúzhōu.

What’s that?

Chinese workers who live in special economic zones have larger incomes,
and it’s easier for them to get higher quality consumer goods. What do
you think: Will a new class appear in the special economic zones? Will a
new political situation develop?

-   B: Nl qiānwàn bú yào name xíáng.

Qiánxiē nián, wōmen zhī gào zhèng-zhi bù gio JīngJi shi cuòwude. Erqiě
zhī gio zhèngzhi, zhèngzhi yě méiyou giohio ma!

-   A: Nàme, nl xiàng zhèige qíngkuàng

he shèhuìzhǔyìde gōngzì zhèngcè zhījiān bú huì you shénme dà wèntí le?

-   B: Nī fang xìn hǎo le, ”duǒ láo duō

dé" shi wōmende zhèngcè. Zhèige zhèngcè shi bú huì gàide. Gio yì-tian
shèhuìzhǔyì Jiù děi shíxíng yìtiān "duō láo duō dé"de zhèngcè. Zài
JīngJi tèqúde gōngsī, gōng-ching, duōbànr yōu wàishàng cān-Jiā, shèbèi
tiaoJiàn hāo yidiǎnr, gōngzuò xiàolú gāo yidiǎnr, gōngren gōngzī duō
yidiǎnr shi yīng-gāide. Qíngkuàng bú huì yánzhòng-dào chūxiàn yíge xīnde
JiěJi.

A:   Hiojíle, xièxie nín.

B:   Bú kèqi, qīng ni gàosu nīde

péngyoumen, dà gio Sìge Xiàndàihuà shi wōmende fǎngxiàng. fánrōng JīngJi
shi zhèige dà fāngxiàngde yíbùfen, shi wōmen chángqīde zhèngcè, bú huì
suíbiàn giide, qīng gèfāngmiànde péngyou fàngxīn.

A: Hǎo, wō yídìng zhuingào tamen.

You mustn’t think like that. During those few years, we were mistaken to
engage only in politics and not in economics. Moreover, we didn’t even
handle the politics well.

So you don’t think that there will be any big problems between this
situation and the socialist wage policy?

You can rest assured about that. "More pay for more work" is our policy,
and it won’t change. Socialism and the policy of "more pay for more
work" must go hand in hand. Most of the companies and factories in
special economic zones have foreign merchants participating. They have
better facilities and higher efficiency. It’s right that their workers
have higher pay. The situation could never become so serious that a new
class would appear.

Wonderful. Thank you.

Not at all. And please tell your friends that going all out with the
Four Modernizations is our direction. Making our economy prosper is one
part of that big direction, and it’s our long-term policy. We won’t
change it arbitrarily. Ask our friends in all spheres to rest assured.

All right, I’ll be sure to pass the message on to them.

Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U

This is a conversation between two Fair.

-   A: Dàtīnglide zhuōzi dōu bǎihǎo le

meiyou?

-   B: Bǎihǎo le. Jīntiān you shi

huānsòng shéi ya?

-   A: Huānsòng yíge Xianggang láide

làshī dàibiǎotuán.

employees at the Guǎngzhōu Trade

Have all the tables in the large hall been set?

Yes. Who is it that is being given a send-off today?

A delegation of lawyers from Hong Kong.

-   B: Lils hi? FālÚ gōngzuòzhě gěn

Guāngjiǎohuì yōu shénme guānxi?

-   A: Xiànzài Zhōngguó he wàishāngde

hézuò yuè lái yuè duō le. Zhōng-guō yào Jìnkōu shèbèi, yào gāo Jiāgōng
gōngyè, huòshi yào gāo biéde JlngJi hézuò, dōu xūyào fālū a!

-   B: Wō háishi Juéde yōu yidiānr qí-

guài, bù zānme qīngchu, wō cónglái méi xiāngdào fālù hé JlngJi hái yōu
guānxi.

-   A: Wàiguō shāngren ma, Jiàqian na,

zlběn na, shenmede, dōu yào yòng fālù xiěqīngchude, yàoburán, tāmen
zānme zhīdao bāozhèng kéyi zhuàn qián ne? Bù kéyi zhuàn qián, tāmen
wèishenme yào hé wŌmen zuò mǎimai ne?

-   B: A! Nín zhèi yì shuō wō Jiu qīng-

chu le. Yōule fālà bāozhèng, wàishāng cái ken zuò māimai.

-   A: Hāo le, zài qù kànkan, wānhuì-

shang xūyàode dōngxi dōu yào JÍ-zhōng fànghāode.

-   B: Hāo, J ide le.

-   A: Hái yōu, ni tīngdao xiāoxi le

meiyou?

-   B: Méiyou a, shénme xiāoxi?

-   A: Jintiǎn vānshangde huānsònghuì

bú tài píngcháng.

-   B: Zānme bù píngcháng ne?

-   A: Guǎngdōng shěng, Guǎngzhōu shi

gèjí rénmín zhèngfú dōu yào pài hěn zhòngyàode rén lái. Yōu hěn duō hěn
zhòngyàode shi yào zài zhèr tán, wǒmen del bā shénme dōu

Lawyers? What connection do legal workers have with the Guǎngzhōu Trade
Fair?

China is cooperating more and more with foreign merchants. If China
wants to import equipment, to do processing or finishing of products, or
have any other economic cooperation, they need lawyers!

I still think that’s kind of strange. I don’t really understand. I never
thought that law had anything to do with economics.

Foreign merchants, you know. They have to write out clearly their prices
and capital in legal terms, otherwise how can they know for sure that
they are guaranteed to make money? And if they can’t make any money, why
would they want to do business with us?

Oh! When you put it that way, I understand. Foreign merchants are only
willing to do business if they they have legal guarantees.

Okay, go back and take a look. The things we’ll need during the banquet
should all be put together in one place.

All right, I won’t forget.

And another thing: Have you heard the news?

No, what news?

Tonight’s farewell meeting isn’t going to be an ordinary one.

How’s that?

All levels of the people’s government of Guǎngdōng province and the city
of Guǎngzhōu are sending very important people. They’ll be talking about
a lot of important things here.

yùbeihio, rang līngdāò fang xīn.

-   B: Méi wèntí, w3 zài qù Jiānchá

yícì. Nín dāi huīr k? děi zài lái kàn yíxiàr a!

A:   Hāo, dāi huīr wo Jiù lái.

We should prepare everything well and put the leadership at ease.

That won’t be any problem. I’ll go back and check once more. But later .
you have to go look things over once yourself.’

Okay, I’ll be right there.

APPENDIX:

WORD USAGE EXERCISES

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

-   I. Choose between cānguān, fāngwèn and kàn in translating these
    sentences.

-   1. What places did you visit when you went to China?

-   2. I don't even have time to visit my friends.

-   3. This is not a formal (zhèngshì) visit. Don't be nervous
    (jǐnzhāng).

-   II. shāoshù, hěn shào

-   1. There are very few people who will not help others.

-   2. Only a small number of students make (chù) that kind of mistake.

-   III. Choose between direction names with -fàng, -bù, and -biān (for
    example, běifāng, běibù, and běibiān).

-   1. Northerners like to eat foods made from wheat (miànshí), and
    Southerners like to eat rice (mìfàn).

-   2. There are several famous universities in the eastern United
    States.

-   3. Hángzhōu is southwest of Shànghài.

-   4. New York is in the northeast.

-   5. Inner Mongolia is west of Manchuria.

-   6. People from northern Taiwan have a different accent from
    southerners.

-   IV. dǒng, liāojiě, zhīdào, tīngshuō, tīngdóng

-   1. If you understood that I wasn’t going to come, why did you still
    stand there waiting for two hours?

-   2. I could understand everything he said, although he spoke with a
    very heavy (zhòng) accent (kōuyīn).

-   3. Such a weird (guài) guy is really impossible to understand.

-   4. I understand you’re going to school this summer. Is that true?

-   5. I can understand the Shànghài dialect, but I can't speak it very
    well.

-   V. gāo, nòng, zuò

-   1. Doing these sentences drives me crazy ("gives one a headache").

-   2. It was very difficult to do scientific experimentation (kěxué
    shíyàn) under such circumstances.

-   3. What are you doing there, you naughty child!

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

-   I. Choose -zhōng, -lèi, or -gang to translate these sentences:

-   1. How could you think that he was that kind of person?

-   2. She'll eat any kind of food.

-   3. What breed of dog (gǒu) is this?

-   4. We should research these questions by category.

-   II. mùqián, xiànzài, zhèihuīr

-   1. Where is he now?

-   2. At present the international situation (guójì xingshì) is
    complicated.

-   3. I'm leaving right now.

-   4. It is now 9:26 Běijīng time.

-   III. null, yònggōng, shì ("to try")

-   1. Try doing it this way. If it doesn't work, we'll see what we can
    do about it later.

-   2. All the students here are hardworking.

-   3. China is hard at work on modernization, and we want to help.

-   4. I tried his office three times today, but no one answered the
    phone.

-   IV. púbiàn, pǔtōng, píngcháng, liúxíng

-   1. That's a popular saying.

-   2. In Shanghai, for men and women to hold hands (shōu lā shóu) is a
    very common thing.

-   3. How much does an ordinary worker here make a month?

-   4. Frisbees (fēipán) are now very common in Běijīng.

-   V. wángua'n, guan, zhěngg'e

-   1. The room was filled with smoke (yān).

-   2. His idea (xiángfǎ) was completely wrong.

-   3. I'm afraid he completely misunderstood what I meant.

-   4. The whole article was about how bad their planning had been.

-   5. His whole family came.

-   VI. qūbié, chǎbié, bù yiyàng

-   1. There aren't many differences between the big cities of . the
    northeastern United States and those of Western

Europe (Xī'ōu).

-   2. I could hardly tell the difference between the twins (zhèduì
    shuǎngbǎotǎi).

-   3. Would you explain the difference between these two terms
    (míngcí)?

-   VII. rènwéi, yīwéi, xiǎng, juéde

-   1. He thought that it was an hour earlier than it really
    (shíjìshang) was.

-   2. I think the best way to study a foreign language {wàiyǔ) is to
    live in the country where it is spoken.

-   3. What do you think of Běijīng?

-   4. Why do you consider him such a dangerous person?

-   5. A: Has he already gone back?

B: I think so, but I'm not sure.

-   VIII. shǒuxiān, xiān, dìyī

-   1. First I stayed in a small town (xiǎozhèn) for a month and then
    came here.

-   2. In his office_(r) he is always the first to arrive.

-   3. You have to first get the pronunciation right in order to get the
    spelling (pīnxiě) right.

-   IX. tiáojiàn, qíngkuàng

-   1. Why don't you apply yourself to your studies? You have such
    excellent conditions.

-   2. He can't stand (shòubuliǎo) the situation any longer.

-   3. Under the circumstances, he had no choice but to agree.

-   4. How are business conditions in China these days?

-   5. Conditions have changed greatly in rural China in the past thirty
    years.

-   6. Working conditions there are better now than the last time I
    visited.

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

-   I. Choose miànji, dìqù, -dài, -qū, -bù, or bùfen in translating
    these sentences.

-   1. This area is very dirty.

-   2. This area of the city isn't safe.

-   3. The area of this room is nine square meters (jiǔ píngfāng mi).

-   4. In the northeastern area of China, there is a lot of industry.

-   5. This kind of rice is produced in the Jiāngnán area.

-   6. The southwestern part of the United States has a very distinctive
    natural environment.

-   7. I don't get the chance to come to this part of town very often.

-   8. This kind of architecture is very popular in these parts.

-   II. dàozi, mi, fàn

-   1. His father grows ride.

-   2. This is fried rice, not plain ("white") rice.

-   3. This rice is grown (chūchǎn) only in Guǎngdōng.

-   III. fāzhàn, zhang

-   1. Your rice is growing pretty well!

-   2. China's economy has grown slowly during the past two decades.

-   3. The kids are growing so fast.

-   4. Our company has grown quickly.

-   5. Over the past one hundred years, Shàntóu has grown into an
    important industrial city.

-   IV. jià, jiātíng, jiā(li)rén, -hù

-   1. There are no boys in their family.

-   2. Xiǎo Ping's whole family went to the seashore on Sunday.

-   3. Such a family is rare (bù cháng jiàn) in America.

-   4. Thirty years ago there were only twenty-odd families in this town
    (xíàozhèn).

-   5. Next Saturday I'm going up to Bèijīng to see my family.

-   6. Almost every family has a television in our country. Some
    families have more than one.

-   V. jīqì, jīxiè

-   1. Our country’s machine industry is still young.

-   2. The application (yìngyòng) of large machines started three
    hundred years ago.

-   3. Agricultural machinery is badly needed in China.

-   4. Shall I take you to see our new machinery now?

-   VI. -kóu, -ge, -wèi

-   1. Will the seven of us fit (in the car)?

-   2. Those three professors all graduated from Harvard (Hàfó).

-   3. How many people are there in your family?

-   4. (When entering a restaurant for dinner) Headwaiter: How many?

You:          Four.

-   VII. píngjūn, yìban

-   1. The average height (gǎodù) of the students in this class is about
    1.6 meters (yìmi liù).

-   2. The average person can eat fifteen to twenty-five jiǎozi.

-   3. On an average day, I can write five pages (yè).

-   VIII. rén, rénmín, rénmen, rénjia

-   1. The people would surely not like to keep (báoliú) such a thing in
    the constitution (xiànfǎ).

-   2. There isn't much difference between the two brothers (in
    personality).

-   3. Friendship involves at least two people.

-   4. I've heard people say that they're going to build (gài) a hotel
    at that intersection.

-   5. People naturally prefer to live in a quiet place rather than in
    the busy downtown area (nàoshì, "busy downtown area").

-   6. People are people; she's no different from anyone else.

-   IX. túpiàn, zhaopi an, huà(r)

-   1. I think that picture is of her mother, but it must have been
    taken many years ago.

-   2. Where did you get so many pictures of China?

-   3. The picture that old man (lǎotóuzi) is drawing is really ugly!

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

-   I. Choose gài, xiū, jiànzhù, or jiànshè in translating these
    sentences:

-   1. This highway was three years'in construction. (It took three
    years to finish building this highway.)

-   2. Are those workers building new dormitories?

-   3. Is this how you intend to build a powerful country?!

-   4. Many city walls (chéngqiáng) built in ancient times were
    destroyed (huíle) during wars.

-   5. No one may build in this district.

-   6. How long did it take to build this bridge (zhèizuò qiáo)?

-   II. kě, zhěn, yidìng, dāngrán, shi ("to be," emphatic)

-   1. He is going to go, but he hasn't decided when yet.

-   2. When you tell him, he's sure to be happy.

-   3. That sure was an interesting movie.

-   4. He sure has a lot of friends!

-   5. Drugs (dùpín) — that's certainly not something to mess with.

-   6. A: Can you tell me why your government didn't send anyone to take
    part?

B: Sure I can tell you. It's like this: . . .

-   7. A: Would he know the answer (dá'àn) to this question?

B: I'm sure he would.

-   8. They want to concentrate on only a portion of the work; that just
    won't do!

-   III. In each sentence, "how old" requires a different translation.

-   1. How old is this building?

-   2. How old are you? (tó a young person)

-   3. How old is your boy?

-   4. How old is your grandfather?

-   5. How old is China?

-   6. How old is this movie?

-   7. How old are these shoes of yours?

-   8. How old are these magazines?

-   9. How old is this chicken soup? (How long since it was made?)

-   10. How old is this bean curd? (How long since it was bought?)

-   IV. gú, gǔdài

-   1. That’s an ancient building.

-   2. Man already knew how to cook in ancient times.

-   3. He likes to study (dú) the ancient books.

-   4. XI'an is an ancient city.

-   V. chuánguò, jīngguò, guò, guògu

-   1. Ten years have passed, and she's still just as young and pretty
    (as before).

-   2. Cross the street and wait for me in front of that building.

-   3. I pass there every day on my way to work (shàng bānde shíhou).

-   4. Time passes so guickly!

-   5. The train passed several stations without stopping.

-   6. When I'm in a hurry, I cut through the park.

-   7. After a month had passed, he felt much better.

-   8. Through the efforts of many people, we have been able to set up
    (kāibàn) an elementary school here.

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

-   I. bang, bāngzhù, bangmang

-   1. Would you help me?

-   2. I don't need this kind of help.

-   3. He came to help.

-   4. Would you hold this for me for a second?

-   5. I'll help you write the report (bàogào).

-   6. We can help each other.

-   II. gè-, mèi-, yī~ ("one")

-   1. Each person has his own ideas. How can he make you do it this
    way?

-   2. Each year we have many excellent students.

-   3. Each state has some laws of its own.

-   4. These apples are a dime each.

-   5. Each book he writes is better than the last.

-   III. guan, guānxīn, jièyì

-   1. Although she says little, she actually (shíjìshang) cares deeply.

-   2. If you don't mind, I'd like to ask you a few questions.

-   3. People didn't care a bit about those pitiful (kěliánde) children.

-   4. Who cares what you do?!

-   5. Don't mind him!

-   IV. qítǎ, biéde, ling(wài), yī-, nèi-

-   1. These sentences are pretty good; the others are too colloquial
    (tú).

-   2. Well, you can say he's right about this point, but how about the
    other questions?

-   3. One is too weak, the other is too fat (pang).

-   4. When you're taking the test, don't think about other things.

-   5. This vase is not bad, but the other one is even prettier.

-   6. Do you want to know the other reasons?

-   7. Put your other hand here.

-   V. -wèi, dìwèi

-   1. I don't like to talk with those who are in high positions.

-   2. India's rice (dàmí) output is the highest ("first") in the world.

-   3. He's too young to be in such a high position.

-   VI. bú fàngxìn, dānxīn

-   1. I'm very worried about him. He doesn't look well.

-   2. Without you here I've been sort of anxious.

-   3. What is there to worry about?

-   4. I would really worry if you went alone.

-   5. Don't worry. She's already grown up; she can take care of
    herself.

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

-   I. gǒngchàng, chang

-   1. The air is really bad because there are so many factories in this
    area.

-   2. She'd never been so happy since she came to ("entered") this
    factory.

-   3. He works in a camera factory.

-   II. méi, hǎokàn, piàoliàng

-   1. She's really a beautiful girl.

-   2. What a beautiful place this is!

-   3. This dress doesn't look good at all. Why do you want to buy it?

-   4. You speak beautiful standard Chinese!

-   5. What a handsome son you have, Department Chief Xú.

-   6. The weather is beautiful today.

-   III. chà, bù hào, huài

-   1. His pronunciation is too bad.

-   2. He doesn't speak French well.

-   3. His Japanese isn't bad.

-   4. On the whole, it's a pretty nice place; it's just that the
    weather is always bad.

-   5. Bad boy ("child")!

-   6. Conditions here used to be very bad; now they're much better.

-   7. That commune’s level of mechanization is rather poor.

-   IV. liǎojiě, zhīdao, rènshi, shóu (shú)

-   1. I didn't know him when we were at Oxford (Niújīn).

-   2. Do you know what happened between them (tamen zhījiān)?

-   3. I know nothing about that.

-   4. You still don't know me too well, do you?

-   5. I knew him, but not very well. We had only met a couple of times.

-   6. I know of him, but I’ve never met him.

-   7. I still~3on’t know Běijīng very well; perhaps we should go
    together.

-   8. (To taxi driver) I want to go to the Dàhuá Restaurant. Do you
    know it?

-   9. Of the three of us, you know him best. Do you think he would mind
    if we did this?

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

-   I. Choose háishi... or zuì hǎo in translating these sentences.

-   1. We'd better not go after all. See, it's raining.

-   2. You'd better walk there. It's very hard to drive on that road.

-   3. It’s best to be mentally prepared ("in the heart have
    preparation").

-   4. I’d better not drink too much. I have to drive.

-   5. It would be best if I could talk with him in person. Would that
    be possible?

-   6. Chinese food is still the tastiest, don't you think?

-   II. jiǎshǔ, jià, jiā(li)rén

-   1. This housing is for workers and their families.

-   2. How many people are there in the average worker's family?

-   3. Is your whole family in Huángzhuàng?

-   4. They go home every Saturday to be with their families.

-   III. kuài (yào), yào, huì, gang yào, zhèng yào, jiù yào, hěn kuài
    jiù

-   1. Be patient. We'll be there soon.

-   2. He's going to get his Ph.D. (bóshì xuéwèi) this summer.

-   3. You've come at the perfect time. I'm just about to pack the
    suitcases.

-   4. She'll be happy if you do that.

-   5. Look, it's about to rain.

-   6. It's going to rain today.

-   7. That's what I was just about to say, (but) you didn't give me the
    chance to say it.

-   8. She forgot about the matter very soon.

-   9. Three new consulates (lingshìguǎn) are going to open very soon.

-   10. I’m about to die of hunger!

-   11. Don’t worry. I’ll tell him.

-   12. It’s almost over (finished).

-   13. If you don’t stay in touch ("maintain contact") with them, they
    forget you very soon.

-   14. He came when I was just about to leave.

-   IV. yánzhe, pángbian

-   1. They've planted a lot of trees alongside the river.

-   2. Alongside the street, I saw many new stores.

-   3. They built a railroad alongside the border.

-   4. Just walk along this street, and you'll see a lot of clothing
    stores.

-   5. There is a park alongside the factory.

-   V. yishàng, shàngmian, -duō OR yixià, xiàmian, bú dào

-   1. There are probably over ten people there.

-   2. He has under twenty students.

-   3. Children ten and over may participate;

-   4. It will cost over fifty dollars.

-   5. We had been going for less than an hour when the car broke down.

-   6. Only buildings with over four stories have elevators.

-   7. Under this brigade there are ten production teams.

-   8. It's been over a month since I saw him last.

-   9. His office is right above mine.

TRANSLATION EXERCISE

-   I. Choose dāihuir, děng yíxià, déng (yì)huir, yihòu, or hòulái in
    translating these sentences:

-   1. I'll be leaving in a minute.

-   2. Later, when you have time, let's talk, okay?

-   3. Wait a second. I think I hear him coming.

-   4. Later, I found out that she had been a Red Guard.

-   5. Things were very chaotic at that time, but later on they got
    better.

-   6. His later short stories are mostly about the Uygurs.

-   7. He'll be here in a while.

-   II. fánróng, fādá

-   1. The Táng dynasty was a period (shíqī) when China's culture
    flourished.

-   2. I didn't expect that this place would have become so prosperous
    in the ten years since I left.

-   3. Livestock farming is well developed in Xinjiang and Inner
    Mongolia.

-   4. Japan's industry and commerce are flourishing and the economy is
    thriving.

-   III. qiǎnwàn, yídìng

-   1. Be sure to bring that book.

-   2. Be sure not to forget to ask him whether he is coming.

-   3. I'll be sure to tell him.

-   IV. xiāoxi, xīnwén

-   1. Where did you hear this news?

-   2. There isn't any interesting news in today's paper.

-   3. Is there any news about China?

-   4. She often brought us unpleasant (bù yúkuàide) news.

-   5. Has there been any news about when the meeting will be held?

-   6. What good news is there today?

-   7. News reporters (jizAě) are the best at getting information.

VOCABULARY

  -------------- ---------------------------------- ------
  ài             to love                            7.6
  àiqíng gùshi   love story                         8.1’
  àishang        to fall in love with               7.6
  Alabó          Arab, Arabic                       8.6*
  an             shore, bank, coast                 8.3*
  àn             according to                       8.7
  āndìng         to be peaceful and stable, to be   7.7
                 quiet and settled                  
  ánpái          to arrange                         8.1
  an shí         on time                            8.6*
  -------------- ---------------------------------- ------

  --------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------
  ba                    (marker of pause, hypothesis)             8.5
  baba                  father, dad, papa                         7.U
  Bādálīng (Bádàlīng)   (area northwest of Běijīng)               8.U
  b&ifēn zhī X          X percent                                 8.3
  baitian               daytime                                   7.3
  bSi zhuōzi            to set a table                            8.8*
  -ban                  (counter for class of students)           7.3*
  bang                  to help; as a help to, for (someone)      8.5
  bàng                  to be great, to be fantastic, to be       7.1**, 7.7’, 8.U
                        terrific                                  
  bang máng             to help; help                             7.U
  bāngzhu               to help; help; as a help to, for          7.2
  bǎo                   to wrap                                   7.8*
  bàochí                to keep, to preserve, to maintain         7.5
  bSohù                 to protect                                7.6
  b&ozhèng              to guarantee, to assure                   8.8’
  bāozhuāng             to package; packaging                     8.8’
  -bèi                  time, -fold                               8.7
  bèi                   (passive marker)                          8.7
  B?idà                 Běijīng University                        8.2
  běifāng               the north                                 8.1
  bèiháu                behind someone's back                     7.2*
  -bèizi                lifetime                                  7.2
  bin di                this locality, local                      8.3*
  běnlái                originally, in the beginning, at first;   7.7
                        to begin with, in the first place         
  běnrén                herself, himself, oneself, myself,        7.6’
                        etc.                                      
  ^(bI)K                to compare                                7.1*
  biàn                  to change, to become different            7.3
  biànchéng             to change into                            7.2’, 7.3
  --------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------

bianhuà

change(s)

8.5

biānjiǎng

border region, frontier region

8.6

biānjìng

(national) border

8.5

bld

each other, one another, both; the same to you

7.5*

bljiào (blji&o)

comparatively, relatively, more; fairly, rather; to compare

8.1

bìngrén

sick person, patient

aunt (vife of father’s elder brother); term for the mother of one’s
friend

7.3*

bomǔ

7.8

bóshì

Ph.D.

7.2‘

-bù

(counter for films; counter for automobiles, machines, etc.)

8.1‘, 8.7

bú fàngxìn

to worry

7.3’

-bùfen

part, section

8.2

bù guán

no matter (what, whether, etc.)

7.5’, 7.6

bù huāng bù máng

calm, not the least bit flustered

7.8*

bú Jiàn bú sàn

don’t leave until we’ve met up

7.7’

bù JiàndSn

not ordinary, not commonplace; remarkable

7.7’

bù neng bu

to have to, must

7.7

bù sháo

to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many

7.U

bú shi...Jiù shi...

if it isn’t...then it’s...; either... or...

7.7

bú shi tiánde Jiù shi làde

if it isn’t sweet, then it’s hot

8.7’

bú xiàng huà

to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk, acts, etc.)

7.6

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  cai         only (before an amount)                                                    7.3
  cai         only in that case, only under this condition                               7.5
  cáichán     property                                                                   7-U
  càidí       vegetable plot                                                             8.3
  cáiliào     material(s); data                                                          8.2
  canguan     to visit and observe                                                       8.1
  canJià      to participate in, to take part in; to join; to attend                     7.6
  cānkáoshū   reference book                                                             8.2*
  chà         to differ; to be inferior, to be poor, to be not up to standard; to lack   8.6
  chabié      difference, disparity                                                      8.2
  chang       to be long                                                                 7.1
  chang       to taste                                                                   8.7*
  cháng       factory, plant                                                             8.5’, 8.6
  chàng ge    to sing (songs)                                                            7.6’
  ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

  ------------------ ------------------------------------- -----------
  Cháng Jiang        Yangtze River                         8.3’, 8.7
  chángqī            long term                             8.8’
  chànliàng          output, yield                         8.3
  -cháo              dynasty (bound form)                  8.4
  cháo               to be noisy; to disturb by making     7.8
                     noise                                 
  cháodài            dynasty                               8.4
  cháoxlng           to wake (someone) up by being noisy   7.8
  -chéng             (verb ending) into                    7.3
  chénggōng          to succeed                            8.6’
  chēnghu            to call, to address                   8.1
  chēnglì            to establish, to found, to set up     8.5
  chéngshì           city; urban                           7.6
  chéngyuánguo       member country                        7.6’
  chēxiǎng           car (of a train)                      8.6’
  chlbuxiàqù         to be unable to eat                   7.3
  chi ku             to suffer, to undergo hardship        7.4
  chongxīn           again, anew, afresh                   8.4
  chōu yān           to smoke (tobacco)                    7.6’
  chū                to produce                            8.3’
  ...chū             at the beginning of...                8.5
  chuang             bed                                   7.2’, 7.5
  chuāngkSu          window (e.g., ticket window)          8.1’
  chuānguò           to cross through                      8.4
  chuántSng          tradition, traditional                7.1
  chū chǎi           to go or be away on (official)        8.6
                     business                              
  chū guó            to go abroad                          8.2
  chū Jìng           to leave a country                    8.1
  chūkíu             to export                             8.8
  chūnjì             the spring season                     8.3’
  chūxiàn            to appear, to arise, to emerge        8.8
  cíhuì              vocabulary                            8.2’
  cónglái            ever (up till now), always (up till   7.3
                     now)                                  
  conglái bù/méi     never (up till now)                   7.3
  cong...(Verb)-ql   to begin (Verb)-ing from...           7.7
  cūnkuán            savings                               8.3’
  cūnr               village                               7.6’
  cuòwù              to be wrong (incorrect); mistake      8.8’
  ------------------ ------------------------------------- -----------

  ------------- --------------------------------------------- -----------------
  dàbùfen       the greater part; for the most part, mostly   8.1
  dàduì         (production) brigade                          8.3
  dàduǒshù(r)   the great majority                            7.5
  -dài          generation; era, (historical) period          7.5
  -dài          zone, area, belt                              8.1
  dàibiSo       to represent; representative, delegate;       8.4’, 8.7*, 9.8
                on behalf of, in the name of                  
  ------------- --------------------------------------------- -----------------

Module & Unit

dàibiàotuán

delegation, mission

8.3*,"8.8

dāi huīr

in a while, later (Běijīng)

8.8

dāishang

to take along (Běijīng)

7.8

dàji?

’’older sister” (a respectful term

7.U*

of address for a woman about one's own age or older)

Dàlī

(a city in Yunnan province)

8.1*

dàlù

mainland, continent

7.1

dang

to act as, to be

8.6*

dāng

(political) party

7.6

dānrèn

to take up, to assume (a Job or post)

8.2

dānxīn

to be worried, to be uneasy

7.U

dānzl

list; form

7.8

dào

to pour; to dump

7.1

-dào

(resultative ending used for percep-

7.3

tion by one of the senses: Jiàndao , kàndao, tīngdao, etc.)

-dào

(resultative ending used to indicate

7.3

reaching: xiàngdào, tándào, etc., often translated as "about" or "of")

dào

yet, on the contrary, nevertheless

8.7

dàochù

everywhere

7.7*

dàodé

morality, morals, ethics

7.2*

dàolī

principle, truth, hows and whys;

7.2

reason, argument, sense

dàoyóu

(tour) guide

8.7

dàozi

rice (in the paddy, or after harvesting

8.3

but before hulling); paddy

Dàqìng

(a city in Heilongjiang Province)

8.1

dàrào

to disturb

8.U*

dà shīfu

chef

8.7*

dàtīng

(large) hall

8.8

Datong

(a city in Shānxī province)

8.6*

dàxué bìyèshěng

college graduate

8.2*

dàxuéshěng

college student

7.1’

dà zhàng

to fight a war, to go to war

7.8

dà zhēn

to get an injection

7.8*

dà zì

to type (on a typewriter)

7.6

dàzìrán

nature (the physical world)

8.2*

dé

to get

7.5

dédao

to receive, to get

7.5

-de huà

if; in case; supposing that

7.6

děi kàn

to depend on

7.8

ding

when; by the time; till

7.8*

děng dào

wait until; when, by the time

7.3

děng yíxià

wait a minute; in a little while

7.8

děngyú

to equal, to be equal to; to be the

8.7

same as (in effect), to amount to

dì

earth, soil; land; ground; fields

8.3

-diàn

point

7.1

diào yànlèi

to cry

7.3*

  ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------
  ding             to agree on; to draw up (a plan); to conclude (a treaty)   8.8
  dìqù             area, district, region                                     8.1
  dìwei            position, status                                           7.2
  dìxíng           topography, terrain                                        8.1+
  -dong            (counter for buildings)                                    8.7
  Dōngběi          Manchuria                                                  8.1
  dōngbù           the eastern part of a country                              8.7
  dōngde           to understand, to grasp, to know                           7.1
  duSnpiān         short (stories, articles)                                  7.6
  dulì             to be independent; independence                            7.2
  duo (duō)        how (to what extent)                                       7.1+
  -duō             (counter for flowers)                                      8.7
  duō h&o!         how great that is                                          7.2
  duō láo duō de   more pay for more work                                     8.8
  duōshù(r)        the majority (of), most (of)                               7.5
  ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------

  ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
  éi                 say.’ (interjection telling that the speaker Just thought of something)   7.3*
  értōng             child (formal word)                                                       7.6
  érxífu(r) (-fer)   daughter-in-law                                                           7.U
  ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

  --------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------
  fādá                  to be (highly) developed, to be         7.2*, 7.5
                        flourishing, to be prosperous           
  fàlu                  law                                     7.7
  fan                   to translate                            7.7*
  fan                   to violate, to offend, to commit; to    7.7
                        have an attack (of an old disease)      
  f&nduì                to oppose, tò be against                7.1’
  fángbèi               to take precautions against             8.U
  fàng Jià              to have vacation; to let out for        8.6
                        vacation                                
  -fāngmlàn (-ml an )   aspect, side, area, respect             7.1
  f&ngwèn               to visit and meet with                  7.6*, 8.1
  fāngxiàng             direction                               8.8*
  fàng xìn              to be unworried, to be at ease          8.5
  fāngyán               dialect                                 8.1
  fSngzhī gōngyè        textile industry                        8.5*
  fánrōng               to be flourishing/prosperous/booming;   8.8
                        to make (something) prosper             
  ffinzhèng             anyway, in any case                     7.3’, 8.7
  fan zuì               to commit a crime                       7-7
  fāshēng               to happen, to occur                     8.7
  fāxiàn                to discover, to find out; discovery     8.7
  fāzhXn                to develop, to expand, to grow          7.5
  fěn                   points                                  7.5*
  --------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  fén           to divide, to separate, to split; to be divided into (parts, categories)   7.6, .8.2
  -fèn          (counter for portions of food)                                             8.1’
  fěngsú        custom(s)                                                                  7.5
  fēnkāi        to separate, to split up                                                   7.6
  fù            to spend, to expend                                                        8.5*
  Fujian        (a province in south China)                                                8.8
  fùnu          woman; women, womankind                                                    7.2
  fúqi          blessings, good fortune                                                    7.U
  fùzá (fuzá)   to be complicated, to be complex                                           8.6
  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

  ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------
  gāi               will probably                            7.U*
  gāi               should, ought to                         7.U*, 7.8
  gài               to build (buildings); to cover           7.U*, 8.1*
  g&ibiàn           to change; change(s)                     7.1’, 7.5
  gāishàn           to improve                               8.6*
  g&itiān           another day                              8.1*
  gànbu             cadre                                    7.6
  gāngti?           iron and steel                           8.7
  g&njué            feeling, sensation; to feel, to          7.1
                    perceive                                 
  gànma             to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,   7.8
                    what for                                 
  gānshàng(lái)     to catch up                              8.7
  gàn shenme        to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,   7.8
                    what for                                 
  gānxiè            to be thankful, to be grateful (for)     7.3*, 8.5
  gāo               to do/carry on/engage in/work in (a      8.1
                    field or endeavor)                       
  gāocuò            to do wrong; to be mistaken              8.7
  gāogàn            senior cadres                            7.6*
  g&ohāo            to do a good Job of, to handle well      8.1’
  gāoshàngqù        to cause to go up, to cause to move      8.2
                    forward                                  
  gāozhòng          senior high school                       7.2, 7.1’, 7.5 fl 7*
  gè-               each, every, various, different          8.5
  gèguó             various countries                        7.1’
  Gēlúnblyà Dàxué   Columbia University                      8.1*’
  gémìng            revolution; revolutionary; to revolt     7.8’, 8.2
  gēn               to follow                                7.8’
  gēnzhe            along with, in the wake of               8.5’
  gong              male (for animals)                       7.2*
  GòngchSndSng      Communist Party                          7.6
  gōngchSng         factory, mill, plant, works              7.6’, 8.6
  gòngchéngshī      engineer                                 8.5
  gòngdiàn          palace                                   8.1*
  gonggong          grandfather, grandpa (paternal)          7.1*’
  góngkè            homework                                 7.7’
  ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------

Module & Unit

gōnglù Gòngqlngtuán gōngren gōngshāngyè gōngshè gōngyè gōngyìpìn
gōngyuán gōngyuán qián gōngzī gōngzuòzh? gǔ-gu&n

guángcháng Gu&ngdōng guánggào GuángJiàohuì Guángxī

guán (X) Jiào (Y) guānniàn guānxln guānyú

gǔdài gǔdàishi

Gùgōng (Bowùyuàn) gǔhuī guīju

Guilin guìmó Guìzhōu guōjiā guómín JlngJi guòqù guòqu guò rìzi guōytt
gùshi gùshipiān(r) gǔshǔ

highway

Communist Youth League**

worker                                    8.3*, 8.6

industry and commerce

commune

industry

handicrafts

the common era; A.D.

B.C.

wages, pay

worker (in a particular field)

ancient (used in compound words)*

to take care of; to mind, to bother

about

(public) square

(province in south China)

advertisement

Guángzhōu (Canton) Trade Fair

(a province in so. China)

to call (X) (Y)

concept, idea, notion

to be concerned/care about               7.1*, 8.5

as to, with regard to, concerning,

about

ancient times, antiquity; ancient

ancient history*

Former Imperial Palace (Museum)

bone ashes, ashes (of a person)*

rules of proper behavior, social

etiquette, manners; special custom, established practice, rule (of a
community or organization)

(a city in GuàngxI Province)

scale, scope, dimensions

(a province of China)

country, state, nation; national

national economy*

the past

to pass; to pass away, to die

to live; to get along*

the national language (Taiwan)*

story

feature film*

ancient book*

  ----------- ----------------------- -----------
  hái         fairly, passably        7.U
  h&igáng     harbor, seaport         8.8
  h&iluòyīn   heroin                  7.7*
  háishi      it would be better to   8.U*, 8.7
  ----------- ----------------------- -----------

  ----------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------
  h&iwān                  bay; gulf                               8.5 .
  h&iyùn                  sea transportation                      8.8
  hánshòubān              correspondence courses                  8.6*
  Hànyǔ                   the Chinese language                    8.6
  h&ochù                  benefit, advantage                      7.5
  hǎoh&o (h&oháor)        properly, carefully, thoroughly         7.1*, 7.8
  ...h&o le               (used when agreeing, suggesting, or     8.1
                          permitting); (used when giving in       
                          to something)                           
  h&o shi h&o, k&shi...   well, okay, but...                      7.3*
  hǎoxiàng                to seem as if, to seem like             7.8
  hàozhāo (hàozhào)       to appeal to/to call on (people to      8.7
                          engage in an activity)                  
  Heilongjiang            (a province in northeast China)         8.5
  hēiyè                   (darkness of) night, nighttime          7.3
  hen                     to hate, to detest; to feel bitter      7.6
                          toward                                  
  hépíng                  peace; peacefully                       8.6
  héxiá                   to write together, to coauthor          8.8*
  he zuò                  to cooperate; cooperation               8.8
  Hóngwèibīng             (a) Red Guard; the Red Guards           7.6
  hòulái                  later, afterwards                       7.2*, 7.5
  -hù                     household, family                       8.3
  huá                     to spend, to expend                     8.5*
  -huà                    -ize, -ify                              8.3
  Huábāi                  north of China                          8.1
  huàcè                   book of photographs                     8.U*
  Huánán                  south of China                          8.1
  huángdì                 emperor                                 8.6*
  Huang He                the Yellow River                        8.3*
  Huangshān               (a mountain in Anhui Province)          8.1
  huángtú gāoyuán         loess plateau                           8.6*
  Huángzhuāng             (name of a commune)                     8.7*
  huānsòng                to see off, to send off                 8.8
  huānsònghuì             farewell/send-off meeting               8.8
                          or party                                
  Huáshèngdùn Youbào      Washington Post                         7.7
  huàxián                 synthetic fiber                         8.5*
  -hui                    (counter for shì, "matter")             7.8
  huì                     might; to be likely to; will            7.1
  huìhuà                  conversation                            8.2*
  huítòu(r) Jiàn          see you later (in a little while)       8.1
  huo                     to live; to become alive; to survive;   7.5
                          to be live/alive/living; mobile,        
                          moving                                  
  huódòng                 activity                                8.2*
  huòtul sānmíngzhì       ham sandwich                            8.1*
  húshuō                  to talk nonsense; nonsense, drivel      7.2*
  hùxiǎng                 mutually                                7.U
  ----------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------

[]

-Jiā

-Jiā

J iāgōng Jiākuài JiSnchēng JiSndān Jiàng

J iSng

JiSng Jià(qian) JiSngJiu

Jiāngnán

Jiāngsū Jiènlì Jiànshè

Jiànyì

Jiànzhù (-zhú,

Jiao

-Jiào Jiàokēshū Jiāoliú

Jiāoqū Jiàoshī Jiàotáng Jiāotōng Jiāoyìhuì

Jiàoyu Jiàqian

Jiārù Jiāshǔ

Jiātíng jTbSn Jìbenshang

Jīdòng Jiè

-Jiè Jièdao J ièfàng Jièfàngjūn Jiehūn (jiěhūn)

JiēJi

  -------------------------------------------- ------------
  level, rank, grade, stage, degree            8.8
  to be crowded                                8-.1+
  to remember; to commit to memory             7.5*
  (counter for families)                       7.U
  (suffix indicating a professional or         8.3
  specialist in some activity)                 
  to process; to finish (a product)            8.8
  to speed up                                  8.2
  abbreviation                                 8.2*
  to be simple                                 7.7
  to stress, to pay attention to, to           7.3
  be particular about                          
  prize                                        7.5*
  to bargain, to haggle                        8.8*
  to be particular about; to be                7.3*
  elegant, to be tasteful                      
  the area south of the the lower              8.3*, 8.7
  reaches of the Yangtze River                 
  (a coastal province of China)                8.5*
  to establish, to found                       8.5*
  to build up, to construct; construc          8.3
  tion, reconstruction                         
  to suggest; suggestion, proposal             8.8*
  zhu)    to build, to construct; structure;   8.1+
  architecture                                 
  to hand over, to give                        8.6
  religion, church (bound form)                8.6
  textbook                                     8.2*
  to exchange; exchange, interchange           8.6
  suburbs, outskirts                           8.3
  teacher, instructor                          8.2
  church, cathedral                            7.7*, 8.1+
  traffic; transportation                      8.6
  trade fair                                   8.8
  to educate; education                        7.7
  price                                        8.8
  to Join                                      7.6
  ■family members, (family)                    8.7
  dependents                                   
  family                                       7.3
  basic, fundamental, elementary               •8.2
  basically, on the whole, by                  8.2
  and large                                    
  to be agitated, to be worked up              7.1*
  to borrow; to lend                           7.1
  session                                      8.8*
  to successfully borrow                       7.1
  to liberate, to emancipate; liberation       7.6
  (People’s) Liberation Army, PLA              8.6
  to get married                               7.2
  (social) class                               8.8
  -------------------------------------------- ------------

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------- -----------
  Jiěshòu              to accept                                 8.U*
  Jièyì^               to mind, to take offense                  7.6
  JÍJÍmángmáng         in a hurry, extremely rushed              7.6
  jímáng               to be hasty, to be hurried                7.6
  Jin                  to be tight                               8.7
  Jin...               the past..., the last...                  8.5
  jìnbù                to progress; progress                     7.7
  J ìnchūkōu           import-export                             8.8
  Jìndàishī            modern history                            7.1*
  J īngguò             to go through, to pass through; as        8.2
                       a result of, after, through; course       
                       (of events), what has happened            
  JlngJi tèqū          special economic zone (SEZ)               8.8
  Jīngshén             energy, spirits                           7.3*
  Jīngxìdào            (a kind of rice plant)                    8.3
  Jíníng               (a city in Inner Mongolia)                8.6*
  Jìnkōu               to import                                 8.8
  Jīnr                 today (Béijīng)                           7.8*
  Jīnshǔ               metal                                     8.5
  J inxíng             to carry on, to conduct, to proceed       8.7
  JīnzhSng             to be nervous, to be tense                7.3*, 8.7
  Jīqì (Jīqi)          machine, machinery, apparatus             8.3
  Jìshu                technique, skill; technology; technical   8.2
  Jiù ná Sichuan lái   shuō take Sichuan for example             8.5*
  Jiùshi...yè...       even (if)...                              8.7
  Jlxiè (jījiè)        machine; machinery; mechanical            8.5
  Jīxièhuà             to mechanize; mechanization               8.3
  Jìzh?                reporter, Journalist                      8.1*
  Jízhǒng              to concentrate; to centralize; to put     8.8
                       together                                  
  Jìzhu                to remember                               7.1*
  -Jù                  sentence; (counter for sentences or       7.1
                       utterances, often followed by             
                       huà, ’’speech”)                           
  Juédìng              to decide; decision                       8.1*
  Jǔ ge lìzi           give an example                           8.3’
  Jǔnduì               army                                      7.8*
  Júzi shuī(r)         orange Juice (Béijīng)                    7.1’
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------- -----------

  ----------- --------------------------------------- -----
  (V V) kàn   try and (V), (V) and see how it is      7.7
  kàn         to depend on                            7.8
  kànbuqī     to look down on, to scorn, to           7.U
              despise                                 
  kàndao      to see                                  7.3
  kànzhe      (followed by a verb) as one sees fit,   7.8
              as one deems reasonable                 
  kào         to take/give an exam, test, or quiz     7.8
  kào         to depend on, to rely on; to lean       7.2
  ----------- --------------------------------------- -----

against; to be next to/against/by

  ------------ -------------------------------------------- -----------
  k&olu        to consider, to think about; consideration   7 _(t)l
  kSoshàng     to be admitted (to a school or organi        8.6*
               zation by passing an entrance exam)          
  káoshì       to take/give an exam,"test, or quiz;         7.8
               exam, test                                   
  -kē          (counter for trees)                          8.U*
  k?           indeed, certainly, really                    8.U
  kěài         to be loveable/adorable/cute                 7.8*
  kējì         science and technology                       8.2*
  kěk&yīn      cocaine                                      7.7*
  Kěkōukělè    Coca Cola                                    7.1*, 7.3
  kělián       to be pitiful                                7.3*
  kěn          to be willing to                             7.7’, 8.8
  kěnéng       to be possible                               8.1*
  kěxué        science; to be scientific                    8.2
  kōng         empty                                        8.8
  kōngchulai   to become vacant                             8.1*
  kǒngshōu     empty-handed                                 8.8
  -kSu         (counter for people considered as            8.3
               making up a family)                          
  kōuyin       accent                                       8.1*
  kū           to cry                                       7.3
  kuài yào     will soon                                    8.7
  kuàngqū      mining region                                8.5
  kùnnan       difficulty                                   8.2*
  ------------ -------------------------------------------- -----------

  ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
  Lading zìmǔ       Latin (Roman) alphabet                                                                                                      8.6*
  ...lái            for the past...(amount of time)                                                                                             7.6
  lái               (used before a verb to express that something will be done)                                                                 7.7
  lái               to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an event), to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game, etc.)   7.8
  ...lái shuō       ...speaking                                                                                                                 8.5
  lājl              garbage                                                                                                                     7.3*
  làngfèi           to waste                                                                                                                    8.2*
  lánwěiyán         appendicitis                                                                                                                7.5*
  láo               all the time, always                                                                                                        7.8*
  láodòng           to labor                                                                                                                    7.5
  láodonglì         labor force, labor; able-bodied person                                                                                      7.5
  l&olao            grandmother, grandma (maternal)                                                                                             7.U*
  láolì             labor force; labor                                                                                                          7.5
  láo shīfu         old master                                                                                                                  7.5*
  láoshú (láoshu)   mouse or rat                                                                                                                7.2*
  l&oxiǎnsheng      old gentlemen                                                                                                               7.5’
  l&oyé             grandfather, grandpa (maternal)                                                                                             7.1*’
  ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------

láozJSng

-lèi

-11 liS

lián...dōu/yS... liàng liángshi liánxì

Liáodài liǎoji?

liáo tiān(r)

lí jìng

lìliàng (lìliàng) llmào

līngdáo

lìngwài

liùshi niándài liúxia liúxíng

liúxuéshēng

11 wù luàn

luànqībāzāo

Lǔ Xùn

It} shi lūxíngtuán

Module & Unit

(used with surname as an affectionate 7.8*

term for a high-ranking PLA commander)

category

li, a unit of length (1/2 km.)

TĒáiJìng colloquial word meaning*

liángge, ’’two”) even...

to be bright, to be light; to be shiny 8.6 grain, cereals

to contact, to get in touch with;

connection, ties the Liáo Period*

to understand/grasp/comprehend; to

find out/acquaint oneself with to chat

to leave a country or place

power; force; strength

manners, politeness

to lead, to direct, to exercise lead- 7.6

ership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre

other*

the decade of the sixties*

to leave*

to be common, to be popular, to be

prevalent study-abroad students

gift

to be in disorder, to be in a mess,

to be chaotic; arbitrarily, recklessly, any old way

in a mess, in confusion, in dis-

order; miscellaneous, motley, all thrown in together

(a famous Chinese author of the 1920s*

and 1930s)

lawyer, attorney

tour group

  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----
  ma                 (marker for obviousness of reasoning)                                                                 7.3
  ma                 (marker for insistent sentences)                                                                      7.7
  mànmàn (mànmānr)   slowly; gradually, by and by; taking one’s time (doing something); (tell) all about, in all details   7.1
  mányì              to be pleased, to be satisfied                                                                        8.1
  màoyi              trade                                                                                                 8.8
  me (ma)            (pause marker)                                                                                        8.6
  méi                to be beautiful                                                                                       8.6
  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
  méitàn          coal                                                                                                                       8.5
  méi yìsi        to be uninteresting/boring; to be pointless/meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of respect, cheap   7.2
  -mén            (counter for courses)                                                                                                      8.7
  miànji          (surface) area                                                                                                             8.3
  Ming            (name of a dynasty, 1368—16UU)                                                                                             8.1*
  míngbai         to understand, to be clear on, to comprehend; to be clear, to be intelligible                                              7.5
  Ming Bào        Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper)                                                                                           7.7
  míngcí          word, term, expression                                                                                                     8.3
  mínzú           nationality, a people, nation (ethnic group)                                                                               8.1
  mínzú zhījiān   between nationalities                                                                                                      8.6
  mú              female (for animals)                                                                                                       7.2
  -mú             mu (a unit of area)                                                                                                        8.3
  múchán          per-mu yield                                                                                                               8.3
  Mùníhēi         Munich                                                                                                                     8.U
  mùqián          the present; at present                                                                                                    8.2
  mùtou           wood                                                                                                                       8.U
  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

  ------------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------
  nà hái yòng shuō   that goes without saying                    7.2*
  nSinai             grandmother (paternal)                      7.1*
  nákāi              to take away, to move (something) out       8.6*
                     of the way                                  
  nánfāng            the bridegroom’s side                       7.5*
  nánfāng            the south                                   8.1
  Nán M?i            South America                               7.7*
  w nannu            men and women, male-female                  7.2
  nánshòu            to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,           7.3
                     to feel unhappy                             
  nántīng            to be unpleasant to hear; to sound          7.8
                     bad, to offend the ears; to be scandalous   
  ne                 (used in questions asking the where         7.U*
                     abouts of someone/something)                
  ne                 (indicating lack of completion/absence      7.U
                     of change)                                  
  .. .ne             as for...                                   8.5
  nèidì              interior region (of a country)              8.5*, 8.6
  Nèimèng(gǔ)        Inner Mongolia, Nei Mongol (an auto         8.1
                     nomous region of China)                     
  nénglì             ability                                     7.6*
  niándài            decade of a century; period, era            8.5
  niánjì (-Ji)       age                                         7.U
  niánlíng (-ling)   age                                         8.2*
  niánqīng           to be young                                 7.1
  ------------------ ------------------------------------------- -----------

nl hái shi iSoyàngzi

you look as if you haven't changed a bit

8.U*

nílóng

nylon

8.5*

nòng

to do; to fool with; to get

7.3

nóngchǎng

farm

8.3*,

8.7*

nóngcūn

country, rural area; rural

7.5*,

7.6

nònglai

to get and bring

7.3

nóngmín

peasant

7.5*,

8.3*, 8.6

nongyè

agriculture

7.5

nongyèqū

farming region

8.3*

nūlì

to make great efforts, to try

7-7*,

8.2

hard, to exert oneself

nūshěng

coed, woman student

7.3*

Ouzhōu

8.U

  ----------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
  pà                to be afraid                                                         7.U*
  pSolai pSoqù      to run back and forth                                                7.6*, 8.U*
  pèngdao           to hit; to run into, to come across                                  7.8*
  -piān             (counter for sheets, articles or                                     7.2
                    pieces of writing)                                                   
  plan              to fool, to deceive                                                  7.2*
  piānzi            film, movie                                                          8.1*
  pichá bing        pizza                                                                7.1*
  ping              to be flat, to be level                                              8.3*
  píngdèng          equality; to be equal (of people)                                    7.2
  píngfāng gōngli   square kilometer                                                     8.3*
  píngjūn           (on the) average                                                     8.3
  píngjūnshù        an average number, a mean                                            8.3*
  píngyuán          plain, flatlands                                                     8.3
  píngzi            bottle                                                               8.8*
  pīnmìng           with all one’s might, for all one                                    7.2
                    is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one’s life, to defy death   
  plnzhíng          variety                                                              8.3*
  pīzhǔn            to give permission, to approve;                                      7.5*
                    approval, permission, sanction                                       
  pópo              gra dmother, grandma                                                 7.h‘
  pubian            to be universal, to be general, to                                   8.2
                    be widespread, to be common                                          
  pǔtSng            to be common/regular/ordinary                                        8.2
  pǔtōnghuà         the common (standard) speech,                                        8.1
  ----------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------

Standard Chinese

qiāng qiáng qiángguó Qiānjīndào Qiánmén qiānwàn

qiánxiē nián qiāo men qíguài

qìlai -qilai

qīmS

Qin qīng qīngchú (-chu) qīng gōngyè Qīnghāi qīngjiāo qíngkuàng qíngxing
qīngzhēnsì qīnlūè qiong qítā qiūjì (-)qū quán

quàn

quánbù quánguó quánjiā rén qǔbié

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| gun                               | 7.7*                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| to be strong                      | 7.-6*                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| powerful nation, a (world) power  | 8.5                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Thousand-Catty Rice               | 8.3*                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| (a gate in BèiJIng)               | 8.U                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| under any circumstances; by no    | 8.8                               |
| means;                            |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| without fail, be sure to a few    | 7.8*                              |
| years back, in recent years       |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| to knock at the door              | 7.U*                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| to be strange, to be odd, to be   | 7.3                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| surprising                        | 7.U                               |
|                                   |                                   |
| to get up (in several senses)     |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| (resultative ending which         | 7.3                               |
| indicates                         |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| starting)                         | 8.5                               |
|                                   |                                   |
| at least; minimum, lowest,        |                                   |
| rudimentary,                      |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| elementary                        | 8.U                               |
|                                   |                                   |
| (name of a dynasty, 221-207 B.C.) |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| to be light                       | 8.5                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| to be clear, to be distinct       | 8.7                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| light industry                    | 8.5                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| (a province in western China)     | 7.3*, 8.6*                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| green pepper                      | 8.3*                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| situation, circumstances,         | 7.1                               |
| condition,                        |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| state of affairs situation,       | 7.1                               |
| circumstances, condition,         |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| state of affairs                  |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| mosque                            | 8.6*                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| to invade; invasion, aggression   | 8.U                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| to be poor                        | 8.5                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| other, else; the rest             | 8.5                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| the fall season                   | 8.3*                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| area, region, district            | 8.5                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| entirely, completely; whole,      | 8.1                               |
| entire;                           |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| to be complete                    | 7.8                               |
|                                   |                                   |
| to advise, to urge, to try to     |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| persuade entire, whole, all       | 8.1                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| the whole country                 | 8.3                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| the whole family                  | 7.U*                              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| difference, distinction           | 8.2                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

rang

ràng nī Jiu d?ng le rén

rang

rénj ia

rénmín

rénmín gōngshè

to make (someone a certain way) I’ve kept you waiting person; self; body

to throw, to throw away

people; other people; someone else; they; he, she; I

the people people’s commune

7.1

8.5*

7.U

8.8*

7.U

8.3

8.3

  ------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
  rènwéi       to think/believe/consider (that)                                                  8.2
  rényuán      personnel, staff                                                                  8.7
  rèxín        to be enthusiastic and interested; to be warmhearted                              7.3
  rèxīnqilai   to become enthusiastic and interested                                             7.3
  rìzi         day; date; time                                                                   7.3*
  rù           to enter; to Join (an organization)                                               7.6
  ruò          to be weak                                                                        8.5
  rù Tuan      to Join the Communist Youth League (Gòngqǐngtuán or Gòngchǎnzhǔyì Qīngniántuan)   7.6
  ------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

  ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------
  sàn bù              to go for a stroll                                                                                          8.6'
  shǎ                 to kill (means unspecified); to kill (specifically, with a knife or knifelike instrument); to try to kill   7.7
  shá                 to be stupid, to be dumb, to be                                                                             7.8
                      silly, to be naive                                                                                          
  shāfā               sofa                                                                                                        7.8'
  shāmò               desert                                                                                                      8.6
  shāndì              mountainous region, hilly area (geographical term)                                                          8.3
  -shang              (a verb ending indicating starting and continuing )-                                                        7.6
  shāngren            businessman, businesswoman                                                                                  8.8
  shàng xué           to go to school; to attend school                                                                           7.6
  shǎngyè             commerce, business                                                                                          7.5
  shānqū              hilly country, mountainous region                                                                           8.3
  Shǎnxī              (province in north central China)                                                                           8.5
  shàoshù             minority; a minority of, a small number of, few                                                             8.1
  shǎoshù mínzú       minority nationality, national minority                                                                     8.1
  Shàoxiānduì         Young Pioneers                                                                                              7.6'
  shèbèi              equipment; facilities; installation                                                                         8.8
  shèhuì              society; social                                                                                             7.1
  shèhuì kěxué        social sciences                                                                                             8.2
  -shēng              province                                                                                                    8.h
  shēngchàn           to produce; production                                                                                      7.5
  shēngchàn dàduì     production brigade                                                                                          8.3
  shēngch&nduì        production team                                                                                             8.3
  shēnghuó            to live; life; daily life; livelihood                                                                       7.2
  shēngyì (shēngyi)   business, trade                                                                                             7.8
  shēnqīng            to apply (for)                                                                                              7.2
  shēntī              body; health                                                                                                7.1*
  Shēnzhèn            (a border stop in Guangdong, formerly spelled Shumchun)                                                     8.1
  shèyuán             commune member                                                                                              8.7
  ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------

Module & Unit

shi

shi shìcháng Shi Dà Jiànzhù shìjiè shìjièshang shìjièxìng Shisānlíng
shitáng shíxiàn

shixíng

shíyóu shizài shìzhèngfǔ shou shòu shòu shōuchāode shōudū

shòu Jiàoyu shōurù shōushi

shōuxiān shòu xiànzhi shù

shūcài shuīpíng shǔjià shùliàng ...(lái) shuō shuōbuqīngchu shuōdao

shuōfá

shuòshì sī

Sichuan

Sìge Xiàndàihuà

sìjì '

sìjì chang lu Si Jì Qīng Si Shǔ

sīxiSng

to cause (folloved by a verb), to

make, to enable

city, municipality

market*

the Ten Great Structures (in Béijīng) 8.ú world

in the world, in the whole world

worldwide

the Ming Tombs

mess hall, dining room

to realize/achieve/bring about/

accomplish/come true to practice, to carry out, to put

into effect, to implement (a method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)
petroleum, oil

really; to be real

city hall*

to harvest

to receive

to be thin*

handwritten*

capital

to receive an education

income, earnings

to straighten up; to get one’s

things ready first; first of all, in the first place 8.2

to be restricted*

tree*

vegetable

level, standard

simmer vacation

quantity, amount, number

...speaking

can’t explain clearly

to speak of; as for

way of saying a thing; statement,

version, argument

Master’s degree                           7.2*,*

to die                                    7.3’,

(province in central China)

the Four Modernizations (of agricul-

ture, industry, national defense, and science and technology) four
seasons*

green all year round*

(a commune in Báijīng suburbs)

the Four Books (Dàxué, Zhōnpyōng,

LúnyS, Mèngzī)

thought, way of thinking, ideas          7.5*, 8.6*

sònghuiqu

to take/escort back

7.5’ •

sòngxíng

to see (someone off), to wish (someone) a good trip; to give a
going-away party

7.8

suàn

to be considered, to count as, can be regarded as

8.2*, 8.5

suàn le

forget it, let’s drop the matter, let it go at that; come off it, come
on

7.2

sùdu

speed, pace

8.2

Sū-Háng

Suzhou and Hangzhou (abbreviation)

8.6*

Sǔlian

Soviet Union

8.5’

sūnnù

granddaughter (through one’s son) grandson (through one’s son)

7.U

sǔnzi

7.U

suōyōude...dōu

all

7.3

sùshè

living quarters; dormitory

8.7

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  -tai                 (counter for machines)                                                                                                              8.3
  tàiyang              sun                                                                                                                                 8.8*
  tan                  to talk about (used with the object shēngyì, màoyi, etc., in the sense of "to negotiate")                                           8.8
  tán liàn’ài          to be in love, to be going together (courtship)                                                                                     7.8*
  tàolùn               to discuss; discussion                                                                                                              8.6
  tSoyàn               to dislike, to be disgusted with                                                                                                    7.6*
  tèdi&n               distinctive trait, characteristic                                                                                                   8.3
  téng                 to be very fond of, to be attached to, to dote on                                                                                   7.8
  tí                   to carry (from the hand at the side of the body); to lift/raise; to mention/bring up; to put forward/ propose; to ask (questions)   7.8’, 8.2
  Tiān’ānmén           the Gate of Heavenly Peace                                                                                                          8.U
  Tianjin (Tiānjlng)   (a municipality and port in northeast China)                                                                                        8.5
  tian liàng           daybreak, dawn; to become light out                                                                                                 8.6
  Tian Tan             the Temple of Heaven                                                                                                                8.U
  tiào                 to jump, to leap                                                                                                                    7.3’
  tiáojiàn             conditions), circumstances                                                                                                          8.2
  tiáoyuē              treaty                                                                                                                              8.8
  tiáozi               a brief, informal note                                                                                                              8.1’
  tíchǔ                to raise/put forward/propose                                                                                                        8.2
  tíchulai             to bring up                                                                                                                         8.2
  tièlù                railroad                                                                                                                            8.7
  tígāo                to raise, to improve                                                                                                                8.2
  tímu (-mù)           topic, subject; title; exam question, test problem                                                                                  7.5
  ting                 to heed (advice), to obey (orders)                                                                                                  7.5
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------

  ----------- ---------------------------------------- ----------
  tīngdechǔ   to be able to distinguish by listening   8.1*
  tongjū      to cohabit; cohabitation                 7.2
  tóngyì      to consent, to agree                     7.5
  tíngyī      to become united; to unite, to unify;    8.6
              unification                              
  tour        head, chief, boss                        7.7*
  -tuán       group of people, society (bound form)    7.6, 8.1
  Tuan        the (Communist Youth) League             7.6
  tǔdì        land                                     7.U
  Tiíěrqí     Turkey                                   8.6*
  tuī         to push                                  8.7*
  tuōlājī     tractor                                  8.3
  tūpiàn      picture, photograph                      8.3
  Tz.’        Tsk (clicking sound with several         8.6
  ----------- ---------------------------------------- ----------

different uses: disappointment, admiration, hesitation, etc.)

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------- -----------
  wàigōng              grandfather, grandpa (maternal)           7.U*
  wàihuì               foreign exchange                          8.7*
  wàipo                grandmother, grandma (maternal)           7.1+*
  wàishāng             foreign businessman                       8.8*
  wàiwén               foreign language                          7.5*
  wānhuì               evening party; evening of entertainment   7.6*, 8.8
  w&nliàn wSnhūn       late involvement and late marriage        7.2*
  Wànll Changchéng     the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li         8.U
  -wèi                 place, position                           8.5
  wéidà                to be great (e.g., a leader)              8.U*
  wèile                in order to; for the purpose of; for      7.5
                       the sake of                               
  Wéiwúér              the Uygur (Uighur) nationality            8.6
  WénGé                the Cultural Revolution                   8.2*
  wénhuà               culture; schooling, education, literacy   7.1
  Wénhuà (Dà) Gémìng   the Cultural Revolution                   8.2*
  wénxuéj iā           writer, literary man                      7.6*
  wénzhāng             article, essay; prose style               7.2
  wénzì                writing, script, written language         8.6
  wSde tian na.'       my God.’                                  7.1*
  WuduS JInhuā         Five Golden Flowers (a film)              8.1*
  wǔjiào               noontime nap                              7.8
  Wuxi                 (a city in Jiāngsū province)              8.7*
  xì                   department (of a school)                  8.2*
  -xià                 under                                     7.6
  xiàndài              modern, contemporary; modern times        7.1*, 8.2
  xiàndàihuà           to become modernized; modernization;      8.2
                       modern(ized), sophisticated               
  xiāng                to sound, to make a sound                 7.1**
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------- -----------

  ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- -----------
  xiàng                   to be like, to resemble; like; such as   7.2
  xiàngbuchū              can't think up, can't come up with       7.2*
  xiāngdāng               quite, pretty, considerably              7.2
  xiàngdao                to think of                              7.3
  xiāngxìn                to believe (in); to trust, to be         7.7*, 8.6
                          certain, to be convinced (that)          
  xiàngzhe                to be thinking of, to have on one's      8.U
                          mind                                     
  xiānjin                 to be advanced                           8.3
  xiànjīn                 cash                                     8.3*
  xiànzhi                 to restrict, to limit; restriction,      8.8
                          limitation                               
  xiào                    young                                    7.1*
  xiào diàn(r) shēng(r)   a little more quietly                    7.8*
  xiāofèi                 to consume                               8.8
  xiāofèipīn              consumer goods                           8.8
  xiāofèizh?              consumer                                 8.8
  xiàolū                  efficiency                               8.8
  xiāomiè                 to exterminate/eliminate/wipe out/       8.7
                          stamp out                                
  xiào péngyou            little friend; kids                      7.U
  xiàoshun                to be filial; filial obedience           7.3
  xiàoshuō(r)             fiction, novel                           7.1
  xiāoxi                  news                                     8.8
  xià qí                  to play chess                            7.6
  -xiaqu                  (resultative ending which indicates      7.2
                          continuing an action)                    
  -xiaqu                  down (directional ending used for        7.3
                          eating or drinking down)                 
  XTbài                   the Northwest                            8.1
  xī dú                   to take drugs; drug taking               7.7
  Xīfāng                  the West                                 8.6*
  xíguàn                  habit, custom, usual practice; to be     7.5
                          accustomed to, to be used to             
  xīn                     heart; mind                              7.3
  -xing                   nature, -ness, -ity                      7.7
  xìngkuī                 fortunately, luckily                     7.U*
  xìngqu                  interest                                 7.2
  Xīnjiǎng                (an autonomous region of China)          8.1
  xìn jiao                to believe in a religion                 8.6*
  xīnkà                   to be arduous/tiring/hard work; to       8.3
                          work hard/go through hardships           
  xīnli                   in one's heart, in one's mind            7.1’
  xīnshàng                to appreciate/enjoy/admire               8.U
  xīnshì                  something weighing on one's mind,        7.1*
                          worry                                    
  xīnwén                  news                                     7.2
  "Xīnwén Jiànbào"        "News Summary"                           8.1*
  xīnvénpiǎn              newsreel                                 8.1*
  Xīnvén Zhōukān          Newsweek                                 7.2
  ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- -----------

  ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------
  xiū           to repair; to build (roads, reservoirs); to trim, to prune   8.U
  xuin          to choose, to select; to elect                               8.7
  xúduō         many, much                                                   8.5
  xué hào       to learn from good examples, to learn                        7.7’
                to be a good person                                          
  xuéhuì        to learn, to master                                          7.6’
  xuéqī         semester, term (of school)                                   7.1
  xuéshēnghuì   student association                                          7.1’
  xué yī        to study medicine                                            7.2
  xuéyuàn       (academic) institute                                         8.2*. 8.6*
  xuézh?        scholar                                                      8.1
  xùmuyè        livestock farming, animal husbandry                          8.6
  xùnliànbān    training class                                               7.6*
  xūyàoliàng    level of need/demand (for an item)                           8.U*
  ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------

  ---------------------- ------------------------------------ -----------------
  y&n dianyIng           to show a movie                      8.1*
  -yàng                  kind, sort (bound form)              8.7
  yán’gé                 to be strict, to be rigorous         8.2*
  yánhli                 along the coast, coastal             8.5
  yánjīng                eye                                  8.8
  yánjiū (-Jiu, -Jiù)    to study (in detail), to do          7.1
                         research on; research                
  yánjiūshěng            graduate student                     8.2
  yánzhe                 along(side)                          8.7
  yánzhòng               to be serious, to be grave           8.8
  yàoburan               otherwise                            8.2*, 8.7’
  yào kàn                to depend on                         7.8
  ySoqiú                 to require/request/demand            8.6*, 8.8*
  Yàzhǒu (Yá-)           Asia                                 7.1
  yèdà                   evening university                   7.6*
  yèdàxué                evening university                   8.7’
  yé gai                 really should                        7.U*
  ...yí hào, ...yè hSo   whether...or...; both...and...       7.5
  yè Jiù                 accordingly, correspondingly, so     7.5
  yéye                   grandfather (paternal)               7.1’, 7.U
  yèyú                   spare-time, after-hours, amateur     8.7
  yī                     medical science, medicine (used in   7.2
                         phrases like xué yi)                 
  yī                     as soon as                           7.1’, 7.U’, 8.8
  yi-                    (used before direction words to      8.7
                         mark direction with reference        
                         a point)                             
  -yì                    hundred million                      7.3
  yìbān lái shuǒ         generally speaking, ordinarily       8.5’
  yìbiǎn(r)...           doing...while doing...               7.1
  ---------------------- ------------------------------------ -----------------

ylbiān(r)...

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yìfǎngmiàn...,        | on the one hand...,   | 7.2                   |
|                       | on the other          |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yìfǎngmiàn...         | hand...; for one      |                       |
|                       | thing..., for         |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Yíhéyuán (Yì-)        | another thing...      | 8.1*                  |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       | the Summer Palace (in |                       |
|                       | Bōijìng)              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yìjiāzi               | one family; the whole | 7.8*                  |
|                       | family; the           |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yī..Jiù...            | same family as soon   | 8.8                   |
|                       | as                    |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yímiàn(r)...          | doing...while         | 7.1                   |
|                       | doing...              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yímiàn(r)...          | more and more every   | 8.3*                  |
|                       | year                  |                       |
| yìnián bl yìnián duō  |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yìnián sìjì           | in all four seasons   | 8.3*                  |
|                       | of the year,          |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yí shàng              | all year round above, | 8.7                   |
|                       | over (an amount)      |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yìshí                 | for the moment        | 8.1**                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yìshu                 | art                   | 8.1*                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| YIsīlán Jiào          | Islam                 | 8.6                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yìtiǎn dào wSn.       | all day long          | 7.3                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yīwéi                 | to think              | 8.1                   |
|                       | (mistakenly), to      |                       |
|                       | assume                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yíxià                 | under (an amount)     | 8.7                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yīxué                 | medical science,      | 7.2                   |
|                       | medicine              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yīyuàn                | hospital              | 7.3’                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yìzhí                 | all along,            | 7.2                   |
|                       | continuously, all the |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yònggōng              | time (up until a      | 7.3                   |
|                       | certain point) to be  |                       |
|                       | hardworking (in one’s |                       |
|                       | studies)              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu                   | excellent             | 7.5’                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu                   | to come up to (a      | 7.2’                  |
|                       | certain level)        |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu                   | also                  | 7.1*                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu                   | anyway; after all     | 7.8                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu bànfá, (duì...)   | to be able to deal    | 7.7                   |
|                       | with (something)      |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu bāngzhu           | to be helpful         | 7.2                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu dàoll             | to make sense         | 7.2                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōuéryuán             | kindergarten          | 7.5*, 8.7             |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu gulju             | to have manners, to   | 7.U                   |
|                       | be proper             |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōuhāo                | to be friendly, to be | 8.1**                 |
|                       | amicable              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yóulān                | to sightsee, to tour  | 8.1*                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu límào             | to be well mannered,  | 7.1*                  |
|                       | to be polite          |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu míng              | to be famous          | 8.1’                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu qián              | to be rich            | 7.1*                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu xiào              | to be effective; to   | 7.7                   |
|                       | be valid              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu xìngqu            | to be interested      | 7.2                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu yánjiǔ            | to have done research | 7.2                   |
|                       | on; to know           |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yōu yōng              | a lot about to be     | 7.3                   |
|                       | useful                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yǔ^                   | and (written style)   | 8.6*                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yuánlái               | original, former;     | 7.8                   |
|                       | originally,           |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yuànyi                | formerly; it turns    | 7.8                   |
|                       | out that..., so...J   |                       |
|                       | (expresses finding    |                       |
|                       | out the true          |                       |
|                       | situation             |                       |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       | to wish, would like,  |                       |
|                       | to want to;           |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| yuányīn               | to be willing to      | 7.6                   |
|                       | reason, cause         |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

  ---------------- --------------------------------- ------
  yúcháng          fishery                           8.7
  yuè lai yuè...   more and more..., increasingly    7.-2
  yuè...yuè...     the more...the more...            7.2
  yūfS             grammar                           8.2
  yùn              to transport, to ship, to carry   8.8
  Yúnnán           (a province of China)             8.1
  yùnqi            luck                              7.8
  yuyán            language                          8.1
  yǔyánxué         linguistics                       8.1
  yǔyánxuéjià      linguist                          8.1
  ---------------- --------------------------------- ------

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zài shuō              | furthermore, besides, | 7.5’, 7.8*            |
|                       | moreover              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ...zài shuō           | ...and then we’ll see | 8.1                   |
|                       | about it              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| z&o                   | a long time ago       | 7.3’                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| z&ohūn                | early marriage; child | 7.5                   |
|                       | marriage; to marry as |                       |
|                       | a child, to marry     |                       |
|                       | early                 |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zénme gàode           | what’s wrong; what’s  | 8.1’                  |
|                       | the matter; how come  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zánme (yì)huí shi     | what’s it all about   | 7.8                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zènme (yì)huí shi     | like this             | 7.8                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zéren (-rèn)          | responsibility        | 7.7                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhāi huā(r)           | to pick flowers       | 8.7’                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhàn                  | to occupy (space), to | 8.1                   |
|                       | take up (time);       |                       |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       | to make up, to        |                       |
|                       | constitute (an        |                       |
|                       | amount)               |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zháng                 | to grow               | 7.3                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhángdà               | to grow up            | 7.3                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhàngfu               | husband               | 7.5                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhànzhēng             | war                   | 7.U’, 8.2*, 8.6       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhSobudào             | can’t.find, to be     | 7.2*, 9.2             |
|                       | unable to find        |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhàogu                | to take care of; care | 7.5                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhàopiàn              | photograph            | 8.U*                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhèi yíxiàzi          | after this, as a      | 7.8                   |
|                       | result of this        |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Zhéjiāng (Zhejiang)   | (a province in        | 8.6                   |
|                       | eastern China)        |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhème (yì)huí shi     | like this             | 7.8                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhèng                 | Just, precisely,      | 7.5                   |
|                       | right                 |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhèngcè               | policy                | 7.6, 7.5’             |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhèngfú               | government            | 7.6, 7.U*             |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhénggè(r)            | whole, entire;        | 8.2                   |
|                       | completely, in        |                       |
|                       | entirety              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhènghXo(r)           | it Just so happens    | 7.8                   |
|                       | that, to happen to,   |                       |
|                       | as it happens; Just   |                       |
|                       | in time, Just right,  |                       |
|                       | Just enough           |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhéngqí               | to be neat, to be     | 8.U*                  |
|                       | tidy                  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhèngzhi              | politics; political   | 7.1                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhígōng               | staff and workers;    | 8.7                   |
|                       | worker or staff       |                       |
|                       | member                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhī hào               | can only, to have to, | 7.U                   |
|                       | to be forced to       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ...zhīj iSn           | between...            | 8.8’                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhiliàng (zhí-,zhī-)  | quality               | 8.2                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| zhīshi                | knowledge             | 7.2                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

zhī yào zhìzào zhìzàochāng -zhòng zhòng zhòng zhòngdián Zhōngdōng
Zhōngguō Guōjì

Lūxíngshg

Zhōngguō Lūxíngshè Zhōngguō Qīngnián Zhōnghuá Rénmín

Gònghéguó zhòng nán qīng nu

Zhōngshān Gōngyuán zhōngxīn Zhōngxuéshěng zhōngzú zhōukān zhuānjiā zhuàn
qián zhuānyè zhuānyèhuà zhǔrén zhùxialai

zhǔyào

-zhūyì zīběn zìcóng zirán

zirán kěxué zixué zìyōu zìyōu shìchāng zīyuán zizhìqū zōng

zōngde lái shuō zōnggōngchéngshī zōngjiào zōng mi anJi zōng shōurù
zōngtōng -zú

Module & Unit provided that, as long as                 7.7 7 £*

to manufacture

manufacturing plant, factory

^(ln)

to plant; to grow

to be heavy

focal point, emphasis; key

the Middle East

China International Travel Service*

(CITS)

China Travel Service (CTS)

China Youth (a periodical)*

People's Republic of China*

to regard males as superior

to females

Sun Yatsen Park*

center, heart, core, hub; central

High School Student (a periodical)*

race; racial

weekly publication, weekly magazine

specialist, expert

to earn money, to make money

special line/field/discipline

to specialize; specialization

host; master*

to move and stay (in a place), to*

settle down

major, main, essential; mainly,          7.5*, 8.1

essentially

-ism, doctrine (bound form)

capital*

ever since*

nature; to be natural; naturally; in

the normal course of events natural sciences

to study by oneself*

freedom; to be free

free market                                    7 • 5 *

(natural) resources

autonomous region

always; inevitably, without

exception; after all, in any case

generally speaking, on the whole

chief engineer*

(organized) religion

total area*

total income*

president*

nationality

Module & Unit

zui zuì zuìJin

zuo

-zuò zuòbuliío zuò llbài

zuòxia zuòyè zǔzhi

mouth*

crime; guilt

lately, recently; the near future,

soon

to be, to act as

(counter for massive objects)*

to be unable to do**

to worship, to attend a religious        7-7*,*

service

to sit down

homework*

to organize; organization

25

¹

He really is.

²

The five autonomous regions (AR) are

Nèiměnggū Zìzhìqū

Níngxià Huízú Zìzhìqū

Xinjiang Weiwúēr Zìzhìqū Gu&ngxī Zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū Xīzàng Zìzhìqū