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FSI-Chinese


			
				
					
						
						
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<p><span class="font8">STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">OPTIONAL MODULE: CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH AND DEATH</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Before starting the MBD Module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a Meeting Module.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">August 1979</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Copyright (c) 1980 by Lucille A. Barale, John H. T. Harvey and Thomas E. Madden</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">PREFACE</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard. Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font8"> originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Taipei and in Peking.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder, III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff, III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197^ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the Fall of 1977 &gt;&nbsp;Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communicationbased classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">All Chinese language material was prepared, or selected, by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Beth Broomell, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Judith J. Kieda, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font8"> was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University, the Defense Language Institute, the Foreign Service Institute, the Language Learning Center, the United States Air Force Academy, the University of Illinois, and the University of Virginia.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The Defense Language Institute printed the preliminary materials used for field testing and has likewise printed this edition.</span></p><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-1.png" alt="" style="width:245pt;height:86pt;">
<p><span class="font8">CONTENTS</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark0"><span class="font8">OBJECTIVES </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark1"><span class="font8">UNIT 1 Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark2"><span class="font8">Part II ....</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark3"><span class="font8">Part III </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark4"><span class="font8">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark5"><span class="font8">UNIT 2 Part I ....</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark6"><span class="font8">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark7"><span class="font8">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font8">UNIT 3 Part I </span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark8"><span class="font8">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark9"><span class="font8">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark10"><span class="font8">UNIT 4 Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark11"><span class="font8">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark12"><span class="font8">Vocabulary ....</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark13"><span class="font8">UNIT 5 Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark14"><span class="font8">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark15"><span class="font8">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark16"><span class="font8">UNIT 6 Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark17"><span class="font8">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark18"><span class="font8">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark19"><span class="font8">APPENDIX Unit Vocabulary Characters </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font8">OBJECTIVES</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">General</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural background information you need to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the course.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Specific</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">1. Ask about the age when most people get married.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">2. Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in marriage practices between the city and the country.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">3. Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births, and funerals.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">U. Ask about the frequency of divorce.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">5. Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">6. Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day wedding.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">7. Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when they have children.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">8. Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant’s health, appetite, and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">9. Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the mother’s health before and after giving birth.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">10. Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">express concern for that person.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">11. Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death and the funeral.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">12. Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">13. Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a funeral.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">1. Zhōngguo </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngfǔ</span><span class="font8"> shì hu shi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíchàng niánqìng</span><span class="font8"> rén wan </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéhūn</span><span class="font8">?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">2. Zhèngfǔ tíchàng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">3. Nèige </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngnián</span><span class="font8">, gōngzuò hen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǔlì</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">4.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Nóngcūn</span><span class="font8"> nianqìng rén yě </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shíxíng </span><span class="font8">wǎnhūn ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">5. Wǎnhūn yǐjīng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngl</span><span class="font8">e yìzhong fēngqì.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">6. Xiǎo LǏ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font8"> tǎ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn’ài</span><span class="font8"> hen jiǔ le, kǎshi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhí</span><span class="font8"> hu yào jiéhūn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">7. Zhège xiǎo </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngshì ke</span><span class="font8"> piào-liang le!</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Does the Chinese government advocate that young people marry late?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The government advocates late involvement and late marriage.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That young person is very hardworking</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do the young people in the countryside also practice late marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Late marriage has already become a common practice for young people.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiǎo Lì has been in love with her for a long time, but he’s never wanted to get married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Boy, is this little town pretty!</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíchàng</span><span class="font8">: ’to advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhè shi shéi tíchàngde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who advocates this?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nianqìng</span><span class="font8">: ’to be young’ (literally, ’years-light’ or ’years-green’. There are two different characters with the same sound used for the second syllable.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zhènme niánqìng, zhènme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She’s so young and so beautiful!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">piàoliang!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ niánqīngde shíhou, bù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When I was young, I didn’t like</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xǐhuan kàn shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to read.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèixiē niǎnqing rén dōu ài &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These young people all love to go</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">kǎn diànyīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the movies.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nèige niǎnqīngde Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That young Chinese person speaks</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú cuò. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pretty good English.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéhūn</span><span class="font8">: ’to get married’, also pronounced </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiēhūn</span><span class="font8">. Notice that in Chinese you talk of ’getting married', while in English we talk of 'being married'. And it follows grammatically that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiehūn</span><span class="font8"> is a process Verb, not a state verb. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiéhūn</span><span class="font8"> will always be seen with an aspect marker such as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">le </span><span class="font8">or will be negated with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have they gotten married yet? (This</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">is the equivalent of 'Are they married?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ jiéhūn duo jiǔ le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How long have you been married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiéhūn</span><span class="font8"> is a verb-object compound, literally meaning 'to knot marriage*. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jié</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūn</span><span class="font8"> can be separated by aspect markers, such as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéde hūn? When did you get married? </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font8"> Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéhūnde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wang Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Wang has been married three</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">hūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;times.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">To say 'get married to someone' use the pattern </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn ... jiéhūn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">To whom did he get married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Note on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span><span class="font8">: 'late involvement and late marriage'. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǎnliàn</span><span class="font8"> is an abbreviation for </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wan liàn’ài</span><span class="font8">, 'mature love*, (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn’ài</span><span class="font8"> means 'romantic love, courtship'), and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnhūn</span><span class="font8"> is an abbreviation for </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wan jiéhūn</span><span class="font8">, 'late marriage'. This policy has been promoted since the 19éOs, but only actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to<sup>-</sup>generalize about the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and might be nonexistant in certain rural and national minority areas, where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum age has been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the rules were eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple exceeds fifty years (or the female's age exceeds the male's), then the marriage is allowable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No, 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīngnián</span><span class="font8">: ’youth, young person’. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánqīng</span><span class="font8">, ’to be young’. (See Notes on No. 1)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèiwèi qīngnián lǎoshī yīnggǎi This young teacher should go to a dào dàxué qù jiao shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;university to teach.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In this sentence, the noun </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīngnián</span><span class="font8"> is used to modify the noun </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎoshī, </span><span class="font8">’teacher’.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wo jìde sānshiniǎn yīqiǎn I remember that thirty years ago nǐ tèbié ài chī tang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you especially loved to eat candy.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Shi a, nèi shíhou women dōu Yes. Back then we were all young háishi qīngnián. Xiǎnzài &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people. Now I’m old, and my</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">lǎo le, yá bù xíng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teeth aren’t good any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nulì</span><span class="font8">: ’to be hardworking, to be diligent’, or as an adverb, ’diligently, hard*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā suīrán hen null, kěshi tāde Although he’s very hardworking, his Yīngwen háishi bù xíng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;English is still not good enough.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo děi null xué Zhōngwén. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have to study•Chinese very hard.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nóngcūn</span><span class="font8">: ’rural areas,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen jiā zǎi nóngcūn zhù.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">countryside, village</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shíxíng</span><span class="font8">: ’to practice, to carry out</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nī zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, keshi wo xiǎng bù neng shíxíng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige banfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi jieguǒ bù hǎo.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">The air in the country is much better than in the city.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Their family lives in the country.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(a method, policy, plan, reform)’.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">This plan of yours is very good, but I don’t think it can be carried out</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This method has been in practice for three weeks, but the results aren’t good.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">cheng</span><span class="font8">: ’to constitute, to make, to become’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde xuéxí yìzhí hen hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù chēng went!.</span></p>
<p><span class="font6">W &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V X. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wode nuer xianzai chengle jiějie, tā zhēn xǐhuan tāde xiǎo mèimei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngqì</span><span class="font8">: ’established practice,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiànzài you bù shǎo qìngniǎn bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài dōngxi, zhèizhōng fēngqì zhēn bù hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiànzài zài Zhōngguo, you yǒule niàn shūde fēngqì.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">His studies have been good all along, so after he graduates, setting up a job for him won’t constitute a problem.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My daughter has become an older sister. She really likes her little sister.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">custom; general mood’.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">There are a lot of young people now who don’t want to sell things in shops. This practice is really bad.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Now in China there is again a general atmosphere of study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. </span><span class="font8" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">6</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font8">: ’with’. You have seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font8"> used between two nouns or pronouns as a conjunction meaning ’and’. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb meaning ’with’. The word </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn,</span><span class="font8"> which you have seen, also has both meanings, ’and* and ’with’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Formerly, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font8"> was the most frequently used word for ’with’ or ’and’ in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often written. But </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">he </span><span class="font8">has come into wide conversational use in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pùtōnghuà</span><span class="font8">. In addition to this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hàn</span><span class="font8"> instead of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font8">, which is the same character with another pronunciation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Generally speaking, if you use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font8"> you should not have any problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn’ài</span><span class="font8">: ’to fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship’. This is the socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship between two people. Notice that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn’ài</span><span class="font8"> can be used both as noun and as a verb. (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liàn’ài</span><span class="font8"> is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division is: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn ài</span><span class="font8">, not </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lià nài</span><span class="font8">.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen liàn’àile hǎojiniǎn le. They’ve been in love for quite a few years now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen xiànzài kāishī liàn’ài le. They’ve just started to fall in love.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wōmende liàn’ài zhī you sāntiān, Our love is only three days old and jiu bù xíng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;already it’s over.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The noun </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn’ài</span><span class="font8"> is often used in the phrase </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǎn liàn’ài,</span><span class="font8"> ’to be romantically involved’ or more literally ’to talk of love’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen liǎngge tan liàn’ài yǐjīng The two of them have been in love for</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">tánle hen jiǔ le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">quite a while now.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wo méiyou he tā tan liàn’ài.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I’m not in love with her.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious intentions for the future.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kě</span><span class="font8">: ’really, certainly*. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kě</span><span class="font8"> can be used before a negative.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen liǎngge kě hǎo le’. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The two of them are very good friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Kě bú shi ma’. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Isn’t that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nà kě bù xíng! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That really won’t do!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nà kě bú shi yíjiàn hǎo shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s really not a good thing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ kě yào xiǎoxīn! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’ve got to be careful!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Although some Chinese are fond of using the word </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kě</span><span class="font8">, to other Chinese it may sound too full of local color with which they do not identify.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">An American exchange student talks in their late twenties.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wo jìde shàngcì nǐ shuō nǐ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">èrshibásuì le, hái méiyou j iéhūn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Duì.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ yìzhí xiǎng wènwen ni,</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngguo niánqīng rén hǎoxiàng sānshisuì zuǒyòu cái jiéhūn, shì bu shi?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Duì le. Women qīngnián you</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">hen duō shì yào zuò. Yào nǔlì gōngzuò, nǔlì xuéxí, bū yào zǎo jiēhūn! Zhèngfù yě tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn. Zài chéngshì-li niánqīng rén dōu zài èrshi-wǔliùsuì yihòu cái Jiēhūn.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">with her language teacher. They are both</span></p>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nóngcūnlǐde niánqīng rén yě</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Duì, tāmen yě shíxíng wǎnhūn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Zài nóngcūn, wǎn liàn’ài wǎn jiēhūn yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng xīn fēngqì. Wǒ you yíge zài Běijīng jiǎoqū gōngzuòde péngyou xià lībài jiēhūn, nǐ yào bu yao hé wo yìqī qù kàn-kan? Wǒ gěi ni ānpai yixiar.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hǎojíle. Nà kě zhēn you</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yìsi, gang dào zhèr jiù you zhènme yíge hǎo jīhui.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I remember last time you told me that you’re twenty-eight years old and you’re not married yet.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Right.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve been meaning to ask you all along, it seems as if young people in China don’t get married until they’re about thirty, is that so?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Right. We young people have a lot of things we have to do. We have to work hard and study hard; we shouldn’t get married early.’ The government also promotes late involvement and late marriage. In the city, young people don’t get married before the age of twenty-five or twenty-six.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do the young people in the rural areas practice late marriage too?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes, they do too. In the rural areas, late involvement and late marriage have already become a new common practice. I have a friend who works in the suburbs of Peking who’s getting married next week. Do you want to go see it with me? I’ll arrange it for you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Great. That would really be interesting. And such a good opportunity so soon after getting here.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...zài èrshiwǔliùsuì yǐhòu cái jiēhūn</span><span class="font8">: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later. Nontheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one can marry perhaps at age twenty.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">8. Xiànzài Zhōngguo rén jiēhǔn you shénme </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíshì?</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">9. A: Nī jiehūn de shíhou nǐde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīnqi sòngg</span><span class="font8">ei ni shénme </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐwù?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Tāmen sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò jìniàn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">10. A: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xùduō</span><span class="font8"> nan qīngniàn jiehūn yǐhòu </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùdao nūj iār</span><span class="font8"> qu.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Zhè gēn yīqiānde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font8"> you hen dàde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qūbié</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B:</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Kě bu shi ma</span><span class="font8">*. Zhēnshi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎi-biànl</span><span class="font8">e </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù shǎo</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">11.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> fírqiě</span><span class="font8"> zài nongcūn yě shíxíng wǎnhūn.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">What kind of ceremony do the Chinese have when they get married now?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What gifts did your relatives give you when you got married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">They gave me a few small presents as mementos.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Many young men now go and live with the wife’s family after they get married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This is very different from the customs of the past.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Furthermore, late marriage is also practiced in rural areas.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíshì</span><span class="font8">: ’ceremony, function’ This can be used to refer to a range of different ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of marital vows.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds’ feeling of obligation owed to the family.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In PRC cities of today, lack Of extra money and coupons to purchase food for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside, where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīnqi</span><span class="font8">: ’relatives’ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qīnqi</span><span class="font8"> is slightly different from the English word ’relatives’ in that it does not include one’s immediate family, that is parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One’s immediate family are called </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāli ren</span><span class="font8">.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nīmen jiā qīnqi duō ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have a lot of relatives</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">in your family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Women jiā qīnqi kě duo le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have lots of relatives in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">our family.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sònggei</span><span class="font8">; ’give (a gift) to ...’ The verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font8"> has several meanings. One is ’to send’, as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo bǎ nīde xíngli sòngshangqu le</span><span class="font8">, ’I sent your luggage upstairs.’ Another is to give someone something as a present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Here you see </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sòng</span><span class="font8"> with the prepositional verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font8"> ’for, to’ after it. You have also seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāogei</span><span class="font8">, ’to hand over to ..., to submit to...’. When </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font8"> is used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be followed by the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is given. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gěi</span><span class="font8"> can also be used this way with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jì</span><span class="font8"> ’to send’, and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mài </span><span class="font8">’to sell’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo bǎ zhèijiǎn yīfu jìgei wǒ I sent this piece of clothing to my mèimei le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;younger sister.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā bǎ fǎngzi mǎigei wǒ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He sold his house to me.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in the sentence, making it necessary to use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font8"> to put the indirect object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object is specific and the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎ</span><span class="font8"> construction is preferred. When </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font8"> is followed by an indirect object, however, the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font8"> is usually optional.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo yào song ta yíge xiǎo līwù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am going to give him a small present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yào sònggei ta yíge xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am going to give him a small present,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">līwù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...sònggei ni shénme līwù?</span><span class="font8">: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in the PRC are generally ’’useful” items. Common among these are </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nuǎnpíng,</span><span class="font8"> hot water jugs; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huāpíng</span><span class="font8">, vases; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǎidēng</span><span class="font8">, table lamps; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bī,</span><span class="font8"> pens; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎnpěn,</span><span class="font8"> wash basins; or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">cǎnjù</span><span class="font8">, kitchen items.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò</span><span class="font8">: ’to act as, to serve as’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tāmen sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo līwù zuò jìniàn</span><span class="font8">. is literally ’They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige xuéxiào bìyède xuésheng, A lot of students who graduated from hěn duō dōu zuò lǎoshī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this school have become teachers.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yòng zhèiběn xīn shū zuò līwù, Would it be okay to use this new hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;book as a present?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuò</span><span class="font8">, ’to act as, to serve as’ is often seen used with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yòng,</span><span class="font8"> ’to use’ as in the example above, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yòng ..■ zuò ...</span><span class="font8">, ’to use (something) as (something) else’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìniàn</span><span class="font8">: ’memento, remembrance; to commemorate’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo gěi ta yìzhāng zhàopiàn zuò I’ll give him a photo as a memento, jìniàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǔduō</span><span class="font8">: ’many; a great deal (of), lots (of)’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǔduō</span><span class="font8"> is used as a number (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns.</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Hái you duòshao qián?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Hái you xǔduō.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Tā māile xǔduō (zhang) huàr.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">How much money is there left?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There’s still a lot left, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">or </span><span class="font8">There’s a lot more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He bought a lot of paintings.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǔduō</span><span class="font8">. has several things in common with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen duō</span><span class="font8">, in addition to similarity of meaning. Used as modifiers in front of nouns, both </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǔduō </span><span class="font8">and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen duō</span><span class="font8"> can (1) be used alone, (2) be used with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font8">, and (3) be</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">followed by a counter, but not usually </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā rènshi xǔduō rén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā rènshi hen duō rén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā jiànle hen duō(de) rén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bìchǔli you hen duō (jiàn) dàyī.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">He knows a lot of people.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He saw (met with) a lot of people.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">There are a lot of overcoats in the closet.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">He wrote a lot of books.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hen duō</span><span class="font8"> is probably more common than </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǔduō</span><span class="font8">. Some speakers feel that they do not use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǔduō</span><span class="font8"> in conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about using it in conversation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font7">V</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...zhùdao nǔjiār qu</span><span class="font8">: ’to go live with the wife’s family’ You’ve seen the prepositional verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font8"> used after main verbs, as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nādao loushàng qu</span><span class="font8">, ’take it upstairs’. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font8"> is fairly straightforward. But in the above example from the Reference List, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font8"> is used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font8">, ’to live, to inhabit’. Here is another example of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font8"> used in a phrase expressing motion:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā shi zuotiān zhùjinlaide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He moved in yesterday.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">The verbs </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàn</span><span class="font8"> ’to stand’ and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò</span><span class="font8"> ’to expressing motion.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Qǐng ni zhàndao nèibianr qu, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Qǐng ni zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">sit’ can also be used in phrases</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Would you please go stand over there.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Would you please go sit up front.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the man’s family, and of course, moved into his family’s house.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride carried special significance. It was called </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù zhuì</span><span class="font8"> and might take place when a family had only female children and the father wanted his daughter’s husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family line.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qūbiě</span><span class="font8">: ’difference’ When expressing the difference between two things, use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">... gēn ... you qūbié</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèiběn zìdiǎn gēn nèiběn you hen dàde qūbié.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">There is a big difference between this dictionary and that one.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào you shénme qūbié?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài nǎr?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">What is the difference between this school and that one?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What is the difference between these two methods?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kě bū shi ma*.</span><span class="font8"> : ’Yes, indeed’., I’ll say!’, or more literally, ’Isn’t it so’.’ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ke bū shi ma!</span><span class="font8"> is often used in northern China to indicate hearty agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the speaker, something like English ’Well, of course!’ or ’Really.’’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù shǎo</span><span class="font8">: Literally ’not a little’, in other words, ’quite a lot’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā you bù shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zài Měiguo bù shǎo rén you qìchē.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">érqiě</span><span class="font8">: ’furthermore, moreover’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià xuě.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">He has a lot he wants to say to you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In America a lot of people have cars.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">The weather is bad today, and furthermore it looks as if it’s going to snow.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fírqiě</span><span class="font8"> is often used, in the pattern </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú. dan.. .érqiě.. .</span><span class="font8">, ’not only... but also...’ or ’not only...moreover...’:</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Zhèizhǒng huār bú dàn hao kàn, érqiě fēicháng xiāng.</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">This kind of flower is not only</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">pretty, but it’s alsc</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">) very fragrant.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ bú dàn ài chī tang, érqiě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">I not only like to eat</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">candy,</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">shénme tian dōngxi dōu ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">(moreover) I like to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">eat anything</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">chī.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">sweet.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">Tā bú dan xuéguo Zhōngwén,</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">érqiě xuéde bú cuò.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">Wo bu dan méiyou hé tā tan liàn’ài, érqiě wo yě bú dà xǐhuan ta.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he has learned it quite well.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I don’t like her very much.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their conversation:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">you shénmeyàngde yíshì?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Méiyou shénme yíshì, jiù shi qīng qīnqi péngyou lai he diǎnr chá, chī diǎnr tǎng, diǎnxin, shenmede.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Qīnqi péngyou song hu song</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">līwù?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Yǒude rén song yìdiǎnr xiǎo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">līwù zuò jìniàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: <sub>v</sub>Wo tīngshuō yīqián nóngcūnli nūhǎizi jiéhūnde shíhou, nǎnjiā yào song xǔduō līwù. Zhèige fēngsǔ shì hu shi yě gǎihiàn le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Shì a! Zhèizhǒng shìqing</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zài bù shǎo dìqū dōu méiyou le. Érqiě xiànzài yě yǒude nan qīngnián jiēhūn yīhòu zhùdao nujiǎr qu. Zhèi gēn yīqiánde fēngsǔ yě you hen dàde qūbié.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: Kě bǔ shì ma! Zhēn shi gǎibiànle bù shǎo.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">What kind of ceremony is there when the Chinese get married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There is no ceremony, we just invite friends and relatives to come and have some tea, candy, snacks, and so on.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do the friends and relatives give gifts?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Some people give small gifts as a memento.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve heard that it used to be that in the country, when a girl got married, the man’s family would have to give a lot of gifts. Has this custom changed too?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes! In many regions, this kind of thing doesn’t exist any more. Furthermore, now there are also young men who go to live with the wife’s family after they get married. This is also very different from the customs of the past.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ll say! It has really changed a lot.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART III</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">12. Nǐmen jiéhūn yǐqiǎn </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuāngfāng </span><span class="font8">dōu hen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎojiě</span><span class="font8"> ma?</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">13. Xiànzài Zhōngguo </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">líhūnd</span><span class="font8">e bú tài duō.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">1U. Nèiduì </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fūfù</span><span class="font8"> hú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò.</span></p>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">15. Tā měiniǎn you duōshǎo tiānde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tànqǐnjià?</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">16. Fūfù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒngshi nénggòu</span><span class="font8"> zài yìqǐ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐjiào</span><span class="font8"> hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">17. A: Tāmen shi. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐngguo xiāngdāng-</span><span class="font8">de </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolū</span><span class="font8"> yǐhōu cǎi jié-hūnde.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">A: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dànshi</span><span class="font8"> hù zhīdào wèishénme, tāmen hāishi you hen duō wèntí.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">18.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Nānnū yǐngdāng</span><span class="font8"> bǐcǐ liǎojiě yǐhòu zài jiéhūn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">19 • Nǐ xiǎng tā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font8"> bu hui bang -wǒ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiějué</span><span class="font8"> zhèige wèntí?</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Before you were married, did you both know each other very well?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There aren’t many people getting divorced in China now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That married couple doesn’t work in the same region.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How many days of leave does he get every year to visit family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It’s always better if married couples can be together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">They gave it quite a bit of consideration before they got married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">But for some reason or other they still had a lot of problems.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A man and woman should know each other well before they get married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do you think he will help me solve this problem?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART III</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuāngfāng</span><span class="font8">: ’both sides, both parties’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo This matter is known to both hé Měiguo shuāngfāng dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America and China,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zhīdaode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐcǐ</span><span class="font8">: ’the one and the other; each other, mutually’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Suīrān women méiyou shuō huà, Although we didn’t say anything, we kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;both knew. There was nothing</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">tāde bìng méiyou bànfa le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that could be done for his illness.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Yǒude dàxuéshēng xǐhuan zài bìyède shíhou bǐcǐ song lǐwù.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Zhōumò hǎo!</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bǐcǐ, bǐcǐ!</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎojiě</span><span class="font8">: 'to understand; to acquaint oneself with,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Some college students like to give each other gifts when graduating.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Have a nice weekend!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You too!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to try to understand’</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèijiàn shi, wo bù dong, hǎi děi qù liǎojiě yíxià.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ liǎojiě ta.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā juéde tǎ méiyou yíge péngyou zhēnde liǎojiě tā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Notice that when you want to say ’to someone’, the Chinese word to use is to have made someone’s acquaintance).</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">I don’t understand this, I have to go back and try to understand it again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I understand her.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He feels that he doesn't have a single friend who really knows him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">know someone' meaning 'to understand </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎojiě</span><span class="font8">, not </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènshi</span><span class="font8"> (which simply means</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">... líhūnde bú tài duō</span><span class="font8">: 'There aren't many people getting divorced ... </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Líhūnde,</span><span class="font8"> 'those (people) who get divorced', is a noun phrase in which </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">líhūn </span><span class="font8">is nominalized by </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1U</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fūfù</span><span class="font8">: 'husband and wife, married couple'.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen fūfù liǎngge dōu fēicháng hǎo.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Those two (that couple) are both</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">very nice.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò</span><span class="font8">: 'do not work in the same region*. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yíge, </span><span class="font8">'one', is frequently used to mean 'one and the same'. Here are some more examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Women dōu zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen liǎngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī jiāochulaide.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">All of us go to the same school.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">They are both the product of the same teacher.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 15</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tànqīnjià</span><span class="font8">; 'leave for visiting family'. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàn qǐn</span><span class="font8"> means to visit one's</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">closest relatives, usually parents</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiān tā jiù qù Shanghai tan qīn le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mote on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒngshi</span><span class="font8">: &nbsp;’always, all the t ime *•</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zǒngshi āi qù Huáměi kāfēitīng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nénggōu</span><span class="font8">: ’can, to be able to’.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">a spouse, or children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tomorrow he’s going to Shanghai to visit his family.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This adverb may also occur as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He always loves to go to the Huáměi Coffeehouse.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This is a synonym of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">néng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 17</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jīngguo</span><span class="font8">: ’to pass by or through, to go through’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jīngguo</span><span class="font8"> can mean 1) to pass by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an experience.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Jīngguo zhèicì xuéxí yīhòu wo kě qīngchu duō le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">As a result of this study, I see things a lot more clearly.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ měitiān xià bān huí jiāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Every day on my way home from work</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shíhou, dōu jīngguo Bǎihuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I pass by the Bǎihuō Dàlóu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Dālóu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;...dōu</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">jīngguo Bǎihuō Dālǒu.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ jīngguo zhèige wūzide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you passed by this room,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;didn’t you see us working inside?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">women zài lǐtou gōngzuō ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngdāng</span><span class="font8">: ’quite, pretty (good, etc.); considerable, a considerable degree of’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde shēntǐ xiāngdāng hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His health is quite good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolu</span><span class="font8">: ’to consider; consideration’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yǐjīng kǎolùguō le, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have already given it consideration</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">háishi yīnggāi shàng dàxué. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he should still go to college.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">danshi</span><span class="font8">: ’but’, a synonym of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kěshi</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yǐjīng qùguo le, dànshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I already went there, but I didn’t</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">wo méiyou kàndao ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see her.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nannū</span><span class="font8">: ’male and female’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nánnūde shìqing zuì nan shuō. Matters between men and women are the hardest to judge.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīngdāng</span><span class="font8">: 'should, ought to'. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yīngdāng</span><span class="font8"> is a less-frequently heard word for </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīnggāi</span><span class="font8">. These two words share in common the following meanings:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">(1) ’should’ in the sense of obligation or duty.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Zánmen shi tongzhì, yīngdāng We two are comrades, we should help (or yīnggāi) bīcī bāngmáng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each other.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">(2) ’ought to' in the sense of 'it would be suitable to'.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It's cold out, you should put on</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yīngdāng) duō chuān yìdiǎnr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some more clothing.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">(3) 'should* in the sense of 'it would be desirable to'.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You should try this, it’s fun.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shìyishi, zhēn hao wánr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(U) 'should' in the sense of 'it is expected'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Shídiān zhōng le, tā yīnggāi It's ten o'clock, he should be here (or yīngdāng) kuài dào le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;soon.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián He's been studying Chinese for three le, yīnggāi xuéde bú cuò le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years, he should be pretty good</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">by now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐjiào</span><span class="font8">: 'relatively, comparatively, by comparison'. Also pronounced</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān bījiāo rè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèijiàn yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo yìdiǎnr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèi liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">It's hotter today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After this article of clothing is altered, it will be better.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The past couple of days he's been feeling better, he doesn't have such a high fever any more.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐjiào</span><span class="font8"> before other adverbial expressions like </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú tài</span><span class="font8"> 'not too', </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bu zěnme</span><span class="font8"> 'not so', </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú nàme</span><span class="font8"> 'not so' or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen</span><span class="font8"> 'very'. Careful speakers, however, feel that bǐjiào should not be used in such cases.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font8">: ’will; might; be likely to’. The auxiliary verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font8"> is used to express likelihood here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiān tā huì bu hui lái? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Will he come tomorrow?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo qù bǎ men guānhǎo, nǐ huì &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If I go close the door, will you</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">bu hui juéde tài rè? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feel too hot?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiějué</span><span class="font8">: ’to solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ bú yào jí, qiánde wèntí &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t get anxious, the problem of</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yǐjīng jiějué le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money has already been solved.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Washington, D. C.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A graduate student in Chinese studies from Peking.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Women rènshi zhǐ you liǎngge</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">duō xīngqī, kěshi yǐjīng shi lǎo péngyou le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Duì. Women tiantiān zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">yíkuàir, zhēn hǎoxiàng shi lǎo péngyou le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ yìzhí xiǎng wènwen ni nǐ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shi shénme shíhour jiéhūnde ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: ō! Wǒ shi qiǎnniǎn jiehūnde.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nǐ èrshibǎsuì le. Nǐ àiren</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Tā sānshièr le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nǐmen jiéhūnde shíhou kě bù</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">xiǎo le! Zhōngguo niánqīng rén dōu shi zhèige yàngzi ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Duì le. Zhèngfǔ tíchàng wǎn-</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">liàn wǎnhūn. Nianqīng rén yě dōu yào nǔlì xuéxí, nǔlì gōng-zuò, bū yào zǎo jiēhūn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font7">w</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Chengshili nude duo da</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">jiéhūn?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Chàbuduō èrshiwǔsuì zuǒyòu.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nǎnde ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Dàgài èrshibāsuì zuǒyòu.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Jiéhūnde shíhour you shénme-</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">yàngde yíshì?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Méiyou shénme yíshì. Būguò jiēhūn nèitiān qǐng qīnqi péngyou lai hēhe chǎ, chī diǎnr tǎng, diǎnxin shenmede. Yě you rén song dianr xiǎo lǐwu zuò</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">talks with an exchange student</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">We’ve only known each other for two weeks or so, but we’re old friends already.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes. We’re together every day; it really is as if we’re old friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve been meaning to ask you all along when you were married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Oh. I was married the year before last.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You’re twenty-eight years old. How about your spouse?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He’s thirty-two.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You certainly weren’t young when you were married! Is it this way for all Chinese young people?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes. The government promotes late involvement and late marriage. Also, all young people should study hard and work hard, and shouldn't get married early.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">At what age do most women get married in the cities?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After about twenty-five.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">And men?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After about twenty-eight.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What kind of ceremony is there when someone gets married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There is no ceremony. But on the day of the marriage relatives and friends are invited to come and drink tea, eat a little candy, snacks and so forth. Some people also give a</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">jìniàn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nongcūnlīde niǎnqǐng rén yě</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Duì. Zài néngcūnli wǎn</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">liàn’ài wǎn jiehūn ye yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng fēngqì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Néngcūnli nūhǎizi jiéhūnde</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shíhou nǎnjia hǎi yào song xúduō lǐwù ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bú yào le. Érqiě xiànzài you.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">xiē nǎn qīngniǎn jiéhūn yǐhòu hǎi zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhè gēn yǐqiǎnde fēngsú you hen dàde qubié.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Kě bú shi ma! Zhēn shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">gǎibiànle bù shǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duo bu duo?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: You, kěshi bǐjiǎo shǎo.<sub>v</sub></span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Yīnwei jiēhūn yǐqiǎn nǎnnū shuāngfǎng bǐcǐ bǐjiǎo liǎojiě, yòu jīngguo xiāngdāngde kǎolū, suéyi líhūnde bú tài duō.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wo tīngshuō Zhōngguo you</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò, bú zhùzai yíge dìfang, zhè huì bu hui you wèntí ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">gōngzuò, suīrǎn měiniǎn you bànge yuède tànqīnjià, dànshi hǎi you hěn duō bù fǎngbiàn. Suéyi wèile ràng tamen gèng hǎode gōngzuò hé xuéxí, yīng-dāng bang tamen jiějué zhèige wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: Duìjíle. Fūfù zongshi nénggòu zài yìqǐ bījiào hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">small gift as a memento.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do the young people in rural areas also practice late marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes. Late involvement and late marriage have already become a common practice in the rural areas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In the farm villages does the family of the husband still have to give a lot of presents when a girl gets married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Not any more. Furthermore now , there are even young men who live with the wife’s family after they get married. This is very different &quot;from the customs of the past.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Are there many people who get divorced in China now?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes, there are, but relatively few. The man and the woman know each other rather well before they get married, and they give the matter quite a bit of consideration, so not too many people get divorced.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I hear there are some couples in China who don’t work in the same place. Do problems ever come about because of this?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">If the husband and wife don’t work in the same place, even though they get half a month’s leave every year to visit family members, it’s still very inconvenient. So in order to let them work and study even better, we should help them solve this problem.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You’re so right. It’s always better if the husband and wife can be together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...nanjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?</span><span class="font8">: In traditional China, the groom’s family gave gifts to the &quot;bride’s family to compensate for the loss of their daughter. (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man’s family who in most cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no longer exist.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiànzài Zhōngguō líhūnde duō bu duō</span><span class="font8">?: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via study and group criticism.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...you yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang gōngzuò</span><span class="font8">: Many couples still have to be split up in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the other’s work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city, usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural life is so difficult that this is not likely.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...suīrán měinián you bànge yuède tànqǐnjià</span><span class="font8">: There are two types of leave for visiting one’s family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to different places for work. These trips are paid for by one’s work unit (but communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day visit once every two years.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bīcī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">each other, mutually; you too, the same to you</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bījiào (bījiǎo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bǔ dan bù shǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">not only</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">quite a lot, quite a few</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chéng chéngshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to become, to constitute, to make city</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dǎnshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">but</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">érqiě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">furthermore</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fēngqì fēngsǔ fūfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">common practice; general mood custom</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">married couple, husband and wife</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gǎibiǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to change</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">he huì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">with; and</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">might, to be likely to, will</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">j iéhūn (j i ēhūn) jiejué jīngguo jìniàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">kǎolū</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">kě</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">kě bú shì ma!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to get married</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to solve</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to go through, to pass by or through memento, memorial</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to consider; consideration</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">indeed, really</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">liàn’ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be romantically involved with; love</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">liǎojiě (liáojie) líhūn līwù (līwu)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to understand; understanding to get divorced gift, present</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">nánjiā(r) nǎnnu nénggòu niánqīng nongcūn nūjiā(r) nǔlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">the husband’s family</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">male and female can, to be able to to be young rural area, countryside the wife’s family to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qīngnián qīnqi qūbié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">youth, young person relatives</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">difference, distinction</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shíxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, ‘reform, etc.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">shuāngfāng sòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">both sides, both parties to give (something as a gift)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">tan qīn tànqīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to visit family</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to visit relatives (usually means</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tànqīnjià tíchàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">immediate family)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">leave for visiting family</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to advocate, to promote, to initiate</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">late involvement and late marriage</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāngdāng xuduō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">quite, pretty, very</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">many; a great deal (of), a lot (of)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yīngdāng yíshì yìzhí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">should, ought to ceremony</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">all along, all the time (up until a certain point)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">zhèngfǔ zhùdao zǒngshi zuò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">government</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to move to, to go live at always</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to serve as, to act as; as</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 2</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">1. Hòutiān shi nǐmen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiáojie dàxǐde rìzi</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">2.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Xīnláng</span><span class="font8"> zài Taiwan Yínháng gōngzuò, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font8"> hen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎoshi</span><span class="font8">, yě hen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàngjìn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">3. Women Xiùyún gēn tā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">j iāowǎng </span><span class="font8">yǐjīng yìniánduō le, duì tā hen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎnyì</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">U. A: Nǐmen gen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánfāngd</span><span class="font8">e fùmǔ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shóu</span><span class="font8"> bu shóu?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bú tài shóu. Kěshi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zāo</span><span class="font8"> jiù tīngshuōguo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Tāmen yì lai </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíqīn</span><span class="font8"> women jiù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dāying</span><span class="font8"> le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">5. A: Tāmen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tánlái tānqù</span><span class="font8"> tánle hen jiǔ bù néng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">juédìng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Kěshi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái háishi</span><span class="font8"> wǒ gào-su tamen yīnggāi zěnme bàn.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font8">The day after tomorrow is your daughter’s wedding day.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The bridegroom works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s very honest and very ambitious.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Our Xiùyún has been seeing him for over a year now, and she’s very pleased with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Did you know the groom’s parents very well before?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Not too well. But we’d heard of them long before.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As soon as they came to propose the marriage we agreed to it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">They talked and talked for a long time and couldn’t decide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">But later it was I who told them what they should do, after all.</span></p>
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<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">6. Wǒ nuérde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūnlī</span><span class="font8"> zài Éméi Canting </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jùxíng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">7. Tīngshuō </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéhūn lǐfú</span><span class="font8"> shi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīnniāng</span><span class="font8"> zìjǐ zuòde, tā zhēn </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nénggàn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">8. Wǒ zhù yīyuànde shíhou nǐmen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hāi</span><span class="font8"> song huā lai, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ài</span><span class="font8">, zhēn shi tài xièxie le.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font8">My daughter’s wedding will be held at the Omei Restaurant.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I hear that the wedding gown was made by the bride herself. She’s really capable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When I was in the hospital you even sent flowers. Thanks so much.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiáojie</span><span class="font8">: ’daughter’. You have seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiáojie</span><span class="font8"> meanirfg ’Miss’ or ’young lady’. Here it is used to mean ’daughter’. Note, however, that it is used only in referring to someone else’s daughter, not in referring to one’s own daughter(s).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā you jǐwèi xiáojie? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How many daughters does he have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn piàoliang. Your daughter is really pretty.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiáojie</span><span class="font8">, meaning either ’Miss’ or ’daughter’, is not in current usage in the PRC.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà xǐde rìzi</span><span class="font8">: ’wedding day’, literally ’big joyful day’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǐ</span><span class="font8"> ’to be glad, Joyful', is used in several expressions having to do with weddings. The character for </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐ</span><span class="font8"> is often used as a decoration. For weddings, two </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐ </span><span class="font8">characters together are used as a decoration.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ren hen lǎoshi</span><span class="font8">: ’he's very honest'. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ren</span><span class="font8">, 'person', can be used to refer to a person's character. It can be used with a noun or pronoun before it, for example </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā ren hen lǎoshi</span><span class="font8">, literally 'As for him, his person is very honest'. The wording </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā ren ...</span><span class="font8"> is often used to talk about the way someone truly is:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā rén hěn āi'bāngzhu bié rén. He (is the sort of person who) likes to help others.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Liu Xiānsheng rén hěn tebié, Mr. Liu is a different sort of shénme shìqing dōu yào wen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person, he has to ask 'why' about</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yige wèishenme. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;everything.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā rén hěn kèqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He's a very polite sort of person.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Sometimes </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font8"> refers to a person's mental state of being:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái you I had too much to drink and I'm still diǎnr bu qīngchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a little foggy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ren</span><span class="font8"> also sometimes refers to a person's physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is implied, something like 'And</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">as for the person himself, ...’. For</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi he tā tong diànhuà, jīntiān zāoshang, cái dìyīcì jiàn miàn, tā ren fēicháng piàoliāng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen jiehūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào Jiāzhōu niàn shū qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Táiwān, shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">example:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">All along I had only talked to her over the phone, but this morning I met her for the first time. She's very beautiful.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">They hadn’t even been married for one month when her husband went to California to go to school. He was in America, but his heart was in Taiwan, how could he possibly study well?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāowāng</span><span class="font8">: ’to associate with, to boyfriend-girlfriend relationships.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ he tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde jiāowāng.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">have dealings with’, often said of</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There’s no special relationship between him and me. (Said by a daughter in explanation to her mother.)</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">In the PRC </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāowāng</span><span class="font8"> is not used this way; use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènshi</span><span class="font8">, ’to know (a person)’ or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāo péngyou</span><span class="font8">, ’to make friends’ instead. In the PRC, you will hear </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāowāng </span><span class="font8">used in phrases such as &quot;</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐangguo rénmínde jiāowāng”</span><span class="font8">, ’the contact (association) between the peoples of these two countries*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánfāng</span><span class="font8">: ’’the bridegroom’s side”, a phrase which often refers to the bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the bridegroom’s family, relatives, and friends collectively. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nanfāng</span><span class="font8">, &quot;the bridegroom’s side&quot;, happens to be a homonym of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánfāng</span><span class="font8">, ’the South’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou, When Chinese get married, the groom’s nánfāng dà qǐng kè. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family hosts a big feast.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jiéhūn yǐqián nánfāng nūfāng Before a marriage, the groom’s side bicǐ song lí. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the bride’s side give each</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">other gifts.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">L</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nūfāng</span><span class="font8"> means &quot;the bride’s side, referring either to &quot;the bride&quot; herself, or to ’the bride’s family, relatives, and friends collectively’.]</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shou</span><span class="font8">: ’to be familiar with ...’ Also pronounced </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shu</span><span class="font8">. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shou</span><span class="font8"> is used with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hé</span><span class="font8"> for people and with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duì</span><span class="font8"> for places.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ hé tā hen shou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I know him very well.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā duì Táiběi hěn shóu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She knows Taipei very well.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shóu</span><span class="font8"> also means ’to be cooked sufficiently' and ’to be ripe*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎo</span><span class="font8">: You’ve learned this as the verb ’to be early’, now you see it used to mean ’long ago’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zǎo zhīdào nǐ bù huílai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I knew long ago that you wouldn’t</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">come back.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I heard about it long ago.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zǎo</span><span class="font8"> is usually followed by </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font8"> to stress the idea of ’as early as that’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zǎo jiù gàosu tā nèijiàn shi le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I told him that long ago. (Said to correct an impression that he didn’t actually know it so early.)</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zǎo jiù xiǎng lai kàn ni, yìzhí méi shíjiān.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve been meaning to come see you for a long time, but I never had the time.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíqǐn</span><span class="font8">: ’to bring up a proposal of marriage’ Traditionally, the man’s parents would visit the parents of the woman they wished their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform their parents of their own arrangement.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dāying</span><span class="font8">: ’to agree (to something),</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā dāying gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme tā xiànzài you bù gěi le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ dāying ta le, dāngrǎn yīnggāi péi ta qù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ dāying zuòde shi, yídìng yào zuodào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ dāyinglede shi, wèishénme bú zuǒ?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">to consent, to promise’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he won’t give it to me?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You promised him, of course you should go with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You must do what you promise to do.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Why don’t you do this thing that you have promised?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Nǐ dāyingguode shi, Jiù yīnggāi zuòdào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ méi dāying gěi ni yíge hùzhào.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">You ought to do things that you promise.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I didn’t promise to give you a passport.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dāyjng</span><span class="font8"> can also mean ’to answer’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā Jiao ni, nī zěnme méi dāying? He called you, how come you didn’t answer?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tánlai tánqù</span><span class="font8">: ’to talk over’.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Tánlai tánqù, yě bùnéng jiějué zhèige wèntí.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">We discussed it for a long time, but still couldn’t solve the problem.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Tánlai tánqù, tánde hěn you yìsi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">It got very interesting, conversing back and forth.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">juédìng</span><span class="font8">: ’to decide’.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Wo juédìng yào qù.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">I’ve decided that I’m going.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Wo yǐjīng juédìng jiù zhènme ban.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">I’ve already decided that it’ll be this way.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">W3 hái méi juédìng gāi zěnme ban.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">I haven’t yet decided what should be done.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">Notice that when you want to say ’I can’t decide whether (to do something)’ or ’I haven’t decided whether (to do something)’, the object of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">juédìng</span><span class="font8"> is a choice-type question.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ hái méi Juédìng qù bu qù.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I haven’t yet decided whether to go or not.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ bù néng juédìng wǒ qù bu qù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">W3 hěn nán juédìng rang bu ràng ta qù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ shi bu shi gāi huíqu, hěn nan juédìng.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I can’t decide whether to go or not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’m having a hard time deciding whether to let him to or not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It’s hard to decide whether or not I should go back.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font8">: &nbsp;’afterwards, later *. You have already learned another word</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">which can be translated as &quot;afterwards” or ’’later&quot;: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font8">. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐhòu</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái </span><span class="font8">are both nouns which express time. Here is a brief comparison of them.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(1) Yǐhòu can either follow another element ’in which case it is translated as &quot;after ...’’) or it can be used by itself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā láile yǐhòu, women jiù zou After he came, we left, le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zāi láiguo. Afterwards, he never came back again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hòulái</span><span class="font8"> can only be used by itself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Hòulái, tā shuì jiao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Afterwards, he went to sleep.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(2) Both </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font8"> may be used to refer to the past. (For example, in the reference list sentence, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font8"> may be substituted for </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font8">. But if you want to say ’’afterwards&quot; or &quot;later&quot; referring to the future, you can only use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font8">. When it refers to the future time, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font8"> can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài shuō.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Let’s wait until </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">the future</span><span class="font8"> to see about </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">future</span><span class="font8"> matters.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Yǐhòu nǐ you kòng, qīng cháng lái wán.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā yào gēn yíge Rìben rén jiehūn.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Usage Note</span><span class="font8">: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐhòu</span><span class="font8"> has the meaning some past event functions as a dividing boundary, and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font8"> refers to the period from the end up to another point of reference (usually the time of usage it is often translated as &quot;since&quot;.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">In the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">future</span><span class="font8"> when you have the time, please come over more often.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I'll tell you </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">later on</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">His child said that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">someday,</span><span class="font8"> he wants to marry a Japanese.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">of &quot;after that&quot;. It can imply that point in time, as a sort of time</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">of that time boundary speaking). In this</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu He only wrote one book, and hasn't zài méi xieguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;written any since.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ránhòu</span><span class="font8"> stresses the succession of one event upon the completion of a prior event.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ shàngwū zhǐ you liǎngjié &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have only two classes in the</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">kè, ránhòu jiù méi shì le, morning, and after that I don't women kéyi chuqū wánr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have anything else to do, so we</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">háishi</span><span class="font8">: 'in the end, after all' You have seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">háishi</span><span class="font8"> meaning 'still', that is, that something remains the same way as it was. Here </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">háishi</span><span class="font8"> is used to mean that the speaker feels that, all things considered, something is the case after all.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Háishi tā duì.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">He is right, after all.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jūxíng</span><span class="font8">: 'to hold (a meeting, banquet, celebration, ceremony, etc.)' For this example you need to know that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">diǎnlǐ</span><span class="font8"> means 'ceremony'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiān jǔxíng hìyè diǎnlǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow the graduation ceremony-</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">will he held.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font8">: ’even, (to go) so far as to’ You have seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font8"> meaning ’still’&quot;as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ hái zài zhèr!.</span><span class="font8">, ’You’re still here.’’. You’ve also seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font8"> meaning ’also, additionally’, as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ hái yào mǎi yǐpíng qǐshuǐ.</span><span class="font8">, ’I also want to huy a hottie of soda.’ Here you see </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái </span><span class="font8">meaning additionally in the sense of additional effort. The sentence </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐmen hái song huār lai</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font8"> expresses the speaker’s feeling that sending flowers went heyond what was expected or necessary.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhēn shi tài xièxie le</span><span class="font8">: ’I really thank you so much.’’ You have seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tài</span><span class="font8"> used to mean ’very, extremely’, as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tài hǎo le!</span><span class="font8">, ’Wonderful!’. Notice that here it is used with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xièxie</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A woman goes to visit her old friend her daughter and future son-in-law.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhège Xīng-</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">qītiān jiù shi nǐmen èr xiáo-jiede dàxǐde rìzi! Zhèli shi sònggei xīnláng xīnniángde lǐwù.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Xièxie! Xièxie! Nǐ tài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">kèqi le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi. Nǐ yídìng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">hen mǎng ha! Hūnlǐ dōu zhǔnbèi-hǎo le meiyou?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Zuì mǎngde shíhou yǐjīng guò</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">le, xiànzài chàbuduō dōu zhǔn-bèihǎo le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Xīnlǎng shi nǎli rén a? Zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">nǎli gōngzuò?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Xīnlǎng shi Héběi rén, zài Tǎiwān Yínhǎng gōngzuò. Tā rén hen lǎoshi, ye hen shàngjìn.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Xiùyun gēn tā shi biéren</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">jièshào rènshide háishi zìjī rènshide?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Shi Xiùyunde lǎoshī jièshàode.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Xiùyun gēn tā jiāowāng dào xiànzài yǐjīng liǎngniǎn le, duì ta hen mǎnyì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nīmen gēn nǎnfāngde fùmǔ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">yǐqiǎn shéu bu shéu?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bù shéu, keshi women zǎo jiù</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">tīngshuōguo tamen le. Tāmen liǎngwèi dōu zài TǎiDà jiāo shū. Tāmen yì lǎi tíqīn women jiù dāying le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ kànjian qǐngtiēshang xiězhe</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">hūnlǐ zài Guōbīn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng. Nàli dìfang you dà you piàoliang. Zhēn hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">and to present her with a gift for</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Congratulations! This Sunday is your second daughter’s big day! Here’s a present for the bride and groom.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Thank you! That’s so nice of you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It’s just a little something. You must be busy! Is everything all ready for the wedding?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The busiest time has already passed; almost everything is ready now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Where is the groom’s family from? Where does he work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The groom’s family is from Hopei. He works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s very honest and ambitious.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Were Xiuyun and he introduced by someone else or did they meet by themselves?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">They were introduced by Xiuyun’s teacher. Xiuyun and he have been seeing each other for two years now, and she’s very pleased with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Did you know the groom’s parents well before?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">No, but we had heard of them long before. They both teach at Taiwan University. As soon as they came to propose the marriage, we agreed to it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I saw on the invitation that the wedding is being held at the Ambassador Hotel. It’s very spacious and beautiful there. That’s great.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Shi a! Women gēn nǎnfāngde</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">fùmǔ tánlái tǎnqù tánle hǎo jiu, bù zhīdào zài náli juxíng hūnlī zuì hǎo. Hòulǎi hǎishi wǒ juēdìng zai Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Ng! Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn bù zhī</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài ye tebiě hǎo.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Duì le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Xīnniǎngde jiěhūn līfú zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">nǎli mǎide?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjī</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">zuòde.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nǐmen èr xiǎojie zhēn nènggàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Tiān bù zǎo le, wo gǎi zǒu le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Nǐ hǎi zìjī song līwù lai, zhēn</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shi xièxie! Xīngqītiān yídìng lǎi, ǎ!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes. We discussed it back and forth for a long time with his parents. We didn’t know where it would be best to hold the wedding. Afterwards I was the one who decided that we would have it at the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Oh! Not only is the Ambassador Hotel a beautiful place, but the food there is especially good too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That * s right.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Where did you buy the bride’s wedding gown?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It isn’t bought. Xiuyun made it herself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Your second daughter sure is capable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It’s getting late, I ought to be going.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You even brought the gifts yourself. Thank you so much. Be sure to come on Sunday!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn bù zhī shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbie hǎo</span><span class="font8">. Traditional wedding foods included </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huāshēng</span><span class="font8">, peanuts; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎnzǐ</span><span class="font8">, lotus seeds; and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎozi</span><span class="font8">, dates, all of which symbolize fertility in that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēng(zī)</span><span class="font8"> means ’’give birth to’’ (a son); </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎnzǐ</span><span class="font8"> sounds like part of the phrase </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎnshēng guìzī</span><span class="font8">, ’’have sons consecutively”; and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎozi</span><span class="font8"> sounds like part of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎoshēng guì-zǐ,</span><span class="font8"> ’’have an early son.” The wedding marked the beginning of that generation’s carrying on of the family line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to family preference.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún. zìjǐ zuòde</span><span class="font8">: Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made, as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of ready-made items. Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the celebration.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">9. Xīnláng J iā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn Jǐdūjiào</span><span class="font8">, fùmǔ xīwàng tāmen zài </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiàotáng</span><span class="font8"> jiéhūn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">10. Xīnniáng jiā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn Fó</span><span class="font8">, fùmǔ bū ràng tamen zài jiàotáng jiéhūn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">11. Tāmen yào zài </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎyuàn gōngzhèng j iēhūn</span><span class="font8"> ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">12. Hūnlǐ yǐhòu bādiǎn zhōng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù xí</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">13. Zhège wèntí hěn </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzá</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">1U. Wǒde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìjian</span><span class="font8"> shi děng liǎngge xīngqī women zài tantan.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">15• Tāmen qǐng shéi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhènghūn?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">16. A: Hūnlǐ yǐhòu tāmen mǎshàng jiù qù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dù mìyuè</span><span class="font8"> ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bù, yào děng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hui mén</span><span class="font8"> yǐhòu cǎi qù.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">17. Hòutiān yídìng lai chī </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐjiǔ</span><span class="font8">!</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">18.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nǐmen xiáojie hūnlǐshàng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièshaorén</span><span class="font8"> shi nǎliǎngwèi a?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Yíwèi shi lai </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò méid</span><span class="font8">e Lǐ Jiàoshòu.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">19.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Nàwèi yóuzhèngjū </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jūzhǎng</span><span class="font8"> shi women jiā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōniánd</span><span class="font8">e lǎo péngyou.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">20.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tandao</span><span class="font8"> jiehūn, nī </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font8"> yīnggāi kuài diǎn qù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zū</span><span class="font8"> jiàn jiéhūn līfú.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">The family of the bridegroom are Christians and the parents hope they will be married in church.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The family of the bride are Buddhists, and her parents won’t let them be married in church.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Are they going to have a civil marriage in court?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After the wedding ceremony the banquet will start at eight.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This question is very complicated.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My opinion is that we should wait two weeks and talk about it again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Whom did they ask to witness the marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After the wedding are they going to leave right away to go on their honeymoon?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">No, they’re going to wait until after the bride’s first visit to her family before they go.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Be sure to come to the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Who are the two people who are going to be the introducers at your daughter’s wedding?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">One is Professor Li who was the go-between.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That postmaster is a friend of our family from many years back.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Speaking of the wedding, you really ought to hurry up and go rent a wedding gown.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn JieLujiao</span><span class="font8">: ’to believe in (Protestant) Christianity* This is one way of saying ’to be a (Protestant) Christian’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn Fo</span><span class="font8">: ’to believe in Buddha’ This is one way of saying ’to be a Buddhist’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài fǎyuàn</span><span class="font8">: ’in court’ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font8"> is the verb ’to be in, at, or on’, in other words ’to be located (someplace). </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font8"> must be followed by a place word or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase may be difficult for the non-native speaker to figure out. Words which are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational ending such as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-li</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-shang</span><span class="font8"> added to them. (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài chēshang mǎi piào</span><span class="font8">., ’You buy the ticket on the bus.’)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words. The phrase ’in court’ does not need a locational ending, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài fǎyuàn</span><span class="font8">. Here are some other words which can function as place words by themselves. Many of these end with syllables such as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-shi</span><span class="font8"> (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐ</span><span class="font8">) ’house, apartment’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-Ju</span><span class="font8"> ’office, shop’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-diàn</span><span class="font8"> ’inn, shop’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-chǎng</span><span class="font8"> ’field, open ground’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ting</span><span class="font8"> ’hall, room’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suǒ</span><span class="font8"> ’place, room’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-jiān</span><span class="font8"> ’house, rooms’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guan</span><span class="font8"> ’public office, hall*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān xiàwu zài bàngōngshì See you at the office this afternoon! j iàn ’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zài běnshì you wuge yóuzhèng- There are five post offices in this</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jú!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">city.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">cǎiféngdiàn zuòde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">ba?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">You must have had that tailor’s.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">made at a</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">canting kàndao ta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Did you see him in the</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dining room?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">Other words</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">which behave in a</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">similar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">way are:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">càishichǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">maíket</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">fùjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">area</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">cèsuǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">toilet</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fuwùtǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">service desk</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dàfàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hotel</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Gōngǎnjú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Bureau of Public Security</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">shāngdiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">store</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">gongsī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">company</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dàlóu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">building</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gōngyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">apartment</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">dàshiguǎn dìqū fàndiàn fángj iān fànguǎnzi fàntīng fēijichǎng</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">embassy region restaurant</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">room restaurant dining room airport</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">gōngyuán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">park</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huìkèshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">reception room</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huǒchēzhàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">railroad station</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">jǐngchájú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">police station</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">kāfēitīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">coffeehouse</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">lǎojiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hometown</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">and many more...including proper names of Restaurants, buildings, associations, organizations, etc.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzhèng</span><span class="font8">: 'notarization, government witness'. A </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzhèng ren</span><span class="font8"> is a notary public.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù xí</span><span class="font8">: 'to take one's seat at a banquet', literally 'to enter the mat(ted area)'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Women kuài diǎnr zhǔnbèi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let's get ready a little faster,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">tāmen liùdiǎn zhōng jiù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the banquet starts at 6:00.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yào rù xí le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzá</span><span class="font8">: 'to be complicated, to be complex'. Questions, problems, or situations can be </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzá</span><span class="font8"> if there are many pieces or factors figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzá</span><span class="font8"> to imply that the situation is messy, problem-ridden.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen jiāde qíngkuàng tài fùzá, wǒ gǎobuqíngchu.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige wèntí tài fùzá, hen nán shuōqīngchu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige jùzi tài fùzá, zuì hǎo bú zhèiyangr xiě.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Their family situation is too complicated, I can't make heads or tails of it. (This sentence has an ambiguity in both languages.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This question is so complicated, it's very hard to explain it clearly.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This sentence is too complicated, it would be best not to write it this way.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fùzá</span><span class="font8"> can also be used in a complimentary way. (For this example you need to know that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">slxiǎng</span><span class="font8"> means 'thinking, thought'.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde sìxiǎng hen fùzá. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His thinking is very complex.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzá</span><span class="font8"> in this case -would be </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎndān</span><span class="font8"> ’to be simple’, as in ’simple-minded’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fùzá</span><span class="font8"> is also pronounced </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzǎ</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1H</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìjiàn</span><span class="font8">: ’idea, view, opinion, suggestion’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Gāngcái tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde yìjian, wǒ juéde duì women hěn you bāngzhu.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">He just told us his opinions on this book, and I feel that they’re really helpful to us.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wo hěn xiǎng zhīdào, zài zhèige wěntíshang, Zhōngguo zhèng-fǔde yìjian shi shénme?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ xiǎng xiān qù Shanghai, zài dào Wùhàn, nǐde yìjian zěnmeyang?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒde yìjian shi xiān qù Wùhàn, zài dào Shànghǎi qu. Yīnwei zài guS yíge yuè, Wùhàn fěi-chǎng rěle.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">I’d very much like to know what the Chinese government's view is on this question.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’d like to go to Shanghai first and then to Wuhan, what’s your opinion?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My opinion is to first go to Wuhan, then to Shanghai, because after a month, Wuhan will be extremely hot.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 15</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhènghūn</span><span class="font8">: ’to witness a marriage*. Witnesses formerly were persons of good reputation and venerable old age. Today, familiarity is most important. The witness makes a brief speech during the ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his name seal. He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored to have been asked.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dù mìyuè</span><span class="font8">: ’to spend one’s honeymoon’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dù</span><span class="font8"> is the verb ’to spend, to pass (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday). </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mìyuè</span><span class="font8"> is literally ’honey-moon’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huimen</span><span class="font8">: ’the bride’s first visit to her own family on the third day after the wedding’, literally ’return to the door’. When the newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family of the bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom’s family which arranges the marriage ceremony.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 17</span><span class="font8"> .</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xījiū</span><span class="font8">: ’wedding banquet’. Notice that in the Reference List sentence the phrase </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai chī xījiǔ</span><span class="font8"> is translated as ’to come to the wedding banquet’. A more literal translation might be ’come to eat a wedding feast!. The verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chī</span><span class="font8"> could also be rendered into English by ’attend* or ’take part’, as in ’Be sure to come take part in the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūnlīshàng</span><span class="font8">: ’at the wedding*. Notice that in English you say ’at the wedding’ while in Chinese you say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūnlīshàng</span><span class="font8">, literally ’on the wedding’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-Shang</span><span class="font8"> would also be the locative ending to use for ’at the meeting (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huìshang</span><span class="font8">).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièshaorén</span><span class="font8">: ’introducer*. This is one person in the cast of people who play a part in getting two people together in marriage. Originally, the ’’introducer” functioned in much the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or relative. Today, most young people find their own mates. The ’’introducers”, however, still have a ceremonial function. They accompany the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and one for the groom).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò méi</span><span class="font8">; ’to act as the go-between for two families, whose children are to be married’. This person arranged the details of the match. He acted as a go-between for the families of the bride and groom, settling points which were usually of a financial nature. Often the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò méide</span><span class="font8"> was also the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièshaorén</span><span class="font8">. Traditionally, the go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was paid for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between, although the practice is becoming less and less common. During the wedding ceremony, the go-between places his stamp on the wedding certificate.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ gěi ni zuò méi, hǎo bu hǎo? I’ll act as go-between for you, all right?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhang Tàitai qīng wo tī tǎde Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go-nūér zuò méi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;between for her daughter.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jūzhǎng</span><span class="font8">; ’head of an office or bureau’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Júzhǎng</span><span class="font8"> is only used when the Chinese name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-jú,</span><span class="font8"> as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">youzhèngjú</span><span class="font8">, ’post office’. You’ve also seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bùzhǎng</span><span class="font8">, ’minister of a bureau* and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kēzhǎng</span><span class="font8">, ’section chief*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōniǎn</span><span class="font8">: ’many years*. Here are some examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Women duōniǎn bú jiàn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We haven’t seen each other for many</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">years.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Women zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zhù zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi mei tǐngshuōguo zhèige rén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">We’ve Been working together for many years.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve heen living here for many years, but I’ve never heard of this person.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 20</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tándao</span><span class="font8">: ’to talk about, to speak of’. This is used to refer to something that was just brought up in conversation. You have seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font8"> used as a main verb meaning ’to go to, to arrive at’, and as a prepositional verb meaning ’to towards’. Now you see that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font8"> is also used as a verb ending. Literally, it means ’to, up to’, but its translation into English sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with. When used with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tan</span><span class="font8">, ’to talk, to chat’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font8"> can be translated as ’about’ or ’of’. Here are some other examples of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font8"> used with verbs you’ve already studied:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ jiù lai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wo méiyou?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde háizi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">We were even talking of you just now, and here you are!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Did you talk about me with him today?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I often think of my child.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Notice that in the Reference List sentence, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tándao</span><span class="font8"> is used at the beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use ’speaking of ...' in English. Here are some other examples:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tándao jiéhūnde shì, wǒ hái děi xiǎngyixiang.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tándao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">When it comes to talking about marriage, I have to think it over.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he knows a lot more than I do.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font8">: ’really, after all’. You have seen yě meaning ’too, also’. Another common meaning of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font8"> is ’(even though) ... nevertheless, still’. For example:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě huì shuō yìdiǎn Yīngwén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little English.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">A: Zhèige diànyǐng zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bu shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái kéyi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">How was the movie?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It wasn’t great, but it was pretty good nevertheless.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wo suīrān méi dàoguo Tiān Ān Men, yě zài diànshìshang kàn j ianguo.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Although I’ve never been to Tian An Men, I’ve seen it on television.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">In addition, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font8"> often is used to contrast the thought expressed in the sentence with another thought. This meaning can be paraphrased something like this:- ”in spite of anything which might be believed to the contrary, indeed what I am saying </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font8"> true.&quot; Sometimes, however, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font8"> is used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little more than ”we really ought to agree that what I am saying is true.”</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There are many different possible ways to translate this </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font8"> into English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of meaning and some of its possible translations.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Xiànzài shíyīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ yě yào shàng kě le, wǒmende wèntí míngtiān zài tan ba!</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">It’s eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to class. Let’s talk about our question tomorrow, okay?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ tíchàng wanliàn wǎnhūn yě shi yínggāide.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">The population of China is too large, it really is right for the government to promote late marriage and late involvement.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tāmen wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě bù zhīdào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: Nī zěnme hǎi méi bǎ zhèxiē yīfu xīwān?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Wǒ yě bú shi nīde yòngren, bāitiān wǒ yě shàng ban, wǒ méiyou zhènme duō shíjiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Women liǎngge rènshi yě you jīnián le, nī yīnggāi liǎojiě wo.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don’t know.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How come you still haven’t finished washing these clothes?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’m not your servant, after all; I work during the day too, and I don’t have all that much time.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Now you (really) ought to. understand, don’t you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">We have known each other for several years, after all; you ought to understand me.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The day before a young couple is to be married, a friend pays a visit to the mother of the bride:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Míngtiān shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">nǐmen xiáojie dàxǐde rìzi! Xīnláng shi shénme rén a? Tāmen shi zěnme rènshide?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Shi péngyou jièshàode.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Nánfāngde fùqin gēn wǒ xiān-sheng zài youzhèngjú shi téngshì, búguò yǐqián bú tài shou. Hòulái lìngwài yíge xìng Lǐde téngshì jiù lai zuò méi, jièshào tamen rènshi. Tāmen jiāowǎng dào xiànzài yě yìnián duō le. Nàge nánháizi xiànzài àrshibāsuì, rén hen lǎoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn. Xiànzài zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā bàngōngshìlide rén dōu shuō tā nénggàn. Xiùyún duì ta hěn mǎnyì, érqiě Xiùyún yǐjīng èrshisìsuì le, yě dàole gāi jiéhūnde shíhou le, suoyi nánfāng yì lai tíqīn women jiù dāying le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ kàn qǐngtiēshang shuō</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">wǔdiān zhōng zài Guobīn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng hūnlǐ, liùdiǎn zhōng rù xí. Nà dìfang hěn dà, cài yě hěn hǎo, míngtiān yídìng hěn rènao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Tándao jǔxíng hūnlǐ a, yìjian</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">duō le. Zhēn fùzá. Xian shi liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng jiéhūn, kěshi nánfāngde fùmǔ bù dāying. Tāmen xìn Jīdūjiào, yídìng yào dào jiàotáng qù. Women jiā xìn Fo, zěnme kéyi ràng tamen dào jiàotáng qù jǔxíng hūnlǐ ne! Hòulái, liǎngjiā tánlái tánqù, zuìhòu cái juédìng háishi zài Guóbīn Dàfàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Congratulations! Tomorrow’s your daughter’s big day! Who’s the bridegroom? How did they meet?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">They were introduced by friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The father of the groom is a colleague of my husband’s at the post office, but they didn’t know each very well before. Afterwards, another colleague by the name of Li camé to act as the go-between and introduced them. They have been seeing each other for over a year now. The young man is twenty-eight years old now. He’s very honest and ambitious. He works at the Bank of Taiwan. The people at his office all say he’s very capable. Xiuyun is very pleased with him, and besides, she’s twenty-four years old; she has reached the time when she should get married. So as soon as his family came to propose the marriage, we agreed to it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I see it says on the invitation that the ceremony will be held at the Ambassador Hotel at five o’clock, and that the banquet starts at six. It’s a very big place, and the food is very good. It should be very lively tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As far as the wedding ceremony is concerned, there were a lot of different opinions. It was really complicated. At first the two children wanted to go to court and have a civil marriage, but the parents of the groom didn’t agree to that. They’re Christians, and insisted on going to a church. Our family is Buddhist; how could we let them go to a church to hold the wedding! Later, our two families discussed it back and</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">juxíng hūnlǐ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Shi qǐng shénme rén zhènghūn</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">a?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Zhènghūnrén shi Youzhèngjū</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Zhang Júzhǎng. Tā gēn nǎnfāngde fùqin shi duōniǎnde lao péngyou, suéyi yì qǐng ta, tā mǎshàng jiu dāying le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: You méiyou jièshàorén? Jièshàorén shi shéi ya?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Nánfāngde jièshàorén jiù shi lǎi zuò méide nàwèi Lǐ Xiān-sheng. Women zhèhiān jiù qǐngle Zhāng Zǐmíng Jiàoshòu. Tā shi Xiùyun niàn dàxué shíhoude lǎoshī.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Xīnniǎngde jiéhūn lǐfú shi zài shénme dìfang zuòde?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bu shi zuòde, shi zūde.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Tāmen jiēhūn yǐhòu yào dào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">nǎli qù dù mìyuè?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Tāmen jìhua yào dào Alǐ Shān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">qù wan yíge xīngqī, húguò tāmen jiéhūn yǐhòu bù néng mǎshàng zou, yào děng huí mén yǐhòu cai qù.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: 0, hǎo hǎo hǎo. Wo xiǎng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">nǐmen yídìng hen mǎng. Wo yīnggāi zǒu le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Nǐ name kèqi, hai zìjǐ lai</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">song līwù lai. Xièxie, xièxie! Míngtiān yídìng lai chī xījiǔ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">forth, and finally we decided it would be best to hold the wedding at the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Whom did you ask to witness the marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The witness is Postmaster Zhang. He’s an old friend of many years of the groom’s father, so as soon as we went to ask him, he agreed right away.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Are there any introducers? Who are they?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The introducer for the groom’s side is the Mr. Li who was the go-between. For our side we asked Professor Zhang Ziming. He was a teacher of Xiuyun’s when she was in college.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Where was the bride’s wedding gown made?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It wasn’t (specially) made, it’s rented.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After they’re married, where are they going to spend their honeymoon?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">They’re planning to go to Mt. Ali for a week, but they can’t leave right after the wedding. They have to wait until after the bride’s first visit to her new parents’ home before they go.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Oh, okay. Well, you must be very busy, so I should be leaving now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You’re so polite, you even brought presents over in person. Thank you! Be sure to come to the banquet tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Okay, see you tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...liangge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng .jiéhūn</span><span class="font8">: Traditional wedding ceremonies were held at home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or pagodas). Modern ones are likely to be held in hotels or restaurants, as there is more room and food is then easier to prepare.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tāmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shān qù</span><span class="font8">: Ālǐ Shān and Rìyuè Tán (Sun-Moon Lake) are the two most popular honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An average honeymoon stay might last one week.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">(sound of sighing)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">dàxǐ</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">dàxǐde rìzi dāying</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">great rejoicing</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">wedding day</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to agree (to something), to consent,</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">dù</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">dù mìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to promise</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to pass</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to go on a honeymoon, to spend one’s</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">duōnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">honeymoon many years</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fǎyuàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Fó fùzá (fǔzá)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">court of law</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Buddha</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be complicated</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gōngzhèng Jiehūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">civil marriage</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hái</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">háishi hòulái hui men</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">even, (to go) so far as to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">after all</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">later, afterwards</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the return of the bride to her parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hūnlǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wedding</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">J iàotáng Jiāowǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">church</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to associate with, to have dealings with</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Jǐdūj iào Jiéhūn lǐfú Jièshaorén Juédìng Jǔxíng Júzhǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Christianity</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">wedding gown introducer to decide</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.) head of an office or bureau (of</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">which the last syllable is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jú</span><span class="font8">)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">...-lai...-qù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">(indicates repeating the action over and over again)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">lǎoshi (lǎoshi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be honest</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">mǎnyì mìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be pleased honeymoon</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">nánfāng nénggàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the groom's side, the groom’s family to be capable</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">person, self, body</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">ru xi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or &quot;banquet)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shàngj in shóu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to &quot;be ambitious</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to &quot;be familiar (with), to know well</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tándao</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">tánlai tánqù tíqín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to talk about; speaking of ...</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to talk back and forth</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to bring up a proposal of marriage</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiáojie (xiáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">daughter (referring to someone else’s daughter)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">V . . w XI JIU xìn xìn F6 xīnláng xinniáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wedding banquet; wedding wine to believe (in) to be a Buddhist</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">bridegroom</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">bride</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yě yìjian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">indeed, in fact, admittedly opinion</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">zāo zhènghùn zhènghūnrén zū</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zuò méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">long ago</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to witness a marriage</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">chief witness at a wedding ceremony</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to rent</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering marriage)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death; Unit 3</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">1. Wo tīngshuō Zhōngguo </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kòngzhi </span><span class="font8">rénkoude gōngzuò zuòde hen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chénggŌng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">2. Zài chéngshìli zhùde rén yào you yíge háizi děi zuòdao </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sān tōngguò</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">3. Sān tōngguòde yìsi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě jiùshi shuō</span><span class="font8"> děi you sānge dìfang </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongyì</span><span class="font8"> zhèwèi fùnǔ shēng háizi.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">4. A: Něi sānge </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānwèi</span><span class="font8"> ne?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Zhewei funūde gōngzuò dānwèi , tā zhùde dìfangde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǔmín wěiyuánhuì</span><span class="font8">, he </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pàichūsuō</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">5. Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēnju</span><span class="font8"> shénme </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pīzhǔn</span><span class="font8"> fùn</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ūmen</span><span class="font8"> shēng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāo-háir?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">6.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Gègè</span><span class="font8"> chéngshì měinián zhǐ kéyi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zēngjiā yídìng shùmud</span><span class="font8">e háizi.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">J. Women </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìqū</span><span class="font8"> jīnniánde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǔshēng-lū</span><span class="font8"> bù gāo.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">8. Wo zhǐ néng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēnpèig</span><span class="font8">ei nǐmen zhèiyìqū bābǎige </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">míng'é</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">9. Zhōngguo rénkōu tài duō, zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shíxíng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">10. Bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">miānfèid</span><span class="font8">e.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">11. Wo yǐjīng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dédao</span><span class="font8"> pīzhǔn, kéyi you yìjiān xīn fángzi.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">I hear that population control work has been done very successfully in China.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">People who live in the city, if they want to have a child, must have ’the three approvals'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">'The three approvals* means that a woman must have the consent of three places in order to have a child.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Which three units?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The woman's work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place she lives, and the local police station.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">On what basis does the Chinese government give official permission for women to give birth?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The various cities can only increase by a specific number of children every year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The birth rate in our municipal area this year isn't very high.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I can only assign a quota of eight hundred to your area.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The population of China is too large, so the government encourages the people to practice birth control.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">All contraceptive devices are free.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I have already received permission to get a new room.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kòngzhi</span><span class="font8">: ’to control; control’, dominate; to command’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige fángjiānde wēndù kòng-zhude bù hao, yìhuǐr lěng, yìhuǐr rè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Shíjiān méi bànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě bànbudao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde bìng yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì hǎoqilai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You yìxiē rén kòngzhile zhèi-jià fēijī, bú rang ta qǐfēi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chénggōng</span><span class="font8">;</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">This can also be translated as ’to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The temperature in this room isn’t well regulated. It’s cold one minute and hot the next.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There is no way to control time; no one can do it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">His illness is under control now; maybe in another few days he will start to get better.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Some people have taken control of this airplane and won’t let it take off.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">’to succeed; to be successful</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèiběn shū chénggōng le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèiběn shū xiěde hěn chénggōng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige tāng chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài chī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhǐ yào nǐ nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng néng chénggōng.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">This book was a success.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">His book was written very successfully, (i.e., His book came off very well.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This soup is a success, everyone loves it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure to succeed.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòdao</span><span class="font8">: ’to achieve, to make (a goal)*. In Unit 2, Part II, you saw </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tándao</span><span class="font8"> ’to talk about, to speak of’, with the ending </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font8"> meaning literally ’to, up to’. Here you see </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font8"> used as an ending after the verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò</span><span class="font8"> ’to make’. You may think of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font8"> in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòdao</span><span class="font8"> as conveying the meaning of reaching a goal.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèijiān shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào I have already succeeded in doing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ shuōguo, zuótiān nǐ yào qù, You said that you wanted to go nǐ zuòdào le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yesterday. Did you do so?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sān tōngguò</span><span class="font8">; ’the three approvals’. The ’three approvals’ have been in effect since 1973/7^. At that time, the minimum marriage age was pushed upward, but most recently it has been relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three for females. Most couples must still wait a number of years before they can have a child. The </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sāntōngguò guiding</span><span class="font8"> for city residents effectively means that, without these three approvals for a child, a pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to live without food rations. (A government slogan is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge gòule</span><span class="font8">, &quot;One is best, two is enough.’’) Applications to have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by one’s work unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly discouraged and life would be very difficult for it should it be born. Special gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families. In the countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they of course could not easily move to the city.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ye jiùshi shu5</span><span class="font8">: ’to mean; in other words, that is to say’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Jìhuà shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào you jìhuade shēng xiǎo-hǎir.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Planned parenthood means having children in a planned way.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">’Hěbì’ yě jiùshi shuō ’wèi-shénme xūyào’.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">’</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hěbì</span><span class="font8">* means ’why must’.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā bù něng zài shēng xiǎohāizi, yě jiùshi shuō women juéde tā zhìbuhǎo le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā bù gěi ni dǎ diànhuà hǎo-xiàng yě j iùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan ni.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Dàifu shuō tā bù nēng chī ròu, yě jiùshi shuō chī ròu duì tāde shēntī bù hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When what follows is a more pointed </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiùshi shuō</span><span class="font8"> can be used in place of ;</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā bù kéyi shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā hai méiyou zuòdao sān tōngguò.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">, She can’t have children any more; that is to say, we feel that she cannot be cured.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The fact that he doesn’t telephone you would seem to imply that he doesn’t like you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The doctor said that he couldn’t eat meat, in other words, eating meat isn’t good for his health.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">explanation of what has just been said, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě jiùshi shuō,</span><span class="font8"> e.g.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not yet gotten the three approvals.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōngyì</span><span class="font8">: ’consent, agreement; to agree, to agree with (what someone says or thinks)’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">A: Tongyì bu tōngyì?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Do you agree?</span></p>
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<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Wo bù tóngyì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t agree.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Wo bù tóngyì nǐde huà. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t agree with what you say.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Although in English we can say *1 agree with you’, in Chinese it is wrong to say either </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ gēn nǐ tóngyì</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo tóngyì ni</span><span class="font8">. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tóngyì</span><span class="font8"> can be used in two ways: without an object, or with an object like </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā shuode</span><span class="font8"> ’what he said*, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāde huà</span><span class="font8"> ’what he said’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāde jìhua</span><span class="font8"> *his plan*, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāde yìjian</span><span class="font8"> ’his opinion’. If you want to say *1 don’t agree with you', you can say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ bù tongyì</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ shuode, wǒ bù tongyì</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ bù tongyì nǐde huà</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ bù tóngyì nǐde yìjian,</span><span class="font8"> etc.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānwèi</span><span class="font8">: ’(work) unit'. This word is used in the PRC as a cover term for any organization or department of an organization. It may, for instance refer to a factory, a school, a government organization, a store, or an army unit.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò?</span><span class="font8"> is a common way of asking where someone works; compared with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài nār gōngzuò?</span><span class="font8">, the question </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò?</span><span class="font8"> sounds more official.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Women dānwèi you hěn duō nū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are a lot of women teachers in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">laoshī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our unit. (Here, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānwèi</span><span class="font8"> refers to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">a school.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò dānwèi</span><span class="font8">, as in the Reference List sentence.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jūmín wěiyuánhuì</span><span class="font8">: ’neighborhood committee'. The official duties of-a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from sanitation maintenance^ to political study. Its actual role and duty remain ambiguous, as well as its relationship with the government. Although the government pays a committee’s elected delegates, there is no official connection between the two. The power of the committee in local affairs remains large.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pàichūsuǒ</span><span class="font8">: 'local police station'. The local police station is the lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security. In addition to taking care of matters of a criminal nature, the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pàichūsuǒ</span><span class="font8"> is familiar with the history and political situation of every one of its residents. Along with the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò dānwèi</span><span class="font8"> and the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jūmín wěiyuánhuì</span><span class="font8">, it affects the daily life of each citizen.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No■ 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēnju</span><span class="font8">: 'according to, on the basis of; basis*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō zhèige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On what basis do you say this?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">huà?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ shuōde huà you méiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is there a basis for what you’re</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">gēnju? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pizhǔn</span><span class="font8">: ’to give official permission (to someone to do something)*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Dānwèi pīzhǔn ta jiēhūn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her unit gave her permission to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">marry.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xuéxiào pīzhǔn ta qù Shanghai His school gave him permission to go le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Shanghai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ māi zhèige diànshì shi dédao I got permission to buy this pīzhǔnde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;television.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">*</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">funūmen</span><span class="font8">: ’women*. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-Men</span><span class="font8"> is a plural ending for norms and pronouns. You have seen it in the pronouns </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">women, zánmen</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐmen</span><span class="font8">, and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāmen</span><span class="font8">. After a noun, however, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-men</span><span class="font8"> is never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns which designate humans (although in literature you may sometimes see it used with nouns referring to animals as well)•</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǔshimen, xiānshengmen. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ladies and gentlemen.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Note that the group referred to by a norm phrase with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-men</span><span class="font8"> must be of unspecified number; it is wrong to say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāngge fùnǔmen</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānge jiàoshòumen, </span><span class="font8">etc.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gègè</span><span class="font8">: ’each and every like </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi-)</span><span class="font8"> literally means</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">The second </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font8"> is the counter </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font8">,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jiǔyuèli, gègè xuéxiào dōu kŪi xué le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Meiguode gègè zhōu dōu you zíjǐde zhèngfǔ.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">all of the various ’each...’ or as in</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">’. The first </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gè</span><span class="font8"> (a specifier ’the various, the different...’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíge rén</span><span class="font8"> ’one person *.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In September all the schools open.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Each of the American states has its government.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zēngjiā:</span><span class="font8"> ’to increase; to increase by (such-and-such an amount)’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Jīnnián women xuéxiàode xué-shēng zēngjiā le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài zēngjiā le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèijītiān nǐ mang bu máng, zài gěi ni zēngjiā yìdiānr gōngzuò, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">The students in our school increased this year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The patients in this hospital cannot increase any further.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be okay if I give you some more work to do?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Women dānwèi you zēngjiāle liǎngge bàngōngshì.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">They added, two more offices on to our unit.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídìng</span><span class="font8">: ’specific, certain, definite, set’. In addition to the meaning of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídìng</span><span class="font8"> which you already know, namely ’certainly, surely’, it can also mean ’set (hy regulation, decision, or convention), fixed, particular,’ as in</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā bàn shìqing you yídìng bànfa.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Měiniān zài yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu huíqu kàn māma.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">He goes about doing things with a definite method.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set date.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìqū</span><span class="font8">: ’city proper, municipal area’, the area within a </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngshì</span><span class="font8"> where population and buildings are relatively concentrated. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shìqu</span><span class="font8"> is used when you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the suburbs I</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāoqū</span><span class="font8">J. It is an administratively more exact term than </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chengshì</span><span class="font8">. CThe Peking municipal area, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Beijing shìqū</span><span class="font8">, is made up of eight urban districts, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngqū</span><span class="font8">.J</span></p>
<p><span class="font7">N</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chūshēnglū</span><span class="font8">: ’birth rate’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chūshēng</span><span class="font8"> means ’to be born’. The </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chūshēnglū </span><span class="font8">is usually considered to be the number of births per one thousand population in one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēnpèi</span><span class="font8">: ’distribute; allot; assign; distribution’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Wǒ tīngshuō xiàge yuè jiù kéyi gěi ni fēnpèi gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo xīwang néng zǎo yìdiǎn fēnpèidào fángzi.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I’ve heard that you’ll be assigned work next month.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I hope that housing can be assigned soon.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Tīngshuō tā fēnpèi dào Dōngběi I’ve heard that he has been assigned qù gōngzuò le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go work in Manchuria.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">míng’ě</span><span class="font8">: ’the number of people assigned or allowed; quota of people’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Míng’ě</span><span class="font8"> does not exactly correspond to ’quota’. ’Quota’ is a fixed number of places which must be filled. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Míng’ě</span><span class="font8"> is (1) a fixed number of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bābǎige míng’ě</span><span class="font8"> is literally *800 name given-numbers’, i.e. ’a quota of 800 names.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùn</span><span class="font8">: Literally, ’avoid-pregnancy’, i.e. ’contraception’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shíxíng bìyùn</span><span class="font8"> 'to carry out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to practice birth control*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">miǎnfèide</span><span class="font8">: Literally 'exempt from charge', i.e. 'free (of charge)'.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Zhèige zhānlān kéyi mianfèi cānguān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font6">V</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Sānyue Bahao, funū he háizi dào gōngyuán qù dōu shi miǎnfēide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Lūxíng bù piányi a! Fēijipiào kě bú shi miǎnfèide.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">You can visit this exhibit for free.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free of charge.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly not free.'</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dedao</span><span class="font8">: 'to receive, to get'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zǒu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā dédao pīzhún kéyi liúzai Běijīng gōngzuò.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">He left immediately after getting his passport.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He has gotten permission to stay in Peking to work.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìjiān xǐn fángzi</span><span class="font8">: 'a new room'. Notice that although you have seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fángzi</span><span class="font8"> meaning 'house', it is being used here in the wider sense of 'a place to live'. In this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms of a house, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiān</span><span class="font8">. Thus the whole phrase means 'a new room', not 'a new house'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce. (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths, toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will continue to live in the same size room.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">tīngshuō Zhōngguo kōngzhi rénkǒude gōngzuò zuòde hen chénggōng. Nǐ kéyi hu kéyi gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Hǎo. Wǒ xiān shuōshuo zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">chéngshìli shi zěnme zuòde. Zài chéngshìli rúguo you rén yào you yíge háizi, dei zuòdao sān tōngguò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Shénme shi sān tōngguò?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Jiùshi děi you nǐ gōngzuò</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">dānwèi, nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuánhuì, hé pàichūsuěde tongyì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Zhèi sānge dānwèi gēnju</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shénme pīzhǔn fùnumen shēng xiǎoháir?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Gègè chéngshì měinián you</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">yídìngde chūshēnglǔ, yě jiùshi shuō měinián zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng shùmude háizi. Zhèixiē míng’é jiù àn rénkǒu fēnpèigei gègè shìqū. Gègè shìqū zài <sub>w </sub>fēnpèigei yào shēng háizide nǔ-tángzhì, suoyi fùnu dōu shi dédao pīzhǔn yǐhòu cái huáiyùnde.</span></p>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Zài nongcūn, rénmen yě</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shíxíng bìyùn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Yě shíxíng bìyùn, kěshi bú xiàng chéngshìli zuòde name chénggōng.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Bìyùn gōngjù guì bu gui?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shíxíng bìyùn, suoyi bìyùn yào he bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi miǎnfèide.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being done very successfully in China. Could you tell me about it?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Okay. First I’ll talk about how it’s being done in the cities. In the city if there’s someone who wants to have a child, they have to get the ’three approvals’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What are the ’three approvals’?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It means that you must have the consent of your work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the local police station.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">On what basis do these three units give official permission to women to have children?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Each year the various cities have specific birth rates; that is to say, each year they can only increase by a specific number of children. These quotas are distributed among the various cities according to population. The various cities then distribute them to women comrades who want to have children. So women don’t get pregnant until they receive official permission.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do the people in the country also practice birth control?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">They practice birth control too, but it isn’t as successful as in the city.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Are contraceptive devices expensive?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The government encourages people to practice birth control, so all contraceptive medicines and devices are free.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">12. Zài Zhōngguo, you gōngzuòde fùnū shēng háizi you chǎnjià,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">hái you </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzī</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">13. Hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnū yòng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèzhōng</span><span class="font8"> bìyùn gōngjù shíxíng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìhuà shēngyù</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">1U. Zhōngguo rén zuò </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">juéyù shōushù-</span><span class="font8">de duō hu duō?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">15. Bìyùn </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shībàid</span><span class="font8">e rén kéyi dào yìyuàn qu zuò </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">réngōng liú-chǎn</span><span class="font8">, hái kéyi you liǎngge xīngqīde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jià</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">16. Zài </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǎoshù mínzú</span><span class="font8"> dìqū rénkǒu</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">bǐjiǎo shǎo.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I?• Zhōngguo rén </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngxìn hōngtáng </span><span class="font8">duì </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnfù</span><span class="font8"> shi yìzhōng hěn hǎode </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíngyǎngpǐn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
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<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">18. Tā hé biérén </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù téng</span><span class="font8">^ tā shi wō zuì </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐnjìnd</span><span class="font8">e péngyou.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">19.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Shōuxiān</span><span class="font8"> yào qù gěi Māma mǎi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiānhuā</span><span class="font8">, ránhòu hái yào gěi ni bǎ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wánjù</span><span class="font8"> xiūlihǎo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">20. Tándao Zhōngguode nōngcūn, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèdìd</span><span class="font8">e </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font8"> dōu bù téng.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font8">In China working women get maternity leave when they have a child and they still receive their pay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Many Chinese women use various kinds of contraceptive devices to carry out family planning.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Are there many Chinese people who have contraceptive surgery performed on them?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A person who fails at birth control can go to the hospital to have an abortion performed, and they can also have two weeks of leave.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The population is relatively small in the national minority areas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Chinese believe that brown sugar is a very nutritional food for women who have given birth within the last month.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">She’s different from other people, she’s my closest friend.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">First I have to go buy fresh flowers for your mother, and then I have to fix your toy for you too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As for the rural areas of China, the situation is different in various places.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnjià</span><span class="font8">: ’maternity leave*. The syllable </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎn</span><span class="font8">, literally ’to give birth to* is used in compounds meaning ’maternity, delivery, birth’. It can also be used outside the context of human reproduction in compounds meaning ’to produce, production', as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnpǐn</span><span class="font8"> ’product’.!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzī</span><span class="font8">: ’wages, pay’, literally ’labor-capital’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...you chǎnjià, hái you gōngzi</span><span class="font8">: For a normal birth, a woman is given fifty-six days of paid leave; for </span><span class="font8" style="font-style:italic;">a</span><span class="font8"> difficult birth, seventy days; and for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this period, one hour per day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèzhong</span><span class="font8">: ’various kinds </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi-</span><span class="font8"> ’this’ or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi-</span><span class="font8"> ’that’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Here you see </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge-</span><span class="font8"> used with the counter Here are some other ways </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gè-</span><span class="font8"> is used:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā néng dào geguo qù lūxíng zhēn bú cuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xuéshengmen yīnggāi you gèrén-de xuéxi jìhua.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiānde diànyīngr piào gègè dānwèi dōu you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Sometimes </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge-</span><span class="font8"> is followed directly by</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu kāi huì.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">, every kind’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gè</span><span class="font8"> ’each’ is a specifier like As a specifier, it can be followed by counters. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-zhong</span><span class="font8"> ’types, kinds, sort, species’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">It’s great that he can go to all sorts of countries.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Students should each have their own plan of study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Each and every unit has movie tickets for tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the noun.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This afternoon every unit is having a meeting.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùn gōngju</span><span class="font8">: ’contraceptive devices’. This does not refer to birth control pills. C</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bìyùnpǐn</span><span class="font8"> ’birth control products’ includes both </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùnyào </span><span class="font8">’birth control pills’ and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùn gōngjù</span><span class="font8">.I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìhuà shēngyù</span><span class="font8">: ’family planning, planned parenthood’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jìhuà</span><span class="font8"> means ’plan; to plan’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shēngyù</span><span class="font8"> literally means ’to give birth to and raise’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1U</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">juéyù</span><span class="font8">: ’sterilization,’ or ’to sterilize, to be sterilized,* applies to operations for men and women. Sterilization for women is still much more common than for men; and more prevalent in the cities than in the countryside.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā juédìng juéyù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has decided on sterilization.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Juéyù shi jiějué Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sterilization is one good way to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">rénkǒu wèntíde yíge hǎo bànfa. solve China’s population problem.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǒushù</span><span class="font8">: ’surgery’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Dàifu gěi ta zuòde shǒushù hen chénggōng.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">The surgery the doctor performed on him was very successful.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 15</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shībài</span><span class="font8">: ’to fail’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zuò mǎimai shībài le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō tā shībài le?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">He failed in business.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">On what basis do you say that he failed?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">réngōng liúchān</span><span class="font8">: ’abortion’, more literally, ’artificial miscarriage’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng liúchān</span><span class="font8">: ’go to the hospital to have an abortion performed’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuò réngōng liúchān</span><span class="font8"> here means ’to have an abortion done’, not of course ’to do an abortion’. Compare the following two sentences:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yīshēng gěi ta zuòle réngōng The doctor performed an abortion on liúchān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zuòle réngōng liúchān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She had an abortion.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīshēng</span><span class="font8">) performed the abortion. In the second sentence, the subject of the sentence (tā) had the abortion performed. In some cases, a verb-object in Chinese can mean either ’to do something’ or ’to have something done’. Here are some more examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhènme hāode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ Who made such nice clothes for you? zuòde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zài Měiguo zuò yīfu hěn guì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s really expensive to have clothes</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">made in America.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jià</span><span class="font8">: ’leave, vacation’. You have seen this as part of the word </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chānjià</span><span class="font8"> ’maternity leave’. Here you see it used by itself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shāoshù mínzú</span><span class="font8">: ’minority natiionalities’, often translated as ’national minorities’. Besides the Han people, China has over fifty national minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty percent of the land area and make up six percent of the total population of the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nèi Menggú Zìzhìqū,</span><span class="font8"> ’Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region*), the Hui (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighurs (in the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xīnjiāng Wéiwú-ěr Zìzhìqū</span><span class="font8">, ’Xinxiang Uighur Autonomous Region’), and the Miao (found in several southern provinces).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Shǎoshù mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo kǎn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngguo you wǔshijige shǎoshù-mínzú.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">The clothing of the national minorities is very beautiful.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 17</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngxìn</span><span class="font8">: ’to believe (that), to trust (someone), to believe in, to have faith in’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo xiāngxìn, women liǎngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I believe that the friendship between</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">rénmínde yōuyì yídìng huì &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the people of our two countries</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">búduàn fāzhǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will constantly grow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Compare </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngxìn</span><span class="font8"> to the verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn</span><span class="font8">, which you learned in the last unit. For the second example you need to know </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font8"> is a verb meaning ’it’s up. to...’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bié xìn tāde huà. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t believe what he says.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xìn bu xìn you nǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Believe it or not, as you like.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hōngtāng</span><span class="font8">: ’brown sugar’, literally ’red sugar’. The Chinese often use brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal purposes. For example, a common remedy for colds is a hot drink made by boiling ginger root and brown sugar in water Ejiāngtāng], or simply brown sugar water Ctāngshuǐ].</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnfù</span><span class="font8">: ’a woman who has given birth within the last month’. [&quot;Contrast this word with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yùnfù</span><span class="font8"> ’a pregnant woman’.] The birth of a child is celebrated on the successful completion of the first month.of life.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíngyǎngpǐn</span><span class="font8">: ’a nutritional food item’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yíngyāng</span><span class="font8"> means ’nutrition*, for example:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Doujiāng hěn you yíngyāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Soy bean milk is very nitritious.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-Pin</span><span class="font8"> is a syllable used in many words to mean ’item, article, product’, Efor example </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìniànpǐn</span><span class="font8"> ’souvenir’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yòngpǐn</span><span class="font8"> ’item of use’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnpǐn</span><span class="font8"> ’produce’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngyèpǐn</span><span class="font8"> ’industrial product’].</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother’s health continues to be an important consideration even after the child is born. Both mother’s and baby’s health are carefully attended to after birth, while Western medicine emphasizes the mother’s health only as long as she is carrying the child.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù tong</span><span class="font8">: ’to be not the same, to be different*. This is often used in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the pattern </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...he ... bù tong</span><span class="font8">,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">is different from ...*.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Hùzhao he lùxíngzhèng wānquān bù tong, nǐ bú yào nèngcuò le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">A passport and a travel permit are completely different. Don’t mistake them.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Zhèige gōngchǎng jīnniān he qùniānde qíngkuàng hěn bù táng.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">The situation in the factory this year is very different from last year.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù tong</span><span class="font8"> can also be used as a noun as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde dānwèi he nǐde you hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is a big difference between</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">dàde bù tong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his work unit and yours.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You should be aware that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tong</span><span class="font8"> ’same’, cannot be used as the main verb of a sentence to mean ’to be the same’. To say, ’These two things are the same’, you must say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi shi yíyàngde</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīnjìn</span><span class="font8">: ’to be close (to), to be on intimate terms (with)*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèiliǎngge rén hěn qīnjìn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These two are on intimate terms.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Dàjiā dōu yuànyi qīnjìn ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone wants to be friends with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shouxiān</span><span class="font8">: ’first (of all), in the first place, first; first, before anyone/anything else*.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān dajiā kāi hui shouxiān shi yào jiějué women chǎng shēngchǎnshàngde wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zài fàndiànli shouxiān yào zhùyi jiějuéhǎo kèrenmende chī fàn he xiūxi wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zuìjìn wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Women shouxiān yào jiějué zhùde wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiānhuā</span><span class="font8">; ’fresh flowers’, as &lt;&nbsp;which the Chinese are also fond of.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">The first thing we want to do at today’s meeting is to solve our factory’s problems in production.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving the dining and rest problems of the guests.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Recently there have been many foreign friends. We must first of all solve the lodging problems.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">sed to dried or artificial flowers,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wānjù</span><span class="font8">; ’(children’s) toy’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiān érzi guò shēngrì, gěi Tomorrow is our boy’s birthday, ta mǎi ge wānjù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;let’s buy him a toy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 20</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèdì</span><span class="font8">: ’each place; various places’. Here you see the specifier </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-gè </span><span class="font8">’each’ used in another compound. Here are some more examples:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Wo hen xiǎng dào Měiguo gèdì qù kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge wěidàde guōjiā.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I’d very much like to go visit lots of places in America. America is a great country.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Zài Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒu-lǎnle sānge xīngqī, wo gāi huí guó le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I’ve visited and sightseen lots of places in China for three weeks, it’s time to go back home.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control worker:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù tīngshuō Zhōngguo kòngzhi rén-kǒude gōngzuò zuòde hen chénggōng. Nǐ néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng nǐmen shi zěnme zuòde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Shǒuxiān, zhèngfǔ tíchàng</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">wǎnhūn. Érqiě, yìbānde shuō, zài chéngli jiéle hūnde rén liǎngniǎn yǐhòu cai yào haizi. Tāmen yào xiǎohǎir yīqiǎn yīng-gāi zuòdao sān tōngguò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;’Sān tōngguò’ shi shénme</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yìsi ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;’Sān tōngguò’ yě jiùshi shuō</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yīnggāi dédao nǐ gōngzuò dānwèi, nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuǎnhuì hé pàichūsuō zhèi-sānge dìfangde tóngyì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gè dānwèi gēnju shénme biāo-</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zhǔn pīzhǔn fùnūmen shēng xiǎohǎir ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gè chéngshì dōu you yídìngde</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">rénkou chūshēnglū, měiniǎn měige chéngshì zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng shùmude haizi. Zhèixie míng’é jiù fēnpèigei gègè shìqūde xiǎng shēng haizide nutōngzhì. Fùnū dōu shi dédao pīzhǔn yǐhòu cai huǎiyùnde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bù xiǎng yào hǎizide kéyi shíxíng bìyùn; hìyùn gōngjù he bìyùn yào dōu shi miǎnfèide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Rǔguo bìyùn shībàile zěnme</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">bàn?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Kéyi dào yīyuàn zuò réngōng</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">liúchān, shǒushù búbì zìjǐ gěi qiǎn, hai you liǎngge xīngqīde</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When I was in Canada I heard that population control* work is being done very successfully in China. Could you explain to me what you do?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">First, the government promotes late marriage. Furthermore, generally speaking, in the city, married people don’t have children until after two years. Before they have a child they should have the ’three approvals*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What does the ’three approvals’ mean?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The ’three approvals’ means that you should have the consent of your work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the local police station.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">According to what criteria do the various units give official permission to women to have children?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">All the various cities have set population birth rates, and each year they can only increase by a certain number of children. These quotas are apportioned among women comrades in all the various cities who want to have children. Women do not become pregnant until they receive official permission.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Those who do not want to have children can practice birth control; all contraceptive medicines and contraceptive devices are free.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What is done if birth control fails?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">One can go to the hospital to have an abortion. À person doesn’t have to pay for the operation herself, and</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">jià, you you gōngzī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ hǎoxiàng tīngshuō Zhōngguo</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">fùnū shēng háizide shihou you wǔshiliùtiānde chanjià, érqiě kéyi duō mǎi yìxiē yíngyǎngpǐn, shi hu shi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Duì le, chǎnjià you gōngzī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Chǎnfù hái kéyi mǎi yìliǎngjīn hǒngtáng, duō mǎi yìliǎngjīn jīdàn. Zhōngguo rén dōu xiāngxìn hongtáng duì chǎnfù hěn hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: Renmen shēng háizide shihou, qīnqi péngyou song hu song līwù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Qīnqi hé qīnjìnde péngyou</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">háishi huì song yìxiē xiǎo līwù, xiàng xiǎoháizide yīfu la, xiǎo tǎnzi la, xiǎo màozi la, wánjù shenmede. Yě you rén huì song yìxiē shuīguo huòzhě xiānhuā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Yíge jiātíng kéyi you jīge</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xiǎoháir?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: Zài chéngshìli niánqīng fūfù zuì duō yào liǎngge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Nǒngcūnde qíngkuàng zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gèdì nongcūnde qíngkuàng hù</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">tong. Rénkǒu duōde dìfang zhèngfǔ tíchàng jìhuà shēngyù. Nōngcūnlide rén yě yòng gè-zhǒng bìyùn gōngjù. Bù shǎo rén youle liǎngge háizi yǐhòu jiù zuò juéyù shoushù, nánde zuò, nude zuò, dōu kéyi. Nōngmín juéde zuò juéyù shoushù bī yòng bìyùn gōngjù fāngbiànde duō.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">there is two weeks’ leave with pay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It seems to me I’ve heard that when Chinese women have children they get 56 days’ maternity leave, and they can also buy extra nutritional food items. Is that so?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That’s right. The maternity leave is paid. In the month after delivery, a woman can also buy one or two catties of brown sugar, and one or two extra catties of eggs. Chinese believe that brown sugar is very good for women during the month after delivery.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When someone has a baby, do relatives and friends give presents?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Relatives and close friends will still give a few small gifts, like clothes for the baby, little blankets, little hats, toys, and so forth. There are also people who will give a little fruit or fresh flowers.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How many children can one family have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In the city young couples have two children at the most.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What’s the situation like in the rural areas?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The situation in rural areas is different in different places. Where there’s a large population the government promotes family planning. People in the rural areas also use all the various kinds of contraceptive devices. Quite a few people undergo contraceptive surgery after they’ve had two children. Either men or women may have this done. The peasants feel that having contraceptive surgery performed is much more convenient than using contraceptive devices.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Kěshi zài shǎoshù mínzu dìqū, yīnwei rénkǒu shǎo, zhèngfǔ bù tíchàng jìhuà shēngyù, suoyi yìbānde jiātíng kéyi duō you jǐge xiǎoháir.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">But in the areas populated by minority nationalities, because the population is smaller, the government doesn’t advocate family planning, so the average family can have a few more children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou, qìnqi péngyou song bu song lǐwù?</span><span class="font8">: As stated in the dailogue, friends and relatives in the PRC give useful items for the baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or perhaps a chicken for the mother. These are presented casually.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">■bìyùn</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">&quot;bù tong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">contraception to be different</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chǎnfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">a woman who has given birth within the last month</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chǎnj ià chénggōng^ chūshēnglū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">maternity leave</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to succeed, to be successful birth rate</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dānwèi</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">-dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">unit</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(indicates successful accomplishment of something)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">de dao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to receive, to get</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fēnpèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to assign, to apportion, to allot</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gèdì gègè gēnjù (gēnju) gèzhong gōngzī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the various places, each place various</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">according to, based on</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">various kinds, types wages, pay</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">hongtang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">brown sugar</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Jiù jiātíng jìhua shēngyù juéyù jūmín wěiyuánhuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">vacation, leave</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">family</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">planned parenthood, family planning sterilization</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">neighborhood committee</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">kòngzhi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to control</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">-men miānfèi míng’é</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">plural suffix</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be free of charge</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">nóngmín nū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">peasant female</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">pàichūsuǒ(r) pīzhǔn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the local police station to give official permission</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">qíngkuàng qīnjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">situation</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be close (to a person)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">réngōng liúchān'</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">abortion</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">sān tōngguò shǎoshù mínzú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">’’the three approvals”</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">minority nationality, national</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shēngyù shībài shìqū shōushù shǒuxiān shùmu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">minority</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to give birth to and raise to fail</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">urban area or district</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">operation, surgery</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">first</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">number</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tōngguò tongyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to pass, to approve to consent, to agree</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wānjù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">toy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāngxìn xiānhuā xiǎohǎir</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to believe fresh flowers child, children</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yě jiù shi shuō yìbān yìbānde shuō yídìng yíngyāngpǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to mean; in other words ordinary, general, common generally speaking</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be specific</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">food items of special nutritional value</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">zēngjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to increase</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit U</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">1. Nīde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font8"> zhēn hǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">2. Zhang Tàitaide </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xífu tóuyìtāi </span><span class="font8">Jiù gei ta shēngle yige da </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnzi</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">3. Wǒ zhèli you yíge </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǒngbāo</span><span class="font8"> shi gěi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo bǎobaod</span><span class="font8">e.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">U. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù gǎn dāng</span><span class="font8">!</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">5. Nī zhēnshi tai kèqi le. Hěbì </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pofei</span><span class="font8"> ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">6. A: Nīde nūer shēngxialaide shihou you duo </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhong</span><span class="font8">?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Q</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ībǎng</span><span class="font8"> ban.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">7. A: Wǒ gang </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèil</span><span class="font8">e ta bù Jiǔ, tā you kū le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">B: Dāgǎi you yǎo </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chī nǎi</span><span class="font8"> le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">8. Tā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngde</span><span class="font8"> hěn piāoliang.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">9. A: Nī zhège haizi hěn you </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúxiǎng</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ěrduo</span><span class="font8"> zhǎngde zhēn da.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tuǒ nínde fú </span><span class="font8">’.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">You are really blessed with good fortune.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Mrs. Zhang’s daughter-in-law in her first pregnancy presented her with a fine grandson.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I have a &quot;red envelope” for the baby.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’m flattered. You shouldn’t have!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You’re too polite.. Why should you spend so much money?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How much did your daughter weigh when she was born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Seven and a half pounds.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I Just fed him not long ago, and now he’s crying again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He probably wants to nurse again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">She is very pretty.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This child of yours has a lucky physiognomy. His ears are really big.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It’s because of your lucky influence.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font8">: ’blessings, good fortune, luck’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ hěn you fúqi, ěrzi bāng wo I’m very fortunate, my son helps me bù shǎo máng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ zhēn méi fúqi, gang chū men jiù xiǎ yǔ le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">You really have bad luck. You just leave on a trip and then it rains.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xífu</span><span class="font8">: ’daughter-in-law, son’s wife’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā xífu hǎo piǎoliang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her daughter-in-law is so beautiful!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo xífu gōngzuò mángjíle. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My daughter-in-law is very busy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōu-</span><span class="font8">: ’first’, (literally ’head*) as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōuyitiān</span><span class="font8">, ’the first day’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tōu-</span><span class="font8"> is used much like </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font8">: before a number and a counter, which may or may not be followed by a noun.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">tōuyicì tōuyige rén téuliǎngge rén tōusānbǒn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">the first time</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the first person</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the first two people</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the first three volumes</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōuyige</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōu-</span><span class="font8"> is stressed and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yi</span><span class="font8"> is in the neutral tone. Also notice that the word for ’two’ is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng-</span><span class="font8"> (not </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr</span><span class="font8"> as is usually the case when a counter follows).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Now here is a comparison of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tou-</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">(1)</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Touyige rén</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìyíge rén</span><span class="font8"> are both translated as ’the first person’, and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">touyige</span><span class="font8"> is for the most part interchangeable with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìyíge</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">(2) Although the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yì</span><span class="font8"> in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">touyige</span><span class="font8"> is unstressed and written without a tone mark over it, the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yī</span><span class="font8"> in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìyíge</span><span class="font8"> is stressed and said with a second tone (or sometimes with a first tone).</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">(3) The word for ’two’ is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng</span><span class="font8"> after </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōu-</span><span class="font8">, but </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr</span><span class="font8"> after </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font8">. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dìèrge </span><span class="font8">means ’the second one’, while </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">téuliǎngge</span><span class="font8"> means ’the first two*.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">(H) </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tōu-</span><span class="font8"> must be used with a counter, but </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font8"> can be used with just a number after it. Here are some examples of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font8"> used with a number but no counter after it:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yǎo mǎi zhège dōngxi. Dìyī, zuòde hen hǎo; dìèr, hen piányi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā shi dìyī, wǒ shi dìèr.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">I’m going to buy this. First, it’s very well made; second, it’s inexpensive.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He is first, I’m second.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">But </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōuyī-</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōuliǎng-</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōusān-</span><span class="font8"> always have a counter word after the number.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāi</span><span class="font8">: This is the counter for pregnancies, whether carried to term or not. Literally </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāi</span><span class="font8"> means ’embryo’. The expression </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōuyitāi</span><span class="font8"> can also be said </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōutāi</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tóusāntāi dōu shi nude, dào dìsìtāi cái shēngle ge érzi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā shēng tóutāide shíhou, shēntí bú cuò. Shēng dìèr-tāide shíhou jiù bù xíng le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">The first three babies were all girls; it wasn’t until the fourth that she had a boy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When she had her first baby, she was still in pretty good health. But when she had her second, it wasn’t good any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēng</span><span class="font8">: ’to give birth to...* Notice that the Chinese verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēng</span><span class="font8"> is used in an active sense which is not always reflected in the English. Compare the various translations of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēng</span><span class="font8"> in the Reference List, the above examples and the dialogue.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnzi</span><span class="font8">: ’grandson*. This only refers to the son of one’s son. The son of one’s daughter and son-in-law is called </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàisūnzi</span><span class="font8">. Here is a chart showing how these terms relate to each other.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">wǒ</span></p><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-2.png" alt="" style="width:99pt;height:26pt;">
<p><span class="font8">érzi xífu</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(so</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">n daughter-in</span><span class="font8">-law)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-3.png" alt="" style="width:172pt;height:101pt;">
<p><span class="font8">(grandson) (granddaughter)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">sūnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sūnnū</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(grandson) (granddaughter)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǒngbāo</span><span class="font8">: ’a red envelope with money in it, given as a gift or bribe*. These gifts of money may be given to children by people at least a generation older. This usually happens at festive occasions, like New Years or a birthday. The amount given varies greatly but there is one thing to remember: ‘Do not give an amount with the number four in it! The number four, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">si</span><span class="font8">, closely resembles the verb ’’to die,&quot; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">si</span><span class="font8">, and is therefore considered unlucky. Chinese youth were without any real opportunity to make money in the past, so this is one way that it is made up for.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo bāobao</span><span class="font8">: Literally-’little treasure’, in other words ’the little darling’ or ’the baby’. This word is usually used by women. Some people use the word </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎobao</span><span class="font8"> (with or without </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo</span><span class="font8">) in addressing or speaking about babies or children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The second </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāo</span><span class="font8"> in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎobao</span><span class="font8"> is neutral tone; even though it was originally also third tone, it does not make the first </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎo</span><span class="font8"> change to a rising tone, as you might expect (e.g. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nāli</span><span class="font8">). The first </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎo</span><span class="font8"> in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎobao</span><span class="font8"> is pronounced low, without any rise in pitch. (Some people also say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎobǎo</span><span class="font8"> and, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo bǎobǎo</span><span class="font8">.) CThere are many other words used to refer to babies. Some terms used by both men and women include </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">(xiǎo) bēibì</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">(xiǎo) guāiguai</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo jiǎhuo</span><span class="font8">. Some terms used mostly by men include </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo bēibei</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo budiǎnr</span><span class="font8">.I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. U</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù gǎn dāng</span><span class="font8">: ’I’m flattered’. Literally, this means 'I dare not assume (the honor you pay me)’. This is a polite response to a compliment (such as ’You speak Chinese very well’), to a respectful gesture (such as helping someone put on their coat), or to a respectful phrase (like ’</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qǐngjiào</span><span class="font8">*).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. </span><span class="font8" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">5</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pòfei</span><span class="font8">: ’spend money (on someone) spend recklessly’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Rang nín pòfei. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font8"> Jiào nín pòfei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā shi wǒ sūnzi, wèi ta pòfei liǎngge qiǎn shi yīnggāide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā shēngrìde shihou, Wang Xiānsheng pòfeide zhēn bù shǎo.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">, also sometimes translated as ’to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I have caused you to spend a lot of money. &nbsp;(i.e., ’you shouldn’t have</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">spent all that money on me’)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He’s my grandson, it’s only right that I should spend a little money on him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">For his birthday, Mr. Wang really spent quite a bit of money on him.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">you duo zhòng</span><span class="font8">: ’how heavy?’ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhòng</span><span class="font8"> is the adjectival verb ’to be heavy’. Notice the similarity between asking age, weight and height. In each the pattern is literally ’have how much (of some quality)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ you duo dā? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How old are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nèizhāng zhuōzi you duo zhòng? How heavy is that table?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā you duǒ gāo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How tall is she?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This pattern is usually confined to measurements of some sort.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bang</span><span class="font8">: ’pound (unit of weight)’. In addition to the traditional Chinese units of weight such as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dan</span><span class="font8"> ’picul (100 liters approximately)’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jīn</span><span class="font8"> ’catty (1 1/3 lbs.)’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng</span><span class="font8"> ’tael (105 grams approximately)’, and the metric system of weights, such as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngliǎng</span><span class="font8"> ’100 grams’ and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gongjin</span><span class="font8"> ’kilogram’, you also find customary American units such as ’pound’ used.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gang wèile tā bù jiǔ</span><span class="font8">: This means ’It’s only been a short while SINCE I fed him.’, NOT ’I fed him for only a short while.’ Chinese can distinguish between the duration of a continued activity and the duration of something not happening by putting these two types of duration phrases in different places in the sentence.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Let’s review time when and time spent, and take a look at how you express TIME WITHIN WHICH something didn’t happen and TIME ELAPSED since something happened.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">1. Simple duration phrases, that is phrases telling how long an activity went on, follow the verb. These contrast with phrases telling the time when something happened, which come before the verb.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Simple duration</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Tā zài Xiānggang zhù liāng-tiān.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">He’s staying in Hong Kong for two days.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">Tā zuòle wǔfēn zhōng, jiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">He sat for five minutes and then</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">zǒu le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">left.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">Time when</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā shi zuótiān dàode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She arrived yesterday.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">2. The amount of time something did not happen, that is the TIME WITHIN WHICH the activity has not taken place, is expressed in negative sentences with time phrases before the verb.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Time Within with a Negative Verb</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Women yìnián méi jiàn le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wo yǐjīng yíge yuè méi qù nàr le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">We haven’t seen each other for a year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I haven’t been going there for a month now.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">3. To express the time elapsed since an activity took place the duration phrase is again placed after the verb.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Time elapsed in an affirmative sentence</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zuòwānle yǐjīng yíge zhōngtǒu le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">I’ve been done for an hour already.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Tā cai zǒule yíge xīngqi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">It’s been only a week since he left</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ gāng líkāi zhèige wūzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">I’ve been out of the room only a</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bù jiǔ.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">short while.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chī nǎi</span><span class="font8">: ’to eat (mother’s) milk’, in other words, ’’to breastfeed&quot; and by extension ’to drink milk*, even from a bottle. Similarly, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèi nai </span><span class="font8">can mean ’to feed milk (to a baby)’ without specifying mother’s milk or otherwise. To distinguish between breast feeding and bottle feeding, one can say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chī māmade nǎi</span><span class="font8">, ’to eat mother’s milk’. And from the mother’s point of view, one can say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mama zìji gěi hǎizi wèi nǎi</span><span class="font8">, ’the mother nurses the child herself.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zhǎngde hěn piǎoliang</span><span class="font8">: ’She’s very pretty.’ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhǎngde piàoliang </span><span class="font8">literally means ’grow pretty’, but it should be translated simply as ’is pretty*. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhǎngde ...</span><span class="font8"> is often used in descriptions of the appearance of living things. In these cases, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngde ...</span><span class="font8"> is absent of any meaning such as ’has grown ...’, ’has come to be ...* or ’has become ...’; it simply means ’is, are’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zhǎngde hěn hǎokàn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is very beautiful.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zhǎngde gēn wǒ yíyàng gāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is Just as tall as I am.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde liǎn zhǎngde gēn wǒ mèi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her face looks just like my little</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">mei yíyàng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sister.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There is almost no difference in meaning between </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā hěn piàoliang</span><span class="font8"> and</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zhǎngde hěn piàoliang</span><span class="font8">. Both are used frequently. But there is a difference in meaning between </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zhǎngde hěn gāo</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zhǎnggāo le</span><span class="font8">: the former means ’He is very tali’, and the latter ’He has grown tali’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúxiàng</span><span class="font8">: ’auspicious physiognomy’. This phrase implies something more than ’lucky face’. The word </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fú</span><span class="font8"> expresses the destiny of a person to enjoy a life of good fortune. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiang</span><span class="font8"> is a person’s looks considered from the point of view of fortune telling. Traditionally, it was Believed that a person’s destiny could be determined from the individual variations of his hands, bones, face, ears, hair, and so forth. The </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiang</span><span class="font8"> includes the face, ears, hairline, and bumps on the head.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">...ěrduo zhǎngde zhēn dà</span><span class="font8">: Portraits of some of the most admired men in Chinese history depict them with long ears. (Long ears are thought to indicate wisdom.) It was thought that rulers in particular were so endowed. Buddha is also pictured with long ears, as he appeared in Indian portrayals.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Mrs. Song’s daughter-in-law, Bǎolán, has just recently had a baby. A friend of the family, Mrs. Zhang, comes to pay them a visit:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Song Taitai, nin xifu shengle</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">meiyou?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">S: &nbsp;&nbsp;Shēng le. Shēngle ge nánháizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Ou! Nín fúqi zhēn hǎo. Tā</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">tóuyitāi jiù gěi nin shēngle yige dà sūnzi. Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">S: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie, xièxie! Lai kànkan</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">wǒ xífu gēn xiǎo bǎobao ba!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: Hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bǎolǎn! Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Nǐ hǎo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Wǒ hěn hǎo. Zhāng Bómǔ, nín lǎi le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Ou! Nǐ zhè háizi hěn you</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">fúxiàng, ěrduo zhǎngde name dà!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Xièxie! Tuō nínde fú!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: Tā shēngxialaide shíhou you duǒ zhòng a?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Qībàng ban.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;fig, zhēn bù xiǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">S: &nbsp;&nbsp;Tā zhēn neng chī. Bǎolán</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">gāng wèile ta bù jiu, xiànzài you kū le. Dàgài you yào chī nǎi le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Tā kūde shēngyin hěn dà.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Shēntǐ yídìng hěn jiànkāng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Duì! Tā cǒng yīyuàn huílai</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yíge lǐbài jiù zhǎngle yíbàng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ Ki yǐqián xiǎngzhe nǐ</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yīnggāi shēngle, suoyi</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Mrs. Song, has your daughter-in-law had the baby yet?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes. It’s a boy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Oh! How lucky you are. She had a nice big grandson for you—and it was her first! Congratulations.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Thank you. Come see my daughter-in-law and the baby!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Congratulations, Bǎolán! How are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Well Mrs. Zhāng! I’m fine, thanks.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Oh! He’s got a very lucky physiognomy. Such big ears!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Thank you! It’s because of your lucky influence!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How much did he weigh at birth?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Seven and a half pounds.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Hm. That’s really pretty big.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He eats like a horse. Bǎolán just fed him a little while ago, and now he’s crying again. He probably wants to nurse again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He cries so loudly. He must be very healthy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes! In the week after he came back from the hospital, he gained a pound.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Before I came I thought you should have had the baby by now, so I got a zhǔribèile yíge hěngbǎo. Shi gěi xiǎo bǎobaode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bù gǎn dang. Nín tài kèqi le. Hěbì pòfei ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Bu. shi kèqi. Zhí shi yìdiǎn</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xiǎo yìsi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Xièxie! Xièxie!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">'red envelope' ready. It’s for the baby.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You shouldn't have. That's too polite of you. Why should you spend money?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I'm not being polite. This is just a little something to express my feelings.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Thank you!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">10. Zhōngguo rén xiāngxìn chǎnfù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎnyuè</span><span class="font8"> yǐqiǎn bù kéyi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chuī fēng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">11. Chǎnfù zuò </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuèzid</span><span class="font8">e shíhou yào tèbié </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoxīn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">12. Zhōngguo rén dōu shuō chī Zhōngyàode shíhou, bú yào chī </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnglěng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">13. Yīshēng shuō wǒ déle </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshī</span><span class="font8">, zuì hǎo bú yào </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pèng</span><span class="font8"> lěngshuī.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">1U. Nǐ yīnggāi duō </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǎngz</span><span class="font8">he, zhùyi xiūxi, zhèyang cai néng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huīfud</span><span class="font8">e kuài.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">15. Jiàndao Wang Bùzhǎngde shíhou </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiānwàn dāngxīn</span><span class="font8">, bié suíbiàn shuō huà.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">16. Tā jiéhūn yǐqián duì tā xiān-sheng liǎojiěde búgòu, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéguō</span><span class="font8"> jiéhūn yǐhòu hěn </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tòngkū</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">17. Nǐ kàn tā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duo kuài</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàzi </span><span class="font8">jiù bǎ fàn zuòhǎo le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">18. Nà shi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wangj iād</span><span class="font8">e xífu, zhènme gang!</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font8">Chinese people believe that women who have just given birth should stay out of drafts until the child is a full month old.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Women who have just given birth should be especially careful during the month after delivery.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Chinese people say that when you take Chinese medicine, you shouldn’t eat raw or cold things.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The doctor says I’ve got rheumatism and that it would be best for me not to come in contact with cold water.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You should lie down more and pay attention to your rest; that’s the only way you’ll recover quickly.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When you see Secretary Wang, be sure to watch yourself, don’t be careless in what you say.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Before she got married she didn’t understand her husband well enough and as a result she suffered a lot after the marriage.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Look at how fast he is, he got dinner ready in no time at all.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That is the Wang family’s daughter-in-law, she’s so fat!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎnyuè</span><span class="font8">: ’thirtieth day after a child is born’, literally, ’full-month’. (it also means ’full moon’.) This refers to a baby’s completion of the first full month of life and is a cause of celebration.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wángjiā háizi kuài mǎnyuè le, The Wang’s baby is about to be a qing daJiā qù chī mǎnyuè &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;month old, and they’re asking</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">jiù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;everyone to go take part in the</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">’full month’ banquet.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chuī fēng</span><span class="font8">: Literally, ’to blow wind*, but actually ’to be in a current of air, a draft, the wind’. Although what blows is the wind, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēng</span><span class="font8"> ’wind’ seems to be in the object position in this phrase. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chǎnfù bù kéyi chuī fēng </span><span class="font8">does not mean ’’Women recently delivered of a child cannot blow wind”, but rather, ’’Women recently delivered of a child cannot have wind blow on them.” Traditionally, Chinese women were to stay out of drafts because of the very poor overall health situation of the country, and because of the importance of caring for the next generation. Of the three (Confucian) ways to be unfilial, the worst was to be heirless.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Nīde bìng gang hǎo, bú yào chūqu chuī fēng.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">You’re just over your illness, don’t go out in a draft.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Motes on No. 11</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò yuèzi</span><span class="font8">: Literally, ’to sit the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuèzi</span><span class="font8">’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuèzi</span><span class="font8"> being the month after giving birth during which a woman is supposed to take special care of her health. There are different motivations underlying this custom. Woman’s most important function (indeed her only one) was to aide in perpetuating the family line. Therefore it was essential to take special precautions for her own health so that she would nurse a healthy baby. Another idea was that a woman’s body at this time was &quot;dirty” and to avoid offending the door gods she should not go past them.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zuò yuèzide shihou, kě xiǎo- During the first month after delivery xīn, méi chūguo yìtiān men. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she was extremely careful. She</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">didn’t go out once.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoxīn</span><span class="font8">: ’to be careful’, literally, ’small-heart’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎoxīn</span><span class="font8"> is an adjectival verb which can be used with or without an object following.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zhèige rén bù zenmeyàng, hé This guy is nothing special, you’d tā zuò péngyou yao xiǎoxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better be careful making friends</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiǎoxīn! Qiánbianr shi hóngdēng. Careful! There’s a red light up ahead.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiǎoxīn nèige rén! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be careful of that person!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiǎoxīn guò mǎlù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be careful crossing the street.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnglěng</span><span class="font8">: ’raw or cold foods*. Traditional Chinese medicine divides foods into </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yin</span><span class="font8"> an</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">d yang Yin</span><span class="font8"> are &quot;cool” (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāngxìngde)</span><span class="font8"> foods, that is, foods that make the system cool; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font8"> foods are ’’hot&quot; (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rèxìngde)</span><span class="font8">, that is, they make the system hot. These characteristics are not dependant on the degree temperature at which the food is eaten» but are rather inherent in the food. For example crab, white sugar, and most vegetables and fruits are </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yin</span><span class="font8"> or cool, while hot pepper, lard, millet, brown sugar, and certain fruits such as canteloupe and lichee nuts are all particularly </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font8"> or hot. Generally speaking, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font8"> foods harmonize with body temperature while </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yin</span><span class="font8"> foods shock the system. Nonetheless, a balance between the two kinds of foods must be maintained. Too much </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font8"> food can cause the body’s ’’heat” to rise too much (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàng huǒ)</span><span class="font8">, minor symptoms of which might include a cough, fever, dry mouth, blisters on the tongue, and constipation. On the other hand, too much </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīn </span><span class="font8">food is bad for the stomach and can cause diarrhea.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The body’s &quot;heat&quot; (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huo</span><span class="font8">) can be regulated by eating one or the other kind of foods. Thus in hot weather, when the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǒ</span><span class="font8"> naturally rises, one should eat &quot;cool&quot; foods to lower the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǒ</span><span class="font8"> (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qing huǒ</span><span class="font8">), and in the winter one should eat &quot;hot&quot; foods. Likewise, certain illnesses call for the eating of one kind of food or the other: one should eat &quot;cool&quot; foods to counteract infections and fevers, while one should eat &quot;hot&quot; foods to build up one’s strength if one has a disease which makes him weak. In particular, women giving birth should eat plenty of the &quot;hot&quot; type of foods.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shēnglěng</span><span class="font8">, raw or cold foods, have also traditionally been considered bad for women who are pregnant or have just given birth. Given sanitary conditions in traditional China, this is understandable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Chi shēnglěngde dōngxi yídìng When eating raw things, be sure to yào xǐgānjing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wash them well.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font8">: 'to get, a catch (a disease)’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">De bìng</span><span class="font8"> means 'to get an illness*.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ de bìng yǐhòu, méi bànfa niàn shū le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā dé bìng yǐqiǎn, shēntǐ hěn hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā dede shi shénme bìng?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">After I got sick, I couldn’t study any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Before she got ill, her health was very good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What illness was it that she got?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Here are some examples of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dé</span><span class="font8"> followed by the name of an illness:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā dé gǎnmào yǐhòu, jiù méiyou He didn’t go out after he got a cold, chūlaiguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Qùnián dōngtiān, tā dele xuěyā Last winter, he got high Blood . gāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pressure.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Here are some more examples sentences showing various uses of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jǐnnián guò shēngrì wo dele &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I got a new book on my birthday this</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yìběn xīn shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiāodì jīntiān néng de hǎojǐ- Little brother will be able to get ge hóngbāo’. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of &quot;red envelopes&quot; today!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Of course, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font8"> cannot be used in all cases when we would say ’get* in English. For one thing, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font8"> only means to receive passively, whereas English ’get’ sometimes denotes actively seeking to obtain, as in ’I’m going to the supply room to get some paper and pens*, or ’I got a package of cereal at the supermarket’. In these cases, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font8"> would not be appropriate in Chinese. To show you some other ways in which the English word ’get’ is expressed in Chinese, here are some Chinese sentences which do not use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font8"> although the English translation uses ’get’:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zuǒtian lai nǐde diànhuà le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday you got a phone call (but</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">you weren’t here to get it.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zuótian wǒ jiēdào tāde diànhuà Yesterday I got a phone call from le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him (and was there to receive it.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā zēngjiā gōngzī le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā jiā xǐnshuǐ le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Wo </span><span class="font8">shōudàole yíge zhàngdān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ cǒng tā nàr bǎ jiègěi tade nèiběn shū nāhuilai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Ye gei wo ná yíge lai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Cóng shénme dìfang wǒ néng mǎidao yíge xiàng zhèiyangrde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshǐ</span><span class="font8">: ’rheumatism’, literally</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā you fēngshǐ, tiān yì lěng tuǐ téngde lìhai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">He got a raise -in wages.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He got a raise in salary.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I got a bill.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I got the book back which I lent him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Get one for me too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Where can I get (buy) one of those?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">’wind-humid'.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">He has rheumatism, as soon as it gets cold, his leg hurts severely.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">peng</span><span class="font8">: 'to touch', only in the sense of one object coming into contact with another. The verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pèng</span><span class="font8"> can also mean to come into contact with something in a violent way, 'to hit, to bump into'. Whether </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pèng</span><span class="font8"> means merely 'to touch' or 'to bump into’ must be determined by context.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Ni tie peng zheige zhuozi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t touch this table.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde chē kě bùdeliǎo. Biérén His car is terrific! Other people pèng dōu bù néng pèng, gèng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can’t even touch it, not to mention</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">bú yào shuō jièqu kāi le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;borrowing it to drive!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">CSome other words meaning ’to touch’ are </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">āi</span><span class="font8"> ’to be close to, to be next to, to be touching*</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Ta zui pa da zhen. Zhen hai méi āidao ta, tā Jiù dà Jiao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dong</span><span class="font8">: ’to touch, to handle’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nī bié dong wo zhuōzishangde dōngxi, děng yìhuīr wǒ huí-laile zìjī shōushi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mō</span><span class="font8">: ’to feel, to rub, to touch’ Here ’to be soft, yielding to the touch’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèijiàn yīfu zhēn hǎo, mōshang-qu ruǎnruǎnde; chuānzhe yídìng hěn shūfu.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">She is extremely afraid of getting shots. She cries out before the needle has even touched her.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Don’t touch the things on my desk, in a while when I come back I’ll straighten them up myself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">you also need to know that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ruǎn</span><span class="font8"> means</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This piece of clothing is really nice, very soft to the touch; it must be very comfortable to wear.I</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1U</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǎng</span><span class="font8">: ’to lie down’. This is an action verb. Under most circumstances, it requires some kind of complement: either a </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font8"> phrase telling where the subject ended up in a lying position, as in</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā tǎngzai chuángshang le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">or the durative apsect marker </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-zhe</span><span class="font8">, Tā zài chuangshang tǎngzhe.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">or the directional ending </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-xia(lai) </span><span class="font8">Dàifu jiào wo tǎngxia.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">or the completion </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font8">, as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tangle bàntiān, hāishi bu shūfu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā tangle yìhuǐr, jiù Juéde hǎo yìdiǎnr le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">He lay down on the bed.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He is/was lying on the bed.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The doctor told me to lie down.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I lay down for quite a long time, but still felt ill.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After I laid down for a while, I felt better.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huīfu</span><span class="font8">: ’to restore; to return to health)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige gōngchǎng yǐjīng huīfu shēngchǎn le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā qiánjǐnián dào nóngcūn qu le. Zuìjìn cái huīfu gōngzuò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ shàngge yuè shēng tingle, zhèige xīngqi cái huīfu yìdianr.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Kàn nīde yàngzi, huīfude hu cuò.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">(an original state); to recover (one’s</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This factory has already restored production. (Production in many areas was stopped during the turmoil of the Great Cultural Revolution.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">She went to the countryside several years ago. Only recently did she return to work.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I was sick last month and only this week am feeling like myself again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Looking at your appearance I’d say you’re pretty well recovered.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiānwàn</span><span class="font8">: ’hy all means, for sure’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nèitiáo jiēshang chē tāi duō, nǐ qiānwàn hie qù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ gāng xué kāi chē, qiānwàn xiāoxīn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Qiānwàn zhùyì, hú yào xiěcuò le, xiěcuòle kě máfan.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dāngxīn</span><span class="font8">: ’to watch out, to watch confused with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānxīn</span><span class="font8">, ’to worry’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Gāng xiàle xuě, chū men dāngxīn!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Kāi chē shàng jiē dāngxīn yìdianr a!</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">, literally ’thousand ten-thousands’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There are too many cars on that street, you are absolutely not to go there.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You’ve only just learned to drive a car, be sure to be careful.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Be sure to be careful, don’t write this incorrectly, if you do it’ll be so much trouble.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">oneself, to be cautious*. Not to be</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It’s just snowed, watch yourself when you go out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Watch yourself when you go out driving downtown!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jieguǒ</span><span class="font8">: ’as a result, and so ...’. One of the uses of this word is to connect the thought of one Sentence with the next. (Another is as the noun *result(s)’.) It provides a transition from one sentence to another, as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">'As a result, then' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Below is a monologue which takes place in Peking,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">in which the apeaker uses the word </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéguǒ</span><span class="font8"> in this way several times. (This is not meant to he an example of eloquence; in fact, you should not use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jieguǒ</span><span class="font8"> as repetitively as this speaker.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ tíngshuō Xiǎo Wang he Xiǎo Lǐ tǎn liàn’ài le. Tǎnde zenme yàng ne? Tǎnde bú cud. Liǎngge ren dōu meiyou yìjian. Jieguǒ Xiǎo Wǎngde fùqin bù tongyì. Zhèijiàn shi kě jiù bù hǎo ban le. Xiǎngle bàntiān, jieguǒ hǎishi Xiǎo Wang qù zhǎo jūmín wěiyuánhuì. Jūwěihuìde gànbu he Xiǎo Wang tǎnle bàntiān, jieguǒ hai bù xíng. Zěnme ban? Xiǎo Wang you qù zhǎo pàichūsuǒ. Pàichūsuode gànbu you lai he Lǎo Wang tǎnle bàntiān, hǎishi meiyou jieguǒ. Zuìhǒu nǐ xiǎng zěnmeyàng, Xiǎo Lǐ zìjǐ lǎi he Lǎo Wǎng tǎnle, shuō jiéhūn yǐhòu bù bānchuqu zhù, tā zhàogu lǎorénjiā. Zhèihuǐr Lǎo Wǎng mǎnyì le. Jieguǒ Xiǎo Wǎhg Xiǎo Lǐ gāogāoxìngxìng jiéhūn le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I heard that Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ are in love. How serious? Really serious. The two of them had no problems with the idea (of getting married). But then Xiǎo Wǎng's father didn't agree. The whole thing became difficult to arrange. They thought for a long time, and as a result it was Xiǎo Wǎng who went to seek out the neighborhood committee. The neighborhood committee cadres talked with Old Wǎng (Xiǎo Wǎng's father) for a long time. But then it still didn't go over. What to do? Xiǎo Wǎng then went to seek out the local police station. And the police station cadres went to talk with Old Wǎng too, but still no result. Well what do you think happened in the end? Xiǎo Lǐ went herself to talk with Old Wǎng. She said that after they married they wouldn't move out, that she would take care of the old gentleman. That's when Old Wǎng became satisfied. So in the end Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ were happily married.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tòngkǔ</span><span class="font8">: 'to be in pain, to be suffering’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā nèi shíhou hěn tòngkǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She was in a great deal of pain at</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">that time.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Liàn’ài shǐbàile tā hěn tòngkǔ. It was very hard on him when they broke up.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèijiàn shìqing ràng ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This matter pained him a great deal,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">fēichǎng tòngkǔ.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 17</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duo kuài</span><span class="font8">: 'how fast!' </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Duo</span><span class="font8"> or the alternate form </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duome</span><span class="font8"> is used in exclamatory sentences to mean 'how ...!' Here are some more examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ kàn cǎi shuōle liǎngjù huà, You see you only have to say two tā jiù bù gāoxìng le. Duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sentences and she gets unhappy.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">ràng rén bù hǎo yìsi!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèi kùzi zhènme duǎn, chuān-shang duo nǎnshèu!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèiběn shū xiěde duo hǎo!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo bǎ chē yàoshi fàngzi chuǎng-shang. Duo bèn!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàzi</span><span class="font8">: ’in a flash, at one b’ in no time’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">It really makes a person embarrassed!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">These pants are so short, when you wear them they’ll be so uncomfortable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This book is so well written!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I left the car keys on the bed. How stupid!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">, at one fell swoop, all at once,</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ huà hǎi méi shuōwǎn, tā yíxiàzi Jiù shēngqì le. Shéi zhīdào wèishénme?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I hadn’t yet finished speaking when he got angry all of a sudden. Who knows why?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wang jiā</span><span class="font8">: ’the Wang family’, referring either to the people, the social unit, or their home (in which case it can be used as a place word).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pàng</span><span class="font8">: ’to be fat, to get fat’. The verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pàng</span><span class="font8"> can be used in two ways: one as an adjectival verb ’to be fat’, the other as a process verb ’to get fat’. To the Chinese, a fat baby is not only a healthy baby, it is a beautiful one. Plumpness and roundness are two features admired in babies</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">and children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Adjectival verb (state)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā hěn pàng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā xiǎo shihou bú pàng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ hěn pà pàng, shénme dou bù gǎn chī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Process verb</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zuìjìn shēntī hǎole, tā pàng duō le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nī shi bu shi pàngle yìdiǎndiǎn, Èrgē a?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">He is fat.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">She wasn’t fat when she was little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’m afraid of being fat, I don’ dare eat anything.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Lately his health got better and he got very fat.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Haven’t you put on Just a little bit of weight, Older Brother?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Mrs. Fang pays a visit to Mrs. Zhāng and her daughter-in-law to see the daughter-in-law’s new baby:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhāng Taitai,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">nín zhēn you fúqi, nínde xífu tōuyitāi Jiù gěi nín shēngle yíge dà pang sūnzi. Nínde xífu he xiao bāobao cóng yīyuàn huílaile meiyou? Tāmen dōu hǎo ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie, xièxie! Tāmen dōu</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">hǎo, jīntiān zāoshang gāng cóng yīyuàn huílai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wo zhèli you yíge hóngbāo,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shi gěi xiǎo bāobaode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Ai! Bù gān dāng, nín zhēn</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shi tài kèqi le, hébì pòfei ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Nali, náli! Zhǐ shi yìdiān</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xiǎo yìsi. Háizi you duo zhòng a?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Háizi shēngxialaide shíhou</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shi bābàng qī. Zhège háizi shēntǐ zhēn hāo, zhēn néng chī. Gāng wèibǎo, yíxiàzi yòu è le. Nǐ tīng, tā you kū le, shēngyin zhēn dà, dàgài yòu yào chī nǎi le. Women qù kànkan.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Congratulations! Mrs. Zhāng, you’re so lucky! Your daughter-in-law had a big fat grandson for you—and it was just her first! Have your daughter-in-law and the little darling come back from the hospital yet? They’re both doing well, I hope?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Thank you! They’re both fine. They just came back from the hospital this morning.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I have a ’red envelope’ for the baby here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Oh! You shouldn’t have. You’re really too kind. Why should you spend all this money?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Don’t be silly. This is just a little something to express my feelings. How much does the baby weigh?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He was eight pounds seven ounces at birth. He’s really a healthy baby, and he eats a lot. Right after his feeding, in no time he’s hungry again. Listen, he’s crying again. What a loud voice! He probably wants to nurse again. Let’s go see.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;ō! Fāng Bómǔ, nín yě lái</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">le!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Wǒ lái</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">kàn nǐ érzi lai le! Zhège háizi zhangde zhēn hāo, duō you fúxiàng!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie, xièxie! Tuō nínde</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">fú!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Oh! Auntie Fāng, you’ve come too!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Congratulations! I’ve come to see your son! He looks so good! What a lucky physiognomy!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Thank you! It’s all thanks to your lucky influence!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">F: Nǐ shēntǐ hǎo hu hǎo? Yuèzili yào xiǎoxīn, bú yào chī shēnglěngde dōngxi, bú yào chuī fēng, bú yào pèng lěng shuī, yě bú yào chū men. Nǐ kàn, Liújia nàge xífu zuò yuèzi bú zhùyì, chǎng kāi diàn bīngxiāng, yòng lěng shuǐ, j iéguǒ dele fēngshī, tòngkǔde hěn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiànzài hai yào tiāntiān chī Zhōngyào. Nǐ qiānwàn yào dāngxīn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Shi a! Wǒ yǐjīng gàosu</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">ta le, yuèzili shénme shi dōu bú yào zuò, duō tǎngzhe, duō xiūxi, duō chī hǎode, shēntǐ jiù huīfude kuài yidiǎn.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ zǒu le, guò jǐtiān zài</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">lai kàn nǐ gēn xiǎo bǎobao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">C: Deng yíxià. Nǐ dài jǐge hongdàn qu, mǎnyuède shihou zài qǐng ni chī mǎnyuèjiú.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ yídìng lǎi.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">How are you feeling? You have to be careful for the first month after giving birth. Don’t eat raw or cold • foods, stay out of drafts, avoid cold water, and don’t leave the house. Look at Mrs. Liú who didn’t pay attention during the first month after giving birth; she opened the refrigerator a lot and used cold water, and ended up getting rheumatism. She suffered so much. Now she still has to take Chinese medicine every day. Be absolutely sure you watch out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Right! I’ve already told her. You shouldn’t do anything at all during the first month after giving birth. You should lie down a lot, get a lot of rest, eat a lot of good food, and then your health will come back faster.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’m going to leave now. I’ll come back in a few days to see you and the baby.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wait a second. Take a few red eggs with you. We’ll invite you to the celebration dinner when the baby is one month old.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">All right, I’ll be sure to come.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hongdàn</span><span class="font8">: Red eggs symbolize a combination of lucky influences: red is the color of happiness and dignity, while eggs are symbols of health and prosperity to the farmer. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Héngdàn</span><span class="font8"> are sometimes also used as gifts from a newly-engaged couple to their friends•</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">-bang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">pound (unit of weight)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bǎobǎo (bǎobǎo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">baby, darling (term of endearment</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">for a young child)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bīngxiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">refrigerator, ice box</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bù gǎn dāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">I’m flattered, You shouldn’t have,</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">I don’t deserve this</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">chī nǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to nurse, to suckle</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">chuī fēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to have air blow on oneself, to be</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">in a draft</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">dāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to watch out</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to get</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">duo kuài!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">how fast!</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ěrduo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ear</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">fēngshī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">rheumatism</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fúqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">blessings, luck</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fúxiǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">lucky physiognomy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">hongbǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">a red envelope with a gift or bribe</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">of money in it</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hóngdàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">eggs dyed red</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huīfu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to recover</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jieguǒ (jiēguǒ)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">as a result; result, results</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">mǎnyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">a full month after the birth of a</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">baby</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">mǎnyuèj iù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">celebration meal one month after a</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">baby is born</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">pàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be fat</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">pèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to touch</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">pòfei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to spend a lot of money (on someone),</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to go to some expense</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">qiānwǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">by all means, be sure to; (in com</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bination with a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">shēnglěng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">raw or cold foods</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">shēngxialai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be born</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">sūnzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">grandson</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">-tāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">birth</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tang</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">tòngkǔ</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">touyige</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">tóuyìtāi tuō nínde fú</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wángjiā wèi</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xiǎo bǎobao (xiǎo baobao)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xiǎoxīn</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xífu</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yíxiàzi</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yuèzi</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zhāng</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zhòng</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zuo yuèzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to lie,to recline</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be painful</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the first</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the first pregnancy, the first baby</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the Wang family to feed</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be careful daught er-in-la.w</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">an instant, a moment, a while</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">month of confinement after giving birth to a child</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be heavy</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 5</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">1. Wǒ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjìn chūchāi</span><span class="font8"> qu le, méi néng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">canjiā</span><span class="font8"> zhège huì.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">2. Wǒ zài shàng Xīngqīèr jiù tīngdao tā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǔmǔ qùshìd</span><span class="font8">e </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāoxi</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">3. Míngtiān wo yào qù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">diàosāng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">U. Míngtiān wǒ yào bāng tāmen bàn </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānglǐ</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">5. WǑ fùqin </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàng</span><span class="font8"> xíhuan he jiǔ, shàngge yuè </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūrán </span><span class="font8">juédìng zài yě bù hē le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">6. Wǒ fùqin </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fànl</span><span class="font8">e </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xínzàngbìng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">7. Women </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gānjǐn</span><span class="font8"> bǎ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lāorénjiā sòngd</span><span class="font8">ao TaiDà Yīyuàn qu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">8. Yīshēng shuō jíngguo </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jíjiù</span><span class="font8">, yǐjīng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiùguolai</span><span class="font8"> le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">9. Nǐ zǔmǔ yíxiàng hěn </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bāozhòng </span><span class="font8">shēntǐ.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">10. Tā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǒqud</span><span class="font8">e shíhou, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánji </span><span class="font8">yídìng hěn dà le ba?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">11. Wǒ tīngwánle yǐhòu xīnli hěn jiǔ bù néng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">pingjìngx</span><span class="font8">iàlai.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">12. Hěn bàoqiàn, wo méi néng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gānhui-lai</span><span class="font8"> diàosāng.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font8">I’ve been out of town on business lately, so I wasn’t able to participate in this meeting.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Last Tuesday I heard the news that his grandmother had passed away.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tomorrow I’m going to present my condolences at the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tomorrow I’m going to help them take care of the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My father always liked to drink, but last month he decided all of a sudden that he would never drink again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My father had .a heart attack.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">We rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The doctor said that she had been saved through emergency treatment.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Your grandmother always took good care of herself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">She must have been quite old when she passed away.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After I listened to it I couldn’t calm down for quite a while.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’m sorry I couldn’t rush back in time for the funeral.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjìn</span><span class="font8">: ’lately, recently; in the near future’. This word can either refer to the near past or the near future.</span></p>
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<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">A: Tā zuìjìn</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Zuìjìn tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">zěnmeyàng? hen hǎo.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">How has she been lately?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Lately she’s, been very well.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Wo zuìjìn zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">niàn shū.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">I've been studying lately.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zuìj in yào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dào Jiāzhōu qù.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">I’m going to be going to California in the near future.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chūchāi</span><span class="font8">: ’to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">go away on official</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">business’.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiān chūchāi, jīntiān hěn máng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhěcì chūchāi, qù shénme dìfang?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèjiàn shì, děng wo chūle chāi yǐhòu zài bàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhècì chūchāi huílai, kéyi dài diǎn dōngxi gěi ni.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">cānjiā</span><span class="font8">: 'to participate in; to performance, etc.); to join*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ jìhua xià Xīngqīyǐ yào dào Niǔ Yūē qu war. Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng cānjiā?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yào cānjiā míngtiān xiàwude huì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zuótiān women gěi Zhāng Tàitai sòngxíng, nǐ yě cānjiā le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Tomorrow I’m going away on business, so today is a busy day.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Where are you going on this business trip?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ll get to this matter after my business trip.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When I come back from this business trip, I'll be able to bring you back a little something.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">attend; to go to (a meeting, gathering,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I'm planning to go to New York next week to relax. Do you want to join in?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I'm going to attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yesterday when we gave the going-away party for Mrs. Zhang,, did you come too?</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shàng Xǐngqíèr</span><span class="font8">: ’on last Tuesday'. Notice that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font8"> is used here with an expression stating a time when something occurs. In this sentence, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font8"> is optional. Here are some more examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhège huì zài xiàge yuè kāi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This meeting will be held next month.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhège háizi zài qùnián qiūtiān kāishǐ zài jiā niàn shū le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zài shàngge lǐbài mǎile yíjiàn jiehūn lǐfú.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zài Yījiǔliùsānnián wǒ rènshi-le ta.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">This child began studying at home last fall.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Last week I bought a wedding gown</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I met him in 1963.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Zài Yíjiǔwǔlíngnián wǒ jiù kànguo zhèbǎn shū.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I read this book back in 1950.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǔmǔ</span><span class="font8">: ’(paternal) grandmother’. Remember that this refers exclusively to the father's mother. The mother's mother is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàizùmǔ</span><span class="font8">. CA grandmother is usually addressed by her son's children as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nāinai</span><span class="font8">.J Here is a chart showing these terms:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">zǔfù zǔmǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wàizǔfù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wàizǔmǔ</span></p><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-4.png" alt="" style="width:348pt;height:102pt;">
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<p><span class="font8">this means 'to go (from this) world' is introduced in Unit 6.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It's been two years since Xiǎo Wang's father died.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùshì</span><span class="font8">: 'to pass away'. Literally, It is a euphemism for </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font8"> 'to die*, which</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiǎo Wángde fùqin qùshì yǐjīng liǎngnián le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāoxi</span><span class="font8">: 'news, information, tidings</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèiliǎngtiān bàozhīshang you hěn duō guānyu Zhōngguode xiāoxi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān bàozhīshang you shenme xin xiāoxi?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">The past couple of days there's been a lot of news about China in the newspaper.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What news is there in the newspaper today?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Women Jiā liangge yuè méiyou xìn le, shénme xiāoxi dōu méiyou.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Our family hasn’t sent a letter in two months, there * s no news at all (Said hy one family member who is separated from the rest.)</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāoxi</span><span class="font8"> can be used with the counter </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font8"> to mean 'a piece of news, an item of news’:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ you yíge hao xiāoxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have a piece of good news.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">diàosāng</span><span class="font8">: ’to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral’. At a traditional funeral, the guests, by groups, present their condolences to the family of the deceased in a brief formal ceremony.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān wǒ qù diàosāng, jiàndao Today when I was at the funeral I nín Jiā lāotàitai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saw your grandmother.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Note on No.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānglǐ</span><span class="font8">: ’the funeral ceremony’. E</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sāng-</span><span class="font8"> in some combinations means ’funeral’, for example, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sāngfú</span><span class="font8"> ’funeral clothing*, or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sāngshì</span><span class="font8"> ’funeral’.! On a volunteer basis, family, friends, and villagers help with funeral preparations. Members of the immediate family stay with the coffin to guard it during the day and sleep with it at night.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">that something the same way or</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàng</span><span class="font8">: ’always (up to now)’. This adverb indicates has been so all along up until now (and may either continue else change).</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yíxiàng ài chī tian diānxin.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā yíxiàng niàn shū niànde hěn hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wū Lǎoshī yíxiàng xǐhuan háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xià Xiānsheng yíxiàng hěn kèqi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūrǎn</span><span class="font8">: ’suddenly*. This is a or at the front of the sentence.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ hūrǎn xiǎngqilai, wǒde xìn hái méiyou jì.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I’ve always like to eat sweet snacks</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He has always done very well in his studies.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Teacher Wū has always liked children</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Mr. Xià has always been very polite.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">time word. It may go before the verb,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I suddenly remembered that I hadn’t mailed my letter yet.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Hūrán, tā pǎolai le, hǎoxiàng you shénme shì.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Suddenly, he came running in, as if there were something wrong.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Huran tian xia yu le, xiade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Suddenly it started raining, raining</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">hǎo dà. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very hard.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā jìnlai zuòle yìhuǐr, hūrán He came in and sat down for a while, jiù zǒu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and then left all of a sudden.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài yě hù hē le</span><span class="font8">: ’will never drink again*. Sometimes people ask what is the word for ’never’ in Chinese. The answer is that ’never’ is not expressed by one word, but rather by a combination of adverbs and negative. Not only is ’never’ rendered into Chinese by several words, but the word patterns are different for sentences expressing completed action, habitual action, or planned action. For these examples you need to know that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yongyuǎn</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">is the word for ’forever’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ cónglai méi chīguo Zhōngguo cài.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ conglai bu kàn nèiyangde shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde wèntí yongyuǎn bù néng jiějué.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zài yě bú qù nàli le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The adverb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font8"> and a negative, such as idea of not doing something anymore.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bìng hǎole yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài he jiu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yǐhòu wǒ bú zài zuò le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I’ve never eaten Chinese food.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve never read those kinds of books.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">His problems can never be solved.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ll never go there again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou,</span><span class="font8"> can be used to express the</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After he got well, he didn’t drink anymore.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In the future I won’t do it again.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Bú yào zài dǎ ta le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Don’t hit him any more.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">If </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font8"> is placed in front of the negative, the meaning of the phrase is more emphatic.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zài bù huílai le!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I’m never coming back here again!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">If </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font8"> is added between </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font8"> and the negative, the meaning is approximately the same.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wo zài yě bù chi tang le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nèitiáo lù bù hǎo zǒu, nǐ zài </span><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">yě </span><span class="font8">bié zǒu nèitiáo lù le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I’m never going to eat candy again</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That road is hard to go on, don’t ever take it again.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Nǐ zài yě bié kàn zhèzhong shū le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nàge fàndiànde cài tài guì, wǒ zhǐ qùle yícì, jiù zài yě méi qùguo le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Women shi tǒngxué, kěshi líkāi xuéxiào yǐhòu, wǒ jiù zài yě méi kànjian ta le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Sānge yuè yīqián xiàguo yìchāng yǔ, yǐhòu jiù zài yě méi xiàguo le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">More on 'Again*</span><span class="font8">: Up until now you’ve which did not express a completed eve:</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Don’t ever read this kind of book again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That restaurant is too expensive; I only went there once and then I never went back again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">We were schoolmates, but after we left the school, I never saw him again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Three months ago it rained once, and since then it hasn’t rained again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font8"> ’again’ used in sentences t and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font8"> used in sentences which did.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiān zài lai ba.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Come again tomorrow.’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">òu, nǐ yòu lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, you’ve come again!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">But there are further qualifications on the use of ’again’ in Chinese. While </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font8"> always refers to activities which have not yet occurred, that is future activities or events, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yòu</span><span class="font8"> is not totally limited to activities or events which are completed or past. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font8"> may be used in present or future situations if the thing being talked about is so certain that it may be treated like something which has actually happened.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiān yòu shi Xīngqīyī le. And tomorrow is Monday again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhè yòu yào duōshao qián a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And how much money is needed again</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">for this?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèi yìtiān yòu yào wan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And this day is about to end too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(Said at the end of a long busy day with many things left to do.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiànzài wo yòu you gōngzuò le. Now I have a job again.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fàn</span><span class="font8">: ’to have an attack (of a revert to (an old habit)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā yòu fàn lāo máobìng le, zhèjǐtiān hěn bu shūfu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">disease), to have a recurrence of, to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">That old problem of his is acting up again. He hasn’t been feeling well the last few days.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Shàngge yuè tā fàn bìng le, xuěyā hǎo gāo!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bié fǎn nǐde lǎo mǎobìng le, kuài qù shǎng xué qu ba!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Last month he had a recurrence; and his blood pressure was really high!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Don’t fall back into your old habit (of skipping school), get yourself to school.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīnzàngbìng</span><span class="font8">: ’heart disease’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xīnzàng</span><span class="font8"> is 'heart'..</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnjīn</span><span class="font8">: ’in a hurry’. This adverb means that someone decided to hurry up and start doing something. It can often be translated as ’to hurry up and’, or 'to rush to (do something)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nābiān chū chēhuò le, nǐ gǎn-jǐn qù kànkan'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān xiàwǔ, tā zou le, zhōngwu wǒ gǎnjīn péi ta qù chī wǔfàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Kuài jiǎdiǎn le, wǒ yào gǎnjīn zou le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">. Here are some examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There's been a car accident over there, hurry up and go look!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He was leaving this afternoon, so at noontime I hurried to go out to lunch with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It's almost nine o’clock. I have to hurry up and leave.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">hurries to start the action. It does</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gǎnjīn</span><span class="font8"> means only that someone not mean that the action is finished quickly. For example, to say ’He made dinner in a hurry, so it didn't come out well', meaning that he finished cooking it in a very short time, you cannot use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnjǐn</span><span class="font8">; you could say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yīnwei tā zuò fàn zuòde tài kuài, suǒyi zuòde bù hǎo</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorénjiā</span><span class="font8">: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǎorěnjiā</span><span class="font8"> is a respectful way of referring to or addressing old people. When addressing someone directly, it is almost always preceded by </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nín,</span><span class="font8"> as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Qīngwèn nín lǎorénjiā, dào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Excuse me, sir, how do I get to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngshān Lù zěnme zou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhongshan Road?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ lǎorénjiā, zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Shentǐ hǎo ba?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">How have you been lately? Have you been in good health, I hope?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">A third party can be referred to as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorénjiā</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā lǎorénjiā shuō le, zhèjiàn shi búbì jízhe bàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ gěi tā lǎorénjiā song yidiǎn diǎnxin lai.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">He said that we don't need to be in a rush to do this.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I've come to give him some pastries.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Wǒ wènguo wǒ zǔfù le, tā lǎo-rénjia shuō míngniān zánmen quānjiā qù Shanghai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I asked my grandfather, and he said our whole family is going to Shanghai next year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Here are two examples of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎorénjia</span><span class="font8"> being used as a respectful word for ’old people*:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān, liǎngwèi lǎorénjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today those two (old people) had a</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">tánde hěn gāoxìng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very pleasant conversation.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Older people like to eat soft foods.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Lǎorénjiamen dōu xīhuan chī ruǎnde dōngxi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In Peking, the syllable </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎo</span><span class="font8"> in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">laorenjia</span><span class="font8"> receives the heaviest stress of the three syllables, and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jia</span><span class="font8"> is in the neutral tone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font8">: ’to take (someone somewhere), to escort (someone somewhere), to see someone off or out’. The basic meaning of this word is to accompany someone who is leaving, but as you can see from the various translations given, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font8"> can be used in a wide variety of circumstances. Here are some examples:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Wo qu ba keren songdao damen waitou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nī song ta huí jiā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā míngtiān zǒu, women dào jīchǎng qu song ta.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ song ta dào xuéxiào qu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">To specify that you are taking someone this way:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ kāi chē song ta dào xuéxiào qu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">I’m going to show the guests out the front door.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Escort her home, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font8"> Walk her home. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font8"> Take her home.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">She’s leaving tomorrow and we’re going to the airport to see her off.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I took him to school. (E.g., I drove him there or I walked there with him.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">in a car, you can phrase your sentence</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I drove her to school.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on Ho. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jīnggud</span><span class="font8">: You have seen </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jīngguo</span><span class="font8"> meaning ’to go thru*. Here it is used to mean ’though’ in the sense of ’by means of’. It can also be translated ’as a result of*, ’after’, ’through*, or ’via’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Tā shēntī yìzhí bù hǎo, dànshi wǒ xiǎng jīngguò yíduǎn shí-jiānde bǎoyǎng, kǎnéng huì hǎo yìdiǎn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīngguo sāntiānde kǎolù, wǒ juedìng he tā jiehūn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīngguò dǎjiāde nǔlì, zhèjiàn shìqing chěnggōng le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhège jìhua bìxū jīngguò tǎo-lùn.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">His health has been bad.all along, but I think after a short period of taking care of himself, he might get a little better.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After three days of consideration, I’ve decided to marry him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As a result of everyone’s hard work, this matter has succeeded.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This plan must go through discussion.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jíjiù</span><span class="font8">: ’emergency treatment; to ; receive emergency treatment’. Notice • emergency treatment.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān yījīng shi jíjiùde dìsāntiān le, bù zhīdào you méiyou xīwàng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde chēzi yījīng wānle, rén zài jíjiù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Gāngcǎi chū chēhuò, you jīge rén shòushāng le, yīshēng zhèngzài jíjiù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jíjiù</span><span class="font8"> refers only to aid given in nature, usually those where life is in injury or acute attacks of an illness.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">administer emergency treatment, to that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jíjiù</span><span class="font8"> can mean to give or get</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Today is already the third day of emergency (intensive care) treatment. I don’t know if there’s any hope.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">His car is finished (totalled), and he himself is undergoing emergency treatment.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There’s just been a car accident, and several people were injured. The doctor is administering first-aid.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">i incidents of a relatively serious i danger; for example, cases of severe</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiuguolai</span><span class="font8">: ’to save’, literally ’to save over’. The directional verb ending </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòlai</span><span class="font8"> ’over’ sometimes shows the recovery of an original desirable or normal state. For example, in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiùguolai</span><span class="font8"> it implies the change from a condition in which death is imminent to one in which the patient can be</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">expected to live.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Dàren qíngkuàng hǎi hǎo, haizi jiùbuguòlai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhège jùzi xiǎcuò le, wǒ yào bǎ ta gǎiguolai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhège dìzhī xiede bú duì, nín dei gǎiguolai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">The adult’s condition is all right, but the child cannot be saved.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This sentence is wrong, I have to correct it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This address is wrong, you have to correct it.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Zuò huǒchē zuòle sǎhtiǎn lèi-huài le, yào shuì yídà jiao cai néng xiūxiguolai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Shàngwù mangle sìwùge zhòngtou zhōngwù shuì ge wùjiào, rén •jiù xiūxiguolai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tiān tài lěng, hē kǒu jiù jiù nuǎnhuoguolai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ hǎoxiàng hìng le, chuān zhènme duō yīfu dōu méi bànfǎ nuǎnhuoguolai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">After three days on the train, I'm exhausted. I'll have to have a good long sleep before I can be well rested.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In the morning I ran around for four or five hours, but then after a nap at noon, I felt very rested.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The weather is too cold, a sip of wine will warm you up.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I seem to be sick, I've got on all these clothes and I still can't get warm.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎozhòng</span><span class="font8">: 'to take care of oneself, to take care of (one’s health)'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Hǎohǎo bǎozhòng shēntǐ, bié &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Take good care of your health, don't</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">lèihuài le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wear yourself out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In telling someone to be sure to take care of himself, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎozhòng</span><span class="font8"> is usually preceded by </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōduō</span><span class="font8"> 'more (than usual)'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yílù píng'ǎn, duō bǎozhòng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have a good trip, and take good care</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">of yourself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐde bìng gang hǎo, duōduō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You just got over your illness, take</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">bǎozhòng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;real good care of yourself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font8">: 'to pass away'. Like English 'pass away', this is a euphemism for 'to die'.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tāde zùfù zuǒtiān wǎnshang guòqu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ mùqin shi shénme shíhou guòqude?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ mùqin guòqude shíhou, wǒ hái hěn xiǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">niǎnji</span><span class="font8">; '(a person's) age', you should learn by heart:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">His grandfather passed away last night.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When did your mother pass away?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I was still very young when my mother passed away.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Here are some frequently used patterns</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Nín duo dà niánji le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How old are you? (polite way of</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">asking an adult’s age)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā niánji bù xiǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She’s not young any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā niánji dà le. or. Tā shàngle He’s getting on in years, niánji le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">^Although the adjectival verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà</span><span class="font8"> ’to be big’ is used after </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánji</span><span class="font8"> to mean ’to be old’, when you want to say ’to be young’, you should use the adjectival verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīng</span><span class="font8"> ’to be light’ rather than </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo</span><span class="font8"> ’to be small’; for example, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā niánji hái qīng, bù yīnggāi ràng ta qù gōngzuò</span><span class="font8">, ’He’s still young, you shouldn’t make him go get a job.’l</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 11</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">píngjìng</span><span class="font8">: ’to be calm’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pingjìngxiàlai</span><span class="font8">, ’to calm down’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Shuīshàng yìzhī chuán dōu méiyou, yě méiyou fēng, hěn píngjìng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Kànjian jiāli rén dōu hěn hǎo, xīnli píngjìngdeduō le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">As in the last example above, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">píngjìng</span><span class="font8"> is heart’ to describe one’s emotional state.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">There wasn’t a single boat on the water, and there was no wind. It was very calm.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When I saw that everyone in the family was all right, I felt much calmer.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">often used with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīnli</span><span class="font8"> ’in the</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān tā hěn shēngqì, wō méi bànfa ràng ta píngjìngxiàlai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">He got very angry today and there was no way I could get him to calm down.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi néng</span><span class="font8">; ’was not able to’. Here you see the auxiliary verb </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">néng </span><span class="font8">used with the negative </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font8">. You have learned that state verbs (auxiliary verbs are one type of state verbs) are negated with bù, (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù hǎo</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù zhīdao</span><span class="font8">) not with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font8">. Here, however, you see </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi néng</span><span class="font8"> instead of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng</span><span class="font8">. This is an exception to the rule that all state verbs are always negated with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font8">. Actually, either </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi néng</span><span class="font8"> would be acceptable in this sentence. Some speakers, however, feel that there is a subtle difference between </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi néng</span><span class="font8"> when referring to an event in the past. For example, one can say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo zuotiān méi néng qù</span><span class="font8"> as well as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zuotiān bù néng qù</span><span class="font8">. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zuotiān méi néng qù</span><span class="font8"> hints at the fact that there was a failure to attain the state of being able to go, whereas </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zuotiān bù néng qù</span><span class="font8"> merely describes the state of being unable to go, without making any implications about failure (to attain the state of being able to go). Such a subtle difference</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">in implication may make very little difference in the actual import of a sentence in some contexts, although in other contexts it may be of some significance. (For the first example sentence, you need to know that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mìmi </span><span class="font8">means ’secret’.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zuotiān nī wen wo, wo bù néng gàosu ni, yīnwei zhè shi</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">•mìmi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zuotiān, nī wèn wo, wo méi néng gàosu ni, yīnwei Zhāng Sān zhàn zai pǎngbiān, wǒ bù xiǎng ràng ta zhīdào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnhuilai</span><span class="font8">: ’to rush back’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Dōu liùdiǎn zhōng le, wǒ xiǎng tā dàgài gǎnbuhuílai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiàwù wùdiǎn zhōng, women you ge huì, nī gǎndehuílai gǎnbuhuílai?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Yesterday when you asked me, ī couldn’t tell you, because it’s a secret.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because Zhāng Sān was standing there, and I didn’t want to let him know about it.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">It’s six o’clock already, I think she probably won * t make it back in time.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">At five in the afternoon we have a meeting. Can you make it back in</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A woman goes to visit her friend after hearing of her father’s death:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wo zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">jīngguò Táinánde shíhou tīngdao nǐ fùqin qùshìde xiāoxi. Zhēn bàoqiàn, wǒ méi néng gǎnhuilai diàosāng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ fùqin déle bìng, hěn kuài</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">jiù guòqu le. Women you xiē zài wàidìde qīnqi dōu méi néng lāidejí cānjiā sānglǐ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ jìde nǐ fùqin shēntǐ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">yíxiàng bù cuò, zhècì déle shénme bìng?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: 0, wǒ fùqin shēntǐ shi bù cuò,</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">jiùshi xīnzàng bù tài hao, zhècì hūrān fànle xīnzàngbìng, women gānjǐn bǎ tā lǎorénjiā sòngdao TāiDà Yīyuàn qu. Kěshi jīngguo jíjiù, haishi méi j iùguolai.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ zǔmǔ yě shi xīnzàngbìng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">qùshìde. Hǎoxiàng niānji dàlede rén déle xīnzàngbìng yǐhòu, hěn nan zhìhǎo. Lǎo xiānsheng guòqude shíhou bù tài tòngkǔ ba?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Shìde. Tā guòqude shíhou</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">bǐjiào píngjìng, hǎoxiàng bù tài tòngkǔ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Ni zhèxiē tiān yídìng mángde</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">hěn lèi le. Nǐ yào bǎozhòng shēntǐ. Guò xiē shíhou wǒ zài lai kàn ni.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Xièxie ni. Yǐhòu you gōngfu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">zài guòlai zuòzuo.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Hǎo. Zàijiàn!</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Zàijiàn!</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I went away on business lately and I heard the news of your father’s death when I was passing through Tainan. I’m so sorry I couldn’t make it back in time to go to the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My father passed away very soon after he became ill. We even have relatives outside the area who couldn’t make it to the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As I recall your father’s health was always pretty good, what illness did he get this time?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Well, my father's health </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">was</span><span class="font8"> pretty good, only his heart wasn’t so good. This time he had a sudden heart attack, and we rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital. But even the emergency treatment didn’t save him.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">My grandmother also died of heart disease. Older people seem to be very hard to cure after they get heart disease. When your father passed away he wasn't in much pain, I hope?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">No. He was rather calm when he passed away. He didn't seem to be in too much pain.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You must be very tired from being so busy these past few days. You have to take good care of yourself. I'll be back to see you again soon.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Thanks. When you have time come over again and sit awhile.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Okay. Good-bye!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Good-bye.'</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">13. Wǒ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">da chángtú diànhuà</span><span class="font8"> gàosu ta. *</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">1U. Tā lǎo péngyoude mǔqin shàngge xīngqī </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guōshì</span><span class="font8"> le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">15. Tā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shāngxīnj</span><span class="font8">íle.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">16. Nī fùqin yījīng qīshiwǔsuì, kéyi shuo shi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chángshòu</span><span class="font8"> le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">17.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Zài shuō</span><span class="font8"> ta guòshìde shihou yě bú tài tōngkǔ.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">18. Nī bú bì tài </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánguò</span><span class="font8"> le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">19. Wo mǔqin </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">běnlái</span><span class="font8"> xīwàng </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">érnǔm</span><span class="font8">en yíbèizi dōu zài tā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnbiān</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">20. Wǒ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgē</span><span class="font8"> jīnnián </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùbuliǎo</span><span class="font8"> Xiāng-gǎng le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">21.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Jiānglái</span><span class="font8"> you jīhui zài qù ba!</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">22. Wǒ mǔqin cháng shuō tā bú yuànyi Jiānglái </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zàngz</span><span class="font8">ai guōwài.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I called him long distance to tell him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">His old friend’s mother passed away last week.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He was terribly broken up.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Your father was already 75 years old. That’s quite a long life, actually.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Besides that, he wasn’t in too much pain when he died.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You don’t have to feel too sad.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Originally my mother hoped that her children would stay with her all her life.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My oldest brother can’t go to Hong Kong this year any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Go sometime in the future if you get the chance.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My mother often said that when the time came she didn’t want to be buried abroad.</span></p>
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<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">23. Ràng ta zài jiā </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ānxīn</span><span class="font8"> xiūxi.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font8">2U. A: Tā shuō tā qùshì yīhòu yào </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǒzàng</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bìngqiě</span><span class="font8"> xīwàng tāde háizimen néng bǎ tāde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǔhuī</span><span class="font8"> sònghuí guonèi.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">Let her rest without worry in her home.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He says that after he passes away he wants to be cremated.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Moreover he hopes his children will be able to take his ashes back to his home country.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13 </span><span class="font8">* </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ chángtú diànhuà</span><span class="font8">; ’to make a long-distance telephone call’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Qīng nīmen shēngyin xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you all he a little quieter,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yìdiǎn, wǒ zǎi dǎ chángtú &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;please? I’m making a long-distance</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">diànhuà ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;call!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You saw in the Post Office-Telephone Module that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">diànhuà</span><span class="font8"> can also be used with the meaning ’a telephone call’ as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">You nīde diànhuà</span><span class="font8">, ’There’s a telephone call for you’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chángtú diànhuà</span><span class="font8"> can be used in the same way:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wèi! Xiǎo Sānr! You nīde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Sānr! There’s a long-distance</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">chángtú diànhuà! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;phone call for you!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In the Meeting Module you saw the expression </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái diànhuà</span><span class="font8"> ’a telephone call is received’ or ’make a telephone call here’. Here is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chángtú diànhuà </span><span class="font8">used in the same pattern:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān zǎoshàng you rén gěi This morning someone called long-ni lái chángtú diànhuà le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;distance for you, but you weren’t</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">nī bú zài. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1U</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòshì</span><span class="font8">: ’to pass away, to die’. You have now seen ’to die’ expressed three different ways: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǒqu</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùshì</span><span class="font8">, and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòshì</span><span class="font8">. All may be used in conversation, although </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font8"> is probably the most common.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1$</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shāngxīn</span><span class="font8">: Literally, ’to wound the heart’. ’To be grieved, to be hurt, to be sad, to be broken-hearted’.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Tā zhènme shāngxīn, wèi- Why is he so broken-hearted? shénme?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Tā nūpéngyou zǒu le, zěnme His girlfriend left, how can he not néng bù shāngxīn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be broken-hearted?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Women jiāde gǒu sīle, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After the family dog died, I was</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shāngxīnle hǎo cháng shíjiān. broken-hearted for a real long time.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Nàme hǎode yíge háizi sīle, zhēn ràng rén shāngxīn.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">It really grieves one for such a good child to die.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chángshòu</span><span class="font8">: ’long life, longevity; to live a long life’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Yào xiǎng chángshòu, jiù t&gt;ù yīnggāi dūo he jiǔ.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Beifang chángshòude ren bī Nánfāng duō.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">If you want to live a long life, you shouldn’t drink excessively.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There are more people who live long in the North than in the South.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shuō</span><span class="font8">: ’furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides’, following a clause with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shuō</span><span class="font8">, one of the adverbs </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font8"> ’also’ is used.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Often or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font8"> ’also’</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">A: Zěnmeyàng? Jīntiān nī néng lai ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Zhèiliǎngtiān xià xuě, wǒ gānmào le, tiānqi you zhènme bù hǎo, zài shuō háizi tài xiǎo, bǎ tā yíge rén fàngzai j iāli, wǒ bǔ fàngxīn. Gǎitiān, wo yídìng lai, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">How about it? Can you come today?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It’s snowed these two days, and I caught a cold, and the weather is so bad. Moreover the child is too small to leave alone at home. I would worry. I’ll come for sure another day, okay?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā hěn nénggàn, zài shuō you name piàoliang, nī jiù tongyì le ba?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">She’s very capable, and what’s more, she’s so beautiful too. So you will agree (to marry her), won’t you? (said by a matchmaker to a young man)</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ děng ni bàntiān le, wǒ yào he ni tán yixia.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Wǒ gāng xià kè. Zài shuō wǒ hái méi chī fàn ne! Gǎitiān zài shuō ba!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve been waiting for you for ages.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I want to have a talk with you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I just got out of class. And furthermore I haven’t eaten yet! Let’s talk some other day!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 18</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánguò</span><span class="font8">: ’to be sad, to be distressed, to feel bad*, verb can be used to refer to either physical or emotional</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Yīshēng shuō tā mǔqinde bìng hěn lìhai» women dōu hěn nánguò.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">This adjectival distress.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The doctor said his mother’s illness was very serious, and we were all very sad.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān tā chile hāo duō shēngcāi, xiānzāi dùzili nánguò le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bié nánguò le, rén yǐjīng sīle nánguò yě méiyou yòng le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīntiān Song Laoshī hěn nánguò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiǎo Wángde j iāli you name duō máfan. Zhēn ràng rén nánguò.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">He ate a lot of raw vegetables today, so now his stomach hurts (he feels bad).</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Don’t be sad, he’s already dead, and it’s no use being sad.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Teacher Song is very sad today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There’s so much trouble in Xǐao</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wáng’s family, it really makes a person sad.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">běnlái</span><span class="font8">: ’originally, at first, in the first place’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Běnlái wǒ xiang jīntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyīng. Hòulái tīngshuō kāi huì. Suànle, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù ba.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Běnlái wǒ jīntiān qù Guangzhou, tiānqì bù hāo, dàgài děi míngtiān cái néng zǒu le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon. Later I heard there was a meeting. So I’ll forget it and go another time.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Originally I was going to Canton today, but the weather is bad so I’ll probably have to wait until tomorrow before 1 can leave.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíbèizi</span><span class="font8">: ’all one’s life, in one’s (whole) life, throughout one’s life, as long as one lives, a lifetime’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèngfǔ bāng tā bā zài wàiguǒ-de qián zhāohuilai le. Tā yíbèizi yě méiyou jiànguo zhènme duō qián, hāo gāoxìng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā you sānge érzi, wèi zhèi sānge érzi mángle yíbèizi. Xiànzài lāole, gāi xiūxi xiūxi le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">The government helped her get back money she had outside the country. She had never seen so much money in her whole life. She was really happy.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">She has three sons and for these three sons she was busy her whole life. Now she is old and should take it easy.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnbiān</span><span class="font8">: ’at/by one’s side; (have something) on one, with one’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ you yíge háizi zài nóngcūn, I have one child out in the country yíge háizi zài shēnbiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and one child here with me.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Rúguo tā shēnbiān you hāo jǐge háizi jiù méiyou bànfā chū-lai gōngzuò.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">If she has several children at her feet, then she just can’t go out and work.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 20</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgē</span><span class="font8">: ’oldest brother’. Remember that ’older brother’ is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēge</span><span class="font8">, but the oldest of several children is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgē</span><span class="font8">. In addition </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgē</span><span class="font8"> can be used between men to show a friendly relationship of unequal status.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùbuliǎo</span><span class="font8">: ’cannot go’. This is a compound verb or result, like </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">kanbujian</span><span class="font8"> ’cannot see’ or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chībubǎo</span><span class="font8"> ’cannot eat one’s fill*. The ending </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-liǎo </span><span class="font8">is in compounds of potential result (those with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de-</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-bu-</span><span class="font8"> between the main verb and the resultative ending) with the meaning of ’be able to*. You may be thinking (and rightly so) that this is just the meaning added by the use of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de-</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-bu-</span><span class="font8">. This has led some people to label </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">-liǎo</span><span class="font8"> as a ’dummy’ resultative ending since it does not seem to add any additional information like other more specific endings do (e.g. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎn</span><span class="font8"> ’finish’).</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wàimian shēngyīn hǎo dà. Shizài shuìbuliǎo jiao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jintiān ting diàn, kànbuliǎo diǎnyīngr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ zuìjìn dùzi bù shūfu, chī-buliǎo shēngcài.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhènme duō cài, chībuliǎo le!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiàwu wǒ you shi, qùbuliǎo túshūguǎnle, míngtiān zài shuō ba.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Ni jiǔdiǎn zhōng xià ban, jintiān wǎnhuì ni qùdeliǎo qùbuliǎo?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Ni bú yào dāo jīchǎng lai song wo, nī yì kū wǒ j iù zǒubu-liǎo le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">It’s so noisy outside. I really can’t sleep at all.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Today they’re turning off the electricity, so we can’t watch the movie.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My stomach has been uncomfortable lately, I can’t eat lettuce.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">So many dishes, we won’t be able to eat them!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This afternoon I’m busy, I can’t go to the library, let’s talk about it tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You get off work at 9-&quot;00, can you go to the evening meeting?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Don’t come to the airport to see me off; as soon as you start to cry, I won’t be able to leave.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 21</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiānglǎi</span><span class="font8">: ’in the future’. Like other time words, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiānglái</span><span class="font8"> can be used between the subject and the verb, or at the front of the sentence before the subject.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jiānglǎi ZhōngMǎi guānxi yuè In the future as Sino-American lai yuè hǎo, women zài Mǎiguo relations get better and better, jiù bījiào rōngyi mǎidào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it will be easier for us to buy</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngguode dōngxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese goods in America.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ jiānglāi yào dào Shànghǎi līngshìguǎn qù gōngzuò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 23</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ānxīn</span><span class="font8">: ’to feel at ease, to set to keep one’s mind (on something)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā xiānshēng níílì zuò shi, tā kéyi ānxīn dú shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒde hāizi gōngzuòde hěn hǎo, wǒ yě jiù ānxīn le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">In the future I want to work in the consulate in Shanghai.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">o'ne’s mind at ease, to be at peace;</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">With her husband working hard at his job, she could keep her mind on her studying.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My child is doing well at work, and I can now feel at ease.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. </span><span class="font8" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">2k</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìngqiě</span><span class="font8">: ’furthermore, moreover, and, besides’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ yào bǎ gōngzuò zuò hǎo, bìngqiě yào bǎ Zhōngwén xuéhǎo.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I want to do a good job at work and and do a good job studying Chinese.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèige haizi hěn nǔlì bìngqiě hěn cōngmīng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ jìhua zhèige xīngqī bǎ zhèipiān wénzhāng xiěwǎn, bìngqiě fānyicheng Zhōngwén.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">This child is very industrious and intelligent too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I plan to finish writing this essay this week and furthermore translate it into Chinese.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">After the funeral of an elderly man who came to Taiwan from the mainland, a friend comes to visit the family:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wo zuìjìn chūchāi qu le, zuótiān huílai cái zhìdao lǎo xiānsheng guòshìde xiāoxi, érqiě tīngshuō sānglī yě bànguo le, wǒ mei néng gǎn-huilai diàosāng, zhēn shi bàoqiàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Wo fùqin xīnzàng yíxiāng bú tāi hǎo, zuìjìn liǎngnián, yīshēng jiao ta tiāntiān chī yào, jiéguǒ wèntí hǎoxiàng shǎole yìdiǎn, kěshi liǎngge xīngqī yīqián hūrán fànle lǎo bìng, wǒ dàgē jiù gǎnjīn bǎ tā lǎorénjia sòngdao TáiDā Yīyuàn jíjiù, bìngqiě dǎ chángtú diànhuà bǎ wo jiào-huilai. Tā niánji dà le, suīrán jīngguo jītiān jíjiù háishi méi jiùguolai, zài shàng Xīngqīèr qùshì le; búguò tā qùshìde shíhou bījiǎo píngjìng, hǎoxiàng bú tài tòngkǔ.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Fùqin qùshì, érnū yídìng</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">hěn shāngxīn. Búguò lǎo xiānsheng qīshiduōsuì qùshì yě suàn shi chángshòu le. Zài shuō tā guòqude shíhou bú tài tòngkǔ, nīmen xiōngdì jiěmèi yě dōu zài tā shēnbiān, tā yě jiù ānxīn le, nī yě bú yào tài nánguò. Lǎo xiānsheng zàngzai náli?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Wǒ fùqin shuōguo, yàohuǒ-zàng. Tā shuō tā zhèyíbeizi kǒngpà huíbuliǎo lǎojiā le, jiào women jiānglái bǎ gǔhuī sònghuí lǎojiā qu, suoyi women jiù zhǔnbèi zhào tā shuōde ban.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve been away on business lately, and I didn’t find out until I got back yesterday that your father had passed away. And I hear that the funeral has already been held. I’m really sorry I didn’t make it back in time to attend the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My father’s heart was never too good. The past two years, the doctor told him to take medicine every dayj and there didn’t seem to be so much of a problem any more, but two weeks ago he had a sudden attack of his old illness. My oldest brother rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital for emergency treatment. He also called me long distance to get me to come back. He was quite old, and even after several days of emergency treatment they still weren’t able to save him. He passed away last Tuesday, but at the time he was rather calm, and he didn’t seem to be in too much pain.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When a father passes away, the children always feel very grieved. But for your father to pass away at over seventy is really quite a long life. Besides, he wasn’t in too much pain when he passed away, and all you brothers and sisters were at his side, so he could set his mind at ease; so don’t be too sad. Where will he be buried?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My father had said he wanted to be cremated. He said that he probably wouldn’t be able to return to his hometown in his lifetime, and he told us to take his ashes back to his hometown someday. So we’re planning to do as he asked.</span></p>
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<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ānxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be without worry, to feel at ease, to feel relieved</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bǎozhòng běnlái bìngqiǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to take good care (of oneself) originally moreover, and</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">canjiā chángshòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to take part in; to attend</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">long life, longevity; to live a long time</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chūchāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be out of town on business</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">da chángtú diānhuā dàgē</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">diàosang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to make a long-distance phone call oldest brother</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ěrnù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">children</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to have an attack (of an old disease)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gǎndeshàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gǎnhuilai gǎnjǐn guhuī guòqu guòshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to rush back quickly bone ashes</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to pass away, to die to pass away, to die</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">huǒzàng hūrán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to cremate; cremation suddenly</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">j iānglāi jíjiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">the future, someday</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">first aid; to administer emergency treatment</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jiùguolai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to save</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">lāorénjia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">polite way of addressing or referring to an old person</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">-liǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">(</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ lǎorenjia</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorěnjia</span><span class="font8">) can, to be able to</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">nānguò</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">niánji (niánjì)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be sad age</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">píngjìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be calm</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qubuliǎo qùshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">cannot go</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to pass away, to die</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">sānglǐ shāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">funeral</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be heartbroken</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">shēnbiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to escort, to take (someone to a place)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāoxi xīnzàng xīnzàngbìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">news heart heart disease</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yíbèizi yíxiàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">all one’s life</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">zài shuō zàng zuìjìn zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">furthermore, besides</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to bury</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">recently; soon</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">grandmother (on the father’s side)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">1. Xiǎo Lǐde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mama sǐ</span><span class="font8"> le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Li’s mother died.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">2. A: Nǐ shuō women </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi fǒu gāi </span><span class="font8">canjiā tāde sānglǐ?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Women </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yingdāng</span><span class="font8"> qù yíxiǎ.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">3. Xiǎo Lǐde māma jīntiān </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chū bin</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">U. Yìbān rénde sānglǐ méiyou name duōde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǐju</span><span class="font8"> le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">5. Yìbān cānjiā sānglǐde rén dōu song </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn hud huāquān</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">6. Xiě wǎnliàn </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎnzhèng</span><span class="font8"> láibují le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">7. Women qù mǎi yige huāquān </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rúhé</span><span class="font8">?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">8. Niànqīng fùnu xǐhuan chuān </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huā</span><span class="font8"> yīfu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">9.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Nǎ</span><span class="font8"> néng rang ni pòfei?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">10. Wǒ qù gěi ta mǎi diǎn xiǎo lǐwù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù shi le</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">11.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Zhǐ yào</span><span class="font8"> bú tài guì, wǒ haishi </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dā</span><span class="font8"> jìchéngchē qu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">12. Nǐ shuō women liǎngge rén </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">héqilai</span><span class="font8"> song ta yítǎo pànzi-wǎn zěnmeyang?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">13. Nǐ </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎode Yàngmíngshān Gōngmù </span><span class="font8">zài nāli ma?</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Do you think we should go to the funeral?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">We should go.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The funeral procession for Xiao Li’s mother is today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Most people’s funerals don’t have so many special customs anymore.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Most people who attend a funeral send a funeral scroll or a flower wreath.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">It’s too late to write a funeral scroll anyway.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How about if we go buy a flower wreath?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Young women like to wear multicolored clothing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How could I make you spend money?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ll just go and buy her a little present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As long as it’s not too expensive, it would be best if I took a taxi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What do you say the two of us give him a set of dishes together?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do you know where Yangmingshan Public Cemetery is?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mama</span><span class="font8">: ’mother, mom’ Although this can be used as a term of address, like English ’Mom’ or ’Mommy’, it can also be used in informal conversation to refer to one’s own or someone else’s mother, as in </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǒ mama</span><span class="font8"> *my mother’, or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā mama</span><span class="font8">* his mother’. For the term of direct address ’Mom’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mā</span><span class="font8"> is probably more commonly used than </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mama</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo mama shàng ban qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My mother has left for work.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiàwù, Mama jiù zuò huoche lái This afternoon, Mom came by train kàn wo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit me.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sī</span><span class="font8">: ’to die’ This is a process verb, like </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìng</span><span class="font8"> ’to become ill, to get sick’, and therefore corresponds more closely to the English ’to become dead’ than it does ’to be dead'. In English one can talk about a person who has a terminal illness, saying ’He is dying', but this does not translate directly into Chinese. In Chinese one can say </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā kuài (yào) sīle</span><span class="font8">, 'He is about to die,' or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā huóbuliāo duo jiù le</span><span class="font8">, 'He won't live much longer.'</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tīngshuō Lao Liùde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lǎo Liu’s father has died.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sī</span><span class="font8"> can be used directly before a noun as an adjective, meaning 'dead'. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi side</span><span class="font8"> may be used to mean 'is dead'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhè shi yìtiáo sī yù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is a dead fish.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèitiáo yù shi side. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This fish is (a) dead (one).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì fǒu</span><span class="font8">: 'is it (true) or isn’t it (true that) ...' This phrase is a more formal-sounding equivalent of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì bu shi</span><span class="font8">; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǒu</span><span class="font8"> in literary Chinese means ’or not’. In spoken Standard Chinese, the use of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì fǒu</span><span class="font8"> is more restricted than </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì bu shi</span><span class="font8">. First of all, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì fǒu</span><span class="font8"> has a more educated, formal ring to it than </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì bu shi</span><span class="font8">. Secondly, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì fǒu</span><span class="font8"> is usually used only before another verbal expression, as in the following examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèzhǒng tiān shì fǒu huì xià Is (this weather) going to rain? yù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīnnián dōngtiān, nǐ shì fǒu Are you hoping to go to Miami this xiǎng dào Màiāmì qu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;winter?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nī shì fǒu zhùnbèi ànzhao zhège Are you planning to act according to jìhua qù zuò? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this plan?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ yīnggāi xiǎngyixiǎng, nī duì zhège rén shi fǒu liǎojiě.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ niánji bù xiǎo le, nǐ shi fǒu kǎoluguo jiéhūnde wèntí?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jīnniǎn, nǐmen xuéxiàode xué-shēng shi fǒu zēngjiǎ le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ bù zhīdào wǒde yìjian shi fǒu néng dédao tongyì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèizhǒng dōngxi zài zhèli shi fǒu mǎidedào?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">You ought to think about whether you understand this person or not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You're not young anymore, have you considered the question of marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This year did the (number of) students in your school increase?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I don’t know whether my opinion will be agreed with or not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Can this sort of thing be bought here?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">chū bin</span><span class="font8">: 'to transport the coffin to the burial place or to the tomb*. Literally, this means 'take out the coffin'.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Liujiā míngtiān chū bin.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zuotiān, Liu Xiānsheng gěi tā fùqin chūle bin yǐhòu, hui jiā jiù bìng le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">The Liu's have the funeral procession tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yesterday, after Mr. Liu accompanied his father's coffin to the cemetery, he went home and then got sick.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. U</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǐju</span><span class="font8">; 'fixed standards of conduct, regulations, or customs'.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Anzhao Zhōngguode guǐju, gěi sīrén chūle bin yǐhòu hai yào zuò shénme?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Kèren lai le, zài māng yě yào hē bēi chá, zhè shi wǒmende guǐju.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">According to Chinese custom, after accompanying the coffin of the deceased to the cemetery, what else should be done?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When a guest comes, no matter how busy he is, he should have a cup a cup of tea. This is our custom.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">You guǐju</span><span class="font8"> means 'to have manners':</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhège háizi bù dong shi, méi guǐju, zhēn ràng rén bù hǎo yìsi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wángjiāde lǎodà zhǎngde hǎokàn, yòu you guǐju, zhēn hǎo.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8">This child does not understand about things, he has no manners. It really embarasses a person.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The Wang's oldest son is good looking and he is well mannered. He's really great.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guiju</span><span class="font8"> as an adjectival verb means ’to be proper, to be correct (of a person)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Lǎo Wǎngde nūér rén hěn guiju. Lǎo Wǎng’s daughter is very proper.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font8">: Some of the uses of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font8"> do not correspond to ’all’. ’All’ in English is often .described as ’collective’, that is, referring to all the members in a group. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dōu</span><span class="font8"> in Chinese is often described as ’distributive’, that is referring to the members of a group as individuals. This usage sometimes is translated as ’each’. Notice that in the Reference List sentence </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font8"> in combination with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìbān</span><span class="font8"> and another noun produces this meaning.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Hěn duō Zhōngguo rén dāole Měiguo dōu xiǎng niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Qiǎnjǐniǎn, xǔduō xuéshēng bìyè yǐhòu dōu dào nōngcūn qu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yìbān Zhōngguo rén dōu juéde xué Yīngwén bǐ xué Zhōngwén nǎn.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">A lot of Chinese want to study after they get to the United States.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Several years ago many students went to the countryside after they graduated.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The average Chinese .thinks that English is harder to learn than Chinese.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn</span><span class="font8">: ’funeral scroll, scroll of condolence’, literally ’elegiac— couplet'. E</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liǎn</span><span class="font8"> is short for </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">duìliǎn</span><span class="font8"> ’a written or inscribed couplet (pair of parallel sentences)’.3 Traditionally, white cloth scrolls in one to three strips were written for the deceased by friends. More recently a new practice has developed which is to send scrolls or wreaths bearing one character: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">diàn</span><span class="font8">, ”to sacrifice.” Sending flowers has been brought in by Western custom.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiàwǔ wǒ dào Liújiā qu, nǐ gěi This afternoon I’m going to the Liu's, xiě ge wǎnliàn hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;could you write a funeral scroll</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">for them?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huò</span><span class="font8">: ’or’. You have learned </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huòshi</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huòzhě</span><span class="font8"> for ’or’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huò</span><span class="font8"> is a more literary variant, but it can still be heard in conversation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Jintiān wǎnshang huò míngtiān Come over to my house tonight or wǎnshang nǐ dào wǒ zhèli lai tomorrow night, okay? yítàng hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huāquān</span><span class="font8">: 'flower wreath’, literally ’flower circle’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ xiǎng mǎi ge huāquān gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I.want to buy a flower wreath to send</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Liújiā sòngqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the Liu’s.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎnzhèng</span><span class="font8">: ’anyway, anyhow, either way, in any case, all the same*. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fanzhèng</span><span class="font8"> may come either before or after the subject of the sentence.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ jí shenme, fǎnzhèng gǎnbu-shàng kāi huì le, manman zǒu ba.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Fǎnzhèng wo bù mǎi, méi qian méi guānxi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ fǎnzhèng méi shì, women jiù tántan zhèige wèntí ba.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù, nǐ bú qù yě kéyi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fǎnzhèng</span><span class="font8"> is often prefaced by a matter whether...’:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bù guǎn nǐ qù bu qù, fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">What are you so anxious for, we won’t make it in time for the meeting anyway, so let's just take our time.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’m not going to buy it anyway, so it doesn't matter that I don’t-have any money.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I don’t have anything to do anyway, so let’s talk about this.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I'm going anyway; it’s okay if you don’t go </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font8"> It’s okay if you don’t go; anyway, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">I’m</span><span class="font8"> going.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">clause beginning with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù guǎn</span><span class="font8"> ’no</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">No matter whether you go or not, I’m going anyway.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rúhé</span><span class="font8">: ’how; how about; in what way’. This is a literary word which means about the same as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zěnmeyàng</span><span class="font8">. In a more plain, colloquial style, the Reference List sentence could also be said as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Women qù mǎi yige huāquān zěnmeyàng</span><span class="font8">? Spoken Standard Chinese draws more on the written style in an area like Taiwan, where a majority of the population learn Standard Chinese in school, rather than at home. A speaker from Peking might consider </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Women mǎi yige huāquān rúhé</span><span class="font8"> to sound a little stiff and unnatural. You should be able to understand </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rúhé</span><span class="font8">, but use it yourself only in speaking with people who use it, or in writing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Míngtiān Lǎo Zhāng qǐng women Tomorrow Lǎo Zhāng has invited all dàjiā chī fàn, nǐ Juéde rúhā? of us to eat, what do you think?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèjiàn shìde jiéguo rúhé? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What was the outcome of this matter?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">”Jiào wǒ rúhé bù xiǎng ta?&quot; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;(it makes me so that) How could I</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">not miss her?&quot; (name of famous popular song of the 30’s)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">huā: ’to be multicolored*.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Jintiān tā chuānle yíjiàn huā yīfu, hāo piāoliāng!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Today she’s wearing a multicolored dress. It’s gorgeous!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Na neng rang ni pòfei</span><span class="font8">: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nā</span><span class="font8"> or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font8"> (Peking) is used in rhetorical questions.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā méi qiǎn, nǎ néng jiéhūn!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zāi Yéye nali nǎ(r) néng name shuō huā!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nī shi women jiāde rén, nā(r) néng bū ràng ni zhīdào zǎnmen jiāde shi ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ shuōde shi jībǎiniánqiánde shi, nà shíhoude Měiguo nā(r) you shenme chéngshì!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ nǎ(r) míngbai!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">B: Nī name cōngmingde rén, nā(r) huì bù míngbai!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nī kàn, nǎ(r) you zhèyang ban shide, bù jīngguò jūmín wěiyuánhuì, j iù xiǎng shēng haizi, nà nǎ(r) xíng?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Tā yìzhí zài chéngli zhùzhe, nǎ(r) dàoguo nōngcūn ne!</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Zěnmeyàng? Xiǎo Zhāng kuài jiehūn le ba?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Nǎr a! Nūjiā fùmù bū yuàn-yi, māfan dà le!</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">He has no money, how can he get married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How can you talk like that in front of Grandpa?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You’re family, how could we not let you know what’s going on in our family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’m talking about something several hundred years ago, how could America have had any cities at that time?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Like heck I understand!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You’re such a smart person, how could you not understand?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Look, how can you go about things like this? You want to have a child without going through your neighborhood committee, how can that be okay?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When has he ever been to the countryside! He’s always lived in the city!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How’s it going? Is Xiǎo Zhāng going to get married soon?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You must be kidding! The girl's parents don’t want it. There's a lot of trouble.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù shi le</span><span class="font8">: This phrase is used at the end of a sentence to mean ’...that’s all’. It can have several different implications, depending on the context:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(1) ’’Don’t worry, this matter can simply be taken care of like this.” (something is virtually taken care of)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo you wangle bǎ shū dǎilai, I forgot to bring the book again, búguò wǒ yídìng jiègei ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but I’m going to lend it to you</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">jiù shi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for sure, don’t worry.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wo zhǎo nín shuode bǎn jiù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll simply do as you say.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shi le.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Deng yixiǎ gěi ni bǎn jiù shi le, nǐ jí shenme!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">ǎnzhao zhège jìhua zuò jiù shi le, you shénme hǎo tande?!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(2) 'Only, just this, nothing</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhǎliǎngge háizi chǎbuduō, búguò Lǎo Dǎ cōngming yidiǎnr jiù shi le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā lai, méiyou shénme shi, búguò xiǎng yǎo nǎběn shū jiù shi le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">(3) 'that’s all that can be done</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Fǎnzhǎng wo gēn ni shuōguo jiù shi le</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">i'll take care of it for you in a moment, don’t worry, why are you so anxious?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do it according to this plan and that's all there is to it! What else is there to discuss?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">more than this'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">These two children are about the</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">same, but the older one is a little more intelligent, that’s all.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When he came he wasn't up to anything special, he just wanted that book, that’s all.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">about it *.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In any case, I've told you, and that's all I can do.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ yǎo</span><span class="font8">: 'as long as, so long as,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhǐ yǎo wo jīntiān wǎnshang you kòng, jiù kéyi bǎ zhèběn shū kǎnwān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">if only*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As long as I have time tonight, I can finish reading this book.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dā</span><span class="font8">: ’to travel by, to take (a bus, car, train, boat, etc.)’</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Wo yě yào dào xuéxiào qu, dā nínde chē xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ dācuòle chē, jiéguō pǎodao Běitóu qu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Měitiān wo dā sìlù chē shàng bān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">I’m going to school too, can I get a ride with you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I got on the wrong bus, and ended up in Běitóu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I take the Route U bus to work every day.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">héqilai</span><span class="font8">: ’to combine, to put together, to unite’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">He</span><span class="font8"> is a verb meaning ’to combine, to put together, to unite, to merge*. You should learn to use </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font8"> in the following combinations: </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hezai yìqǐ</span><span class="font8"> ’to combine (two or more things together)’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">héqilai</span><span class="font8"> ’to combine (forces), to come together, to put together’, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">héchéng</span><span class="font8"> ’to combine into, to merge into’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Women liāngjiā héqilai māixiale zhè liùjiān fāngzi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèliǎngge jùzi hécheng yíge, róngyi shuō yidiānr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèliǎngbān hézai yìqǐ, zhǐ you shíge xuéshēng, hái bú suàn tài duō.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Our two families bought these six rooms together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">If you combine these two sentences into one, it’s easier to say.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">If these two classes are combined, there are only ten students; that’s still not too many.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No, 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎode</span><span class="font8">: ’know’. This is a synonym of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐdao</span><span class="font8">, and can be used in most of the same ways that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐdao</span><span class="font8"> can be used. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāode</span><span class="font8"> is not, however, commonly used in Peking; it is mostly used in southern areas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngmù</span><span class="font8">: ’public cemetery’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Gāngcái tā yòu dào gōngmù qu le, gěi tā māma song yibā huā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Just now she went to the cemetery again and left a- bunch of flowers (on her mother * s grave).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Two friends who work together at the</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Tīngshuō Xiǎo Lǐde Mama sīle.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ xiǎng women shi fou gāi qù canjiā tāde sānglī?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Women gēn Xiǎo Lǐ yījīng shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">shíjīniānde lǎo péngyou le, nǎ néng hu qù!</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Sānglī you méiyou shénme</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">tebié guījù? Wǒ zhǎngde zhènme dā le, hǎi méi cānjiāguo sānglī ne!</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Zhī yào bù chuān huā yīfu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">dàgāi jiù kéyi le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Women gāi song diǎn shénme</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">dōngxi ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Yìbān rén dōu song wǎnliān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">huo huāquān. Women liǎngge rén kéyi héqilai song yíge huāquān. Nī kǎn rūhé?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Dāngrán hǎo....Nǐ zhīdào bu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">zhidao tā māma nǎtiān chū bin?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Xiǎ Lībāisān xiāwǔ sāndiǎn.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Yào zǎngzai nāli?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Yāngmíngshān Dìyī Gōngmù.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Zěnme qù?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Wǒ yě bù xiǎode. &nbsp;Fǎnzhèng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">dao shihou women dā jìchéngchē qu jiù shi le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Xiǎng bu xiǎng xiànzài qù kànkan Xiǎo Lī?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Bù xíng. Wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">you shìqing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Bank of Taiwan are having a talk:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I heard that Xiǎo Lī’s mother died. Do you think we should go to the funeral?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">We’ve been friends with Xiǎo Lī for over ten years, how could we not go!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Are there any apecial customs at funerals? I’ve reached this age without ever having been to a funeral!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">As long as you don’t wear multicolored clothes it should be okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Should we send some kind of gift?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Most people send a funeral scroll or a flower wreath. The two of us can send a flower wreath together. What do you think?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Of course that would be good....Do you know what day his mother’s funeral procession will be?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Next Wednesday afternoon at 3.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Where is she going to be buried?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">In Yāngmíngshān Public Cemetery No. 1.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">How do you get there?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I don’t know either. Anyway, when the time comes we’ll just take a cab there.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Do you want to go see Xiǎo Lī now?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I can't. I’m busy tonight.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Name míngtiān jiàn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Míngtiān jiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Then I’ll see you tomorrow</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">See you tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">1U. Zài Táiběi you rén </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènwéi </span><span class="font8">Yángmíngshān gōngmù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshuǐ </span><span class="font8">hǎo.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">15. Shéi dōu xīwàng tāde </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǐsūn hòudài fādá</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">16.</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Jiǎngjiu</span><span class="font8"> fēngshuǐ hǎo bu hǎo háishi jiù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniàn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">17. Wō mùqin bù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mixìn</span><span class="font8">, tā shuō </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tùzàng</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǒzàng</span><span class="font8"> dōu kéyi.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">18. Women </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídào</span><span class="font8"> qù </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn </span><span class="font8">ba!</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">19. Wǒ kàndao chū bìnde rén </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàdōu </span><span class="font8">zhǐ zài </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǒubìs</span><span class="font8">hang </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dài xiào</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">20. Wǒ cǒnglái bù chuān </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǐ</span><span class="font8"> yīfu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">21. Keren dōu yào zài </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiānmíngbù-</span><span class="font8">shang qian ming, zhè shi wǒmende </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiguàn</span><span class="font8">.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">In Taipei there are people who believe that the feng-shui in Yangmingshan Cemetery is good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Everyone hopes that his descendants will be prosperous.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">To be particular about whether the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font8"> is good or not is an old way of thinking.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">My mother isn’t superstitious; she says that either burial or cremation is okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Let’s go to the Paradise Funeral Home together, okay?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I saw that most of the people in the funeral procession were only wearing mourning on their arm.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I never wear gray clothing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">The guests are all supposed to sign their name in a guest book. This is our custom.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 14</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènwéi</span><span class="font8">: ’to think (that), to consider (that), to believe (that)*. This is a very common verb used to express that someone has formed an opinion or made a judgment about a person or thing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ rènwéi zhè shi yíge hěn zhòngyàode wèntí.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">I think this is a very important question.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I don’t think you should do this.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ bú rènwéi nǐ yīnggāi zuò zhèjiàn shì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshuǐ</span><span class="font8">: Literally ’wind and water’, this means the geographical outlay of something to be built, such as a grave or the foundation of a house. The traditional Chinese science of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshuǐ</span><span class="font8">, or geomancy, is concerned with the good and bad influences which the location of a grave or building are believed to exert over a family and its descendants. In particular, the dead are influenced by and able to influence the celestial bodies for the benefit of the living. Each family, therefore, is naturally interested in arranging the most auspicious placement for it’s family grave.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhège fángzide fēngshuǐ bù hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font8"> of this house is no good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèlide fēngshuǐ bú cuò. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font8"> here is pretty good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 15</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǐsūn</span><span class="font8">: ’sons and grandsons’, or used in a more general sense, ’offspring descendants*. For this example, you have to know that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huángdì</span><span class="font8"> means ’the Yellow Emperor*, a legendary ruler thought of as the father of Chinese civilization.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngguo rén dōu shi Huāngdì-de zǐsūn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòudài</span><span class="font8">: ’descendants, posterity,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Womende hòudài dōu yīnggāi jìzhu zhèijiàn shi!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā méiyou hòudài.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fādǎ</span><span class="font8">; ’to be prosperous well-developed’.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">The Chinese are all descendants of the Yellow Emperor.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">later generations’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Our descendants should all remember this!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">He is without descendants.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">means ’industry and commerce’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Měiguode gōngshāngyè fēichāng f ādá.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhèijiā rénjiā hen fādá.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be flourishing; to be developed, to be For the first example, you need to know that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngshāngyè</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">America’s industry and commerce are very developed.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">This family is prosperous.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎngjiu</span><span class="font8">: ’to be particular about, to be meticulous about, to pay attention to, to strive for’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhège rén hěn jiǎngjiu chī, hěn This person is particular about what jiǎngjiu chuān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he eats and what he wears.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nèige hāizi tài jiǎngjiu chuān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That kid pays too much attention to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">what she wears.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiangjiu</span><span class="font8"> can also mean ’to be elegant’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐmen jiāde jiāju zhēn jiǎngjiu.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniān</span><span class="font8">: mentality (of).</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">’way of thinking, concept,</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Měiguo rénde guānniān gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniān youde yíyàng, youde bù yíyāng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Nǐ kān ba, zài guS jǐniān niān-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wān-hūn jiù huì biàncheng yizhǒng guānniān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Your furniture is truly elegant.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">notion, view, sense (of),</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the same, sometimes not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">You watch, in more few years, it will have become an accepted notion that young people should get involved late and marry late.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 17</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">míxìn</span><span class="font8">: ’to be superstitious (about); superstition’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Shāngcháode shihou Zhōngguo rén During the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese bǐjiǎo míxìn, xiànzài bǐjiǎo were relatively superstitious, now bù míxìn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they aren’t so much any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Youde Zhōngguo rén míxìn fēng- Some Chinese are superstitious about shuī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tùzāng</span><span class="font8">: ’to bury (a dead person)’, literally ’ground-bury*. This word is used only in contrast to other ways of disposing of a dead body, for example cremation or burial at sea. Elf no contrast with other forms of disposal is implied, then the word for ’to bury’ is simply </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zāng</span><span class="font8"> (for formal burials), </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">mai</span><span class="font8"> (for informal burials), </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">maizāng</span><span class="font8">, or </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">ānzāng</span><span class="font8"> (literally ’peacefully bury’, a respectful term).]</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Éguo rén shuōguo tāmen yào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Russians said they wanted to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">maizāng Měiguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bury Americans.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huozāng</span><span class="font8">: ’to cremate; cremation’. In this word, you may think of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">zāng</span><span class="font8"> ’to bury* as extended to mean ’to dispose of (a dead body)’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huo</span><span class="font8"> means ’fire’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídào</span><span class="font8">: ’together'. You have already learned </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìqǐ</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíkuāir</span><span class="font8"> for ’together’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yídào</span><span class="font8"> is mostly used by speakers of southern Mandarin and is little used by northerners.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yāohuá hé tāde nùpéngyou yídào Yāohuā and his girlfriend went to kān diānyīngr qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see a movie.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Háizimen zài yídào wánr.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">The children are playing together.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàdōu</span><span class="font8">: ’for the most part, mostly’. Another word with the same meaning which is probably used by more people than </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàdōu</span><span class="font8"> is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàduō</span><span class="font8">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zài Yìndu rénmín dàdōu (or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In India the people are mostly Hindu,</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">dàduō) xìn Yìndujiào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngguo rén dàduō shi nóngmín. Chinese for the most part are rural people.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shoubì</span><span class="font8">: ’arm (from the wrist to the shoulder)’. Other words for 'arm’ used in different regions are </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēbei</span><span class="font8"> and </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēbo</span><span class="font8"> (Peking </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēbe</span><span class="font8">).</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiǎo Lǐ gēbo shōule shang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Lǐ was hurt in the arm, and also</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Xiǎo Wǎngde tuǐ yě shōule &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Wǎng was hurt in the leg.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shang.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Gāngcǎi, wo bù xiǎoxin pèngdao- Just now I was careless and bumped le ménshang, dào xiànzài &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;into the door, and my arm still</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shoubì hai téng ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hurts now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàixiào</span><span class="font8">: ’to wear mourning*. Formerly, people wore certain types of clothes while in mourning (sackcloth or white from head to foot). Nowadays, customs differ widely, but some small item is usually still worn to indicate a death in the family. These include a white flower in the hair, a coarse cloth patch on the arm or in the hair, or a black armband.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Tā fùqin sīle kuài sānnián le, Her father has been dead for almost tā hai dàixiào ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three years and she is still wearing</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">mourning!</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 20</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái bù</span><span class="font8">: ’never, never does...’. In the last unit, you saw the pattern </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">conglái méi(you</span><span class="font8">), meaning ’have never...’ or ’had never...’. </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Conglái </span><span class="font8">means ’from the past up until now (it has always been this way)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Wǒ conglái bú yuànyi zǎoshang I never want to study in the morning, niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font8">: ’to be gray’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Zài Zhōngguo dàduōshù rén dōu The great majority of people in China xǐhuan chuān lánsē hé huīsěde like to wear blue or gray clothing, yīfu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 21</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiānmíngbù</span><span class="font8">: ’guest book’, literally, ’sign-name record book’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiān ming</span><span class="font8">: &nbsp;’to sign one’s name*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Qíng ni zài zhèli qiān míng. Please sign here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font8">: ’custom, habit’. The definition of </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font8"> in a Chinese dictionary reads: ’behavior, tendency, or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly’. Compare this with </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font8"> ’custom’, which you learned in Unit 1: ’the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc. adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society’•</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Notice that </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font8"> may refer to the way of an individual or of a community, whereas </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font8"> only refers to the way of a community.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font8">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">An American student attending Taiwan National University is talking with a Chinese classmate and friend:</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Tīngshuō Wang Lǎoshīde fùqin</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">qùshì le. Nī xiǎng women shi fǒu gāi qù canjiā sānglī?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Wǒ xiǎng women yīngdāng qù.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Tīngshuō sānglī zài Jílè</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Bìnyíguǎn jǔxíng. Nī xiǎode Jílè Bìnyíguǎn zài nǎli ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Xiǎode. Jiù zài Nǎnjīng Dōnglù.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Wǒ cénglǎi méi cānjiāguo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">Zhōngguo rénde sānglī, bù zhīdào nīmen you nǎxiē guīju. Nī néng bu néng gēn wo jiǎngyijiǎng?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Kéyi. Xiànzài yìbān rénde</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">sānglī dōu hen jiǎndān, méiyou tài duōde guīju. Búguò, nī bú yào chuān hǒngde, lúde, huòshi huāde yīfu. Chuān hēide, huīde, lǎiide dōu kéyi. QÙ cānjiā sānglīde rén dàdōu song wǎnliǎn huò huāquān. Wǒ xiǎng women kéyi héqilai song yige huāquān.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Hǎo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Dào bìnyíguǎnde shihou, nī</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">yí jin men jiù huì kàndao zhuōzishang fàngzhe qiānmíngbù, nī yào zài shàngmian qiān ming.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Ng. Wǎng Lǎoshīde fùqin yào túzàng hǎishi huǒzàng, nī tīngshuō le ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Tīngshuō shi yào tuzàng.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Yào zàngzai nǎli?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">I heard that Teacher Wang’s father died. Do you think we should attend the funeral?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I think we ought to go.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I hear that the funeral is going to be held at the Paradise Funeral Home. Do you know where that is?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes. it’s on Nanking East Road.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ve never been to a Chinese funeral, so I don’t know what special practices you have. Could you tell me about them?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Okay. These days the average person’s funeral is very simple. There aren’t too many special customs. But you shouldn’t wear red, green, or multicolored clothing. Black, gray, and blue would all be okay to wear. Most people who attend a funeral send a a funeral scroll or a flower wreath.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I think we could send a flower wreath together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">When you get to the funeral home, as soon as you go in the door you’ll see a guest book on the table. You should sign your name in it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Uh huh. Have you heard whether Teacher Wǎng’s father is going to be buried or cremated?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I heard he’s going to be buried.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Where is he going to be buried?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Yào zàngzai Yángmíngshān</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Gōngmù, yīnwei tāmen rènwéi nàlide fēngshuǐ hǎo, ren zàngzai nàli, tāde zǐsūn hòudài jiù huì fādǎ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Táiwān xiànzài you xiē ren</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">hai you diǎn míxìn, shi bu shi?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Shìde, búguò zhèxiē dōu shi jiù guānniàn. Niánqīng rén dàdōu bù jiǎngjiu zhèxiē le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Taiwan xiànzài hái you dài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">xiàode xíguàn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">B: You. Nǐ méi kàndao Wáng tā shǒubìshang jiù dàizhe xiào ne. Yǐqiánde rén dài xiào yào dài yìnián! Xiànzàide rén duōbàn zhī dài yìbǎitiān le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font8">A: Míngtiān women shénme shíhou qù?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font8">B: Xiàwu yìdiǎn zhōng wǒ zài TáiDà ménkǒu děng ni, women yídào qù.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font8">A: Hǎo.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8">In Yángmíngshān Public Cemetery, because they believe that the </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font8"> there is good, and that if a person is buried there his descendants will be prosperous.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">There are still some people in Taiwan who are a little superstitious, aren’t there?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes. But these are all old notions. For the most part, young people don’t pay much attention to this kind of thing any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Does the custom of wearing mourning still exist in Taiwan?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Yes. Didn’t you see Teacher Wáng, she’s wearing mourning on her arm. Before, people had to wear mourning for a year’. Now most people only wear it for a hundred days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">What time shall we go there tomorrow?</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">I’ll wait for you at the gate of Taiwan University at one o’clock, and we can go together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Okay.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Funeral procedures in the PRC today are very simple. In the interest of sanitation (bodies might have some communicable'disease) and economy (ground burials are expensive and consume government agricultural land), deceased city residents are required to be cremated. By government regulation the immediate family is allowed two days of paid leave, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">sang jià</span><span class="font8">. The funeral involves someone saying a few kind words about the deceased in the presence of relatives and people from his work unit. Those present are dressed plainly, bearing a white flower. Ashes are placed in carved wood or porcelain boxes in a </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǔhuǐ cúnfàngchù</span><span class="font8">, a building reserved for this purpose. It is not necessary to give anything to the family of the deceased</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">but people sometimes give money or other small items. In the countryside, there might be a large feast at the deceased’s home. There is an attitude which says a funeral is a time of gladness when the deceased enters the world of the non-living. EA funeral is a &quot;white joyous event,&quot; </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">bái xīshì</span><span class="font8">. A wedding is a &quot;red event.&quot; Together they are sometimes referred to as </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">hóngbái xīshì</span><span class="font8">, red and white joyous events.]</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bìnyíguǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">funeral home</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chū bin cénglái bù cónglāi dōu cōnglái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to hold a funeral procession never</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">always (in the past)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">have never</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">dā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train,</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dàdōu dāi xiǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">airplane, etc.) for the most part to wear mourning</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fādá fǎnzhèng fēngshuǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be developed, to be prosperous anyway, in any case</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gāi gōngmù guānniān guīju</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">should, ought to</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">public cemetery</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">concept, notion, view</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">special customs, established rules</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">héqilai hòudāi huā huāquān hui huò huōzāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to combine, to join together descendants</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be multicolored</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">flower wreath</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be gray</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">or</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">cremation</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jiǎngjiu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn jiù shi le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei) ..., that’s all</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font7" style="text-decoration:underline;">mania.</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">míxìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">mother, mom</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be superstitious; superstition</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nǎ (náli, nǎr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">qiān míng qiānmíngbù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to sign one’s name guest book</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">rènwéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to think that, to believe that</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">rúhé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">how, in what way; how (someone or something) is; how is it (literary form)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shì fou shoubì sǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">(literary form meaning </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì bu shi</span><span class="font8">) arm to die</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tǔzàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wǎnlián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">funeral scroll</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎode xíguàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to know habit, custom</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Yángmíngshān yídào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">a mountain in suburban Taipei together</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">zhǐ yào zǐsūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">as long as, if only descendants</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">&quot;bicí</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">each other, mutually</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">bǐjiào (bījiǎo)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">relatively, comparatively</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">bú dàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">not only</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">bù shǎo</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">a lot, many</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">chéng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">chéngshì</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-5.png" alt="" style="width:42pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to become, to constitute, to make</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">city</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">dànshi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">but</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font7">-* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• w</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">erqie</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">furthermore</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">fēngqì</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">fēngsú</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">common practice</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">custom</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-6.png" alt="" style="width:98pt;height:18pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">married couple, husband and wife</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">gǎibiàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-7.png" alt="" style="width:36pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to change</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">he</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">huì</span></p><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-8.png" alt="" style="width:24pt;height:19pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">with; and</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">might, to be likely to, will</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jiehūn (jiēhūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to get married</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jiējué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to solve</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jīngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to go through, to pass by or through</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jìniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">memento, memorial</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">kàolu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to consider; consideration</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">kě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">indeed, really</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">kě bú shì ma!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">...</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">lian’ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font3" style="font-style:italic;">jSL</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be romantically involved with</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">liàojiě (liáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to understand; understanding</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ilhùn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to divorce</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">līwù (līwu) %L^7</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">gift, present</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nūjiā(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">the wife’s family</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nǔlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">qǐngnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">youth, young person</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8"><sup>4</sup>“<sup>qi</sup></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">relatives</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">qubié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">difference, distinction</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">shíxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shuāngfāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">both sides, both parties</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to give (something as a gift)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tan qīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to visit family</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tànqīnjià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">leave for visiting family</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tí chàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to advocate, to promote, to initiate</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">late involvement and late marriage</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāngdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^||</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">quite, pretty, very</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;"><sub>w</sub> _ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;h</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xuduo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">many; a great deal (of), a lot (of)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font10" style="font-style:italic;">yingdāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">should, ought to</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">nánjiā(r)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-9.png" alt="" style="width:35pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">the husband’s family</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">nánnū</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">nénggòu</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">niánqīng</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">nongcūn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">male and female</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">can, to be able to</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be young</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">rural area, countryside</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">yíshì</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">yìzhí</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">ceremony</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">all along, all the time (up until a certain point)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">zhèngfǔ</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zhùdao</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">zǒngshi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">government</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-10.png" alt="" style="width:40pt;height:55pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to move to, to go live at</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">always</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">zuo</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">to serve as, to act as; as</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">• ai</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-11.png" alt="" style="width:19pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">dàxǐde rìzi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><a name="caption1"></a>
<h1><a name="bookmark20"></a><span class="font12"><a name="bookmark21"></a>a </span><span class="font4" style="font-style:italic;">J-</span></h1>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">(sound of sighing)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">dāying</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-12.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:23pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-13.png" alt="" style="width:51pt;height:22pt;">
<p><span class="font8">dù mìyuè</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-14.png" alt="" style="width:48pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">wedding day</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to agree (to something), to consent, to promise</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to pass</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to go on a honeymoon, to spend one’s honeymoon</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">duōnián</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-15.png" alt="" style="width:31pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">many years</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">fǎyuàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-16.png" alt="" style="width:40pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">court of law</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Fó</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">Buddha</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">fùzá (fǔzá)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be complicated</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">gōngzhèng jiehūn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">civil marriage</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-17.png" alt="" style="width:108pt;height:128pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">even, (to go) so far as to</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">after all</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">later, afterwards</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">the return of the bride to her parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">hūnlǐ</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">wedding</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">j iàotáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">j iāowǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">JídūJiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">Jiehūn llfú</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jièshàorén</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">juédìng</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">jǔxíng</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">Jūzhǎng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-18.png" alt="" style="width:48pt;height:92pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">church</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to associate with, to have dealings with</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Christianity</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">wedding gown</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">introducer</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to decide</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ju</span><span class="font8">)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">lǎoshi (lǎoshí)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-19.png" alt="" style="width:34pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be honest</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">mǎnyì</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">mìyuè</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-20.png" alt="" style="width:39pt;height:59pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be pleased</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">honeymoon</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">nánfāng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-21.png" alt="" style="width:36pt;height:27pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">the groom’s side, the groom’s family</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">nenggan</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-22.png" alt="" style="width:47pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be capable</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ren</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-23.png" alt="" style="width:24pt;height:19pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">person, self, body</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">rù xí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to take one's seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shàngjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be ambitious</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shóu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be familiar (with), to know well</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tándao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to talk about; speaking of ...</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tánlái tánqù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to discuss back and forth</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8"><sup>tíqīn</sup></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to bring up a proposal of marriage</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎojiě (xiáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">a way of referring to someone else’s daughter</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">síSJ &quot;'x</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">•H</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">X</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wedding banquet</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to believe (in)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xìn Fó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be a Buddhist</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xīnláng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bridegroom</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xīnniáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bride</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yě 4(j</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">indeed, in fact, admittedly</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yìjian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">opinion</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">zǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">long ago</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">zhènghūn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">zhènghūnrén</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-24.png" alt="" style="width:68pt;height:19pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-25.png" alt="" style="width:53pt;height:21pt;">
<p><span class="font8">zuò méi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">to witness a marriage</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">a witness for a marriage</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to rent</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering marriage)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font6">/</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bìyùn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">contraception</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bù tong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|S]</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be different</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chǎnfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">a woman who has given birth within the last month</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chǎnjià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">maternity leave</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chénggōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to succeed, to be successful</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chūshēnglū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^5</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">birth rate</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dānwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">unit</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">-dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">(indicates successful accomplishment of something)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dédao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;j</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to receive, to get</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fēnpèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to assign, to apportion</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ēèdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the various places, each place</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gègè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">various</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gēnjù (gēnju)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">according to, based on</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gè zhong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">various kinds, types</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gōngzī &nbsp;&nbsp;X</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wages, pay</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">hongtang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">hrown sugar</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">vacation, leave</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jiātíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">family</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jìhua shēngyù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^’]</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">planned parenthood, family planning</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">juéyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">sterilization</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jūmín wěiyuánhuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the neighborhood committee of the place you live</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">kòngzhi 4jíU^’]</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to control</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">-men &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font12">j'J</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">plural suffix</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">miǎnfèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be free of charge</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">míng’é</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">nóngmín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">peasant</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">nù -£</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">female</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">pàichūsuo(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the local police station</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">pizhǔn </span><span class="font12">4Tt&gt;(£</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to give official permission</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">qíngkuàng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">situation</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">qīnjìn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">to be close (to a person)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">réngōng liúchan</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">abortion</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">sān tōngguò</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-26.png" alt="" style="width:39pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">'the three approvals”</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">shǎoshù</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">national minority</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">minzu</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shēngyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">give birth to and raise</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shībài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to fail</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shìqū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">urban area or district</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shoushù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">operation, surgery</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shouxiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">first</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shùmu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;">IB</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">number</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tōngguò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to pass, to approve</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tóngyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to consent, to agree</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wānjù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">toy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāngxìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to believe</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiānhuā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fresh flowers</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎoháir</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">child, children</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yě jiù shi shuō </span><span class="font3" style="font-variant:small-caps;">J^LjÌ^C^CÍÌ'Ìu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to mean; in other words</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yihan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ordinary, general, common</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yìbānde shuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font1" style="font-style:italic;">&amp;L&gt;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">generally speaking</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yídìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be specific</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yíngyǎngpǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">food items of special nutritional value</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">zēngjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to increase</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">-bang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">pound (unit of weight)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bīngxiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">refrigerator, ice box</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bù gǎn dāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">I’m flattered! You shouldn’t have!</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chi nǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to nurse, to suckle</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chuī fēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to watch out</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ae X/f**</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to get</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">duo kuài ! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11'^’</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">how fast!</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8"><sub>w</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;á ’i</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">erduo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-*Tíj&gt;»</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ear</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">fēngshī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">rheumatism</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">blessings, luck</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fúxiàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">lucky physiognomy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">hongbāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^í.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">a red envelope with a gift or bribe of money in it</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">hóngdàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">eggs dyed red</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huīfu ‘tfejL</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to recover</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">j iéguo (j iēguǒ)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">as a result</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">mǎnyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">a full month after the &quot;birth of a baby</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">manyuèjiǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">celebration meal one month after a baby is born</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">pàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be fat</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">pèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to touch</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">pSfei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to spend a lot of money on someone</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qiān wan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">by all means, be sure to; (in a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shēnglěng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">raw or cold foods</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shēngxialai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be born</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">sūnzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">grandson</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">-tài jfá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fetus, embryo</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to lie down</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">tòngkǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be painful</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">touyige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the first</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tóuyìtāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the first pregnancy, the first baby</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tuō nínde fú &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;% fa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">thanks to your lucky influence</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">Wang jiā X^L</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the Wang family</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to feed.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎo bǎobǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">baby</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎoxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be careful</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8"><sup>xífu</sup></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">daughter-in-law</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yíxiàzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-*■» &quot;j*</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">an instant, a moment, a while</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yuèzi ft %.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">month of confinement after giving birth to a child</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to grow; to be (pretty, etc. )</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">zhòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be heavy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">zuò yuèzi jlÉTl -J*</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be without worry, to feel at ease, to feel relieved</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">bǎozhòng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-27.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to take good care (of oneself)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">běnlái</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">bìngqiě</span></p><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-28.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:54pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">originally</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">moreover</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">canj iā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-29.png" alt="" style="width:27pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to take part in; to attend</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">chángshòu</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-30.png" alt="" style="width:32pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">long life, longevity; to live a long time</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">chūchāi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-31.png" alt="" style="width:29pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be out of town on business</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">dǎ chángtú diànhuà</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">to make a long-distance phone call</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">dàgē</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-32.png" alt="" style="width:32pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">oldest brother</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">diàosāng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-33.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">&gt; •• ernu</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">children</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">fàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to have an attack (of a disease)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">gǎndeshàng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gǎnhuilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gǎnjǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gǔhuī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">guòqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">guòshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">huozāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">hūrán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jiānglái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">jí jiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to rush &quot;back</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">quickly</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">bone ashes</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to pass away</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to pass away</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to cremate; cremation</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">suddenly</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">the future, someday</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">first aid; to administer emergency treatment</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">j iùguolai</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to save</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">lǎorénj i a</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-34.png" alt="" style="width:56pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">polite way of referring to an older person (</span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ lǎorénjiā</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorénjiā</span><span class="font8">)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">can, to be able to</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">nánguò</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="Optional Module part 03_files/Optional Module part 03-35.png" alt="" style="width:41pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be sad</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">niánji (niánjì</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">age</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">píngjìng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">to be calm</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">qùbuliǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">cannot go</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">qùshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to pass away</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">sānglī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">funeral</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be grieved</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shēnbiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to escort, to take (someone to place)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāoxi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">news</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xīnzàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">heart</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xīnzāngbìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">heart disease</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yíbèizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">all one’s life</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yíxiang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">-'Oì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">(have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">zài shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">Mt</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">furthermore, besides</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">zang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to bury</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">zuìjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">recently</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">a</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">zumu</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font8">grandmother (on the father’s side)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">bìnyíguǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">funeral home</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">chū bin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to hold a funeral procession; a funeral procession</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">conglái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">always (in the past)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">conglái bù/méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">JI</span></p>
<p><span class="font9" style="font-style:italic;">'4</span><span class="font8"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">dàdōu </span><span class="font8" style="font-style:italic;">Jtjgy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">for the most part</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">dài xiao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to wear mourning</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fādá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be developed, to be prosperous</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fǎnzhèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">anyway, in any case</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fēngshuǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">-*</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">should, ought to</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">gōngmù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">public cemetery</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">guānniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">concept, notion, view</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">special customs, established rules</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">héqilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to combine, to join together</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">hòudài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">descendants</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">huā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be multicolored</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">huāquān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">flower wreath</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">huī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be gray</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">huò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">er</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">huǒzǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">cremation</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jiǎngjiu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be particular about</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">jiù shi le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">..., that’s all</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8"><sup>māma</sup></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">mother, mom</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font10" style="font-style:italic;">i^xìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be superstitious; superstition</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">nǎ (nāli, nǎr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)-</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">qiān mi ng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to sign one’s name</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">qiānmíngbù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">guest book</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">rènwéi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font8" style="font-style:italic;">$0</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to think that, to believe that</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">ruhé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to be how, how is it; how, in what way (literary form)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">VW &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'í jf-</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shi fou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;“%]</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">(literary form meaning </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi bu shi</span><span class="font8">)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">shǒubì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">arm</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font12"><sup>sī</sup> íL</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to die</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">tǔzàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">wǎnlián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">funeral scroll</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font3" style="font-style:italic;">w &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a it</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">xiaode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^TLíl-íJ*</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">to know</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">xíguàn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font3" style="font-style:italic;">^g'ì^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">habit, custom</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">Yangmíngshān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">a mountain in suburban Taipei</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yídào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">together</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">yīngdāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">should, ought to</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">zhí yào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">as long as, if only</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">zǐsūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">descendants</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">(sound of sighing)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">ānxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be without worry, to feel at</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">ease, to feel relieved</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">-bang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">pound (unit of weight)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bǎobao (bǎobǎo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bǎozhōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to take good care (of oneself)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">běnlái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">originally</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bǐcí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">each other, mutually; you too, the same to you</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bījiào (bījiǎo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bìngqiě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">moreover, and</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bīngxiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">refrigerator, ice box</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bìnyíguǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">funeral home</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bìyùn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">contraception</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bú dan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">not only</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bù gǎn dang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">I’m flattered, You shouldn’t have, I don’t deserve this</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bù shǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">quite a lot, quite a few</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bù tong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be different</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">cānjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to take part in; to attend</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chǎnfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">a woman who has given birth within the last month</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chángshòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">long life, longevity; to live a long time</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chǎnjiǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">maternity leave</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to become, to constitute, to make</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chénggōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to succeed, to be successful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chéngshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">city</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chī nǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to nurse, to suckle</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chū bin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to hold a funeral procession</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chūchāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be out of town on business</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chuī fēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">chūshēnglū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">birth rate</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">conglái bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">never</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">cénglái dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">always (in the past)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">conglái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">have never</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font0" style="font-weight:bold;">M7</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">travel by, take (a taxi, bus,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">train, airplane, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">dǎ chāngtú diànhuà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to make a long-distance</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">phone call</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dàdōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">for the most part</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-style:italic;">6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dàgē</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">oldest brother</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">*MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dài xiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to wear mourning</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to watch out</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dànshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">but</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">.MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dānwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">(indicates successful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">accomplishment of something)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dàxǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">great rejoicing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dāxǐde rìzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wedding day</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dāying</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to agree (to something), to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">consent, to promise</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to get</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">de dao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to receive, to get</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">diàosāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to present one’s condolences</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">at a funeral</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to pass</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">dù mìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to go on a honeymoon, to spend</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">one’s honeymoon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">duo kuài!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">how fast.’</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">duōnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">many years</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">ěrduo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">ear</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">h</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">••</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">ernu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">children</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">• w erqie</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">furthermore</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">1</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fādá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be developed, to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font8">fàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">prosperous</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to have an attack (of an old disease)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fānzhèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">anyway, in any case</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fāyuàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">court of law</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fēngqì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">common practice; general mood</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fēngshī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">rheumatism</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fengshui</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fēngsú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">custom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fēnpèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to assign, to apportion, to allot</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Fō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Buddha</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fūfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">married couple, husband</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">and wife</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fúqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">blessings, luck</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fúxiàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">lucky physiognomy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">fùzá (fǔzá)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be complicated</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">gāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">should, ought to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gaibiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to change</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gǎndeshāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gǎnhuilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to rush back</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gānjīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">quickly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gèdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">the various places, each place</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gègè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">various</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gēnjù (gēnju)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">according to, based on</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gè zhong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">various kinds, types.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gōngmù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">public cemetery</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gōngzhèng jiéhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">civil marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gōngzī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wages, pay</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">guānniān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">concept, notion, view</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gǔhuī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bone ashes</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">guīju</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">special customs, established rules</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">guòqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to pass away, to die</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">guòshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to pass away, to die.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">even, (to go) so far, as to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">háishi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">after all</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">he</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">with; and</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">héqilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to combine, to join</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">together</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hongbāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">a red envelope with a gift or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bribe of money in it</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hóngdàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">eggs dyed red</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hóngtáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">brown sugar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hòudài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">descendants</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hòulái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">later, afterwards</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be multicolored</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huāquān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">flower wreath</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be gray</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">might, to be likely to, will</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hui men</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">the return of the bride to her</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huifu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to recover</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hūnlǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wedding</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">huozàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to cremate; cremation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">huozàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">cremation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">hūrán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">suddenly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">jià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">vacation, leave</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jiǎngjiu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be particular about; to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">elegant, to be tasteful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">jiānglái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">the future, someday</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">j iàotáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">church</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">J iáowǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to associate with, to have</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">dealings with</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jiātíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Jīdūjiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Christianity</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jiéguě (jiēguǒ)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">as a result; result, results</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">jiehūn (jiēhūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to get married</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jiēhūn lǐfū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wedding gown</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jiějué</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to solve</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jièshàorén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">introducer</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">jìhua shēngyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">planned parenthood, family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">planning</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jíjiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">first aid; to administer</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">emergency treatment</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Paradise Funeral Home</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">(in Taipei)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jingguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to go through, to pass by or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">through</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jìniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">memento, memorial</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jiù shì le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">..., that * s all</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">j iùguolai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to save</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">juédìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to decide</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">juéyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">sterilization</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jūmín wěiyuanhuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">neighborhood committee</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">jǔxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to hold (a meeting, ceremony,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">Jūzhǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">head of an office or bureau (of</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">which the last syllable is </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">jú</span><span class="font8">)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">kǎolu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to consider; consideration</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">kě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">indeed, really</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">kě bú shì ma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">for sure</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">kòngzhi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to control</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">...-lǎi ...-qù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">(indicates repeating the action over and over again)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">lǎorenjia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">polite way of addressing or referring to an old person ní </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎorenjia</span><span class="font8">, </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorenjia</span><span class="font8">)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">lǎoshi (lǎoshi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be honest</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">liàn’ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be romantically involved with; love</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">-liǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">can, to be able to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">liǎojiě (liǎojiě)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to understand; understanding</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">líhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to get divorced</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">lǐwù (lǐwu)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">gift, present</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">mama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">mother, mom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">mǎnyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be pleased</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">mǎnyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">a full month after the birth of a baby</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">mǎnyuèjiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">celebration meal one month after a baby is born</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">-men</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">plural suffix</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">miǎnfèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be free of charge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">míng’ě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">míxìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be superstitious; superstition</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">mìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">honeymoon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nǎ (nǎli, nǎr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nǎnfāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">the groom’s side, the grocji’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nǎnguò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be sad</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nǎnjiā(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">the husband’s family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nǎnnù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">male and female</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">něnggàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be capable</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nénggòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">can, to be able to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">niǎnji (niǎnjì)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">age</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">niǎnqīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be young</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nongcūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">rural area, countryside</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nóngmín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">peasant</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">female</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nùjiā(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">the wife’s family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">nùlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be hardworking, to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">diligent; diligently, hard</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">pàichūsuǒ(r) pang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">the local police, station to be fat</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1|</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">pèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to touch</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">píngjìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be calm</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">pīzhìín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to give official permission</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">pòfei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to spend a lot of money (on someone), to goto some ex-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">*MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">pense</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qian míng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to sign one’s name</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qiānmíngbù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">guest book</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qiānwàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">by all means, be sure to; (in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">combination with a negative</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">word) by no means, under no</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">circumstances</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qíngkuàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">situation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qīngnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">youth, young person</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qīnjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be close (to a person)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qīnqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">relatives</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">qūbié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">difference, distinction</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">qūbuliǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">cannot go</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">qùshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to pass away, to die</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">person, self, body</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">réngōng liūchǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">abortion</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">r^ .iwéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to think that, to believe that</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">rù xí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">ruhé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">how, in what way; how (someone or something) is; how is...?,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">how is it (literary form)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">sān </span><span class="font8">tōngguò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">’’the three approvals&quot;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">sānglǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">funeral</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">shàngjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be ambitious</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">shāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be broken-hearted</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">shǎoshù mínzū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">minority nationality, national minority</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">shēnbiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">shēnglěng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">raw or cold foods</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">shēngxialai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be born</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 11</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font8">shēngyù shì fǒu</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shībài shìqū shíxíng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font8">shou (shū)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shoubì shǒushù shouxiān shū (shou)</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">shuāngfāng shùmu</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">V SI song song</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">sūnzi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><a href="#bookmark22"><span class="font8">to give birth to and raise</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font8">(literary form meaning </span><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shì hu</span><span class="font8"> MBD 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font8" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi</span><span class="font8">)</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark23"><span class="font8">to fail</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark24"><span class="font8">urban area or district</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark25"><span class="font8">to practice, to carry out</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font8">(a method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark26"><span class="font8">to be familiar (with), to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font8">know well</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark27"><span class="font8">arm &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark28"><span class="font8">operation, surgery &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark29"><span class="font8">first &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font8">to be familiar (with), to know well</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark30"><span class="font8">both sides, both parties &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark31"><span class="font8">number &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark32"><span class="font8">to die &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark33"><span class="font8">to give (something as a gift) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark34"><span class="font8">to escort, to take (someone to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font8">a place)</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark35"><span class="font8">grandson &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">-tāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">birth</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tan qīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to visit family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tándao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to talk about; speaking of ...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to lie, to recline</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tánlái tánqù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to talk back and forth</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tànqīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tànqīnjià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">leave for visiting family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tíchàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to advocate, to promote, to initiate</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tíqīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to bring up a proposal of marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tōngguò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to pass, to approve</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tòngkǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be painful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tóngyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to consent, to agree</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tōuyige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">the first</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tōu(yì)tāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">the first pregnancy, the first baby</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tuō nínde fū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">tǔzàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">Wángjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">the Wang family,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">the Wangs</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wánjù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">toy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wǎnlián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">.funeral scroll</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">late involvement</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">and late</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to feed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">*MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">xiānhuā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">fresh flowers</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāngdāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">quite, pretty, very</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāngxìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to believe</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎo bǎobǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎode</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to know</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎoháir</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">child, children</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎojiě (xiáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">daughter (referring to someone else’s daughter)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xiāoxi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">news</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xiǎo xìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be careful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xífu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">daughter-in-law</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">u</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xíguán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">habit, custom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font7">V . . w</span></p>
<p><span class="font7">X1J1U</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">wedding banquet; wedding wine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to believe (in)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">xìn Fó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to be a Buddhist</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">xīnláng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">bridegroom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xīnniáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">bride</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xīnzāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">heart</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">xīnzàngbìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">heart disease</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">xuduō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">many, a great deal (of),</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">1</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font8">a lot (of)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">Yangmíngshān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">a mountain in surburban Taipei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">indeed, in fact, admittedly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">yě jiù shi shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">to mean; in other words</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">yìbān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">ordinary, general, common</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yìbānde shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">generally speaking</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yíbèizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">all one’s life</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yídào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">together</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yídìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">to be specific</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yìjian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">opinion</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yīngdāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">should, ought to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yíngyǎngpǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">food items of special nutritional value</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">yíshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">ceremony</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yíxiang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">(have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">yíxiàzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">an instant, a moment, a while</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">yìzhí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">all along, all the time (up</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">until a certain point)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">yuèzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">month of confinement after</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">giving birth to a child</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zài shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">furthermore, besides</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to bury</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">long ago</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zēngjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to increase</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zhāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zhèngfǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">government</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zhènghūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to witness a marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zhènghūnrén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">chief witness at a wedding</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">ceremony</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zhī yào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">as long as, if only</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zhòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to be heavy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zhù dao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to move to, to go live at</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD. 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zísūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">descendants</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zongshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">always</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to rent</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zuìjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">recently; soon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">W V zumu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">grandmother (on the father’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">side)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zuò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to serve as, to act as; as</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zuò méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to act as go-between (for the</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">families of a man and woman</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">considering marriage)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">zuò yuèzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">to go through the month of</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
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<div>
<p><span class="font8" style="font-weight:bold;">confinement and special care after childbirth</span></p>
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