FSI-Chinese/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE article>
<article
  xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" >
  <info>
    <title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Resource Module - Student
Text</title>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Foreign Service</firstname>
        <surname>Institute</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </info>
  <para>
    CM 0102 S
  </para>
  <para>
    <superscript>1</superscript> STANDARD CHINESE
  </para>
  <para>
    A MODULAR APPROACH
  </para>
  <para>
    RESOURCE MODULES:
  </para>
  <para>
    PRONUNCIATION and ROMANIZATION
  </para>
  <para>
    NUMBERS
  </para>
  <para>
    CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS fl
  </para>
  <para>
    TIME and DATES
  </para>
  <para>
    SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE
  </para>
  <para>
    UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
  </para>
  <para>
    This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing
    military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident
    and nonresident), Inquiries concerning the use of materials,
    including requests for copies, should be addressed to:
  </para>
  <para>
    Defense Language Institute
  </para>
  <para>
    Foreign Language Center
  </para>
  <para>
    NonresidentTraining Division
  </para>
  <para>
    Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006
  </para>
  <para>
    Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc
    which may be considered as controversial from some points of view,
    are sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC
    students since military personnel may find themselves in positions
    where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of
    this nature will be essential to their mission The presence of
    controversial statements-whether real or apparent--m DLIFLC
    materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of
    the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.
  </para>
  <para>
    Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC
    instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and
    meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based
    solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not
    constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor
    is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and
    businesses not mentioned
  </para>
  <para>
    In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both
    masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to
    translations of foreign language texts.
  </para>
  <para>
    The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces.
    Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for
    reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products
    distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting
    without prior approval from the DLIFLC.
  </para>
  <para>
    STANDARD CHINESE
  </para>
  <para>
    A MODULAR APPROACH
  </para>
  <para>
    RESOURCE MODULES:
  </para>
  <para>
    PRONUNCIATION and ROMANIZATION
  </para>
  <para>
    NUMBERS
  </para>
  <para>
    CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS
  </para>
  <para>
    TIME and DATES
  </para>
  <para>
    AUGUST 1979
  </para>
  <para>
    <anchor id="caption1" />
  </para>
  <section xml:id="preface">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark0" /><anchor id="bookmark1" />PREFACE</title>
    <para>
      Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an Inter-agency
      conference held at the Foreign 5ērvice Institute in August 1973 to
      address the need’ genera! ly felt in the U.S. Government language
      training community for Improving and updating Chinese materials to
      reflect current usage in BēljTng and in Taipei.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible
      enough Tn form and content to meet the requirements of a wide
      range of government agencies and academic institutions.
    </para>
    <para>
      A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of
      the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the
      Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service
      institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency,
      and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian
      Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have Included
      Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Ēoag CCIA); Colonel John
      F. Elder Hi, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Glbian, and Major Bernard
      Mulier-Thym (DU); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI);
      Kazuo Shltama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE);
      and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozorlz (CFFLS) .
    </para>
    <para>
      The Project Board set up the Chinese Cora Curriculum Project in
      1974 in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of
      the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and
      other assistance.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning
      council was formed consisting of Mr, Kok, Frances LI of the
      Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of
      Texas, Eari M. RIckerson of the Language Learning Center, and
      James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A.
      Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W.
      Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan
      of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning
      council and contributed material to the project. The planning
      council drew up the original overall design for the materials and
      met regularly to review their development.
    </para>
    <para>
      Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T.
      Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in
      close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese
      staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the
      instructional formats of the comprehension and production
      self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based
      classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A.
      Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student
      text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C, PoI a had Joined the
      staff. Led by Ms. Baraìe, they have worked as a team to produce
      the materials subsequent to Module 6.
    </para>
    <para>
      All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0.
      Chao, Ylng-chlh Chen, Hslao-jung Chi, Eva Dlao, Jan Hu, Tsung-ml
      LI, and Yunhul C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by
      Chleh-fang Ou Lee, Ylng-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna
      Affholder, Me I -1 I Chen, and Henry Khuo helped In the
      preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.
    </para>
    <para>
      Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
      Basclano, Lisa A, Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T, C.
      Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C, Pola, and Kathleen Strype,
    </para>
    <para>
      The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez
      of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio, The Chinese
      script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr, Chen, Ms. Dlao, Ms.
      Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by
      Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basclano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms.
      Strype.
    </para>
    <para>
      The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign
      Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general
      supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
    </para>
    <para>
      Standard Chinese: A Modular .Approach was field-tested with the
      cooperation of Brown University? th&quot;e~~Def ense Language
      Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute;
      the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy
      the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia,
    </para>
    <para>
      Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster,
      Commandants of the Defense Language institute, Foreign Language
      Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of
      this edition of the course materials. This support Included
      coordination, graphic arts, editing, typing, proofreading,
      printing, and materials necessary to carry out these tasks.
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-1.jpg" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="contents">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark2" /><anchor id="bookmark3" />CONTENTS</title>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark4"><subscript>Sffl</subscript>
                         Preface.....................</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark5">Introduction ....</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark6"><superscript>(</superscript>&gt;
                         Tape : Workbook (Tones).........,</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark7">Tape 2 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels
      I) ...... .</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark8">Tape 3 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels
      II)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark9">Tape 4 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels
      III)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark10">Tape 5 Workbook (Consonants and Vowels
      IV)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Tape 6 Workbook (Tones In Combination) ........ 19
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark11">El Tone Card</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark12"><superscript>in</superscript>
                        Summary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark13">Tones</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark14">Consonants and Vowels .....
      ..........</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark15">I .   Finals</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark16">i I .   initials .....</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark17">Sentence Intonation</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Is,                Appendices
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark18">I: List of initials</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark19">•               II: List of
      Finals</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark20">NUMBERS I ntroduct Ion</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark21">h                   Tape I Workbook
      (Numbers 1-6)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark22">-                  Tape 2 Workbook
      (Numbers 7-10 and 0)  ...</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Tape 3 Workbook (Numbers 11-99)........... , 57
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark23">my                 Tape 4 Workbook
      (Numbers 1-99, Review) </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark24">Tape 5 Workbook (Numbers 100-999)
      </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Tape 6 Workbook (Numbers 1,000-99,999) ........ 63
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark25">Summary .</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark26">CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark27">TIME AND DATES Introduction ...........
      </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark28">Tape 1 Workbook (Dates) .....
      ...........</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark29">Tape 2 Workbook (Years and Days of the
      Weak)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark30">Tape 3 Workbook (Clock Time)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Tape 4 Workbook (Ciock Time and Parts of the Day) ... 64
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark31">Summary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-2.jpg" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject><anchor id="caption2" />
    </para>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="pronunciation-and-romanization-pr">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark32" /><anchor id="bookmark33" />PRONUNCIATION
    and ROMANIZATION (P&amp;R)</title>
    <section xml:id="introduction">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark5" /><anchor id="bookmark34" />INTRODUCTION</title>
      <para>
        Your chief concern as you start this course Is learning to
        pronounce Chinese, The Orientation Module, which plunges you
        right Into trying to say things in Chinese, naturally involves a
        certain amount of pronunciation work. This resource module is
        designed to supplement that work with a brief, systematic
        Introduction to the sound system of Standard Chinese, as well as
        to Its written representation in PTnyTn roman 1zation,
      </para>
      <para>
        The essential part of this module consists of the Pronunciation
        and Romanization CP&amp;R) tapes and the accompanying displays
        and exorcises in the workbook section of this module. You should
        work through at least the first four of these tapes, and
        preferably the first six, while you are studying the Orientation
        ModuIe .
      </para>
      <para>
        Following the workbook section of this module, you will find a
        summary of pronunciation and romanization. You might want to
        glance at this before starting the tapes, particularly to locate
        certain charts and lists which could be helpful for reference.
        But it would probably be better to put off studying the summary
        until after you have finished the tapes. The tapes are Intended
        as an introduction, while the summary is not. For one thing,
        text discussions of the sounds of the language cannot equal the
        recorded presentations and your teacher’s oral presentations.
        For another thing, the summary provides considerably more
        Information than you wíi! need or want at first,
      </para>
      <para>
        Both the tapes and the summary contain discussions of the sounds
        of the language and their spellings. You may find that these
        discussions offer useful hints, allowing you to put your
        intellect to work on the problems of pronunciation and
        romanization, However, particularly in pronunciation, most of
        your learning must come from doing. it Is important to practice
        . reading and writing the romanization, but it is vital to
        practice recognizing and producing the sounds of the language.
        Serious and sustained attempts to mimic, as fa 1thfuiIy-as
        possible, either your Instructor or the speakers on the tapes
        will allow you to pick up unconsciously far more than you can
        attend to consc i ous I y.
      </para>
      <para>
        The most Important thing for you to do Is to abandon the
        phonetic '’prejudices&quot; you have built up as a speaker of
        English and surrender yourself to the sounds of Chinese, Being
        less set than adults Tn their ways, children are quicker to pick
        up a proper accent. Try to regress to the phonetic
        suggestibility of childhood, however hard it is to shed the safe
        and comfortable rigidity and certainty of adulthood. Ths most
        your intellect can supply is a certain amount of guidance and
        monitoring.
      </para>
      <para>
        Be sure to repeat the words and sentences on the tapes In your
        full normal speaking voice, or even louder, as If you were
        speaking to someone at a reasonable distance. When you speak to
        yourself under your breath, you are considerably less precise In
        your pronunciation than when you speak aloud. This Is all right
        In English, since you can already pronounce the language. But,
        In Chinese, you would not be practicing that skill which you are
        trying to develop, and you would find yourself at a loss when
        you tried to switch to full volume in class.
      </para>
      <para>
        One of the advantages an adult has over a child In learning a
        language Is the ability to make use of e written representation
        of It. In this course you learn the PTnyTn system of
        romanization at the same time that you are learn i ng the sound
        system of Standard Chinese. (The nona Iphabet I c system of
        written characters Is taught as a separate component of the
        course.) You will find that PTnyTn is not the simplest possible
        phonetic transcription. Some of the letters and combinations of
        letters chosen to represent the sounds of Chinese are not the
        most obvious ones. While consonant letters generally stand for
        fixed consonant sounds, vowel letters can stand for various
        vowel sounds, depending on what letters precede them and follow
        them. Some of the abbreviation rules are more trouble than they
        are worth at first. These drawbacks--whI ch are actually
        relatively minor compared with those of most spelling
        systems--stem from the fact that PTnyTn was designed for
        speakers of Chinese, not for speakers of English. The primary
        consideration In devising the system was the most efficient use
        of the letters of the Roman alphabet to represent the sounds of
        Chinese. The drawbacks to learning PTnyTn are considerably
        outweighed by the advantage that PTnyTn is widely taught and
        used as a supplementary script In the People's Republic of
        China. You are learning PTnyTn not merely as an aid during the
        first few weeks of the course, but also as one of the ways
        Chinese Is actually written, and as what may well represent the
        wave of the future.
      </para>
      <para>
        NOTE: A number of surnames used in this module are rare. Some
        may even be unfamiliar to most Chinese, although all are
        authentic. These rare surnames are used to Illustrate various
        contrasts In sound and spelling.
      </para>
      <para>
        ♦
      </para>
      <para>
        TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (TONES)
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY I: THE FOUR TONES
      </para>
      <para>
        HIGH
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-3.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        mǎ, &quot;horse&quot;
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-4.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-5.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        FALLING
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-6.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        mà, <superscript>,T</superscript>+o scold&quot;
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Exercise I: F5ng vs. Fáng
      </para>
      <para>
        I . Fang      2. Fang      3.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Fang     7. Fang     S.
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Fang    4. Fang 5. Fang
      </para>
      <para>
        Fang     9. Fang    IO. Fang
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="10">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Exercise 2:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  WSI vs
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  . Wěi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ■■
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 . Wei
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  We i
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wei
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  We I
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wei
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6. Wei
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  We I
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fl.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  We I
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wei
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wei
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Exercise 3:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  M f vs.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  — “
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 . Mi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ml
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ml
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MI
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6* Mi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fl.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ml
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ml
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Exercise 4:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wú vs.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 . Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5 ,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6. Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ■ fl.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wu
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Exercise 5:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YTn vs
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  . Yìn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ---—a
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I . Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6. Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fl.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  IO.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Exercise ō:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lái vs
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  . Làǐ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 . Lai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lai
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Laí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Laí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lai
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6. La i
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Laí
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lal
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Laf
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lal
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Exercise 7:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hāo vs
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  . Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1. Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2. Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5. Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6. Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Exercise B:
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YT vs.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Y í vs,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  vs. Yì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  —
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  '—■&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ■
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 . Yi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6. Yl
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yl
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yi
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  II. Yi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  14.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  15.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yl
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ifl. YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  17,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  18.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  19.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YI
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  20.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yi
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS I)
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY I: SINGLE VOWELS
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ch Inese Surname
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  S i m11 ar Sound in English
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Or i entat i on Module Examp 1e
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fffng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Oki nawa
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tSF
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tahiti
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nī
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mono lulu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hú
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hóng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  woman
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tóngzhl
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ēn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ch J cken
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ne
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exerclse 1
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="8">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H____ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H____ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H___ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H___ng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H___ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H___ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H___ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H____ng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H____ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H__ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H___ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  H___ng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exercise 2
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="10">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MS
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yǐ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fti
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lóng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Há’’
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  F3ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ēn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Y6ng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I 1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MS ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  in
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yin
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  14.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ming
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  15.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hóng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        DISPLAY II: DIPHTHONGS
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ch Inese Surname
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  S 1 m I1 ar Sound In English (with PTnyTn)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Or Ien + atI on Modu1e Examp 1e
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <superscript>L</superscript>ÌL
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shanghai (Shanghai )
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  tàj_tal
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ta 1 pe 1 (Tái t&gt;S_í_)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  shé 1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mao Tse-Tung (Máo Zédōng)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h So
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lóu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Chou En-lal (ZhCu Enlál)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  nS izh5u
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        Fě I
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        Máo
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hóu
      </para>
      <para>
        5 .
      </para>
      <para>
        He
      </para>
      <para>
        I .
      </para>
      <para>
        Màl
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hú
      </para>
      <para>
        7.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hā
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        Lè 1
      </para>
      <para>
        9.
      </para>
      <para>
        Lóu
      </para>
      <para>
        10.
      </para>
      <para>
        Měng
      </para>
      <para>
        1 1 .
      </para>
      <para>
        Méi
      </para>
      <para>
        12.
      </para>
      <para>
        LSo
      </para>
      <para>
        13.
      </para>
      <para>
        Lóng
      </para>
      <para>
        14.
      </para>
      <para>
        LT
      </para>
      <para>
        15.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ou
      </para>
      <para>
        16.
      </para>
      <para>
        W5I
      </para>
      <para>
        17.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ēn
      </para>
      <para>
        18.
      </para>
      <para>
        Nàī
      </para>
      <para>
        19.
      </para>
      <para>
        Yóng
      </para>
      <para>
        20.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hào
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY III: SEMIVOWELS
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Consonant A 1 one
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Semivowe1 A 1 one
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Consonant
                </para>
                <para>
                  Plus Semivowel
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Orientation
                </para>
                <para>
                  Modu1e
                </para>
                <para>
                  Examp 1e
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Háng
                </para>
                <para>
                  L,án
                </para>
                <para>
                  Máo
                </para>
                <para>
                  Láng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wáng
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wán
                </para>
                <para>
                  Yáo
                </para>
                <para>
                  Yáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hu_áng Li^án MJ_áo L^áng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Gi^Sngzhōu
                </para>
                <para>
                  xj_áoj I e
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exercise 4
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="10">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Láng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yáng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  L1 áng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Luán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MIfeo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lifeo
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  11.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huá
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huá i
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  L 1 áng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  14.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Luán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  15.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Líào
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        DISPLAY IV: IRREGULAR COMBINATIONS OF SEMIVOWEL AND VOWEL
      </para>
      <para>
        Vowel Alone
      </para>
      <para>
        Semivowel Pius Vowel
      </para>
      <para>
        Or 1entatIon Module Examp 1e
      </para>
      <para>
        Initial
      </para>
      <para>
        After Consonant
      </para>
      <para>
        E
      </para>
      <para>
        An
      </para>
      <para>
        Lóng
      </para>
      <para>
        Yfe
      </para>
      <para>
        Yán
      </para>
      <para>
        Wò
      </para>
      <para>
        Life
      </para>
      <para>
        Líán
      </para>
      <para>
        Luò
      </para>
      <para>
        X 1 fe X 1 6
      </para>
      <para>
        Dfen 1 án
      </para>
      <para>
        w6
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 5
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="10">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yfe
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Life
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  L 1 án
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Luò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  LI áng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lóng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  N I fe
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hé *
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  II.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  An
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  14.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yfe
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  15.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  N 1 án
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  16.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  17.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  È
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  18.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Luò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  19.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  L 1 án
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  20.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Life
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exercise 6
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="10">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fffng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lfiu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Máo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YT
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wfel
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  M t ào
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Luò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Lá 1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wú
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hóng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  L 1 áng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Luán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  14.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wò
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  15.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yán
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  18.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yáng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  17.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  L I án
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Life
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  19.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hé
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  20.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yfe
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exercise 7
      </para>
      <para>
        1 .
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript>F</superscript>____<superscript>n</superscript>9
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        M______
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        7 .
      </para>
      <para>
        %
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        L
      </para>
      <para>
        9.
      </para>
      <para>
        __n
      </para>
      <para>
        IO.
      </para>
      <para>
        ng
      </para>
      <para>
        1 1 .
      </para>
      <para>
        L       n
      </para>
      <para>
        12.
      </para>
      <para>
        H___ng
      </para>
      <para>
        13.
      </para>
      <para>
        L ng
      </para>
      <para>
        14.
      </para>
      <para>
        Si
      </para>
      <para>
        15.
      </para>
      <para>
        L
      </para>
      <para>
        16.
      </para>
      <para>
        L
      </para>
      <para>
        17.
      </para>
      <para>
        H , _ng
      </para>
      <para>
        IS.
      </para>
      <para>
        L________
      </para>
      <para>
        19.
      </para>
      <para>
        _____n
      </para>
      <para>
        20.
      </para>
      <para>
        L_______
      </para>
      <para>
        TAPE 3 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS II)
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise I
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="10">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ā___
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fá___
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fá___
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nó___
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <emphasis role="smallcaps">mS_</emphasis>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  W3___
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yl___
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Llá___
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MT___
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Llá
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  W5
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huá
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yì
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  14.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ná
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  15.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Huá
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        DISPLAY I: STOPS
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="5">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Unasp 1 rated
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Asp I rated
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Or ì entatI on
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Mode Ie
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Examp 1es
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  BSn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  P3n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  BSoIán
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  TàIg_íng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Yáng<anchor id="footnote1" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark35">1</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  DO ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tōng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Dan 1án
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  t3
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  63
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  K5
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  MS ?2_u6
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  KUnni f ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  -
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exercise 2
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="8">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ___Sn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ___Sn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  __Sng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  __ōng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3n
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  _5ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  S
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ___3n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ___3
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        ExercIse 3
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="8">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Be I
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Gōu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Péng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Kòng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  DTng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Plan
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Táo
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Kāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Dal
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  B I é
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Guó
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        DISPLAY it: AFFRICATES
      </para>
      <para>
        Unasp I rated
      </para>
      <para>
        Asp 1 rated
      </para>
      <para>
        Orientation Module Examples
      </para>
      <para>
        Retrof1 ex
      </para>
      <para>
        Palatal
      </para>
      <para>
        Denta1
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        J I Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Zāng
      </para>
      <para>
        ChSng QJ áng C5ng
      </para>
      <para>
        tóngzhl
              ChéngdE<anchor id="footnote2" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark36">2</link></superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        JJàn          gT
      </para>
      <para>
        záo
                  Cīngzhōu<superscript><link linkend="bookmark36">2</link></superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY III: /r/ AND THE RETROFLEX POSITION
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Orientation Module Example
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Rú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ch ú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  rén    tóngzhl
                      ChéngdCT<superscript><link linkend="bookmark36">2</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        DISPLAY IV: THE PALATAL POSITION
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  YT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  JT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  QT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Numbers Resource Module Examples yT (one) j I ǔ (nine)
                  qt (seven)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exerc i
      </para>
      <para>
        se 4
      </para>
      <para>
        Retrof1 ex
      </para>
      <para>
        Pal ata 1
      </para>
      <para>
        Retrof1 ex     Pa i ata 1
      </para>
      <para>
        1.
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        J ī ang
      </para>
      <para>
        7, Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        J i Bng
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        Z lying
      </para>
      <para>
        J i 3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        3. Zhíng
      </para>
      <para>
        J I Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        .J i a n g
      </para>
      <para>
        9. Z'hāng
      </para>
      <para>
        J i 3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        4,
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiang
      </para>
      <para>
        10. Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        Ji3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zh3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        J í 3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        11« Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        J i ang
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        J ì ang
      </para>
      <para>
        fZ. Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        J 1 3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 5
      </para>
      <para>
        í .
      </para>
      <para>
        Zh3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        2, Jiang
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        Q
      </para>
      <para>
        iáng 4. ChBng 5. JT
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        QT
      </para>
      <para>
        7. Rú
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zh£í      9. Chu
      </para>
      <para>
        10. Zhào
      </para>
      <para>
        i ! .
      </para>
      <para>
        Qíán
      </para>
      <para>
        12. Ren
      </para>
      <para>
        13,
      </para>
      <para>
        Chén 14, Jía
      </para>
      <para>
        15* R6ng
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise □
      </para>
      <para>
        Retraf1 ex
      </para>
      <para>
        Pa 1 ata 1
      </para>
      <para>
        De n t a j_
      </para>
      <para>
        Retref 1 ex
      </para>
      <para>
        Pa I ata i Penta 1
      </para>
      <para>
        1 .
      </para>
      <para>
        Zh3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        J 1 Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Zang
      </para>
      <para>
        7, Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        JÌSng    Zāng
      </para>
      <para>
        2,
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        J J Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Zing
      </para>
      <para>
        8. Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiang zang
      </para>
      <para>
        3,
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        J 1 3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        Zang
      </para>
      <para>
        9, ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        Jiang    Zāng
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        J i3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        Zang
      </para>
      <para>
        10. ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        J ISng     ZSng
      </para>
      <para>
        j.
      </para>
      <para>
        ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        J īang
      </para>
      <para>
        Zang
      </para>
      <para>
        I 1 . ZhSng
      </para>
      <para>
        J 13ng     ZBng
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhang
      </para>
      <para>
        J I Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        ZSng
      </para>
      <para>
        12. ZhSng ,
      </para>
      <para>
        J 1Sng     Z3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 7
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="10">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 ,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ZhSng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  J ì 3ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ZSng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Chāng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Q 1 éng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Gang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ZCu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Cáo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Chén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhào
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 *
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Qian
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  JTn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Rén
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  14.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  QT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  15.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ch ū
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  16.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zhú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  i 7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Rú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  18.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  JT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  19,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  CM
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  20.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ze 1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        Exercise 8
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="8">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ___5ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ___Sng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  __1 Sng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  __’áng
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ___5ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ___5rg
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  __________ú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <subscript>_</subscript>___áo
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  TSn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  _én
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ǎi
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  _T
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  !4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  _én
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  15,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  àl
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  16,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  _ào
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  17,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Tn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  18,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ________□
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  19,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  _____5u
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  20.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  _______T
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        <anchor id="bookmark37" />TAPE 4 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS
        lit)
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY I: AFFRICATES AND FRICATIVES
      </para>
      <para>
        AtfrI cates
      </para>
      <para>
        Fricatives
      </para>
      <para>
        Retrof1 ex
      </para>
      <para>
        Zji3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        ChSng
      </para>
      <para>
        ShSng
      </para>
      <para>
        Pa 1 ata 1
      </para>
      <para>
        J I Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        2J Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Denta1
      </para>
      <para>
        £Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Cāng
      </para>
      <para>
        S3 ng
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise í: ShSng vē. X ISng
      </para>
      <para>
        Retrof1 ex
      </para>
      <para>
        Pa 1 ata 1
      </para>
      <para>
        RetrofI ex
      </para>
      <para>
        Fa 1 ata 1
      </para>
      <para>
        í.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Ing
      </para>
      <para>
        e.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shíng
      </para>
      <para>
        Xiang
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        ShSng
      </para>
      <para>
        Xling
      </para>
      <para>
        7.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        Xllng
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        ShSng
      </para>
      <para>
        Xling
      </para>
      <para>
        a.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        S filing
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        9.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        XÍBng
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        10.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        Xling
      </para>
      <para>
        ExercI
      </para>
      <para>
        se 2;
      </para>
      <para>
        ìhSng vs, XISng vs.
      </para>
      <para>
        Sing
      </para>
      <para>
        *
      </para>
      <para>
        Ratrof J bx
      </para>
      <para>
        Pa I ata I
      </para>
      <para>
        Penta L
      </para>
      <para>
        RetrofI ex
      </para>
      <para>
        Pa 1 ata 1 Penta 1
      </para>
      <para>
        i .
      </para>
      <para>
        Sh3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        Xling
      </para>
      <para>
        Sing
      </para>
      <para>
        e.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        Xiang
      </para>
      <para>
        S3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ēhíng
      </para>
      <para>
        Xling
      </para>
      <para>
        S3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        7.
      </para>
      <para>
        ShSng
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Sing
      </para>
      <para>
        3,
      </para>
      <para>
        S h in g
      </para>
      <para>
        XI ing
      </para>
      <para>
        Sing
      </para>
      <para>
        8,
      </para>
      <para>
        ShSng
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Sing
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Sing
      </para>
      <para>
        9.
      </para>
      <para>
        ShSng
      </para>
      <para>
        XlSng
      </para>
      <para>
        Sing
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        XI Sng
      </para>
      <para>
        Sāng
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript>í0</superscript>-
      </para>
      <para>
        ShSng
      </para>
      <para>
        Xīing
      </para>
      <para>
        Sāng
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        1 *
      </para>
      <para>
        Shing
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        Xlāng 3.
      </para>
      <para>
        S3ng
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        SO      5.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shd     6.
      </para>
      <para>
        XTn
      </para>
      <para>
        7.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shào
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        Xlāo 9,
      </para>
      <para>
        Sòng
      </para>
      <para>
        ÍO.
      </para>
      <para>
        Xi à IL
      </para>
      <para>
        Su3 12.
      </para>
      <para>
        Shen
      </para>
      <para>
        Pi
      </para>
      <para>
        Exerclse 4
      </para>
      <para>
        I. Zhao   2. XI3o   3. Cáo     4. Shào    5. Qiáo    6. JiSo
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. Cháo   3. Suǒ    9. Zuò    10. Càl    II. ShQ    12, XTn
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            13. ZSng  14. Chú    15. JTn    16. Song   17, Zh3u   IB.
            Qfn
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <section xml:id="display-ii-fricatives">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark38" /><anchor id="bookmark39" />DISPLAY
        II: FRICATIVES</title>
        <para>
          ShT                   XT                    ST
        </para>
        <para>
          Exerclse 5:
        </para>
        <para>
          XT vs. ST vs. ShT
        </para>
        <para>
          ——— - —
        </para>
        <para>
          —.—--
        </para>
        <para>
          1 . ShT
        </para>
        <para>
          2. XT
        </para>
        <para>
          3. ST      4. XT      5. ST      6. ShT
        </para>
        <para>
          7. ST
        </para>
        <para>
          3. ShT
        </para>
        <para>
          9. XT     10. ST     11. XT     12. ShT
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-iii">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark40" /><anchor id="bookmark41" />DISPLAY
        III</title>
        <para>
          Rì běn
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 6
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="12">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2. ChT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rì<anchor id="footnote3" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark42">3</link></superscript>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    or
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7. JT
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9. LT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ST
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    zT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cf<superscript><link linkend="bookmark42">3</link></superscript>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 3,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    QT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    14. ChT
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    15.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ST
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    16. Mi
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    17.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    18.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    19.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    JT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Df
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    21.
                    Rì<superscript><link linkend="bookmark42">3</link></superscript>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    22.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cf<superscript><link linkend="bookmark42">3</link></superscript>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    23. XT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    24.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    25.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    M í
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise 7
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    _______T
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ________T
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ______T
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ___3ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ____i 5 rig
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ___Sng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ___3ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ___Sng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    _l Sng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    __1 áng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ___3ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ___3ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise 8
        </para>
        <para>
          1 30
        </para>
        <para>
          Pn
        </para>
        <para>
          n
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I.                      ________________
        </para>
        <para>
          4, c h ~
        </para>
        <para>
          7. i j;_______
        </para>
        <para>
          10. z _______
        </para>
        <para>
          15. z J
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          2, zh_2____
        </para>
        <para>
          5. ch ______
        </para>
        <para>
          8, ch 2
        </para>
        <para>
          11. ch 2__
        </para>
        <para>
          I 4 , y 2
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          5- q_________
        </para>
        <para>
          6, th_2____
        </para>
        <para>
          9,      ______
        </para>
        <para>
          12. zh_2____
        </para>
        <para>
          15. z_________
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          J T
        </para>
        <para>
          ChT
        </para>
        <para>
          Rì*
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          TAPE 5 WORKBOOK (CONSONANTS AND VOWELS IV)
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY I
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ēn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wōn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hūn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    HuSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fè í
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wèf
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Gul
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guèl
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hòu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    You
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Llū
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    LIŌu
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          DISPLAY H
        </para>
        <para>
          Yōu
        </para>
        <para>
          L T ú
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Yòu l r ìj
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY III
        </para>
        <para>
          Wò
        </para>
        <para>
          Luò
        </para>
        <para>
          Mò
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 1
        </para>
        <para>
          1 . W3n
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          Hūn
        </para>
        <para>
          3. Wèl
        </para>
        <para>
          4.
        </para>
        <para>
          Gul
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          YÒu
        </para>
        <para>
          6. L1Ǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          Luò
        </para>
        <para>
          3. Mò
        </para>
        <para>
          9.
        </para>
        <para>
          Lún
        </para>
        <para>
          10.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nlú
        </para>
        <para>
          II. Rul
        </para>
        <para>
          12.
        </para>
        <para>
          Bó
        </para>
        <para>
          13. CuT
        </para>
        <para>
          14.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chūn
        </para>
        <para>
          15.
        </para>
        <para>
          QI ú
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          %.
        </para>
        <para>
          ■%
        </para>
        <para>
          1 ,
        </para>
        <para>
          n
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          n        3.
        </para>
        <para>
          4.
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          *
        </para>
        <para>
          1                7.
        </para>
        <para>
          1
        </para>
        <para>
          8.
        </para>
        <para>
          9. 9____
        </para>
        <para>
          13. ।
        </para>
        <para>
          10.
        </para>
        <para>
          _________'                  I 1 .
        </para>
        <para>
          n
        </para>
        <para>
          12.
        </para>
        <para>
          14.
        </para>
        <para>
          ___2_n    15.
        </para>
        <para>
          16.
        </para>
        <para>
          1_________________________
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY IV
        </para>
        <para>
          Li
        </para>
        <para>
          Lǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          Exerc i se
        </para>
        <para>
          3
        </para>
        <para>
          a
        </para>
        <para>
          I .
        </para>
        <para>
          LI
        </para>
        <para>
          Lǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          Lu
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          -
        </para>
        <para>
          Lǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          Lū
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          Lǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          Lǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          V
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          0.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          Lǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          4.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          LG
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          9.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          Lǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          LI
        </para>
        <para>
          Lū
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          IO.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          LǓ
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercl se
        </para>
        <para>
          4
        </para>
        <para>
          1 .
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          Lǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          4.
        </para>
        <para>
          LǓ
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          LÌJ
        </para>
        <para>
          0.
        </para>
        <para>
          LU
        </para>
        <para>
          9.
        </para>
        <para>
          LT
        </para>
        <para>
          0.
        </para>
        <para>
          LǓ
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY V
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="1">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YÚ             Yuè             YUán             YUn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          DISPLAY VI
        </para>
        <para>
          Yfe
        </para>
        <para>
          Wán
        </para>
        <para>
          Wén
        </para>
        <para>
          m
        </para>
        <para>
          YUán
        </para>
        <para>
          YÚn
        </para>
        <para>
          Yán
        </para>
        <para>
          YUán
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 5
        </para>
        <para>
          1. Shǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          Sǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          xù
        </para>
        <para>
          4.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wú
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          YÚ
        </para>
        <para>
          6. Zǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhú
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          JÚ
        </para>
        <para>
          9.
        </para>
        <para>
          Chú
        </para>
        <para>
          10.
        </para>
        <para>
          QÚ
        </para>
        <para>
          1
        </para>
        <para>
          . Mìi
        </para>
        <para>
          12.
        </para>
        <para>
          YÚ
        </para>
        <para>
          13.
        </para>
        <para>
          Ju
        </para>
        <para>
          14.
        </para>
        <para>
          QÚ
        </para>
        <para>
          15.
        </para>
        <para>
          XÚ
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 6
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    xù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Xú'ān
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shuàng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ChUn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    jUn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yliè
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    què
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    IO.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    LU
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lú
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YU
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    13.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    JU
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    14.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yìlán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    15.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    QUán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    16.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yun
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-vii">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark43" /><anchor id="bookmark44" />DISPLAY
        VII</title>
        <para>
        </para>
      </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        òr
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        TAPE 6 WORKBOOK (TONES IN COMBINATION)
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-7.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        f 51 le
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        DISPLAY I: THE NEUTRAL TONE
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-8.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-9.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        ExercIse I
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="12">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  FSi
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fél
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fěl
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ffel
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fě 1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fél
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ffel
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  F51
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  le
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fél
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fèl
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 a
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  FSÍ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Fél
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        DISPLAY II: THE HALF THIRD TONE
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-10.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        Té ì běI
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-11.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        BělJTng YSngp I ng BSodlng
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <section xml:id="display-iii-the-raised-third-tone">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark45" /><anchor id="bookmark46" />DISPLAY
        III: THE RAISED THIRD TONE</title>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-12.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-13.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          NánhSl             BělhSl
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Thibet
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Be i JTng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yóngp íng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BelhSl
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bāodlng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Be 1hǎ1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Be IJTng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tálbèi
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Be Ihǎ1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BSodlng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YÓngping
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    i2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Be i hǎI
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          DISPLAY IV: TWO-TONE SEQUENCES (1)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="6">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    0
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShínxT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ktfnmí ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XIBnggSng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    KSIhuà
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    FBI le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YSn'ín
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Y 0 n n á n
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    TálbSl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Luódlng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Féi le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BSlJTng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yóngp f ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BSīhSl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guíngxl n
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fèl le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Si chuSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rèhér*
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShànghS1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fèngyì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fàl le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shanx1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Feī le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Luod1 ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Be 1 ha I
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Reher
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sichuan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YongpI ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tai be!
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ka I hua
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    to.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    X1anggang
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YUnnen
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bel J 1 ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    13.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Eel le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    14.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shanghai
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    15.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Guangx1n
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    16.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fel le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    17.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ríunml ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    18.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yan’an
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    19.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fel le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fengy1
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exercise
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    i 4
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShBnxT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    X 1 JJnggSng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YAn’Sn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fél ie
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    SichuSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ktfnmf ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    GuSngxln
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fòngyl
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    BólhSl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fěl le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YSngp f ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShànghS1
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    13.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    FII le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    14.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YÚnnán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    15.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Télběl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    16.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Luódln
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    17.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    K31hua
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    18.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fèi le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    19.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Be IJTng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rèhér
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          *ihis is the name of a former province.
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-14.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY V: TWO-TONE SEQUENCES (2)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="6">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    0
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    CSngzhōu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhTf ú
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    QTngdǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    85yl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ESI le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zézhffu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J iésh f
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Su I
                    yUSn<anchor id="footnote4" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark47">4</link></superscript>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méngzì
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fél 1 e
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WìíchSng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J 1ǔ16ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Pǔěr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    L&amp;shùn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fě 1 le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Z h feJ 1Sng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YUè nán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    R1 běn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wànx1àn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fě 1 1 a
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise 5
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Feí le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    YUenan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Lilshun
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wuchang
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Su i yllan
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fel le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhl fu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wanxlan
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhejIang
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    IO.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fuer
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fel le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J 1esh1
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    13.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Bey 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    14.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cangzhou
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    15,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rl ben
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    16.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fel le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    17.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J 1 u 1 ong
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    18.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Mengz1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    19.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zezhou
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    QIngdao
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exerc1se
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    &gt; 6
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Cffngzhōu
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhèJ ISng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J 1 ǔ16ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Su Iytlín
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B5yl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wànxlàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fě I le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    a.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZézhCu
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhTfú
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    IO.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Yilènán
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Pǔǎr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méngzì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    13.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fēl le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    14,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fèl le
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    15.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WìíchSng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    16,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J 1ésh í
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    17.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    QTngdǎo
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    18.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    R1 hěn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    19.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    LEfshùn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fél le
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="tone-card">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark11" /><anchor id="bookmark48" />TONE
      CARD</title>
      <para>
      </para>
    </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-15.jpg" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      SUMMARY
    </para>
    <section xml:id="tones">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark13" /><anchor id="bookmark49" />TONES</title>
      <para>
        Every syllable In Standard Chinese has one of four distinctive
        &quot;tones&quot; or patterns of pitch. The only exception to
        this rule is that a syllable loses Its inherent tone when It Is
        unstressed. The tone is just as much a part of a syllable as the
        consonants and vowels and performs the same function--sīgnaling
        the meaning of the syllable* In other words, difference In tone
        between two syllables can signal a difference In meaning, Just
        as a difference In consonants or vowels does.
      </para>
      <para>
        It will be difficult at first to appreciate fully that a tone Is
        something that belongs to a syllable rather than something that
        merely happens to It. This Is because the only use of pitch
        patterns In English Is for Intonation of entire sentences,
        affecting only the meanings of whole sentences. For example, the
        rising pitch at the end of &quot;Spinach Is delicious?&quot; has
        nothing to do with the meaning of the word &quot;delicious&quot;
        but tells us that the whole sentence should be Interpreted as
        &quot;Are you saying that spinach is delicious?&quot; It may be
        difficult at first to remember the tone of a syllable as well as
        you remember the consonants and vowels. This Is because you have
        to develop the completely new habit of marking tones In your
        mental dictionary.
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-16.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        The Four Tones
      </para>
      <para>
        Display I diagrams the pitch patterns of the four tones and
        gives their descriptive names and traditional numbers. As
        examples, four single-syllable words with completely different
        meanings but different to the ear only in their tones are
        pronounced at the beginning of the first P&amp;R tape.
      </para>
      <para>
        The tone diagrams may bo read as musical notations. The vertical
        dimension stands for pitch, with the top of the diagram slightly
        above your normal pitch range In English and the bottom slightly
        below. The horizontal dimension stands for duration. The
        thickness of the curve stands for loudness. These diagrams show
        the tones as they are heard In isolated syllables.
      </para>
      <para>
        The High tone (or First tone) has a steady high pitch and
        average length. You may find It somewhat uncomfortable to
        pronounce at first, since a steady high pitch is seldom used In
        English—your only relevant experience comes from music. Notice
        that the accent mark which represents this tone In the
        romanization captures the level contour rather than the high
        pitch.
      </para>
      <para>
        IG
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        The Rising tone (or Second tone) rises from the middle of the
        pitch range to the top. it too has average length. Unlike the
        rising Intonation used In English for questions, the Rising tone
        gets louder as It rises. Notice that the tone mark In the
        romanization rises from left to right.
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        d&quot;
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        The Low tone (or Third tone) starts low, dips to the bottom of
        the pitch range, and then rises. The lowest part of this tone is
        the most distinctive, the part to focus on both when you are
        trying to pronounce the tone and when you are trying to
        recognize it. The lowest part takes the greatest effort and is
        the most, prominent, despite the fact that it Is actually not
        quite as loud as the rest of the tone. This part Is exaggerated,
        both in length and In pitch, when the syllable 1$ stressed for
        emphasis. Particularly with male speakers, it may have a harsh,
        scraping quality. The Low tone has greater than average length.
        In English a similar Intonation is sometimes used for
        &quot;Well?” when you have been waiting to hear something.
        Notice that the tone mark captures the dipping pitch pattern.
      </para>
      <para>
        The Falling tone (or Fourth tone) starts at the top of the pitch
        range end drops sharply to the bottom, diminishing in loudness
        as it drops. It has shorter than average length. In English the
        falling Intonation used for exclamations, as in &quot;Well!” is
        similar, but the Falling tone starts higher and ends lower than
        all but our most emphatic exclamations. Notice that the tone
        mark falls from left to right.
      </para>
      <para>
        The Neutral Tone
      </para>
      <para>
        A syllable loses Its inherent tone when It Is unstressed. An
        unstressed syllable, besides being weak and hurried, will have a
        pitch that Is not something of Its own but rather something that
        Is imposed on It by the tones of the surrounding syllables,
        particularly by the tone of the preceding syllable. In such
        cases we say that the syllable has tost its full tone, that Its
        tone has been neutralized, or that it is in the Neutral tone,
        <anchor id="footnote5" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark50">5</link></superscript> (Th©
        Neutral tone Is taken up at the beginning of P&amp;R Tape 6.)
      </para>
      <section xml:id="display-ii-the-neutral-tone">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark51" /><anchor id="bookmark52" />DISPLAY
        II: THE NEUTRAL TONE</title>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-17.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          fBi le              fél le              fěi I e
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-18.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          fèl le
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Display II shows the pitch of the Neutral tone after each of
          the four tones. The examples are four verbs which differ only
          In their tones, each followed by a grammatical element In the
          Neutral tone, (Notice that ths Neutral tone Is indicated In
          the romanization by the absence of a tone mark.}
        </para>
        <para>
          After the Falling tone (4), the pitch of the Neutral tone
          amounts to the end of the fall. After the other three tones,
          It amounts to a Jump back to, or slightly beyond, the middle
          of the pitch range. In the case of the Low tone (3), the Jump
          Is from the low point, since the Low tone has lost Its rising
          tail. The pitch of the Neutral tone may also be affected by
          the tone of a syllable which follows, moving the Neutral tone
          in the direction of the start of the following tone. However,
          a sequence of Neutral tones will stay at the same pitch or
          will drop gradually.
        </para>
        <para>
          lāVfi
        </para>
        <para>
          BS ,
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          There are a few syllables, most of them grammatical elements,
          which are always unstressed in normal speech and, therefore,
          are always In the Neutral tone. These syllables are exceptions
          to ths rule that every syllable has a basic full tone, a tone
          that may be neutralized but will reappear under stress. To
          make a comparison with English, it Is hard to say what the
          ’’neutral vowel<superscript>1</superscript>’ In the word
          ’’given” has been reduced from, since the ending -en is never
          stressed.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tone Changes
        </para>
        <para>
          3
        </para>
        <para>
          It rhe &gt;m The a 1 on
        </para>
        <para>
          it y.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The Low tone pronounced in isolation has a dipping-rising
          pitch pattern. This is the shape It always has before a pause.
          But the Low tone loses Its rising tall before a Neutral tone,
          and Display III shows that the Low tone also loses its tail
          before any non-Low tone. This display further shows that
          something even more unexpected happens to a Low tone before
          another Low tone* It changes to a Rising tone, or at least to
          something so close to a Rising tone that even native speakers
          cannot tell the difference. A Low tone which has lost Its
          rising tail before a different tone Is still recognizable, or
          Is even more recognizable, as a Low tone. But a Low tone which
          has changed to a Rising tone before another Low tone is no
          longer recognizable. What you will hear for ”i’m
          fine<superscript>11</superscript> Is Wó hSo. The only way you
          can tell that the first word Is reaI Iy w&amp; Ts by hearing
          It when It is not followed by a Low tone. Another quirk of the
          Low tone Is that ft sometimes changes to a Rising tone before
          a neutralized Low tone. Whether this happens or not depends on
          considerations of grammar and word formation. It always
          happens, for example, when the syllables are separate words,
          as with the words qTmg j &quot; + o ask,” and nl, ’’you,” In
          the expression Qí ng n I . . ., which means ”(1) ask you (to
          do such-and-such)<superscript>1</superscript>’ or ”Rlease (do
          such-and-such).” ft does not happen in J 1SJ ie (from J i ěj i
          S), &quot;older sister.” (The exceptional behavior of the Low
          tone is taken up In the sixth tape of this module, right after
          the section on the Neutral tone.)
                                               .
        </para>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-hi-third-tone-before-full-tones">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark53" /><anchor id="bookmark54" />DISPLAY
        HI: THIRD TONE BEFORE FULL TONES</title>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-19.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          Bè!JTng
        </para>
        <para>
          YSngp íng
        </para>
        <para>
          BāThĚI
        </para>
        <para>
          Bāodlng
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          There are certain other tone changes that take place in longer
          sequences of syllables. The main example of this is that a
          Rising tone changes to a High tone when 1+ follows a High tone
          or Rising tone and is fol lowed by any fuI I tone. For
          Instance, J I5ná dà, ’’Canada,” Is pronounced J ISnSdà. Using
          tone marks, the rule may be expressed tike this:
        </para>
        <para>
          ” ' ” becomes - - -         * becomes
        </para>
        <para>
          ~   ‘ becomes ~ ~                ■ becomes
        </para>
        <para>
          ” ' * becomes * * <superscript>v</superscript>          ' *
          becomes
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot; ' ' becomes - - *            * becomes
        </para>
        <para>
          However, these tone changes will be studied only after you
          have gained control of two-syilable sequences.
        </para>
        <para>
          There are also cases where particular words change their tones
          under the Influence of following tones. The number I Is y T
          when It Is pronounced alone or as one of a series of digits.
          It Is yt before a Falling tone or neutralized Falling tone,
          and yì before any other tone. The numbers 7, qT, and 8, bS,
          are q f and bá before a Falling tone for most speakers. The
          negative marker bǔ Is bú before a Falling tone or neutralized
          Falling tone. in this course you will find bú quite a few
          times before you find bù, but keep in mind that bù is the more
          basic form. &quot;No,&quot; for example, Is bù.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tone Weakening and Strengthening
        </para>
        <para>
          in addition to the dramatic tone changes discussed previously,
          there are certain minor automatic changes which affect all
          full tones In words of two or more syllables. These Involve
          all three factors shown in the tone dIagram--Ioudness, pitch,
          and length.
        </para>
        <para>
          Let's start with a similar phenomenon In English, In an
          English word of two or more syllables, the syllables vary In
          how forceful they are and how much emphasis they receive. We
          normally think of these levels of &quot;stress&quot; In terms
          of the loudness of the syllable, but other factors, Including
          syllable length and pitch, are even more Important. The one
          thing you need to know about the stress pattern of an English
          word Is which syllable has the main stress. This syllable will
          have the same weight as a single-syllable word pronounced
          alone. The stress levels of the other syllables, down to the
          level we call &quot;unstressed,&quot; will then fall Into
          place almost automatically.
        </para>
        <para>
          For tons
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          iave
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          IF
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ng e, The id '1 mes ilc
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Flit o I va
        </para>
        <para>
          i*
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          in
        </para>
        <para>
          »
        </para>
        <para>
          fe oud-
        </para>
        <para>
          &gt;u
        </para>
        <para>
          । the
        </para>
        <para>
          i
        </para>
        <para>
          a I I
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Examples such as &quot;PHO-to-graph,&quot;
          &quot;pho-TOG-ra-phy,&quot; and &quot;pho-to-GRAPH-ic&quot;
          tel 1 you al I you need to know about the stress patterns of
          these words.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The best way to approach the stress patterns of Chinese words
          Is the other way around. The first thing to find out Is
          whether any of the syllables are unstressed, that is, whether
          any are In the Neutral tone. (By far the most likely candidate
          is the last syllable.) Then the stress levels of the
          remaining, full-tons syllables will fall Into place according
          to the following rules:
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              I. The first full-tone syllable will have normal stress,
              the same as when It Is pronounced.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. The last full-tone syllable (if there is more than one)
              will have heavIer-than-normaI stress. Its loudness, pitch
              range, and length will be exaggerated.
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3, Any middle syllables will have I Ighter-than-normaI
              stress. Their loudness, pitch range, and length will be
              reduced.
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Let’s take, as an example, the Chinese phonetic equivalent of
          '’Italy,&quot; Y ì d à 11 . All three syllables have full
          Falling tones, but notice 1n the dIagram below that the three
          pitch patterns are slightly different: the first one is
          normal; the middle one Is reduced; and the last one Is
          exaggerated.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-20.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          -dà- -11
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-21.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The few exceptions to these rules for relative levels of
          stress are due to meaning. One such exception Is that the
          first of two full-tone syllables may be given the
          heavIer-than-normaI stress If the first syllable Is more
          significant. For example, the word for ’'Germany&quot; is
          pronounced by most speakers as Déguó. The syllable De-
          Identifies the country (It Is derived phonetically from
          Deutsch land), while -guó, &quot;country,” is used In the
          names of many countries. Thus the first Rising-tone syllable
          Is stronger, in violation of the general rules for stress
          patterns.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Dé-
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          -guó
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          The subordinate status of -guó In the names of countries Is
          most clearly seen by the fact that some speakers treat It
          almost as a suffix, pronouncing It Tn the Neutral tone, so
          that &quot;Germany&quot; becomes Oéguo.
        </para>
        <para>
          As with English levels of stress, these differences are fairly
          subtle. You may not be able to hear them too clearly, and you
          can make yourself understood well enough even without getting
          them quite right, although you are likely to sound like a
          computer. You should be able to learn stress patterns without
          even thinking about them If you will try to mimic Chinese
          speakers as closely as possible.
        </para>
        <para>
          After learning more about consonants and vowels In the next
          section of this summary, you will be Introduced to sentence
          intonation in the last section, where you will find that there
          are further modifications In the pitch patterns of the tones.
          If you are reading this summary as you begin the course, new
          Information Is piling up too fast. Don’t try to keep
          everything In mind at once. As a first approximation of the
          tones, for example, try giving your syllables Identifiable and
          correct tones. When you have mastered that, work on one or two
          more points. Meanwhile, your ear will have begun to lock Tn on
          what Chinese sounds like, and you will begin to reach the
          point of automatic control.
        </para>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="consonants-and-vowels">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark55" /><anchor id="bookmark56" />CONSONANTS
      AND VOWELS</title>
      <para>
        Much of the structural simplicity of the Chinese language is
        made evident by traditional analysis of syllable structure.
        Start with the syllables which are different to the ear. There
        are only about 1,300 such distinguishable syllables, not nearly
        as many as In English. (Many syllables which sound alike carry
        more than one meaning and are written with different characters
        for each meaning, much as the same English spoken syllable
        carries the three meanings represented by the spellings
        &quot;two,&quot; &quot;too,&quot; and &quot;to.&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        most as iny”
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        '&gt;
      </para>
      <para>
        it
      </para>
      <para>
        I ke
      </para>
      <para>
        •hout
      </para>
      <para>
        &gt;eakers
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        next
      </para>
      <para>
        I n-
      </para>
      <para>
        i are f
      </para>
      <para>
        if or
      </para>
      <para>
        In
      </para>
      <para>
        :amp I e, lhen
      </para>
      <para>
        m-■ ounds
      </para>
      <para>
        itroI .
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        ige e.
      </para>
      <para>
        iere ir I y irry ers
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <anchor id="bookmark57" />P&amp;R MODULE
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY IV: INITIAL-FINAL COMBINATIONS *
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        c :3
      </para>
      <para>
        .3
      </para>
      <para>
        9
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        &gt;.
      </para>
      <para>
        e
      </para>
      <para>
        :□
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        it :□
      </para>
      <para>
        3 C
      </para>
      <para>
        13
      </para>
      <para>
        b
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        9
      </para>
      <para>
        M
      </para>
      <para>
        «s
      </para>
      <para>
        &gt;.
      </para>
      <para>
        :3
      </para>
      <para>
        C
      </para>
      <para>
        -.3
      </para>
      <para>
        ,2.
      </para>
      <para>
        9
      </para>
      <para>
        3 It
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        x
      </para>
      <para>
        *
      </para>
      <para>
        s ǎr
      </para>
      <para>
        M
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        &gt;.
      </para>
      <para>
        C
      </para>
      <para>
        u
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        X G
      </para>
      <para>
        X C
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        'y
      </para>
      <para>
        5 X
      </para>
      <para>
        E
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        X c
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        .5
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        'r
      </para>
      <para>
        r .2
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        &gt;.
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        C
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        .s
      </para>
      <para>
        '9
      </para>
      <para>
        E X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        c g
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        3 a.
      </para>
      <para>
        2 c
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        ■5
      </para>
      <para>
        C X
      </para>
      <para>
        .2 9
      </para>
      <para>
        M
      </para>
      <para>
        o
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        ■G
      </para>
      <para>
        .2
      </para>
      <para>
        .3
      </para>
      <para>
        ‘9
      </para>
      <para>
        ’x
      </para>
      <para>
        8 X
      </para>
      <para>
        .ft
      </para>
      <para>
        E
      </para>
      <para>
        2»
      </para>
      <para>
        o 'c
      </para>
      <para>
        .1 ■©
      </para>
      <para>
        .3
      </para>
      <para>
        J
      </para>
      <para>
        .1
      </para>
      <para>
        0* '&amp;
      </para>
      <para>
        •
      </para>
      <para>
        0 •: Ě
      </para>
      <para>
        3 £
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        ì
      </para>
      <para>
        T&gt;
      </para>
      <para>
        ■3
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        c 2
      </para>
      <para>
        0 .2
      </para>
      <para>
        s X
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        .3
      </para>
      <para>
        -3
      </para>
      <para>
        J!
      </para>
      <para>
        .2 9
      </para>
      <para>
        'x
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        —
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        Q.
      </para>
      <para>
        c.
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        •-
      </para>
      <para>
        —
      </para>
      <para>
        '&amp;■
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        S 3
      </para>
      <para>
        X í
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        3 X
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        3 J2
      </para>
      <para>
        X G =.
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        C
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        ■5
      </para>
      <para>
        X í
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        ■o
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        C
      </para>
      <para>
        a
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        G 3 JZ
      </para>
      <para>
        M
      </para>
      <para>
        3 U
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        M
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        X U
      </para>
      <para>
        c 3 ■s
      </para>
      <para>
        §
      </para>
      <para>
        í
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        | c
      </para>
      <para>
        ■o
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        s 3
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        V
      </para>
      <para>
        C 3 ■5
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        s □
      </para>
      <para>
        •o
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        ā
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        u
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        ‘5 N
      </para>
      <para>
        X V
      </para>
      <para>
        -a
      </para>
      <para>
        Ē
      </para>
      <para>
        S M
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        a
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        JZ
      </para>
      <para>
        8
      </para>
      <para>
        ■5
      </para>
      <para>
        o
      </para>
      <para>
        ■6
      </para>
      <para>
        g
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        ì
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        3 C
      </para>
      <para>
        3 3
      </para>
      <para>
        ■o
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        5
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        0 3 JC
      </para>
      <para>
        Ō
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        0 3
      </para>
      <para>
        e 3
      </para>
      <para>
        e
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        O 3
      </para>
      <para>
        u
      </para>
      <para>
        0
      </para>
      <para>
        •5
      </para>
      <para>
        §
      </para>
      <para>
        9 &gt;
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        ā
      </para>
      <para>
        «
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="smallcaps">&quot;n</emphasis>
      </para>
      <para>
        V
      </para>
      <para>
        ?
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        3 JX
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        3 M
      </para>
      <para>
        3 X
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        •5
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        ?
      </para>
      <para>
        T c
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        6
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;6
      </para>
      <para>
        X G
      </para>
      <para>
        X c
      </para>
      <para>
        ? o X
      </para>
      <para>
        8 c JC
      </para>
      <para>
        0 X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        0 N
      </para>
      <para>
        8 ī
      </para>
      <para>
        f
      </para>
      <para>
        5 c
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        I 0
      </para>
      <para>
        u
      </para>
      <para>
        C
      </para>
      <para>
        X c
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        X 1 c
      </para>
      <para>
        u G ■8
      </para>
      <para>
        X c 01 w
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        J
      </para>
      <para>
        X Si
      </para>
      <para>
        X £ -X
      </para>
      <para>
        X G
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        8
      </para>
      <para>
        8 8
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        J N
      </para>
      <para>
        X = J
      </para>
      <para>
        X c % -s
      </para>
      <para>
        c e
      </para>
      <para>
        X £
      </para>
      <para>
        8
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        ■t
      </para>
      <para>
        u c
      </para>
      <para>
        X e
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X G X
      </para>
      <para>
        X G
      </para>
      <para>
        X c
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X =
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        •s
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        ■5
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        v
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        ī
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        Si
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        s a&gt; X
      </para>
      <para>
        !
      </para>
      <para>
        s u
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        ■s
      </para>
      <para>
        8
      </para>
      <para>
        c &gt;
      </para>
      <para>
        *
      </para>
      <para>
        E
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        —-
      </para>
      <para>
        C X
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        J
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        =
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        ■s
      </para>
      <para>
        C
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        3 i
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        &amp;
      </para>
      <para>
        8
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        2 2
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        K
      </para>
      <para>
        2 •C
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        0
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        j
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        e
      </para>
      <para>
        ī
      </para>
      <para>
        «
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        &amp;
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        J
      </para>
      <para>
        M
      </para>
      <para>
        5
      </para>
      <para>
        -C
      </para>
      <para>
        ■5
      </para>
      <para>
        J
      </para>
      <para>
        0 «
      </para>
      <para>
        5
      </para>
      <para>
        E
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        cf i
      </para>
      <para>
        G
      </para>
      <para>
        'í X
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        ā
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        -X
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        *s
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        M
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        -5
      </para>
      <para>
        5
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        J
      </para>
      <para>
        C
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        ā
      </para>
      <para>
        JC
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        5
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        ī
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        K
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        '5
      </para>
      <para>
        t
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        r
      </para>
      <para>
        ‘2
      </para>
      <para>
        *N
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        í
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        *
      </para>
      <para>
        *
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        V
      </para>
      <para>
        a
      </para>
      <para>
        jí
      </para>
      <para>
        M
      </para>
      <para>
        a&gt;
      </para>
      <para>
        7
      </para>
      <para>
        N .
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        t
      </para>
      <para>
        *&gt;
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        =
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        •»
      </para>
      <para>
        =
      </para>
      <para>
        T
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        - -
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        £
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        S
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        N
      </para>
      <para>
        ■5
      </para>
      <para>
        E
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        e.
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        jt
      </para>
      <para>
        -
      </para>
      <para>
        K
      </para>
      <para>
        V
      </para>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="smallcaps">a</emphasis>
      </para>
      <para>
        *S
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        5
      </para>
      <para>
        *.
      </para>
      <para>
        —
      </para>
      <para>
        9
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        *
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Adapted front Elementary ChintK- Pelting. China
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        DISPLAY V; INITIALS
      </para>
      <para>
        Stops
      </para>
      <para>
        Affricates
      </para>
      <para>
        Fricatives
      </para>
      <para>
        Liquids
      </para>
      <para>
        Nasals
      </para>
      <para>
        Unaspirated
      </para>
      <para>
        Aspirated
      </para>
      <para>
        Unaspirated
      </para>
      <para>
        Aspirated
      </para>
      <para>
        Labials
      </para>
      <para>
        b
      </para>
      <para>
        P
      </para>
      <para>
        f
      </para>
      <para>
        m
      </para>
      <para>
        Alveoìars
      </para>
      <para>
        d
      </para>
      <para>
        t
      </para>
      <para>
        1
      </para>
      <para>
        n
      </para>
      <para>
        Velars
      </para>
      <para>
        g
      </para>
      <para>
        k
      </para>
      <para>
        h
      </para>
      <para>
        Dentals
      </para>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="smallcaps">ī</emphasis>
      </para>
      <para>
        c
      </para>
      <para>
        s
      </para>
      <para>
        Re tr of Lexes
      </para>
      <para>
        zh
      </para>
      <para>
        ch
      </para>
      <para>
        sh
      </para>
      <para>
        r
      </para>
      <para>
        Palatals
      </para>
      <para>
        i
      </para>
      <para>
        q
      </para>
      <para>
        X
      </para>
      <para>
        ________.________________________________________,
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        P&amp;R MODULE
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        DISPLAY V3: FINALS
      </para>
      <para>
        Vowels Alone
      </para>
      <para>
        Vowels Plus Consonants
      </para>
      <para>
        Diphthongs
      </para>
      <para>
        0-Row
      </para>
      <para>
        (s)-i
      </para>
      <para>
        (r)-j
      </para>
      <para>
        ■a
      </para>
      <para>
        a
      </para>
      <para>
        e
      </para>
      <para>
        -an
      </para>
      <para>
        an
      </para>
      <para>
        -ang
      </para>
      <para>
        ang
      </para>
      <para>
        -en
      </para>
      <para>
        en
      </para>
      <para>
        -eng
      </para>
      <para>
        eng
      </para>
      <para>
        er
      </para>
      <para>
        -ong
      </para>
      <para>
        -ai
      </para>
      <para>
        ai
      </para>
      <para>
        -ao
      </para>
      <para>
        ao
      </para>
      <para>
        -ei
      </para>
      <para>
        ei
      </para>
      <para>
        -ou
      </para>
      <para>
        pu
      </para>
      <para>
        U-Row
      </para>
      <para>
        -u
      </para>
      <para>
        wu
      </para>
      <para>
        -ua
      </para>
      <para>
        wa
      </para>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="smallcaps">-uqAq</emphasis>
      </para>
      <para>
        wo
      </para>
      <para>
        -uan
      </para>
      <para>
        wan
      </para>
      <para>
        -uang
      </para>
      <para>
        wang
      </para>
      <para>
        -u_n wen
      </para>
      <para>
        (weng)
      </para>
      <para>
        -uai
      </para>
      <para>
        wa:
      </para>
      <para>
        •
      </para>
      <para>
        -u i
      </para>
      <para>
        wei
      </para>
      <para>
        J-Row
      </para>
      <para>
        ■i
      </para>
      <para>
        yi
      </para>
      <para>
        -ia
      </para>
      <para>
        ya
      </para>
      <para>
        -ie
      </para>
      <para>
        ye
      </para>
      <para>
        ■ian
      </para>
      <para>
        yan
      </para>
      <para>
        -iang
      </para>
      <para>
        yang
      </para>
      <para>
        -in
      </para>
      <para>
        yin
      </para>
      <para>
        -ing
      </para>
      <para>
        ying
      </para>
      <para>
        -iong yong
      </para>
      <para>
        (yai)
      </para>
      <para>
        -iao
      </para>
      <para>
        yao
      </para>
      <para>
        -i_u
      </para>
      <para>
        you
      </para>
      <para>
        0-R.ow
      </para>
      <para>
        -ii
      </para>
      <para>
        yù
      </para>
      <para>
        -iie
      </para>
      <para>
        yíie
      </para>
      <para>
        ■iian
      </para>
      <para>
        yuan
      </para>
      <para>
        ■tin
      </para>
      <para>
        yǔn
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        PSR MODULE
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        tn this chart, vowel letters which do not have their “standard”
        sound values are underlined. The standard sound values are taken
        to be the ones they have standing alone as finals after n : na
        (as in “Okinawa”), ne (as in
        “cinema<superscript>7</superscript>*), ni (as in “Bikini”), nu
        (as in “Ainu,” “canog”), and nu (as in no English word). The
        letter a is not taken to have a standard sound value. Vowel
        letters which have been dropped in abbreviations are indicated
        by underlined spaces.
      </para>
      <para>
        Before .-i, (s &gt; stands for all denial consonants and (r) for
        all retroflex consonants.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hyphens mark spellings after initials.
      </para>
      <para>
        Finals with r suffixes are not shown.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Then, strip off the four tones. This leaves you with about 400
        different strings of consonant and vowel sounds. (See Display
        IV.)
      </para>
      <para>
        Next, strip off any Initial consonants, or Initials, of which
        there are 21. (See Display V and Appendix I, the latter
        providing an alphabetical list of the Initials.) What is left
        are the finals. There are less than 40 different finals--a
        manageable number.
      </para>
      <para>
        Last, classify the finals by their medials, that Is, In PTnyTn
        romanization, by whether the final starts with u_ (or w), with I
        (or y_), with u (or yíí 1, or with none of the
        above.<anchor id="footnote6" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark58">6</link></superscript>
        This gives you four classes which are useful when you talk about
        how the finals combine with the Initials. You also cross-cI
        assify the finals by what follows the medials. (See Display VI
        and Appendix II, the latter providing an alphabetical list of
        the finals.)
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            A. Plain Finals
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Let’s take a closer look at the structure of the final. Every
        final, and hence every syllable, has at least a vowel. Here are
        five vowels which can stand alone as finals, either with or
        without initials:
      </para>
      <para>
        ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
      </para>
      <para>
        mā
      </para>
      <para>
        (’■horse&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        as
      </para>
      <para>
        i n
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;Ma&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        d£
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;virtue&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        as
      </para>
      <para>
        1 n
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;Adel 1ne&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;you&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        as
      </para>
      <para>
        1 n
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;blkin£&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript>b</superscript>ì
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;no&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        as
      </para>
      <para>
        1 n
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;Budapest&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        nU<anchor id="footnote7" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark60">7</link></superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;woman&quot; )
      </para>
      <para>
        no
      </para>
      <para>
        English equivalent
      </para>
      <para>
        about
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        of tter left
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        AM of the English equivalents in the examples are, of course,
        approximate at best and will be further off If your
        pronunciation does not happen to be the most standard American
        pronunciation. The vowel /u/, for example, is rather different
        from Its equivalent in &quot;Budapest,” even for people who
        start the name the way they start ’’boot^.* For someone who
        starts ’’Budapest<superscript>11</superscript> the way he starts
        &quot;beāīTtythe comparison is way, off. The Chinese vowel Is
        pronounced with the tongue farther back In the mouth and with
        the lips more rounded.
      </para>
      <para>
        ' n
      </para>
      <para>
        * w), Th I s
      </para>
      <para>
        ■ how
      </para>
      <para>
        í i f y id
      </para>
      <para>
        ■he
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        There is no English equivalent for /u/, which Is pronounced with
        the tongue in position for 71/ and the lips In position for /u/,
        simultaneously. it Is not the same as the first vowel in
        &quot;Utah,&quot; which Is pronounced with the tips In position
        for /u/<subscript>D</subscript> but with the tongue gliding from
        the position for /I/ to the position for / «j /.
      </para>
      <para>
        The vowels /!/, /u/, and /íi/ are written y I , wu, and yU whan
        they do not follow an initial, In most cases, you wl iT not be
        able to hear separate sounds co r respond I ng to and w, as you
        can hear in the English words ”ye'<superscript>T</superscript>
        and &quot;woo.” The three vowels are discussed again in the
        summary sections on u_ finals, j_ finals, and tl finals.
      </para>
      <para>
        There are two more vowel sounds which can stand alone as finals,
        one of them only after initials. Confusingly, both sounds are
        represented by the letter 1 (already seen as standing for the
        vowel 71/ In &quot;Tahiti”], The letter preceding the j_
        determines which vowel sound Is to be used.
      </para>
      <para>
        After a consonant pronounced with the tongue In the /s/ position
        (see page 42), i stands for a vowel pronounced with the tongue
        as close as possible to the /s/ position. Many Americans have a
        similar vowel in &quot;Just a moment,” often indicated by the
        spelling ”jíst.<superscript>IT</superscript> For example:
      </para>
      <para>
        sl_         (&quot;tour”)             approximately as 1 n
        &quot;jj_st&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        After a consonant pronounced with the tongue In the /r/
        position, that Is, with the tongue strongly curled back (see
        page 42), i stands for □ vowel which Is simply a prolonged /r/
        sound. FoF example:
      </para>
      <para>
        he nd
      </para>
      <para>
        d
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        shí        (&quot;ten&quot;)             approximately as In
        &quot;washer&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        When there Is no initial consonant sound before this vowel, the
        letter r_ Is written; r I, The r_tells you how to pronounce the
        I; It doss not stand for a separate sound. The whole syiiFble is
        one prolonged /r/ sound.
      </para>
      <para>
        Everywhere else, _I_ stands for the &quot;standard” /I/, as In
        &quot;Tahiti
      </para>
      <para>
        A final may also consist of a vowel followed by a consonant,
        either ZnZ* or /ng/ (or Zr/, but this has a rather different
        status). Here are examples of all the ways the vowels presented
        thus far can combine with /n/ and /ng/:
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="5">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;peace&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Onta r i o&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  máng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;busy&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ZaZ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  In &quot;Me&quot; + ZngZ
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  fSn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;cent&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  35
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;fun.,&quot; &quot;chicken.”
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 áng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;co 1 d&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;1u n g”
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mtn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;peop1e&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;mean&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  mf ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;bright&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ZtZ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  as
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  In &quot;am£no&quot; t ZngZ
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  j (Tn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;ml 1Itary&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ZUZ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  +
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ZnZ
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        The analysis of /Un/ as simply ZU/ plus ZnZ will not always hold
        up. Especially when there is no Initial , you may hear a weak
        vowel Ze/ sneak In before the ZnZ, so that ZilnZ almost rhymes
        with Zen/.
      </para>
      <para>
        There is also a final written ong in which the o_ stands for a
        vowel very much like ZuZ. Actually, it Is closer to the vowel
        sound in &quot;good&quot; than to the vowel In &quot;food.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        There is built-in ZrZ, tongue, as In
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        6r
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        I óng        (’’dragon&quot;)         ZoZ as In
        &quot;woman&quot; + /ng/ one final In which the vowel ZeZ is
        followed by a pronounced with a strong curling back of the the
        Eng I Ish &quot;her.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;ear&quot;)            as In &quot;ermine&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Other syllables which end the suffix £. For example:
      </para>
      <para>
        nǎr         (&quot;where&quot;)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        In ZrZ have been formed by adding
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        as in &quot;Na re I ssus&quot;
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        *The consonant ZnZ at the end of a syllable may sound a little
        like /ngZ when the next syllable starts with an Zh/ or a vowel
        sound, as In hen háo, &quot;very good,&quot; and
        Yán<superscript>1</superscript>Sn, &quot;Yenan.&quot; Actually,
        however, this variant of ZnZ, pronounced with the tongue not
        touching the roof of the mouth, Is quite distinguishable from
        ZngZ, pronounced with the back of the tongue touching. Notice in
        the romanization Yán’5n that an apostrophe shows which syllable
        the n_ belongs to.
      </para>
      <para>
        sonant, it
      </para>
      <para>
        ie nted
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        In many cases, adding an /r/ suffix has a considerable effect on
        the final, knocking out an /n/ or /ng/ and changing the vowel,
        for example. (You will deal with these Instances on a
        case*by-case basis In the course.! The /r/ suffix Is most
        popular In the Peking dialect but is one feature of that dialect
        that has not been widely accepted as a national norm.
      </para>
      <para>
        I ways a
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        s for vowe I
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        A final may also consist of a diphthong, that Is, a vowel
        followed by a weaker glide to the position of /!/ or /□/.
      </para>
      <para>
        (Similar diphthongs exist
      </para>
      <para>
        In Eng 1 Ish.)
      </para>
      <para>
        There are four such
      </para>
      <para>
        finals:
      </para>
      <para>
        hǎj_         (&quot;sea&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        as 1 n
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;Shanghai&quot; &quot;high&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        máo         (&quot;hair&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        as 1 n
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;Mao Tse-tung,&quot; &quot;mouth
      </para>
      <para>
        lèl_         (&quot;tired&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        dōu         (&quot;all”)
      </para>
      <para>
        These diphthongs are best
      </para>
      <para>
        as In &quot;1 e I , &quot; &quot;si sigh&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        as In &quot;sou 1 ,&quot; &quot;dough&quot; learned as units. If
        we look at the
      </para>
      <para>
        Individual letters, however, we notice that the letter o has a
        different sound value in ou than in ao and ong, and thaF the
        letter £ has a different sound value In eI than In e, en, and
        eng.
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        by a
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        A final may also consist of any of the above types (vowel alone,
        vowel plus consonant, or diphthong) preceded by a medial, that
        is, by a weak version of one of the vowels /u/, /I/, and /U/.
        The medlals /u/ and /!/ are like the English semivowels written
        w and in &quot;wet” and <superscript>T,</superscript>yet&quot;
        and written £ and J_ In &quot;Jaguar&quot;“and
        &quot;onion.&quot; Finals starting with theTe three medíals are
        discussed In the next three summary sections.
      </para>
      <para>
        dd I ng
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            B. u Finals
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        You have heard and seen the full vowel /u/ following an Initial
        In the word bù, &quot;no.&quot; When the vowel does not follow ■
        an initial, it is written wu_.
      </para>
      <para>
        wú            (&quot;five&quot;)             as In
        <superscript>11</superscript> o o ze” or
        &quot;woo<superscript>11</superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        As suggested by the English equivalents, you may or may not hear
        a /w/ sound before the /u/.
      </para>
      <para>
        tie we I
      </para>
      <para>
        tua 1 Iy, t
      </para>
      <para>
        om
      </para>
      <para>
        I ce
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        A /w/ sound may also occur before other vowels at the beginning
        of a final. The sound Is written u_ when It follows an Initial
        and w when It does not. (Since the sound Is a weak version of
        the vowei /u/, the sound will be called medial /u/.) In the
        following examples of finals which start with the media! /u/,
        some have Initials and therefore use the u spelling. Some have
        no initials and therefore use the w_ spelling.
      </para>
      <para>
        huà         (&quot;speech&quot;)           as In &quot;qua I 1
        ty&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        wò                ( &quot; I &quot; )                        as
        In &quot;wa I
        ।<anchor id="footnote8" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark61">8</link></superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that the letter o In wo and uo Is used for yet another
        vowel sound, roughly the&quot; voweT In the English word
        &quot;saw,&quot; The spelling uo Is abbreviated to o after the
        initials written rn, b, £, and f (the labial consonants,
        involving the lips). The medTal sound Is still there, however,
        so that mo, &quot;Ink,&quot; Is* pronounced as If It were
        spelled muò■
      </para>
      <para>
        huàn        (&quot;exchange&quot;)        as In &quot;quant
        Ity,&quot; &quot;wan,&quot; &quot;Juan&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        wáng        (&quot;king&quot;)             as in
        &quot;Wong,&quot; Zua/ as In
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;quajTty* + /ng/
      </para>
      <para>
        wèn          (&quot;ask&quot;)              as In
        &quot;Owen,&quot; &quot;won&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        (There Is a very rare final weng ■ )
      </para>
      <para>
        You would expect wen to be spelled uen after Initials, but it Is
        abbreviated to un: han, &quot;mix up.&quot; You can still hear
        the vowel /e/, however. TFTe s y I tables written hun and wfen
        rhyme. Notice that the tone mark In hùn has been shifted to the
        only remaining vowel letter.
      </para>
      <para>
        Huá1        (name of a river) as In &quot;Waikiki ,&quot;
        &quot;why&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        wòI          (&quot;stomach&quot;)          as In &quot;we I
        gh&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Again, you would expect we 1 to be written ue1 after initials,
        but it Is abbreviated to u 1 ; dul , &quot;correct/&quot; You
        can still hear the diphthong /el/, however. The syllables
        written duì and wè1 rhyme. (There is some Justification for this
        spelling. In the High and Rising tones, this final does sound
        quite like the English pronoun &quot;we,&quot; as the spelling
        uì would suggest.) Notice that the tone mark in duì has been
        shlTTed to the last available vowel letter.
      </para>
      <para>
        * i sc
      </para>
      <para>
        a&lt;
      </para>
      <para>
        ।
      </para>
      <para>
        A
      </para>
      <para>
        It
      </para>
      <para>
        f
      </para>
      <para>
        I
      </para>
      <para>
        5
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        T
      </para>
      <para>
        ft II E I v
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        er
      </para>
      <para>
        Fhe
      </para>
      <para>
        The
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        As suggested by the English equivalents, you may or may not hear
        a /y/ sound before the /I/ In y I . You will usually hear a /y/
        sound before the /!/ in yTn and y í ng, and the vowel Itself is
        more like the &quot;short<superscript>1</superscript>' English
        vowel In &quot;s£n&quot; and &quot;sj_ng.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;Juan&quot;
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        A /y/ sound may also occur before other vowels at the beginning
        of a final. The sound is written i when It follows an Initial
        and when It does not. (Since tKe sound Is a weak version of the
        vowel /I/, the sound will be called medial Zi/,) In the
        following examples of finals which start with the medial /I/,
        some have initials and therefore use the I spelling. Some have
        no Initials and therefore use the spellTng.
      </para>
      <para>
        yá          (&quot;tooth”J          as In
        &quot;Yamaha,<superscript>w</superscript> &quot;yahoo”
      </para>
      <para>
        yfe            (&quot;also&quot;)             as In &quot;ye I I
        ow<superscript>11</superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        t Is we I
      </para>
      <para>
        I ce n ī ng
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        As you have seen, In the finals written e, an, and eng, the
        letter e_ stands for a vowel like the e In &quot;ch 1 cken
        .<superscript>ir</superscript>&quot;<superscript>J</superscript>
        Not Ice that In the final written ye or Te the letter e
        stands<anchor id="footnote9" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark62">9</link></superscript>
        for a vowel like the e_ In &quot;hen.” iThis”Ts the same vowel
        sound e stands for in the diphthong written e I . In other
        words, an i or In the final means that e_ stands for the vowel
        of &quot;han. &quot;T
      </para>
      <para>
        nIán<superscript><link linkend="bookmark62">9</link></superscript>
        (&quot;year&quot;)            as In &quot;yen&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        In this final written Ian or yan, the letter a has an
        exceptional sound value, essentially the vowel In the EngĒlsh
        word &quot;hen.”
      </para>
      <para>
        hear *6 í rhe
      </para>
      <para>
        FI co able
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        yéng        ([&quot;Yin 6] Yang&quot;) ZyZ + /a/ as in &quot;Ma”
        + ZngZī
      </para>
      <para>
        as In &quot;Yonkers&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Yòng        (&quot;use&quot;)          , ZyZ + /o/ as In
        &quot;woman&quot; + /ng/
      </para>
      <para>
        yào         (&quot;want&quot;)            as In &quot;yow
        I&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        yòu         (&quot;again&quot;)          as In
        &quot;yeoman&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        ‘ight.&quot;
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Yet again, you would expect the final you to be written Iou
        after Initials, but It Is abbreviated to I u : IIù,
        &quot;six.&quot; You can still hear the diphthong /ou/, however.
        TTù and yòu rhyme. In the High and Rising tones this final does
        sound quite like the English pronoun &quot;you,&quot; as
        suggested by the spelling iu. Notice that the tone mark In ìIù
        has been shifted to the last available vowel letter.
      </para>
      <para>
        There is a very rare final ya I , not shown In Display IV.
      </para>
      <para>
        0. u Finals
      </para>
      <para>
        The full vowel ZuZ following an initial occurs In the syllable
        nú, &quot;woman.” When it does not follow an initial, it Is
        written yti.
      </para>
      <para>
        yū          (&quot;rain”)           no English equivalent
      </para>
      <para>
        yUn         (&quot;rhyme”)          /uZ + ZnZ
      </para>
      <para>
        You may or may not hear something like a ZyZ sound before the
        /(I/, which Is pronounced with the tongue position of Z i / and
        the lip position of ZuZ.
      </para>
      <para>
        A weak version of the vowel ZuZ, which will be called medial
        ZU/, may occur before other vowels at the beginning of a final.
        The sound Is written u_ when it follows an initial and ytī when
        It does not. One of the following examples of finals which start
        with the medial ZuZ has an Initial; therefore the U spelling is
        used. The other example has no initial, however; therefore the
        yU spelling Is used.
      </para>
      <para>
        jué         (&quot;definitely&quot;) ZU/ + Ze/ as in &quot;hen”
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that the letter e_ in this final stands for a vowel sound
        like the one In the English word &quot;hen,&quot; as does In the
        final spel led ye or Ie and tn the final spe! led e_i_. ZU/ has
        the same effect as /!/ because the same tongue position is used
        to produce both.
      </para>
      <para>
        yUán        (&quot;garden”)         /ií/ + /an/ as in the
        British
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;answer&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        Instead of rhyming this final with the final written an, some
        speakers rhyme y U á n with the final written yen or i an, using
        the vowel sound of the English &quot;hen.&quot;
      </para>
      <section xml:id="ii.-initials">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark16" /><anchor id="bookmark63" />II.
        INITIALS</title>
        <para>
          Each group of initial consonants In the following summary
          sections (A through F) contains one consonant which Is
          distinctively &quot;aspirated&quot; and one which Is
          distinctively &quot;unasp 1 rated.”
        </para>
        <para>
          The aspirated consonants explode with .a strong puff of air.
          In English, the consonants written t, _k (or c, as in
          &quot;cow,&quot; or cp, and ch are lightly aspirated at the
          beginning of a word, as you can tell if you hold the back of
          your hand to your mouth while saying &quot;pa,&quot; These
          same letters, including the combination ch, are used to
          romanize the distinctively, more strongly aspirated Chinese
          consonants.
        </para>
        <para>
          Unaspirated consonants explode without a puff of air, The
          English lightly aspirated consonants become unaspirated after
          /s/, as you can tell If you say
          &quot;pa<superscript>11</superscript> and
          &quot;spa<superscript>11</superscript> against the back of
          your hand. This Is an automatic adjustment for English
          speakers, and It will take practice to learn to pronounce
          English aspirated consonants as unaspirated when there Is no
          /s/ to trigger the adjustment.
        </para>
        <para>
          English has a series of &quot;voiced” consonants which are
          pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords. These Include
          consonants written b_, d_, g (as In both ''Gary” and
          &quot;Gerry&quot;), I (as In &quot;Jerry&quot;), and z. These
          same letters plus the combination zh are used to romaníze the
          unvoiced, distinctively unaspirated Chinese consonants.
        </para>
        <para>
          The consonants which are neither distinctively aspirated nor
          distinctively unaspirated are the ones which can be prolonged,
          such as /s/, /I/, and /n/.
        </para>
        <para>
          So far consonants have been grouped In terms of the general
          manner In which they are produced. Now they will be grouped In
          terms of the tongue and lip positions used In producing them.
        </para>
        <para>
          A . Initials m, b, p, f ( L a b i a I )
        </para>
        <para>
          These are pronounced In the positions suggested by the
          Ietters.
        </para>
        <para>
          màn
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          10,000&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          as
        </para>
        <para>
          1 n
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;ml 11&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          ban
        </para>
        <para>
          C”
        </para>
        <para>
          half&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          as
        </para>
        <para>
          1 n
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;bl II,&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          but
        </para>
        <para>
          not
        </para>
        <para>
          vo1ced
        </para>
        <para>
          &lt;&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          divide&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          as
        </para>
        <para>
          I n
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;£j II,&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          but
        </para>
        <para>
          more
        </para>
        <para>
          asp 1 rated
        </para>
        <para>
          fan
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          cooked rice&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          as
        </para>
        <para>
          In
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;fj 1 1”
        </para>
        <para>
          These Initials
        </para>
        <para>
          are
        </para>
        <para>
          never fo11 owed
        </para>
        <para>
          by
        </para>
        <para>
          the
        </para>
        <para>
          med I a 1
        </para>
        <para>
          /u/
        </para>
        <para>
          or by
        </para>
        <para>
          the
        </para>
        <para>
          vowel or medial
        </para>
        <para>
          /ÍI/
        </para>
        <para>
          . Additionally
        </para>
        <para>
          <subscript>t</subscript> /f/
        </para>
        <para>
          is never
        </para>
        <para>
          fo11 owed
        </para>
        <para>
          by the.
        </para>
        <para>
          vowel or medial /!/. (See Display IV.)
        </para>
        <para>
          B. Initials n, d, t, I (Alveolar)
        </para>
        <para>
          These are pronounced in the positions suggested
        </para>
        <para>
          by the
        </para>
        <para>
          1etters. n_à
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;that&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          as
        </para>
        <para>
          I n
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;n 1 1&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          dà
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;big&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          as
        </para>
        <para>
          1 n
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;dj II,&quot; but
        </para>
        <para>
          unvoiced
        </para>
        <para>
          tff
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;he&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          as
        </para>
        <para>
          1 n
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;til 1 but
        </para>
        <para>
          more
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;pul 1&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          asp 1 rated as In &quot;JJ 1&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          /D/ and / + / are never followed by the vowel or medial / tī
          /. /N/ and /I/ are the only Initials which may be followed
          either by the vowel or medial /il/ or by the vowel or medial
          /□/. (See Display IV.)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          C, Initials g, k, h (Velar)
        </para>
        <para>
          positions suggested by the
        </para>
        <para>
          These are Ietters.
        </para>
        <para>
          s&gt; kà
        </para>
        <para>
          há
        </para>
        <para>
          These Initials
        </para>
        <para>
          pronounced In the
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;piece<superscript>1</superscript>')
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;1esson&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          (&quot;with&quot;)
        </para>
        <para>
          are never followed
        </para>
        <para>
          Display IV.)
        </para>
        <para>
          as as as by
        </para>
        <para>
          1 n &quot;£Ì II,” but unvo1ced in &quot;Iklll,&quot; but more
          aspirated
        </para>
        <para>
          1 n &quot;hj II,&quot; but harsher
        </para>
        <para>
          the
        </para>
        <para>
          vowels and
        </para>
        <para>
          med lais /1 /
        </para>
        <para>
          and
        </para>
        <para>
          /u/,
        </para>
        <para>
          (See
        </para>
        <para>
          D. Initials z, c, s (Dental
        </para>
        <para>
          /5/
        </para>
        <para>
          Position)
        </para>
        <para>
          To
        </para>
        <para>
          These are
        </para>
        <para>
          Z3ng CSng
        </para>
        <para>
          SSng an English
        </para>
        <para>
          pronounced as Indicated by (surname)         as In &quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          (surname)        as in&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          (surname)        as in&quot;
        </para>
        <para>
          speaker, the spelling z Is
        </para>
        <para>
          the English equivalents, beds,&quot; but unvoiced bets,&quot;
          but more aspirated Bess,&quot; but stronger only suggestive,
          and
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          the spelling c Is quite arbitrary. LJke the velars (/g/, /k/,
          /h/ì<subscript>t</subscript> these Initials are never followed
          by the vowels and medials /I/ and /(I/, (Display IV)
        </para>
        <para>
          As mentioned previously, the letter J_ after these
          /s/-posltlon sounds stands for a vowel with the tongue as
          close as possible to the /s/ position.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          E.   !n111 a Is zh, ch, sh, r (Retroflex, or /r/ Position)
        </para>
        <para>
          <emphasis role="smallcaps">IBljTZZJ</emphasis>     SBH    '
        </para>
        <para>
          These are pronounced as Indicated by the English equivalents,
          but with the tongue strongly curled back towards the position
          for /r/.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZhSng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (surname)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    as in         but unvoiced
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ChSng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (su rname)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    as Tn &quot;chaw,&quot; but more a sp1rāTed
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shīng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (su rname)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    as In &quot;Shaw&quot;
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    rang
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (&quot;al low&quot;)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    as in &quot;raw”
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Like the velars (ZgZ, I'fJ, ZhZ) and dentals (hi, /cf, Zs/),
          these Initials are never followed by the vowels and medlals
          ZIZ and ZUZ. (Display IV)
        </para>
        <para>
          Some speakers pronounce ZrZ with a certain amount of friction
          so that it Is somewhat like the ZsZ sound In
          &quot;measure.&quot; Notice that the unfamiliar zh spelling Is
          only suggestTve. The letter h_ after a consonant Tn’dlcates a
          pronunciation In the ZrZ pos111 on,
        </para>
        <para>
          As mentioned previously, the letter I after these ZrZ-position
          sounds stands for a vowel which Ts a prolonged ZrZ.
        </para>
        <para>
          sted
        </para>
        <para>
          f
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          F. Initials j, q, * (Palatal, or ZIZ Position)
        </para>
        <para>
          These are pronounced as indicated by the English equivalents,
          but with the tongue pushed forward towards the position for ZI
          Z.
        </para>
        <para>
          its .
        </para>
        <para>
          &gt;ted
        </para>
        <para>
          I S
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    JJ 5ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (surname)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    as tn ''Jeep,’<superscript>1</superscript> but
                    unvoiced
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    SJáng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (surname)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    as In ’’cheap,<superscript>1</superscript>’ but more
                    asp 1raTed
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XISng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (surname)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    between the ZshZ of ’’sheep” and the ZsZ of
                    &quot;£ee'p<superscript>Tr</superscript>
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          The palatals are followed only by the vowels and medlals ZIZ
          and ZUZ. (See Display IV,} Pay particular attention to the
          spellings £ and x, since they are quite arbitrary to speakers
          of English.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          With the palatals, this survey of the consonants Is completed.
          Let’s summarize the relationship between groups of consonants
          and the different sound values of the letter I:
        </para>
        <para>
          ts.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    AFTER
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    WHICH ARE PRO-NOUNCED WITH
                    <emphasis role="smallcaps">The tongue</emphasis>
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZIZ IS PRONOUNCED
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    W&quot;íTH_ TP’R-CTE''
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    AS IN THE SURNAME
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZzZ. ZcZ, / sZ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    In the ZsZ pos111 on
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    close to the ZsZ pos it Ion
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ST
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ZzhZ, ZchZ, ZshZ, £
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    close to the ZrZ position
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    In the ZrZ pos111 on
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ShT
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    any other Initial , 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    In any other pos111 on
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    In the ”standard&quot; ZIZ pos111 on
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    XT
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="sentence-intonation">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark17" /><anchor id="bookmark64" />SENTENCE
      INTONATION</title>
      <para>
        In the previous discussion of different levels of syllable
        stress and their effect on the pitch patterns of the tones, you
        were concerned only with words pronounced In isolation, as If
        read from a 1 1st, Usual Iy» of course, words are strung
        together in utterances. Then, the rules of relative stress apply
        over longer unInterrupted stretches which have a generally
        speeded-up tempo end narrowed, lowered pitch range.
      </para>
      <para>
        In the following example, notice the shrinkage of the pitch
        patterns and the overall lowering. The surname and given name
        together have the stress pattern of a single word--wlth normal
        stress on the first syllable, lighter stress on the middle
        syllable, and heavier stress on the last syllable.
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-22.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        In addition to these automatic effects of stringing words
        together, deliberate effects of sentence intonation single out
        for attention particular parts of a sentence or Indicate how a
        whole sentence is to be understood.
      </para>
      <para>
        Normally, a surname will carry more information than a following
        title and, thus, will be given greater emphasis by heavier
        stress.
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-23.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        ’he subordinate status of the title Is shown by the fact that It
        is often pronounced with no full tone.
      </para>
      <para>
        B
      </para>
      <para>
        J
      </para>
      <para>
        er
      </para>
      <para>
        JP
      </para>
      <para>
        :h
      </para>
<literallayout>
<inlinemediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-24.jpg" />
</imageobject>
</inlinemediaobject></literallayout>
      <para>
        T5 shI Hú Xiáo- -Jle.
      </para>
      <para>
        More generally, the key word or phrase In any sentence may be
        emphasized by heavy stress.
      </para>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-25.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Here, the stress on the negative marker bjj emphaslzes to
        someone that he is wrong to think that he has Identified Miss
        Hú.
      </para>
      <para>
        With the exception of words that are emphasized, words in rapid
        normal speech may seem to have lost the tones you are working so
        hard to learn. But don’t feel cheated. In the first place, the
        words are seldom really monotone; there Is probably something
        there to hear. (When you are doing the talking, it Is better to
        risk being overly precise, since only the fluent speaker has the
        right to mumble.) In the second place, these words are going to
        be emphasized sometimes, and then you can't fudge.
      </para>
      <para>
        The use of stress to single out for attention particular parts
        of sentences Is basically the same In Chinese and English. The
        only major difference to keep In mind Is that in Chinese stress
        exaggerates the pitch pattern of a tone. Stress does not give
        the syllable a falling pitch pattern, as Tn English. Be careful
        not to turn your stressed Chinese syI IabIes~Into Fallingtone
        syllables.
      </para>
      <para>
        There is considerably more difference between Chinese and
        English In the use of Intonation patterns to indicate how whole
        sentences are to be understood. In English, intonation patterns
        are most noticeable at the ends of sentences. The typical
        pattern Is a drop at the end of the sentence, used for most
        statements and for most questions with question words like
        &quot;who&quot; or ” w h a t. ”
      </para>
      <para>
        I'm Denial KI ng.
      </para>
      <para>
        Who are you? %
      </para>
      <para>
        The most common exception to this typical pattern In English is
        a rise at the end of the sentence, used for most questions that
        can be answered &quot;yes’* or &quot;no.”
      </para>
      <para>
        Are you Mr. KlngT^Z
      </para>
      <para>
        You're Mr. King? f
      </para>
      <para>
        Who am. I?/       (meaning &quot;You're asking
      </para>
      <para>
        who I am?&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        in the lest two examples, only the rising intonation shows thet
        these are &quot;echo questions<superscript>11</superscript>
        calling for yes/no answers.
      </para>
      <para>
        In Chinese, the typical Intonation pattern—the pattern for most
        statements--1s the one we have already presented; the sequence
        of tones, modified by stress, with a faster tempo and a
        narrower, lower pitch range than for words in Isolation.
      </para>
      <para>
        You will have to fight your natural tendency as a speaker of
        English to end statements with a drop In pitch. A High tone
        remains a High tone; a Rising tone remains a Rising tone; and a
        Low tone, with Its rising tall, remains a Low tone, even at the
        end of a statement. Do not change them Into Falling tones.
      </para>
      <para>
        The most common exception to this typical Chinese Intonation
        pattern Is a slightly raised sequence of tones, used for most
        questions. Unlike the English rising Intonation, the Chinese
        raised Intonation produces hIgher-than-normeI pitch throughout
        the sentence and is used for questions with question words, as
        well as for yes/no questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        In the following two sentences, only the difference between
        raised Intonation and normal Intonation signals that the first
        Is a yes/no question and the second a statement.
      </para>
      <para>
        and who I ō t terns
      </para>
      <para>
        pat-ta+e~
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-26.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-27.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        NT hSo? (You’re fine?}
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        W&amp; h S o -(Pm fine.)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        EngiIsh :rs
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Now Jet’s compare the Intonation of a question-word question
        with Its answer:
      </para>
      <para>
        asking that
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-28.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-29.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        NT shī nělguo rén?
      </para>
      <para>
        (What’s your nationality?)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Wò shl Máíguo rén. (I<superscript>T</superscript>m an Amar!can.)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        ■n for
      </para>
      <para>
        ।
      </para>
      <para>
        and
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        ikar tone
      </para>
      <para>
        ind a the
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Another Chinese intonation pattern lowers the pitch throughout
        the sentence# often giving the voice s breathy quality rather
        like a sigh. This pattern Is used for '’echo
        questions#<superscript>1</superscript>’ which are used to verify
        what has been said. Let’s compare a normal question (raised
        Intonation) and an ’'echo question’<superscript>1</superscript>
        (lowered IntonatIon):
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        ma-or
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        :tǐon
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-30.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        ftwasn rst
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        NT xīng Wáng ma?
      </para>
      <para>
        (Is your surname Wang?)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        NT xl ng Wing a?
      </para>
      <para>
        ([You say) your surname Is
      </para>
      <para>
        King?)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        In discussing these three Chinese Intonation patterns, the point
        has repeatedly been made that they affect the general pitch
        level of the whole sentence. However, there are noticeable
        intonations! features at the ends of sentences. These are
        particularly noticeable when the last syllable Is In the Neutral
        tone. In fact, the marker a has no real meaning or grammatical
        function of Its own, merely serving as a carrier of various
        final pitch contours which affect meaning. There are also cases
        where a final syllable with full tone Is extended to carry one
        of these final pitch contours,
      </para>
      <para>
        Together with Interjections and the various pause markers which
        punctuate sentences, these Intonatlonal devices provide much of
        ths expressiveness of Chinese speech. Keep listening for them.
      </para>
      <para>
        APPENDIX I: LIST OF INITIALS
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        the p í tch i n-tl -tone . ct I on ch
      </para>
      <para>
        sse
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        'S
      </para>
      <para>
        3
      </para>
      <para>
        J
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        PTnyTn
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Roma n 1 z a 11 o n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nearest English Equivalent
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  b
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;b_i |l,<superscript>lf</superscript> but
                  unvoiced
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  c
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;bets,&quot; but more aspirated
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ch
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <superscript>M</superscript>chaw,&quot; but more
                  aspirated and In ZrZ position
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  d
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;dj i 1 , &quot; but unvo 1 ced
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  f
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;fl 1 1 &quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  g
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  <superscript>T,</superscript>£l II,&quot; but unvo 1
                  ced
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  h
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;M II,&quot; but harsher
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  J
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;J_eep,&quot; but unvoiced and in /I / position
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  k
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Mil,&quot; but more aspirated
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;LI 1”
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  m
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;ml 1 1&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;nJ 1&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  P
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;2J 11,&quot; but more aspirated
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  q
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;cheap,&quot; but more aspirated and In ZIZ
                  position
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  r
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;raw,&quot; but with tongue curled back more
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  s ,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Bess,&quot; but stronger
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  sh
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Shaw,&quot; but In ZrZ position
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  t
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;till,&quot; but more aspirated
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  w
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (See Appendix 11, List of Finals.)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  X
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  between the ZshZ of &quot;sheep&quot; and the ZsZ of
                  &quot;seep,&quot; but in ZIZ posT+lon
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  y
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (See Appendix II, List of Finals.)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  z
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;beds,&quot; but unvoiced
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  zh
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;j_aw,&quot; but unvoiced and In ZrZ position
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        APPENDIX 11: LIST OF FINALS
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  PTnyTn
                </para>
                <para>
                  Roman 1zat1 on
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nearest English Equivalent
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Spelling w 1 thout 1 n : t_i_a i
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Ma&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a 1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Shangha1,&quot; &quot;h 1 gh&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  an
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Qatar 1 o&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Ma_&quot; + /ng/
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Mao Tse-tung,&quot; &quot;mouth&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ar
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Narc1 ssus&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ’’Adeline&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  el
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;lei,&quot; &quot;s 1 e 1 gh&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  en
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;fun,&quot; &quot;ch 1 ckan&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  eng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;lung&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  er
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;ermlne&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 (after £, £, c)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;JJ_st&quot; (/s/ position)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (after r, zh, ch, sh)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;washer&quot; (/r/ position)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  r 1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (elsewhere)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Bl kin P'
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yi
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  la
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Yamaha,&quot; &quot;yahoo,&quot;
                  &quot;yacht&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ya
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 an
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;yen&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yen
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I ang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  /y/ + &quot;Mia&quot; + /ng/, &quot;Yonkers&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yang
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 ao
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;yow 1'&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  y ao
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 e
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;ye 11ow”
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ye
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;mean&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  y 1 n
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 ng
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;arnhio&quot; + /ng/
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  y Ing
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        *
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  PTnyTn Roman Izat i on
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Nearest English Equivalent
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Spe Hing w 1 thout Initial
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I ong
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  /y/ + &quot;woman&quot; + /ng/
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yong
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  lu
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;yeoman&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  you
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  0<anchor id="footnote10" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark65">10</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;wa 1 1&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ong
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;woman&quot; + /ng/
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ou
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;soul&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4<anchor id="footnote11" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark66">11</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Budapest&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wu
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ua
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;quaj fty&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wa
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ua 1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Waikiki&quot;why&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wa 1
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  uan<superscript><link linkend="bookmark66">11</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;quant 11y,&quot; &quot;J uan&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wan
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  uang
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Wong&quot;quality&quot; + /ng/
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wang
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  u 1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;we 1 g_h&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wel
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  un<superscript><link linkend="bookmark66">11</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;Owen,&quot; &quot;won&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wen
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  uo
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  &quot;wall’<superscript>1</superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wo
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  d<superscript><link linkend="bookmark66">11</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  íno English equivalent; pronounced with the tongue in
                  the /I/ position and the lips In the /u/ position,
                  simultaneous 1 y. )
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yti
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Uan<superscript><link linkend="bookmark66">11</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  /U/ + &quot;Ontario&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yUan
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Ue<superscript><link linkend="bookmark66">11</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  / ùl / + &quot;h^n&quot;
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  y Ue
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Un<superscript><link linkend="bookmark66">11</link></superscript>
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  /U/ + /n/
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  y[fn
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        NUMBERS (NUM)
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="introduction-1">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark67" /><anchor id="bookmark68" />INTRODUCTION</title>
      <para>
        The ability to use the Chinese number system may be one of ths
        most useful skills you will acquire during this course. The
        Numbers resource module Introduces the Chinese numbers from zero
        through 99,999 and ordinal numbers.
      </para>
      <para>
        The essential part of this module consists of the Numbers (NUM)
        tapes and the accompanying displays and exercises In the
        workbook section of this module. The workbook text Is followed
        by a summary section.
      </para>
      <para>
        You should work through at least the first four tapes, which
        Introduce the numbers up to 100, while you are studying the
        Orientation Module. These tapes Include some work on
        pronunciation. Working with numbers offers an excellent
        opportunity to build up fluency and accuracy of pronunciation
        without having to learn a lot of new vocabulary.
      </para>
      <para>
        NUM tapes 5 and 6 are Intended to be used with the second half
        of the Money Module, where higher numbers are used in banking
        situations. However, because tapes for the resource modules are
        as self-contained as possible, you may use them at any time with
        a minimum of reference to other components of the course.
      </para>
      <para>
        TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 1-6)
      </para>
      <section xml:id="display-i">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark69" /><anchor id="bookmark70" />DISPLAY
        I</title>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark71">I     yT
                                    4</link>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2    èr                    5
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3    s3n                  6
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          ExercI so I
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark72"><emphasis role="smallcaps">a.</emphasis>____
                        e.____</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark73">1324         4132</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark74">D.</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          4 3 12                3 2 14
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <para>
          A. 1243 B. 3421 C. 1324      0.  4132 E. 2431
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark75">A.____ 3.</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          12 5 6                   3 5 4 6
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark76">D.</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark77">5246</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 4
        </para>
        <para>
          C. 1645 D. 2564
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          E. 6135
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A. 5315 B. 5362
        </para>
        <para>
          TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 7-10 and 0)
        </para>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="yr">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark78" /><anchor id="bookmark79" />।
      yr</title>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2 èr
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3 s3n
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4 si
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5 wū
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Exercise I
      </para>
      <para>
        A.____ 8.
      </para>
      <para>
        5 7 6 8
      </para>
      <para>
        0.  ___ E-
      </para>
      <para>
        4 7 3 8
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise
      </para>
      <para>
        ft. S765 B. 7843
      </para>
      <section xml:id="display-1">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark80" /><anchor id="bookmark81" />DISPLAY
        1</title>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6 I líi
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7 qT
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8 bS
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9 J I Ǔ
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              IO shí
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          0 I í ng
        </para>
        <para>
          C. ___
        </para>
        <para>
          8 7 13                  2 7
        </para>
        <para>
          6 6 7 5
        </para>
        <para>
          C. 7157 D. 2867 É.
        </para>
        <para>
          5868
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          A.
        </para>
        <para>
          7 6 5 6
        </para>
        <para>
          D.
        </para>
        <para>
          8 6 4 2
        </para>
        <para>
          B.
        </para>
        <para>
          C.
        </para>
        <para>
          --B —
        </para>
        <para>
          E.
        </para>
        <para>
          1 3 5
        </para>
        <para>
          7
        </para>
        <para>
          7
        </para>
        <para>
          4
        </para>
        <para>
          3
        </para>
        <para>
          8
        </para>
        <para>
          7
        </para>
        <para>
          7
        </para>
        <para>
          8 8
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 4
        </para>
        <para>
          A.____
        </para>
        <para>
          9 0 0 9
        </para>
        <para>
          D.
        </para>
        <para>
          5 9 0 6
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 5
        </para>
        <para>
          B.
        </para>
        <para>
          E.
        </para>
        <para>
          7
        </para>
        <para>
          4
        </para>
        <para>
          %
        </para>
        <para>
          9 S
        </para>
        <para>
          0 3
        </para>
        <para>
          0
        </para>
        <para>
          9
        </para>
        <para>
          C.
        </para>
        <para>
          9
        </para>
        <para>
          0
        </para>
        <para>
          8
        </para>
        <para>
          7
        </para>
        <para>
          A. 8790
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 6
        </para>
        <para>
          A.____
        </para>
        <para>
          17 7 6
        </para>
        <para>
          D.____
        </para>
        <para>
          16 2 0
        </para>
        <para>
          B.
        </para>
        <para>
          1939
        </para>
        <para>
          0.
        </para>
        <para>
          E.
        </para>
        <para>
          C.
        </para>
        <para>
          1
        </para>
        <para>
          1
        </para>
        <para>
          4096
        </para>
        <para>
          4 9 2
        </para>
        <para>
          9 2 9
        </para>
        <para>
          0.
        </para>
        <para>
          2005
        </para>
        <para>
          C.
        </para>
        <para>
          1
        </para>
        <para>
          E
        </para>
        <para>
          0
        </para>
        <para>
          6
        </para>
        <para>
          7980
        </para>
        <para>
          6
        </para>
        <para>
          TAPE 3 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 11-99)
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY I
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="6">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    11
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shíyT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èrsh f
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    22
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èrshIèr
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh f èr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    30
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sBnsh f
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    33
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sBnsh1sSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I 3
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh í sBn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    40
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    si sh (
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    44
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sish1 si
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I 4
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh í si
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    50
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    wǔsh f
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    55
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    wúsh1wǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I5
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh í wǚ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    60
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Hùshf
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    66
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    11ush 1 II ù
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I6
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh f Ií ù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    70
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qTshí
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    77
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qTsh1qT
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I 7
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh f qT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    80
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    bSshf
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    88
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    bSshlbā
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I 8
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    shfbS
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    90
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J I ūsh í
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    99
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J I ūsh 1J 1ǚ
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    19
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh f j I ǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise I
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5 ,       _
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    40
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    30              16
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.   _____
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    70
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    17                 90
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    !4
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          ExercIse 2
        </para>
        <para>
          1 .    85
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          17
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          44
        </para>
        <para>
          4 ,
        </para>
        <para>
          93
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          38
        </para>
        <para>
          6.  29
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          70
        </para>
        <para>
          8.
        </para>
        <para>
          26
        </para>
        <para>
          9.
        </para>
        <para>
          52
        </para>
        <para>
          10.
        </para>
        <para>
          61
        </para>
        <para>
          TAPE 4 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS 1-99, REVIEW)
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="1">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exercise I
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .   3      2.16'    3,
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.   91         7.   34         8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exe rcI so 2
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.   67          2.   12          3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.   35         7.   26         8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exercise 3
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .  4+5        2.  3 + 8
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.7+2    6.9+7
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9. 3 + 9         10. 4 + 4
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exercise 4
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1. 36         2,   41         3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,   94         7.   25         8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exercise 5
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.  21+10    2.  65+10
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.   59 + 10      6.   74 + 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.   25 + 10     10.   76 + 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    48
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.   70
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    22
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    59
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.    6
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    30
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    90
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.   54
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    83
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    79
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.   48
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.  1+2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6 + 9
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.   0 + I
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8*
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5 + 6
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    72
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.   18
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    63
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    66
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9. 52
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    27
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    33 + 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    18
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    + 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    42 + 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    86
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    + 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          NUM MODULE
        </para>
        <para>
          TAPE 5 WORKBOOK (NUMBERS
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY i
        </para>
        <para>
          100-999)
        </para>
        <para>
          100
        </para>
        <para>
          y 1 bá 1
        </para>
        <para>
          600
        </para>
        <para>
          I I ùbā I
        </para>
        <para>
          200
        </para>
        <para>
          i1ǎngběI
        </para>
        <para>
          (11ángbā
          1)<anchor id="footnote12" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark82">12</link></superscript>
        </para>
        <para>
          700
        </para>
        <para>
          qTbì i
        </para>
        <para>
          300
        </para>
        <para>
          sSnbǎ1
        </para>
        <para>
          800
        </para>
        <para>
          bībāT
        </para>
        <para>
          400
        </para>
        <para>
          500
        </para>
        <para>
          si bS 1
        </para>
        <para>
          wí bā I
        </para>
        <para>
          (wúbā1)
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY II
        </para>
        <para>
          900
        </para>
        <para>
          j I ǔbSI
        </para>
        <para>
          (j lúbǎI)
        </para>
        <para>
          140
        </para>
        <para>
          y1bí1 sish í
        </para>
        <para>
          655
        </para>
        <para>
          I IùbǎI wish!wǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          222
        </para>
        <para>
          11SngbíIèrsh1èr
        </para>
        <para>
          (11ángbS i èrsh1èr)
        </para>
        <para>
          747
        </para>
        <para>
          qTbèlslshlqT
        </para>
        <para>
          56 1
        </para>
        <para>
          wūbǎ í11ùsh f yT (wúbS11īùshfyT)
        </para>
        <para>
          999
        </para>
        <para>
          J I ǔ b í1J 1 ǔ 5 h 1J 1 ū (J lúbSījlūshījlǚ)
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exe rc i se
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 (Answers are on
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    tape.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    •
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exerc í se
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .   630
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.  543
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.  224       4.  468       5.  770
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,   185
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.  852
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.  292       9.   369      10.  987
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    DISPLAY til
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    COLUMN 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    COLUMN 2
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    104
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    yl bǎ 11 í ngsl
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    140 ylbilsìshf
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    202
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 i ǎngbǎ11 f ngèr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    220    11Sngbá1 èrshí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (1 i ángbǎ 1 1 í ngèr)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (11ángbè1èrsh f)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    405
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    s 1 bS í1 í ngwǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    450 slbílwǔshf
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    603
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 Iùbǎ11 í ngsSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    630     1 1 íibè ī sSnsh í
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    709
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qTbā i 1fngJ i □
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    790     qTbǎ1 J i ǔshí
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          DISPLAY IV
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    y ì b a 1 y Tsti í
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4 14
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    s 1 b ǎ i y T s h 1 s ì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    21 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 āngbě1yTshlyT
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (1lángbSlyTshlyT)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7 16
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qTbǎ1yfsh 111 ù
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3 12
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sSnbǎ1yTsh1èr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    916
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J JubalyTshl
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (j [úbā 1 yTshl bif)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-v">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark83" /><anchor id="bookmark84" />DISPLAY
        V</title>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark85">IM</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark86">121</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark87">131</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    101
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4 ,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    270
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    308
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    410
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    555
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    90!
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    613
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    220
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    812
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    12.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    721
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise 4
        </para>
        <para>
          1 -
        </para>
        <para>
          909
        </para>
        <para>
          919
        </para>
        <para>
          99 1
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          4 14
        </para>
        <para>
          441
        </para>
        <para>
          444
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          74 1
        </para>
        <para>
          747
        </para>
        <para>
          774
        </para>
        <para>
          7.
        </para>
        <para>
          200
        </para>
        <para>
          208
        </para>
        <para>
          280
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          203
        </para>
        <para>
          2 13
        </para>
        <para>
          230
        </para>
        <para>
          8.
        </para>
        <para>
          5 1 5
        </para>
        <para>
          525
        </para>
        <para>
          55 1
        </para>
        <para>
          4.
        </para>
        <para>
          3.1 í
        </para>
        <para>
          313
        </para>
        <para>
          33!
        </para>
        <para>
          9.
        </para>
        <para>
          808
        </para>
        <para>
          868
        </para>
        <para>
          881
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          602
        </para>
        <para>
          612
        </para>
        <para>
          62 1
        </para>
        <para>
          10.
        </para>
        <para>
          101
        </para>
        <para>
          1 10
        </para>
        <para>
          1 i 1
        </para>
        <para>
          Answers to
        </para>
        <para>
          Exerc1se
        </para>
        <para>
          4;  1.919
        </para>
        <para>
          2. 741
        </para>
        <para>
          3. 230
        </para>
        <para>
          4. 31 1
        </para>
        <para>
          5 .
        </para>
        <para>
          602
        </para>
        <para>
          6 . 444
        </para>
        <para>
          7. 208
        </para>
        <para>
          8.
        </para>
        <para>
          525
        </para>
        <para>
          9. 808
        </para>
        <para>
          10. 110
        </para>
        <para>
          TAPE 6 WORKBOOK {NUMBERS 1,000-99,999)
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY I
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 ,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    yì q ǐ In
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 i ìiq 1 In
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 iǎngq1In
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qTq iIn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sSnq í In
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    bīq íIn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    si q i In
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    j1ǔq1 In
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    wǔqIIn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-ii">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark88" /><anchor id="bookmark89" />DISPLAY
        II</title>
        <para>
          1,246 yìqI InfīangbSI sishI I Iù
        </para>
        <para>
          3,575 slnq1InwǔbSiqTshiwǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          6,750 í iùqiInqTbǎiwǔshf
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise I
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5,555
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3,690
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 ,200
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4 ,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,455
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2, B99
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7,131
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4,256
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9,742
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8,329
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2,974
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1,111
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7, t 1 7
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4,9 12
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9,115
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          3.  2,210
        </para>
        <para>
          7.  3,813
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          4 ,  6,616
        </para>
        <para>
          8,  5,419
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-iii-1">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark90" /><anchor id="bookmark91" />DISPLAY
        III</title>
        <para>
          COLUMN I
        </para>
        <para>
          COLUMN 2
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1,001
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    y ì qISn1 f ngyT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1,101
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    yl q 1 3nyl bS 1 I í riavT
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2,002
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 Iǎngq15n1f ngèr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2,202
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 lǎngqlínliāngbSi1í ngèr
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,005
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 I ùq i ān I tn gwǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,605
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I iìiqISínl iùbāi 1 fngwǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7,007
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    q T q13 n1 1ngqT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7,707
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qTqīSnqTbǎl 1f ngqT
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9,009
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J!ǔ q1Sn1 tnqJi ù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9,909
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J 1 ǔq iīnj1ǔbā1If ngJ 1ǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <para>
          1 . ________________________________________
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. ________________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              4. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. _________________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7, _________________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              10. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Answers are on page 68.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 4
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8, t' 4 ?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1,202
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4,007
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6,500
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7 , 2 1 2
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3,4 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9,704
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2,002
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5,330
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2,222
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-iv">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark92" /><anchor id="bookmark93" />DISPLAY
        IV</title>
        <para>
          Exercise 5
        </para>
        <para>
          I .        ____________________________________________
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              2. ________________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              3. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              4. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              5. ________________
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1! 0,000 il
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    y í wàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6í 0,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    91ùwàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2, 0,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 1 ǎngwàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1\ 0,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    q fwàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    3<superscript>l</superscript> 0,000
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    1
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sSnwàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8’0,000 I
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    báwàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4* 0,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    si wàn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9,0,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    j I □ w à n
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5‘ 0,000
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    wǔwà n
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              6. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              7. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              8. _______________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              9. ________________
            </para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              IO. ________________
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (Answers are on page 68.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Exerc i se 6
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    62,! 39
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    45,365
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    21,540
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    69,211
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    93,537
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    14,610
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    57,442
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    38,793
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    76,818
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    !O.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    28,954
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          DISPLAY V
        </para>
        <para>
          COLUMN 1
        </para>
        <para>
          COLUMN 2
        </para>
        <para>
          1 ,000 I
        </para>
        <para>
          y íwan lingyT
        </para>
        <para>
          I ,OOP!    yfwànífngyT
        </para>
        <para>
          1,00 t1
        </para>
        <para>
          y f w□nIf ngyT s h I y T
        </para>
        <para>
          1 , 100 1    yíwànyìqiSnl īrìgyT
        </para>
        <para>
          i ,01 H
        </para>
        <para>
          y í wà nI íngyìbǎi-
        </para>
        <para>
          ],1101     yT wà n y1q1Sny1bǐ t-
        </para>
        <para>
          yTshiyT
        </para>
        <para>
          1 f n g y T
        </para>
        <para>
          Exerc i se
        </para>
        <para>
          _7
        </para>
        <para>
          1 .
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          2;
        </para>
        <para>
          7,
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          8.
        </para>
        <para>
          4 .
        </para>
        <para>
          9,
        </para>
        <para>
          5,
        </para>
        <para>
          10.
        </para>
        <para>
          .            (Answers are on page 68.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Exerc1se 8
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="8">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    80,015
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    46,002
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    70,005
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    22,20!
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    54,003
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    30,009
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    27,006
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10,055
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    62,008
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    90,509
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    DISPLAY VI
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    No.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    42 DàlT J 13 Sìshlèrhào
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    No.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    36 DàlT Jlē SSnshlllùhào
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise 9
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    No.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    42 DàlT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Street
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    No.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    36 DàlT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Street
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    No.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    29 DalT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Street
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    No.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    63 DàlT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Street
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    No.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    84 DàlT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Street
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          ANSWERS TO TAPE
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          6 EXERCISES
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ExercIse
        </para>
        <para>
          3
        </para>
        <para>
          1 ,
        </para>
        <para>
          1,001
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          4,00B
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          1,101
        </para>
        <para>
          7,
        </para>
        <para>
          9,616
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
        <para>
          6,505
        </para>
        <para>
          8.
        </para>
        <para>
          3,403
        </para>
        <para>
          4*
        </para>
        <para>
          7,001
        </para>
        <para>
          9,
        </para>
        <para>
          5,501
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          B,0IO
        </para>
        <para>
          i 0.
        </para>
        <para>
          6,006
        </para>
        <para>
          Exsrc150
        </para>
        <para>
          5
        </para>
        <para>
          t .
        </para>
        <para>
          1 i , 1 ! 1
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          05,215
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          52,520
        </para>
        <para>
          7,
        </para>
        <para>
          23,310
        </para>
        <para>
          j.
        </para>
        <para>
          78,234
        </para>
        <para>
          a.
        </para>
        <para>
          67,490
        </para>
        <para>
          4.
        </para>
        <para>
          92,46?
        </para>
        <para>
          9.
        </para>
        <para>
          34,043
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          45,730
        </para>
        <para>
          10.
        </para>
        <para>
          29,672
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 7
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 ,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20,001
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Ē4,206               '
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    40,010
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    60,009
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    33,001
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    59,003
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    70,601
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10,050
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    98,015
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    20,505
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          SUMMARY
        </para>
        <para>
          The Chinese system of numbers is simple and predictable. You
          may find it more regular than the number system Tn English.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="5">
            <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Here are
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    the numbers
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 to 10 plus
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    zero:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    yr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ( 1 )
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    wǔ (5)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    J’ǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (9)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    èr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (2)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 I Ù (61
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh t
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ( 10)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    s5n
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (3)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    qT (7)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I I ng
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    &lt; 0)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    si
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (4)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    b5 (8)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    The
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    10, shí,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    numbers 11 followed by
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    through 19 are the words for
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    formed with the 1 through 9:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    word for
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="6">
            <colspec colwidth="16*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="16*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="16*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="16*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="16*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="16*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh f yT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (II)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh f si
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    f 14)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh : qT
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (17)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Shíèr
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ( 12)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh í wǔ
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (15)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh í b£T
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (18)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh1sSn
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (13)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    sh í 1 1ù
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (16)
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sh í j i ū
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (19)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    You can see addition: 10
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    that
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    + <superscript>1</superscript> &gt;
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    the system for etc.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    forming
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    11 through i 9
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    resemb1es
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          The number 20 is
        </para>
        <para>
          1 i tera11y
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;two tens.&quot; All the
        </para>
        <para>
          multiples
        </para>
        <para>
          of 10 are formed with
        </para>
        <para>
          the words
        </para>
        <para>
          for 2 through 9 followed by
        </para>
        <para>
          the word for
        </para>
        <para>
          10, sh í:
        </para>
        <para>
          èrsh f
        </para>
        <para>
          (20)
        </para>
        <para>
          wǔsh í
        </para>
        <para>
          (50)         bSshf
        </para>
        <para>
          (80)
        </para>
        <para>
          sīnsh í
        </para>
        <para>
          (30)
        </para>
        <para>
          1 i ùsh í
        </para>
        <para>
          (60)         Jiǔshf
        </para>
        <para>
          (90)
        </para>
        <para>
          sìsh f
        </para>
        <para>
          (40)
        </para>
        <para>
          qTsh í
        </para>
        <para>
          (70)
        </para>
        <para>
          You can see
        </para>
        <para>
          that this
        </para>
        <para>
          system resembles multiplication
        </para>
        <para>
          : 2 x 10,
        </para>
        <para>
          etc.
        </para>
        <para>
          The remaining numbers up to 100 are
        </para>
        <para>
          formed by combining
        </para>
        <para>
          these two systems. For example, to form the word for 21,
        </para>
        <para>
          fIrst multiply,
        </para>
        <para>
          &quot;two tens,” and then
        </para>
        <para>
          add
        </para>
        <para>
          the word for 1.
        </para>
        <para>
          èrshIyT
        </para>
        <para>
          (2 1 )
        </para>
        <para>
          si shIj i ǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          (49)
        </para>
        <para>
          I 1 ùsh1qT
        </para>
        <para>
          (67)
        </para>
        <para>
          èrsh1b5
        </para>
        <para>
          (28)
        </para>
        <para>
          si sh1yT
        </para>
        <para>
          (41 )
        </para>
        <para>
          qTsh1 si
        </para>
        <para>
          (74)
        </para>
        <para>
          sīn s hIèr
        </para>
        <para>
          (32)
        </para>
        <para>
          wǔsh i s5n
        </para>
        <para>
          (53)
        </para>
        <para>
          bSsh1 1 1 ù
        </para>
        <para>
          (86)
        </para>
        <para>
          sānsh1 1 I ù
        </para>
        <para>
          (36)
        </para>
        <para>
          wǔshIb5
        </para>
        <para>
          (59)
        </para>
        <para>
          J I ǔsh1èr
        </para>
        <para>
          (92)
        </para>
        <para>
          si sh1wǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          (45 )
        </para>
        <para>
          1 1ù s hIwǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          (65)
        </para>
        <para>
          J I ǔ s h i j I ǔ
        </para>
        <para>
          (99)
        </para>
        <para>
          Notice that shi,
        </para>
        <para>
          10,
        </para>
        <para>
          loses its tone
        </para>
        <para>
          in the examples above
        </para>
        <para>
          1
        </para>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="hundreds">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark94" /><anchor id="bookmark95" />HUNDREDS</title>
      <para>
        Multiples of 100 are formed in the same way as multiples
      </para>
      <para>
        of 10: the words for
      </para>
      <para>
        1 through 9 followed by the word for
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;hundred,&quot; - b ǎ i y 1 bǎ I
      </para>
      <para>
        (100)
      </para>
      <para>
        si bǎ I
      </para>
      <para>
        (400)
      </para>
      <para>
        qtbǎ I
      </para>
      <para>
        (700)
      </para>
      <para>
        1 1 ǎngbǎ i
      </para>
      <para>
        (200)
      </para>
      <para>
        wǔbǎ i
      </para>
      <para>
        (500)
      </para>
      <para>
        bābǎl
      </para>
      <para>
        (800)
      </para>
      <para>
        (11ángbǎ 1 ) sffnbǎ1
      </para>
      <para>
        (300)
      </para>
      <para>
        (wúbǎ i )
      </para>
      <para>
        1 1ù bǎ 1
      </para>
      <para>
        (600)
      </para>
      <para>
        J 1ǔbǎI (Jlubǎi)
      </para>
      <para>
        (900)
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that the word for I, y T, occurs before -bǎ I, although
        It was not used before 10, shT. Note also the dTf'f ere nt word
        for 2 used when forming the hundreds. In the numbers
        2<subscript>t</subscript> 12, and all numbers containing 2 up to
        100, èr Is used. Llang— Is used with hundreds.
      </para>
      <para>
        When forming numbers with &quot;hundred,&quot; remember that
        some of the numbers from I through 9 change tone before the Low
        tone of -bǎ i . Y± (I) changes from a High tone to a Falling
        tone. L1 ǎng (2), wǔ (5), and J Iu (9) change from Low tones to
        Rising tones.
      </para>
      <para>
        yt                         yl bǎ I
      </para>
      <para>
        I ling-                  I iSngbǎl (llángbSl)
      </para>
      <para>
        wǔ                        wǔbǎI (wǔbǎ i)
      </para>
      <para>
        Jlǔ                   Jlǔbǎi (Jlúbǎí)
      </para>
      <para>
        The numbers I through 9 after the hundreds bring up a special
        point when there Is no number in the tens place: a zero, Iíng,
        Is used to mark that place.
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark96">ylbǎillngyT       (101)           I
        IùbǎI Ifng I Iù</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark97">I ISngbSIttngèr   (202)
                 qTbǎiIfngqT</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark98">tIiángbātIfnger)
                          bSbSilfngbff</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        slnbilllngstn &lt;303)          J IùbǎI I IngjIí (909)
      </para>
      <para>
        slbǎi I fngsl        (404 )           (J Iúba I I I ngj I ǔ )
      </para>
      <para>
        wǔbSI I Ingwǔ (505)
      </para>
      <para>
        (wúbǎ iIIngwǔ )
      </para>
      <para>
        When numbers Tn the teens follow the hundreds, yT (I) is
        Inserted before the word for 10, shI. To understand why this Is
        necessary, you need to distinguish between the numbers 1 through
        9 and the numbers which label a group of numbers--more
        specifically, which label a power of 10, such as
        &quot;ten,&quot; sh I, &quot;hundred,&quot; -bǎ I , and so on.
        The rule is that two numbers which are labels for other numbers
        (such as -bǎ I and sh I) cannot occur one after the other-.
        Therefore, yT Is added before sh f In the numbers I 10 through
        !!9,
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yì bǎ i yTsh í
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  f 1 10 )
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wūbǎ i yTsh1wǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (5 15)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 angbS1 yTsh1yT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (211)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  b3bS1yTsh i1 ī ù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (816)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  s 1 b ǎ I y T s h f è r
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (412)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  sffnbǎ iyTsh IqT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (317)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  j 1 ǔbǎ i yTsh i s5n
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (913)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 1 ùbā i yTsh i b3
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (6 18)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  qTbā i yTsh i si
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (7 14)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  ylbǎIyTsh1j1ǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (119)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        The High tone of yT changes to a Falling tone before the Low
        tone of - bǎ i but does not change before s h í, as you would
        expect. The tone of yT is usually affected by any tone which
        follows, but this case is an exception.
      </para>
      <para>
        The remaining numbers In reguI a rIy.
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark99">ylbǎlbSshiJiǔ</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark100">I I ǎngbǎlèrshièr</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        $3nbǎ i si shI I 1li     ( 346)
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark101">slbālbSshf</link>
      </para>
      <para>
        <link linkend="bookmark102">wǔbǎIsSnsh 1 yT</link>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        the hundreds are formed
      </para>
      <para>
        IīùbSI sishIqT (647) qTbǎlsānshlI IÙ (736) bSbStqTshlJiǔ (979) J
        ī GbS TI lùshièr (962)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="thousands">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark103" /><anchor id="bookmark104" />THOUSANDS</title>
      <para>
        The word for &quot;thousand” Is -qISn. The thousands are
      </para>
      <para>
        formed In the
      </para>
      <para>
        same way as
      </para>
      <para>
        the
      </para>
      <para>
        hundreds.
      </para>
      <para>
        y1q T 5n
      </para>
      <para>
        (1,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        1 1 ùq ī 5n
      </para>
      <para>
        (6,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        11ǎngqISn
      </para>
      <para>
        (2,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        qTq Iffn
      </para>
      <para>
        (7,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        sSnq i 5n
      </para>
      <para>
        (3,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        blq15n
      </para>
      <para>
        (8,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        si q i 5n
      </para>
      <para>
        (4,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        j 1 u q 1 5 n
      </para>
      <para>
        (9,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        wǔq13n
      </para>
      <para>
        (5,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that 2 Is 1 iǎng- and that to a Falling tone before the
        High
      </para>
      <para>
        the High tone of
      </para>
      <para>
        tone of yT changes -q15n.
      </para>
      <para>
        Rules concerning tone changes and use of yT and H ng for numbers
        In the hundreds also apply to numbers in the thousands.
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  yì q ī S'n 1 f ngbísh ī 1 í ìj
                </para>
                <para>
                  1 iǎngqiSnl íǎngbǎlèrshí wǔqI3n1 i ùbǎ1yTsh1 bāq I Sny
                  1 bǎ H t ngwìí
                </para>
                <para>
                  j1ǔq1Sn1f ngyTsh1qT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  £ 1,086) (2,220) (5,610) £8,105) (9,017)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        The use of Ifng is expanded in numbers as large as thousands.
        The word Iíng can stand for two or more adjacent zeros. This use
        Is similar to the English &quot;and&quot; In &quot;one thousand
        and one&quot; (1,001),
      </para>
      <para>
        yl q i ?n I f ngyT        (1,001)        I I ù q ī 8 n I f n g I
        ī ù
      </para>
      <para>
        (6,006)
      </para>
      <para>
        (7,007)
      </para>
      <para>
        (8,00S)
      </para>
      <para>
        (9,009)
      </para>
      <para>
        couId lead
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        IlǎngqiSnl íngèr   (2,002)      qTqISnI í ngqT
      </para>
      <para>
        sing T SnIī ngsSn     (3,003)        b3qIffnIí ngbB
      </para>
      <para>
        si q i Sn11 ngsl        (4,004)       jIǔq1?n1I ng J 1ǔ
      </para>
      <para>
        wùqISnIf ngwù (5,005)
      </para>
      <para>
        Seemingly, this expansion of the meaning of l_ f ng to
        confusion, but compare the following:
      </para>
      <para>
        yìqIffnslbSI if ng I Iù (1,406) yìq1SnIfngsìshI I Iù (1,046)
        ylqI In If ng I I ù           (I,006)
      </para>
      <para>
        ylqlínlfngllùshf (1,060)
      </para>
      <para>
        The remaining numbers In the thousands are formed reguI ar Iy.
      </para>
      <para>
        JlǔqlínllàngbàlqTshlbó qTqlSnsSnbǎlyTshlyT siqISnwǚbàIèrshIèr
        IlǎngqīSnylbǎíIIùshIsffn
      </para>
      <para>
        (9,278) (7,311) (4,522) (2,163)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="ten-thousands">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark105" /><anchor id="bookmark106" />TEN
      THOUSANDS</title>
      <para>
        The word for &quot;ten thousand&quot; Is -wan.
      </para>
      <para>
        yfwàn      (10,000)                Ilùwàn  (60,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        llàngwàn  (20,000)               qfwàn   (70,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        sSnwàn    (30,000)               báwàn   (80,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        sìwàn      (40,000)               jlùwàn  (90,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        wǔwàn      (50,000)
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that the numbers yT, qT, and bff change from High tones
        to Rising tones before the FaTlIng tone of -wàn.
      </para>
      <para>
        The rules for hundreds and thousands also apply to ten
        thousands: I) The word I ISng- (2) Is used with -wàn, 2) Numbers
        which label a position cannot occur one right after another. 3)
        The word ling can stand for two or more adjacent zeros in a
        number.
      </para>
      <para>
        JiùwànèrqlSnsānbǎlslshi I iù I I Sngwànèrq1ffnèrbāIèrsh I èr
      </para>
      <para>
        (92,346 )
      </para>
      <para>
        (22,222)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        b á w à nIí ngb5                  (80,008)
      </para>
      <para>
        bá wà nI í ngbffsh ī bS          (80,088 3
      </para>
      <para>
        báwàn I í ngbgbǎ I bīsh I bā (80,888) [n the first two examples
        èr ts used for 2 when it Is not the first digit In a number.-
        The second example clearly shows that native speakers may start
        off with I ISng- and then switch to èr.
      </para>
      <para>
        Numbers in the ten thousands bring out a characteristic of the
        Chinese number system which Is truly different from the English
        system of numbers. Traditionally, Chinese numbers were written
        with the comma to the left of the fourth digit.
      </para>
      <para>
        I iSngwànwǔqiSnwǔbàlsSInshl I 1 ù 2,5536
      </para>
      <para>
        báwàn I Iùq1SnqtbǎIsìshIqT         8,6747
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="ordinal-numbers">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark107" /><anchor id="bookmark108" />ORDINAL
      NUMBERS</title>
      <para>
        Like the cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers in Chinese are also
        easily and regularly formed. The word for '’number,&quot; dì-(
        in the sense of &quot;number I<superscript>1</superscript>’} may
        be placed before any cardinal number to make It an ordinal
        number.
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dlyT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;number 1&quot;flrst&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dl èr
                </para>
                <para>
                  dl sffn
                </para>
                <para>
                  dl si
                </para>
                <para>
                  dì wǔ
                </para>
                <para>
                  dì 1 lù d ì è r s h f
                </para>
                <para>
                  The prefix dl - must
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;number 2,&quot; &quot;second&quot;)
                  (&quot;number 3,&quot; &quot;third&quot;)
                  (&quot;number 4,&quot; &quot;fourth&quot;)
                </para>
                <para>
                  (&quot;number 5,&quot; &quot;fifth&quot;)
                  (&quot;number 6,&quot; &quot;sixth&quot;)
                  (&quot;twentIath&quot;)
                </para>
                <para>
                  be followed by a unit number, not by
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  a number which 1$ a label
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  for a group of numbers. For Instance:
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  dl ylb§ 1
                </para>
                <para>
                  (NOT dìbS 1 )
                </para>
                <para>
                  dì yl q I līn
                </para>
                <para>
                  (NOT dlqlín) dlyI wan (NOT diwan)
                </para>
                <para>
                  Notice that this does NOT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;LoneJ hundredth&quot;)
                </para>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Cone3 thousandth&quot;)
                </para>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Conel ten thousandth&quot;)
                </para>
                <para>
                  hold true for the numbers 10 tc 19:
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  d 1 sh í dlsh I yT dlsh f J 1 ǔ
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;number 10,&quot; &quot;tenth&quot;)
                </para>
                <para>
                  (&quot;number 11,&quot; &quot;eleventh&quot;)
                </para>
                <para>
                  (&quot;number 19,&quot; &quot;nineteenth&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        There is also another word, - hào, which when used with a number
        refers to things in an order. Unlike the numbers used with dl -,
        the numbers with -hāo come to be used as names for the ttīTngs
        they refer to, as Tn addresses or dates.
      </para>
      <para>
        Dèíl JIS Slshièrhào (&quot;No. 42 Dà 11 Street&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        SUnyuè SānshlyThào (&quot;March
        31st<superscript>11</superscript>)
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="saying-numbers-aloud">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark109" /><anchor id="bookmark110" />SAYING
      NUMBERS ALOUD</title>
      <para>
        There are two ways to say numbers aloud, One way Is to give the
        full form of the number, Including the labels for the powers of
        10.
      </para>
      <para>
        80,011          báwàniíngyTshIyT
      </para>
      <para>
        12,705          y(wànI IāngqISnqTbSI 1fngwǔ
      </para>
      <para>
        70,009        qíwàniíngjlu
      </para>
      <para>
        48,347         siwànbSqISnsSnbāI sish1qT
      </para>
      <para>
        The other way Is to use &quot;telephone style,&quot; leaving out
        the labels for the powers of 10.
      </para>
      <para>
        80,011        b3-Hng-I fng-yT-yT
      </para>
      <para>
        12,705         yT-èr-qT-Ifng-wu
      </para>
      <para>
        70,009          qT—Ifng-I íng-lÍng-Jiu
      </para>
      <para>
        48,347         s1-bS-sSn-sl-qT
      </para>
      <para>
        There are two things to notice when reeding numbers
        &quot;telephone style,&quot; First of all, since there Is a
        slight pause between each number, the tone of a syllable Is not
        changed by the next syllable. Therefore, ail numbers are
        pronounced with their basic tones. Secondly, Ifng cannot stand
        for more than one zero (and Is repeated If need be),
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;Telephone style&quot; Is often used to Identify a year.
        The word for &quot;year,&quot; -n I án, follows the numbers.
      </para>
      <para>
        yT-JIǔ-wú-Iíng-nI an (1950)
      </para>
      <para>
        CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="3">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  CE
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Zao!
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Good morning.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Women shàng kè ba.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  let’s begin class.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  N1 tTng wo shuō.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Listen to me say It.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  NT dong le ma?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Do you understand now?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wǒ bù dong.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 don't understand.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Dǒng le.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 understand.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  7.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  QÌng gSnzhe wo shuO.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Please repeat after me
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  8.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  QT ng nI zà I shuǒ y f cl.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Please say 11 aga i n.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  9.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Duì Ie.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  That's correct.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  10.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Bù duì .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  That's not right.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  I 1 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Wǒ bíi zhTdào.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1 don't know.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  12.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Shi shénme ylsl?
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  What does It mean?
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  13.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Hāo, wǒmen xià ke ba.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Okay, class Is over.
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        CE 2
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            I. Wǒ mél tTngqTngchu.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            2. Wǒ you yIge wèntf,
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            3. NT shuǒcuò le.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            4. Hide fāyTn bú +àI hSo.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            5. NT gēn tff shuǒ.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            6. Wáng Dànlán, nT wèn went!.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            7. Hú M ě I 1 T n g , n 1 h u í d á .
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        I didn’t hear clearly.
      </para>
      <para>
        I have a question.
      </para>
      <para>
        You said It wrong.
      </para>
      <para>
        Your pronunciation isn’t too good.
      </para>
      <para>
        You talk with him OR You tell It to him.
      </para>
      <para>
        Wáng Dànián, you ask the questions.
      </para>
      <para>
        Hú Mailing, you answer them.
      </para>
      <para>
        0,  Q'íng riT fīnchéng Zhōngwén.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            9, Qìng n't fSnchéng YTngwén.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            10, Qlng dà yìdǐǎnr shSngyTn
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        shuē.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            II. Qlng man yldlanr shuC.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            12, ZhSng LāoshT, nín hàol
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            13, MíngtI5n jlàn.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>
            14, Car Zhíīngwén zěnme shu5?
          </para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
        Pieass translate it Into Ch Inese.
      </para>
      <para>
        Please translate it Into Engl Is h.
      </para>
      <para>
        Please talk a little louder.
      </para>
      <para>
        Please talk a little slower,
      </para>
      <para>
        Mr. (Teacher} ZhSng, how are you?
      </para>
      <para>
        See you tomorrow.
      </para>
      <para>
        How do you say &quot;car&quot; In Ch Inese?
      </para>
      <para>
        TIME and DATES (T&amp;D)
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="introduction-2">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark111" /><anchor id="bookmark112" />INTRODUCTION</title>
      <para>
        This resource module summarizes and supplements core module
        presentations involving dates and time. Time and Dates (T&amp;D)
        tapes I and 2 cover dates (year, month, day of the month, day of
        the week, and such expressions as &quot;next
        week<superscript>1</superscript>' and
        &quot;yesterday<superscript>1</superscript>'). TiD tapes 3 and 4
        cover time (clock time and such expressions as &quot;In the
        morning<superscript>1</superscript>').
      </para>
      <para>
        The prerequisites for this module are P&amp;R tapes 1-6 and NUM
        tapes 1-4. Otherwise, the Time and Dates Module Is
        self-contained. Note, however, that dates are Introduced with
        tapes 5 and 6 of the Biographic Information Module and that time
        is Introduced with tapes 5 and 6 of the Money Module.
      </para>
      <para>
        TAPE 1 WORKBOOK (DATES)
        <anchor id="footnote13" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark113">13</link></superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        of this module restates the rules
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Exerc i se
      </para>
      <para>
        _l_ (Answers are on tape.)
      </para>
      <para>
        I ,
      </para>
      <para>
        (1 )
      </para>
      <para>
        August 5th
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        September 5th
      </para>
      <para>
        Í3)
      </para>
      <para>
        August 15th
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        ( I )
      </para>
      <para>
        August 2nd
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        August 20th
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        July 1 Oth
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        ( I )
      </para>
      <para>
        January 20th
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        July 12th
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        October 20th
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        (I )
      </para>
      <para>
        October 4th
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        February 8th
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        November 10th
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        ( I )
      </para>
      <para>
        February 9th
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        December 4th
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        June 14th
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        ( I )
      </para>
      <para>
        February 7th
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        December 7th
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        December 1st
      </para>
      <para>
        7 .
      </para>
      <para>
        (I )
      </para>
      <para>
        April 1st
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        October 13th
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        May 7th
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        { I )
      </para>
      <para>
        October 10th
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        April 11 th
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        April 1st
      </para>
      <para>
        9.
      </para>
      <para>
        &lt; I )
      </para>
      <para>
        July 17th
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        March 19th
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        January 11 th
      </para>
      <para>
        IO.
      </para>
      <para>
        (I )
      </para>
      <para>
        December 25th
      </para>
      <para>
        (2)
      </para>
      <para>
        July 31st
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY 1
      </para>
      <para>
        (3)
      </para>
      <para>
        January 31st
      </para>
      <para>
        I .
      </para>
      <para>
        AprII 20th
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        March 14th
      </para>
      <para>
        7.
      </para>
      <para>
        September 3rd
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        May
      </para>
      <para>
        20th
      </para>
      <para>
        5 .
      </para>
      <para>
        March 25th
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        July 3rd
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        Ma y
      </para>
      <para>
        14th
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        September 25th
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY II
      </para>
      <para>
        9.
      </para>
      <para>
        July 11 th
      </para>
      <para>
        I .
      </para>
      <para>
        February IB
      </para>
      <para>
        3 .
      </para>
      <para>
        July 20
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        October 4
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        November I
      </para>
      <para>
        4 ,
      </para>
      <para>
        May 4
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        July 1
      </para>
      <para>
        TfcD MODULE
      </para>
      <para>
        TAPE 2 WORKBOOK (YEARS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK)
      </para>
      <para>
        DISPLAY I
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="5">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  February
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  22, 1732
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  4 .
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  June 15, 1215
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  2.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  July 4+h,
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  1776
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  5.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  May 8, 1945
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  3.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  January 1
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  , 1863
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  6.
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  April 7, 1939
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <section xml:id="display-ii-1">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark114" /><anchor id="bookmark115" />DISPLAY
        II</title>
        <para>
          «»
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    LAST
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    THIS
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    NEXT
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1925
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 926
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 927
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I960
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1961
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1962
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Rea 1
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    T 1 me
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    ?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          Exercise I
        </para>
        <para>
          _______________S u n d a y
        </para>
        <para>
          __________Monday
        </para>
        <para>
          ______________T u e s d a y
        </para>
        <para>
          __________W ednesday
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          ______________T h u r s d a y
        </para>
        <para>
          _______________f r I d a y
        </para>
        <para>
          ____________S a T u r d a y
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <emphasis role="smallcaps">tsd module</emphasis>
        </para>
        <para>
          <superscript>,k</superscript>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <colspec align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Monday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tuesday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wednesday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Thursday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Friday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Saturday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Friday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Saturday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sunday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4 ,
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Thursday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fr1 day
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Saturday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wednesday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Thursday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fri day
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Thu rsday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Friday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Saturday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Monday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tuesday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wednesday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wednesday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Thursday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Friday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-iii-2">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark116" /><anchor id="bookmark117" />DISPLAY
        III</title>
        <para>
          March
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="7">
            <colspec colwidth="14*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="14*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="14*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="14*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="14*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="14*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="14*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Sunday 3
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Monday 4
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tuesday 5
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Wednesday
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    6
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Thursday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Fr1 day
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    8
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Saturday
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    9
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          August
        </para>
        <para>
          Sunday
        </para>
        <para>
          12
        </para>
        <para>
          Monday 1 3
        </para>
        <para>
          Tuesday
        </para>
        <para>
          14
        </para>
        <para>
          Wednesday
        </para>
        <para>
          15
        </para>
        <para>
          Thursday
        </para>
        <para>
          16
        </para>
        <para>
          Friday 1 7
        </para>
        <para>
          Satu rday 1 8
        </para>
        <para>
          December
        </para>
        <para>
          Sunday
        </para>
        <para>
          Monday
        </para>
        <para>
          Tuesday
        </para>
        <para>
          Wednesday
        </para>
        <para>
          Thursday
        </para>
        <para>
          FrI day
        </para>
        <para>
          Saturday
        </para>
        <para>
          20
        </para>
        <para>
          21
        </para>
        <para>
          22
        </para>
        <para>
          23
        </para>
        <para>
          24
        </para>
        <para>
          25
        </para>
        <para>
          26
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    TAPE
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    1.   5:00         3.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    2.  7:00         4.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    1      '■ /^T
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    /io
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    9     n
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    A )           v <superscript>X</superscript>
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    fl \8
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    1     Vu
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    1
                       <emphasis role="smallcaps"><superscript>5</superscript>*
                    at</emphasis>
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    710 y&quot; 9    \
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    \8
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3 WORKBOOK (CLOCK TIME)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    DISPLAY 1
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    2:00        5. 12:00         7. 11:00
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    10:00        6.   3:00         8,   8:00
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    DISPLAY II
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    s.              <superscript>2</superscript> •    /
                    12 X
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    i\              /\x । iX
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    A             /io     / A
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    al                     19        o        31
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    V          \       V
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    X            X. .6 jx
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    iX               /II । iX
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    ì\                /ia           2\
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    a]                       [9 &lt;L 3
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    7         \      7
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    xL s Jx
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    <emphasis role="smallcaps">i'X
                                <superscript>61</superscript>
                    /\\</emphasis>
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    \                      /
                    <superscript>0</superscript>      1        2\
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    7                 (<superscript>9</superscript>
                         T       <emphasis role="smallcaps">j</emphasis>
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    4/                \8     1     4/
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    X           JX
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    81
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-31.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-32.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-33.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-34.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-35.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-36.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="1">
            <colspec colwidth="100*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exerc īse 1
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.  4:00           4:15           4:50
                              4:45
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.  6:00           6:15           6:30
                              6:45
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.  2:00           2:15           2:30
                              2:45
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4. 12:00          12:15          12:30
                             12:45
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5 . i1:00             11:15             11:30
                                11:45
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (Answers are on page 83.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exercise 2
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.   10:                      6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.     1:                         7. .
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    co uì
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4,9:             9 .
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.    4:                    10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (Answers are on page 83.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Exercise 3
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1 .                                            6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.                                7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Of a&gt;
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    «
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.                                9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.                               10.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (Answers are on page 83.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    DISPLAY III
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.  4:10           3.  7:35            5.   1:04
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2. 12:25            4.  6:43            6.  9:45
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          4» ANSWERS TO TAPE 3 EXERCISES
        </para>
        <para>
          ExercIse I
        </para>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark118">I .  4:30     2.  6:00   ‘ 3,
            2:45     4.</link>
        </para>
        <para>
          5.   11:45
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Exercise 2
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              I. 10:15
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark119">2.</link>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark120">3.</link>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark121">4.</link>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark122">5.</link>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              I. 3:05
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark123">2.</link>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark124">3.</link>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark125">4.</link>
            </para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark126">5.</link>
            </para>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark127">6.</link>
            </para>
            <para>
              <link linkend="bookmark128">7,</link>
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  <link linkend="bookmark129">8.</link>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  <link linkend="bookmark130">9.</link>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  <link linkend="bookmark131">10.</link>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  <link linkend="bookmark132">6.</link>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  <link linkend="bookmark133">7.</link>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  <link linkend="bookmark134">8.</link>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  <link linkend="bookmark135">9.</link>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  <link linkend="bookmark136">10.</link>
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              TAPE 4 WORKBOOK
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
          (CLOCK TIME AND PARTS OF THE DAY)
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise I
        </para>
        <para>
          Indicator
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          of past time
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="1">
            <colspec colwidth="100*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.  ____________ 4.  ____________ 7.  __________„
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    2<anchor id="footnote14" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark137">14</link></superscript>
                    ________________ 5. ________________ 8.
                      ________________
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    3.           __ 6. ________________ 9.
                    ________________
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <para>
          (Answers are on page 88.)
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY 1
        </para>
        <para>
          1 .
        </para>
        <para>
          6: 15
        </para>
        <para>
          3.   9:20
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          1:17
        </para>
        <para>
          2,
        </para>
        <para>
          3í 10
        </para>
        <para>
          4.   11:30
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          5:05
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY II
        </para>
        <para>
          1 .
        </para>
        <para>
          3:45
        </para>
        <para>
          3.   11:40
        </para>
        <para>
          5.
        </para>
        <para>
          7:55
        </para>
        <para>
          2.
        </para>
        <para>
          1 : 50
        </para>
        <para>
          4.   9:46
        </para>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
        <para>
          12:59
        </para>
        <para>
          DISPLAY til &lt;
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-37.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          T HE P.M. CLOCK
        </para>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-38.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
        <para>
          Exerc i se 2
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          <inlinemediaobject>
            <imageobject>
              <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-39.jpg" />
            </imageobject>
          </inlinemediaobject>
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          I .
        </para>
        <para>
          2<subscript>t</subscript>
        </para>
        <para>
          3.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          6.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          7 .    _____________________
        </para>
        <para>
          6,  _______________
        </para>
        <para>
          (Answers are on page 89.)
        </para>
        <para>
          Exercise 3
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    last year February
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    last year March
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    last year April
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    last year
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    J anuary
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    this year Aprl I
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    next year April
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    3.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    this year
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    July
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    this year January
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    next year November
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    4.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    last month 3rd
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    this month 18th
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    next month 9th
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    5.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    last month 20th
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    next month 5th
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    next month 2nd
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    6.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    last week Monday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    this week Tuesday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    next week
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Friday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    7.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    this week Thursday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    this week Saturday
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    next week Wednesday
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    8.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    August 6th
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    May 3rd
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    December 1 I th
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    9.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    July 2nd
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    January 21st
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    October 13th
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    IO.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    February 17th
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    March 30th
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    June 8th
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    (Answers are on
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    page 88.)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </section>
      <section xml:id="display-iv-1">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark138" /><anchor id="bookmark139" />DISPLAY
        IV</title>
        <para>
        </para>
      </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-40.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-41.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-42.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-43.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-44.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-45.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        E C p.m.)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <inlinemediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-ResourceModule-StudentText-46.jpg" />
          </imageobject>
        </inlinemediaobject>
      </para>
      <para>
        G (p.m. 1
      </para>
      <para>
        H Cnoonl
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        ANSWERS TO TAPE 4 EXERCISES
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 1
      </para>
      <para>
        1 .   1:50
      </para>
      <para>
        4 .
      </para>
      <para>
        5:15
      </para>
      <para>
        7.
      </para>
      <para>
        4:20
      </para>
      <para>
        2.  8:35
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        8:05
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        3:30
      </para>
      <para>
        3.  6:00
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        7:45
      </para>
      <para>
        9,
      </para>
      <para>
        11:10
      </para>
      <para>
        ExercIse
      </para>
      <para>
        2
      </para>
      <para>
        1 .
      </para>
      <para>
        2:00
      </para>
      <para>
        p. m.
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        9:45
      </para>
      <para>
        p .m.
      </para>
      <para>
        7.
      </para>
      <para>
        8:50
      </para>
      <para>
        p .r
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        10: 15
      </para>
      <para>
        a .m.
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        5:00
      </para>
      <para>
        a.m,
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        11:50
      </para>
      <para>
        p . m
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        12:30
      </para>
      <para>
        p.m.
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        6:25
      </para>
      <para>
        a ,m.
      </para>
      <para>
        9,
      </para>
      <para>
        1 1 :O5
      </para>
      <para>
        a. nt
      </para>
      <para>
        Exercise 3
      </para>
      <para>
        1 .
      </para>
      <para>
        last year February
      </para>
      <para>
        6.
      </para>
      <para>
        this week
      </para>
      <para>
        Tuesday
      </para>
      <para>
        2.
      </para>
      <para>
        th 1 s
      </para>
      <para>
        Aprl 1
      </para>
      <para>
        year
      </para>
      <para>
        7.
      </para>
      <para>
        next week Wednesday
      </para>
      <para>
        3.
      </para>
      <para>
        th I s July
      </para>
      <para>
        year
      </para>
      <para>
        8.
      </para>
      <para>
        August 6th
      </para>
      <para>
        4.
      </para>
      <para>
        next 9th
      </para>
      <para>
        month
      </para>
      <para>
        9.
      </para>
      <para>
        January 21st
      </para>
      <para>
        5.
      </para>
      <para>
        1 ast
      </para>
      <para>
        20th
      </para>
      <para>
        month
      </para>
      <para>
        10.
      </para>
      <para>
        June 8th
      </para>
      <para>
        SUMMARY
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="month-day-and-year">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark140" /><anchor id="bookmark141" />MONTH,
      DAY, AND YEAR</title>
      <para>
        in Chinese, the name's for the months of the year are the
        numbers I through 12 fol lowed by the word for
        &quot;month/<superscript>1</superscript> yuè. *
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="4">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Y I yuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;January&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Qíyuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;July&quot; )
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Eryuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Februa ry&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Báyuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;August&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  SJnyuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;March&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  J I ǚy uè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;September&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Si yuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Apri1&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Sh íyuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;October&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  wǔy uè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;May&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Sh fyTyuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;November&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  L í ùyuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;June&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Sh íèryuè
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;December&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        The tones on the numbers y T, qt, and b_5 change to Rising tones
        before the Failing tone of yue.
      </para>
      <para>
        The day of the month Is expressed by the number of the day
      </para>
      <para>
        fo11 owed
      </para>
      <para>
        by the
      </para>
      <para>
        bound word -hào.
      </para>
      <para>
        Literally, -hào means &quot;number
      </para>
      <para>
        slhào
      </para>
      <para>
        (
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;the
      </para>
      <para>
        4th&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        q í hào
      </para>
      <para>
        (
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;the
      </para>
      <para>
        7th&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        sh íqThào (sh í q í hào)
      </para>
      <para>
        (
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;the
      </para>
      <para>
        17th&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        èrsh i bShèo
      </para>
      <para>
        (èrshIbáhāo)
      </para>
      <para>
        (
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;the
      </para>
      <para>
        2Sth&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that the tone when part speaker„
      </para>
      <para>
        numbers yT, qt, and of a larger number.
      </para>
      <para>
        bS TKl
      </para>
      <para>
        do not always s varies from
      </para>
      <para>
        change speaker to
      </para>
      <para>
        The
      </para>
      <para>
        order
      </para>
      <para>
        of the month and
      </para>
      <para>
        the
      </para>
      <para>
        day
      </para>
      <para>
        of the month
      </para>
      <para>
        1 s the
      </para>
      <para>
        same in Chinese as It Is In English:
      </para>
      <para>
        Qíyuè slhào           (&quot;July 4&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        Báyuè Jlǔhào          (&quot;August 9&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        Shíèryue èrshièrhào (&quot;December 22”)
      </para>
      <para>
        *Yuè was introduced in the Biographic Information Module with
        the spelling yuè. Starting with the Money Module, the umlaut is
        written only where It Is necessary In PTny Tn: after n_ and 1 to
        distinguish nu from nŪ and Iu from Iu.
      </para>
      <para>
        To ask what month or what day of the month it is, use the
        question word JT — &gt; &quot;how many&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        Zhèīge yuè shl Jlyuè? (&quot;What month Is this?&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        JTntian j”íhào?          (&quot;What Is today's date?&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        J1 - ís usually used when the number In the answer Is expected
        to be no more than 10 or so (duōs.hao being used otherwise). But
        notice that JT - Is used for the day of the month, when the
        answer may contaTF a number up to 31.
      </para>
      <para>
        in Identifying years, four single-digit numbers are followed by
        the word »nI in, &quot;year&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        YTJI ǔèr I 1ùnIán (I 926)
      </para>
      <para>
        YTJIusānsSnnIán (1933)
      </para>
      <para>
        YTJ i ǔslern fan (1942)
      </para>
      <para>
        YTJĪūwǔtfngnián (1950)
      </para>
      <para>
        These numbers are given in &quot;telephone style&quot; (one by
        one), not combined into a larger number. YT, qT, and bS do not
        change tone In &quot;telephone style.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        When asking &quot;what year?&quot; the question word nēInIán Is
        used: NT shl neínián shSngde? (&quot;What year were you
        born?&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        When giving the month, day, and year In Chinese, proceed from
        the larger to the smaller:
      </para>
      <para>
        YTqTqTI IùnIán Qíyue sìhào (&quot;July 4, 1776&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        YTJIǔwǔI!ngn1án SSnyue sSnshīyThào (&quot;March 31, 1950&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        YTJIuIíng Ifngnián Llùyue shíwuhào (&quot;June 15, 1900&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that the word I íng, &quot;zero,&quot; is Inserted
        each.time a zero Is used.
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="days-of-the-week">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark142" /><anchor id="bookmark143" />DAYS
      OF THE WEEK</title>
      <para>
        The names for days of the week from Monday through Saturday are
        formed by using the word for &quot;week,&quot; xTng, followed by
        a number. Notice that the Chinese week begins on Monday.
      </para>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec align="left" />
          <colspec align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  xTngqT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;week&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  XTngqTyT
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Monday&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  XTngqTèr
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Tuesday&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  XTngqTsSn
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Wednesday&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  XTngqTsl
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Thu rsday&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  XTngqTwú
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Friday&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  XìngqTI1ù
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  (&quot;Saturday&quot;)
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
      <para>
        There are two different words for &quot;Sunday, neither con
        taintng a number:
      </para>
      <para>
        XTngqTtijn       (&quot;Sunday”)
      </para>
      <para>
        XTngqTrl
      </para>
      <para>
        Literally, XTngqTt]īn Is &quot;heaven day,&quot; and XT ngqTrl
        is &quot;sun day,&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        In addition to these commonly used names, which are
      </para>
      <para>
        standard in the Peopíe’s Republic formed with 1T b a |:
      </para>
      <para>
        LlbàlyT LT bà1èr LTbà ǐsīn LT ba ī si LTbàIwǔ LÌbàI I [ù LT bà
        IT i Sri Lībàirl
      </para>
      <para>
        To ask what day of the week is used:
      </para>
      <para>
        JTntǐBn xTngqTJŪ JTntǐīn iībàlJJJ
      </para>
      <para>
        of China, there are names
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;Monday&quot;) ('’Tuesday&quot;)
        (&quot;Wednesday<superscript>1</superscript>’)
        (&quot;Thursday’') (&quot;Friday&quot;) {&quot;Saturday’')
        {&quot;Sunday&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        It is, the question word JT-
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;What day is today?&quot;) (&quot;Wha+ day Is
        today?&quot;)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        TIME WORDS WITH DAY, WEEK, MONTH, AND YEAR
      </para>
      <para>
        &quot;next year,&quot; and
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        The words for &quot;this year, words for &quot;today,”
        &quot;tomorrow,&quot; one except ion (*):
      </para>
      <para>
        JTnn1án (&quot;this year&quot;) mf ngn i án (&quot;next
        year&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        *qu n i s n
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;last year&quot;) hourián
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;year after next&quot;) q i án n1á n
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;year before last&quot;)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        and so on and the
      </para>
      <para>
        so forth are parallel, with
      </para>
      <para>
        JTntlJn
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;today&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        mi ngtIīn
      </para>
      <para>
        {&quot;tomorrow&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        zuót íSn
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;yesterday&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        hòutI3n
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;day after tomorrow&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        q i á nt i ffn
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;day before yesterday&quot;)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        The words for &quot;this month,” ’'next month,&quot; and so on
        and the words for &quot;this week,&quot; &quot;next week,&quot;
        and so forth are parallel:
      </para>
      <para>
        zhèlge yuè
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;this month&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        xiàge yuè
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;next month&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        shàngge yuè
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;last month&quot;)
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        zhèlge xTngqT OR
      </para>
      <para>
        zhèlge I ì bà 1 (&quot;this week&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        xiàge xTngqT OR xiàge 11 b à i (&quot;next week&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        shàngge xTngqT OR shàngge iībàl (&quot;last week&quot;)
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="telling-time">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark144" /><anchor id="bookmark145" />TELLING
      TIME</title>
      <informaltable>
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  Dlān, literally meaning &quot;dot,&quot; Is the
                  counter for hours
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  on
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  the clock. The word zhōng, &quot;o'clock&quot;
                  (literally &quot;clock&quot;),
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
            <row>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  í s
                </para>
                <para>
                  is
                </para>
              </entry>
              <entry>
                <para>
                  added optionally.
                </para>
                <para>
                  Yldiān (zhōng)      (1:00)    QTdlàn (zhōng)
                        (7:00)
                </para>
                <para>
                  Liàngdlǎn (zhōng)  (2:00)    BSdiǎn (zhōng)
                        (8:00)
                </para>
                <para>
                  SōndlSn (zhōng)     (3:00)     Jlǔdiàn (zhōng)
                       (9:00)
                </para>
                <para>
                  Sldiàn (zhōng)      (4:00)    Shídiǎn (zhōng)
                     (10:00)
                </para>
                <para>
                  WúdlSn (zhōng)      (5:00)    ShfyTdian (zhōng)
                   (11:00)
                </para>
                <para>
                  LlùdlSn (zhōng)    (6:00)    Shièrdiǎn (zhōng)
                   (12:00)
                </para>
                <para>
                  To express time on the half hour, the word ban,
                  &quot;half,&quot; used :
                </para>
              </entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        <emphasis role="smallcaps">•j</emphasis>
      </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      <para>
        Llàngdlǎn bin (zhōng) (2:30)
      </para>
      <para>
        Wǔdlín bàn (zhōng)      (5:30)
      </para>
      <para>
        J lūdTSn ban (zhōng)     (9:30)
      </para>
      <para>
        ShíyTdlàn bin (zhōng) (11:30)
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that these expressions can also end In zhōng,
        &quot;o’clock.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        To express time on the quarter hour, the word kè,
        &quot;quarter,&quot; I $ used:
      </para>
      <para>
        Yldlan y f kè (1:15, &quot;a quarter after I&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        Llāngdlàn sōnkè (2:45, &quot;three quarters past 2&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        WudiSn yíkè (5:15, &quot;a quarter past 5&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        Shfèrdlān sōnkè (12:45, &quot;three quarters past 12&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        A more specific way to express the idea of &quot;quarter p a st
        the hour&quot; is with the word guò, &quot;to pass&quot;:
      </para>
      <para>
        sldiān guò yíkè (&quot;a quarter past 4*')
      </para>
      <para>
        shíèrdtān guò yíkè (&quot;a quarter past 12&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        To express the Idea of &quot;quarter to the hour,&quot; the word
        chà, &quot;to lack,&quot; may be used:
      </para>
      <para>
        j I ǔd I ān chà yíkè OR
      </para>
      <para>
        chà yíkè JlǔdlSn        (&quot;a quarter to 9&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        shíyTdiān chà yíkè OR
      </para>
      <para>
        chà yíkè shíyTdiān (&quot;a quarter to
        II<superscript>1</superscript>’)
      </para>
      <para>
        With expressions of quarter hours before the hour, two word
        orders are possible. (Only one Is possible with expressions of
        time after the hour.)
      </para>
      <para>
        Expressions of quarter hours before the hour or past the hour do
        not end in zhCng, <superscript>11</superscript>
        o<superscript>T</superscript> clock.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        The word f 5n, &quot;minute,&quot; Is used to give the exact
        time:
      </para>
      <para>
        I lǎngdlān shíwtifān      (2:15)
      </para>
      <para>
        bīdíān èrshlèrfSn      (8:22)
      </para>
      <para>
        Shídlān shffffn          (10:10)
      </para>
      <para>
        shfèrdlān sínshiqTfān (12:37)
      </para>
      <para>
        F5n may be omitted ín longer time expressions:
      </para>
      <para>
        yìdlān sSnshiwǔ         (1:35)
      </para>
      <para>
        yld1àn sSnshIwǔf ēn
      </para>
      <para>
        The word ling, &quot;zero,&quot; may be added to clarify a time
        exp ressI on :
      </para>
      <para>
        sSndiān wǔfffn            (3:05)
      </para>
      <para>
        s5nd1 an ling wǔf3n
      </para>
      <para>
        Guò and chà may be used with time expressions Including minutes:
      </para>
      <para>
        sffndlān guò èrshlfSn (&quot;20 minutes after 3&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        qTdlān chà shtfSn (&quot;10 minutes before 7&quot;) chà sh í
        fffn qTdlān
      </para>
      <para>
        To ask what time of day It Is, use the question word JT : JTdlǎn
        zhòng? (&quot;What time Is It?&quot;)
      </para>
    </section>
    <section xml:id="parts-of-the-day">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark146" /><anchor id="bookmark147" />PARTS
      OF THE DAY</title>
      <para>
        In Chinese,
      </para>
      <para>
        the different parts of a day are referred to
      </para>
      <para>
        as follows:
      </para>
      <para>
        HOURS (approx.)
      </para>
      <para>
        zǎoshan g
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;morn Ing&quot;--fu11 daylight
      </para>
      <para>
        6-11 a.m.
      </para>
      <para>
        (zǎochén)
      </para>
      <para>
        unt11 near noon)
      </para>
      <para>
        shàngwǚ
      </para>
      <para>
        ( &quot;f orenoon&quot;--norma 1 working
      </para>
      <para>
        8 or 9 a,m.
      </para>
      <para>
        (shàngwu)
      </para>
      <para>
        hours until noon)
      </para>
      <para>
        until II a. m.
      </para>
      <para>
        or 1 p.m.
      </para>
      <para>
        zhōngwù
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;noon&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        II a.m. until
      </para>
      <para>
        (zhōngwu)
      </para>
      <para>
        I p. m.
      </para>
      <para>
        xí àwǔ
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;afternoon<superscript>TI</superscript>--noon until the
      </para>
      <para>
        1-5 p.a.
      </para>
      <para>
        (x1àwu J
      </para>
      <para>
        end of the business day)
      </para>
      <para>
        wSnshang
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;evenlng&quot;--after the evening
      </para>
      <para>
        6-1 I p.m.
      </para>
      <para>
        mea 1 )
      </para>
      <para>
        bànyò
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;midnight&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        yè 1 1
      </para>
      <para>
        (&quot;n 1 ght&quot;--genera11y from
      </para>
      <para>
        II p.m. until
      </para>
      <para>
        around II p.m. until sunrise)
      </para>
      <para>
        4 a.m.
      </para>
      <para>
        In Chinese, clock time Is often preceded by a word designating
        the part of the day Involved:
      </para>
      <para>
        zācshang qTdlín zhffng        (”7 o’clock In the
        morning,*<superscript>1</superscript>
      </para>
      <para>
        7 a.m.)
      </para>
      <para>
        wǎnshang bSdlín bàn zhōng (”0:30 In the evening,&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        8:30 p .m.)
      </para>
      <para>
        Notice that the Chinese word order once again begins with the
        larger unit and proceeds to the smaller.
      </para>
      <para>
        94
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote1">1</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark35" />
      </para>
      <para>
        There are no appropriate examples In the Orientation Module. You
        will find these words In later modules.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote2">2</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark36" />
      </para>
      <para>
      </para>
      <para>
        There are no appropriate examples In the Orientation Module. You
        will find these words In later modules.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote3">3</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark42" />
      </para>
      <para>
        ThIs Is not a name.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote4">4</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark47" />
      </para>
      <para>
        Thls Is the name of a former province.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote5">5</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark50" />
      </para>
      <para>
        A somewhat similar neutralization happens to vowels In English.
        Vowels which are perfectly distinguishable when stressed become
        indistinguishable when unstressed. &quot;I confined the
        dog&quot; may sound the same as &quot;I can find the dog,&quot;
        although, with stress, &quot;con-&quot; does not sound the same
        as &quot;can.&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote6">6</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark58" />
      </para>
      <para>
        ln this summary, underlining calls attention to letters (the
        letter u) and slant lines call attention to sounds (the sound
        /□/). “
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote7">7</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark60" />
      </para>
      <para>
        Standard PTnyTn romanization u_ is written only after n and J_.
        Everywhere else (after j_,     x_, and y_, it is written
      </para>
      <para>
        simply u.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote8">8</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark61" />
      </para>
      <para>
        C, I Finals
      </para>
      <para>
        You have heard and seen the full vowel /I/ following Initials in
        the words nl, &quot;you&quot;? mln, &quot;people&quot;; and
        mfng, &quot;bright.&quot; When the vowel does not follow an
        Initial, it Is written y I .
      </para>
      <para>
        yT          (&quot;one&quot;)             as Tn &quot;east&quot;
        or &quot;yeast&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        yTn         (&quot;cloudy&quot;)           as In &quot;YIn
        (Yang&quot;)
      </para>
      <para>
        y Ing        (&quot;win&quot;)              /y/ + /Ing/ as in
        &quot;sing&quot;
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote9">9</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark62" />
      </para>
      <para>
        BesIdes the historical reason for this spelling, there Is the
        reason that adding the suffix Zr/ &quot;brings back&quot; a
        normal, &quot;broad&quot; /a/ voweI.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote10">10</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark65" />
      </para>
      <para>
        Abbreviation of /uo/ after labials rn, b_, and f\
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote11">11</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark66" />
      </para>
      <para>
        **/U/, /Uan/, /Ue/, and /tin/ are spelled £, uan, ue, and u n
        respectively after j_, g_, x, and y_.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote12">12</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark82" />
      </para>
      <para>
        RomanTzat!on in parentheses indicates tone changes.
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote13">13</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark113" />
      </para>
      <para>
        The Summary at the- end presented on T&amp;D Tape I .
      </para>
      <para>
        <superscript><link linkend="footnote14">14</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark137" />
      </para>
      <para>
        For further Information on de, as an see notes on Nos. 6-7&gt;
        Unit 4, BIO.
      </para>
    </section>
  </section>
</article>